dcsimg
 
  en  
names in breadcrumbs
Image of Alexandrine Parakeet
Life » … » Animals » … » Vertebrates » … » Dinosaurs And Birds » … » Theropods » … » Birds » … » Psittaculidae

Psittacula Cuvier 1800

license
any license CC-BY CC-BY-NC CC-BY-NC-SA CC-BY-SA No copyright
type
any type image map sound video
provider
any provider Arnold Arboretum Photo Gallery Barcode of Life Data Systems Barry Armstead Photography, ALA BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK Botanical Illustrations Bugs for Bugs, Atlas of Living Australia CalPhotos CephBase Eastfield College SEM Lab eMammal Femorale Fishbase Flickr BHL Flickr Group Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology iNaturalist Moorea Biocode Mycokeys NMNH Collection Phytokeys PlanetScott SailinSteve SI Wild SINA images TreatmentBank Turbellarian Taxonomic Database USDA PLANTS images Wikimedia Commons Wolf Spiders of Australia, ALA World Register of Marine Species
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Slaty-headed Parakeet
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula himalayana (Slaty-headed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula longicauda tytleri (Hume 1874)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula longicauda tytleri; Psittacula longicauda (Long-tailed Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula krameri borealis; Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula krameri borealis; Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula krameri borealis; Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula krameri borealis; Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
Image of Psittacula krameri borealis (Neumann 1915)
cc-by-nc-4.0
trusted
Psittacula krameri borealis; Psittacula krameri (Ring-necked Parakeet); Psittacula; Psittaculidae; Psittaciformes; landbirds; Neoaves; Maniraptora (maniraptoran); Maniraptoriformes; Tetanurae (tetanuran theropod); Coelurosauria (coelurosaur); Theropoda (theropods); Saurischia; Dinosauria (dinosaurs and birds); Ornithurae; Neornithes; Neognathae; Archosauromorpha (archosauromorph); Archosauria; Aves (birds); Diapsida (diapsid); Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates); Reptilia (Reptiles); Amniota; Gnathostomata (jawed fish); Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fishes); Osteichthyes; Vertebrata (vertebrates); Deuterostomia (deuterostomes); Chordata (Chordates); Bilateria; Opisthokonta (opisthokonts); Metazoa (animals); Cellular; Life; Eukaryota (eukaryotes)
EOL is hosted by: