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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 15.5 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Trophic Strategy

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A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Foraging schools of rays invade tidal flats during the flood tide. Stirring motions of the pectoral fins combined with suction from the expansive orobranchial chamber are probably used to excavate deep burrowing bivalves (Ref. 59106). Adult rays feed on deep burrowing mollusks and juveniles feed on shallow or non-burrowing bivalves (Ref. 59106). The soft shell, Mya arenaria, contributed the greatest frequency of occurrence (Ref. 59106). Exposed pectoral fin tips and water boils on a calm surface was characterized the shallow-water feeding activity of cownose rays (Ref. 59106).
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Arlene G. Sampang-Reyes
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Migration

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Rainer Froese
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Life Cycle

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
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Armi G. Torres
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Diagnostic Description

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Deep grove around front of head below eyes; forehead above groove indented, snout below groove is distinctly bilobed (Ref. 26938). Disk brown to olive above, with no spots or marks, wings long and pointed (Ref. 7251). Lower surface white or yellowish white (Ref. 6902).
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Grace Tolentino Pablico
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Biology

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A benthopelagic species found on continental and insular shelves; enters bays and estuaries; forms huge schools inshore (Ref. 114953). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates and molluscs (implicated in damaging seagrass beds) (Ref. 93252, 114953). Jumps occasionally, landing with a loud smack, probably as a territorial display. Migrates south in large schools that disappear off northern Florida, USA and are not reported from Caribbean Is.; tagged fish have been recovered in northern South America (Ref. 7251). Population in the Gulf of Mexico migrates clockwise; schools of up to 10,000 rays leave west coast of Florida for Yucatan, Mexico in the fall (Ref. 7251). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: medium; price reliability: very questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this family
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Morgath Drwynbwl ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Rajidae ydy'r morgath drwynbwl sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: morgathod trwynbwl (Lladin: Raja bonasus; Saesneg: cownose ray).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America, Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol.[1]

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Morgath Drwynbwl: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Rajidae ydy'r morgath drwynbwl sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: morgathod trwynbwl (Lladin: Raja bonasus; Saesneg: cownose ray).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys America, Môr y Gogledd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Heb ei gwerthuso' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth gan nad oes data digonol.

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Cownose ray

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The cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) is a species of Batoidea found throughout a large part of the western Atlantic and Caribbean, from New England to southern Brazil (the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species, the Lusitanian cownose ray (R. marginata)).[2] These rays also belong to the order Myliobatiformes, a group that is shared by bat rays, manta rays, and eagle rays.[3]

Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower, coastal waters or estuaries.[2] Size, lifespan, and maturity differ between male and female rays. Rays have a distinct shape, and it has two lobes at the front of its head, resembling a cow nose. Cownose rays can live between 16–21 years, depending on sex.[4] Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells, such as clams, crustaceans, or mollusks.[2] The are migratory creatures, where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer.[4] The rays are known to occupy the Chesapeake Bay in the summer months.

In 2019, the species was listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.[1] The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay.[5] Unfortunately, there are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays.

Taxonomy

The genus name Rhinoptera is named for the Ancient Greek words for nose (rhinos) and wing (pteron). The species name bonasus comes from the Ancient Greek for bison (bonasos).

Description

A cownose ray is typically brown-backed with a slightly white or yellow belly. Although its coloration is not particularly distinctive, its shape is easily recognizable. It has a broad head with wide-set eyes, and a pair of distinctive lobes on its subrostral fin. It also has a set of dental plates designed for crushing clams and oyster shells. Male rays often reach about 2 and 1/2 feet in width, while females typically reach about 3 feet in width.[4] The cownose ray is often mistaken for being a shark by beach-goers due to the tips of the rays fins sticking out of the water, often resembling the dorsal fin of a shark.[6]

When threatened the cownose ray can use the barb at the base of its tail to defend itself from the threat.[6] A cownose ray has a spine with a toxin, close to the ray's body. This spine has teeth lining its lateral edges, and is coated with a weak venom that causes symptoms similar to that of a bee sting.[7]

Habitat and Distribution

Cownose rays are migratory and social creatures and reside on the east coast of the United States, Brazil, as well as in the Gulf of Mexico.[2] They prefer to live in near coastal waters and in estuarian ecosystems.[2] Cownose rays are able to tolerate a wide ride of salinities because of the areas they occupy.[8] This allows for the rays to have the potential to live in a wider range of habitats if one area gets too crowded and competition for resources is high.[8] Cownose rays are known to be abundant in the Chesapeake Bay and migrate to the area for mating and nursery purposes, typically in the late spring and summer time.[2] Rays are typically spotted near the surface of waters as well.[2]

Behavior

Diet and feeding

Cownose stingray teeth and mouthparts. Stingray teeth consist of interlocking bars (dental plates) that crush food.

The cownose ray exhibits a durophagous diet, meaning it feeds upon hard-shelled organisms, such as mollusks, crustaceans, but they prefer scallops or clams, which have softer shells and are categorized as bivalves.[2] The cownose ray tends to feed either in the early morning hours or in the late afternoon hours, when the waves are calm and visibility is higher than during the day.[9] Their feeding occurs in the benthic zone, or at the bottom of the ocean.[2]

The rays are able to capture their prey through suction and the opening and closing their jaw.[9] Because of the type of prey cownose rays consume, their jaw needs to be able to handle the hard-shell organisms. Their jaws are extremely robust and have teeth with a hardness comparable to that of cement.[9] Their cephalic lobes also assist with capturing and handling their prey by pushing them towards their mouth.[9]

Predation

The cownose ray sits fairly high up on the food chain, and as a result only has a few natural predators. These predators include; cobia, hammerhead sharks, and humans who like to fish for them.[10][11]

Cownose rays swimming in shallows in the Gulf of Mexico

Reproduction and lifespan

Cownose rays breed from April through October.[2] Rays will not reach a mature age until they are roughly 70% of the way to their maximum size.[2] Females reach maturity between ages 7–8, while males reach maturity between ages 6–7.[2] The lifespan of the cownose ray varies by sex; the oldest female ray that has been recorded was 21, and the oldest male ray was 18, which were both observed in the Chesapeake Bay.[4]

Cownose rays are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryo grows within its mother until it is ready to hatch.[4] Rays have a longer gestation period due to their K-selected species attributes. The length of gestation is believed to last between 11 and 12 months, and at full term, the offspring are born live, exiting tail first.[4]

Migration

Rays often travel and migrate in large schools based on size and sex.[12] Their migration pattern consists of rays moving north in late Spring and moving south in late Fall.[2] Much of their migration has been from studies done in the Chesapeake Bay. Male and female rays will come to the Bay in the late spring and leave in the fall.[2] While occupying the Chesapeake Bay, the female rays and her pups will live in the estuarine waters.[2] Males have been observed leaving the Bay earlier than the females to arrive at a second feeding ground, and the reason for taking a longer migration route is not fully known.[2] One hypothesis is that males exit the Bay to reduce competition of certain resources, such as food and shelter.[2]

Threats and Conservation

The cownose ray is currently listed as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List[1] due to extensive overfishing and commercial fishing.[13] The overfishing is due to the perception that rays destroy oyster beds meant for the shellfish industry.[5]

The trophic cascade in the northwest Atlantic ocean has been cited and used to link cownose ray overpopulation to the decrease in large coastal sharks, which therefore cause bivalves populations valuable for commercial reasons to be depleted; however, there is little evidence that supports this hypothesis.[5] Campaigns such as "Save the Bay, Eat a Ray" in the Chesapeake Bay used these claims to promote the fishery of these rays in hopes of preserving the Bay, which can be detrimental to this species.[5] Cownose rays reach a mature age later in their lifecycle and long gestation periods, meaning that they are a K-selected species.[5] This suggests that they are vulnerable and sensitive to overfishing, and their populations cannot easily bounce back after these events. Even though rays have been used as a scapegoat to explain the decline in bivalves, some studies have found that cownose rays do not consume a great deal of oysters or clams.[5] Other studies have found that much of the shellfish prey that the cownose ray consumes is influenced by the size of the shell, so it has been suggested that oyster growers protect their shellfish until their shell reaches a certain size.[14]

There are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays, besides the fact that cownose ray killing contests have been banned in the state of Maryland.[13]

Relationship to humans

Risk to humans

Stingrays, including the cownose ray, can pose a low to moderate risk to humans. Rays will lash their tails when threatened, posing a risk of being whipped. If threatened, the cownose ray can also use their barb as a weapon to sting the aggressor. A sting from a cownose ray can cause a very painful wound that requires medical attention once stung. While the sting is not usually fatal, it can be fatal if stung in the abdomen.[15] There is also a risk associated with eating meat from the sea animal that has not been prepared correctly. Shigella may be acquired from eating meat from a cownose ray that has been contaminated with the bacteria. This bacteria causes shigellosis, and can result in dysentery. Symptoms can include diarrhea, pain, fever, and possible dehydration.[16]

Aquariums

Cownose rays can be seen in many public aquaria worldwide and are often featured in special 'touch tanks' where visitors can reach into a wide but shallow pool containing the fish, which have often had their barbs pinched or taken off (they eventually regrow, similar to human nails), making them safe enough to touch.

The following aquariums and zoos are known to have touch tanks featuring cownose rays (alone or with other fish):

USA

Canada

References

  1. ^ a b c Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Avalos, C.; Blanco-Parra, M.P.; Briones Bell-lloch, A.; Cardenosa, D.; Crysler, Z.; Derrick, D.; Espinoza, E.; Morales-Saldaña, J.M.; Naranjo-Elizondo, B.; Pacoureau, N.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Schneider, E.V.C.; Simpson, N.J.; Dulvy, N.K. (2020). "Rhinoptera bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T60128A3088381. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60128A3088381.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Omori, Kristen L.; Fisher, Robert A. (2017-11-01). "Summer and fall movement of cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, along the east coast of United States observed with pop-up satellite tags". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 100 (11): 1435–1449. doi:10.1007/s10641-017-0654-6. ISSN 1573-5133.
  3. ^ "Cownose Ray Facts". Saint Louis Zoo. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Fisher, Robert A. (2012). Life history, trophic ecology, & prey handling by cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, from Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia Sea Grant, College of William and Mary. OCLC 793126326.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Grubbs, R. Dean; Carlson, John K.; Romine, Jason G.; Curtis, Tobey H.; McElroy, W. David; McCandless, Camilla T.; Cotton, Charles F.; Musick, John A. (2016-02-15). "Critical assessment and ramifications of a purported marine trophic cascade". Scientific Reports. 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep20970. ISSN 2045-2322.
  6. ^ a b Kittle, Kimberly. "Rhinoptera bonasus". Florida Museum of Natural History. University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2016-04-27.
  7. ^ Ball, Michael (July 16, 2012). "Commercial Fishery Species Guide" (PDF). NOAA Fisheries Service Apex Predator Program. NOAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Collins, Angela B.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Simpfendorfer, Colin A. (2008-12-01). "Spatial Distribution and Long-term Movement Patterns of Cownose Rays Rhinoptera bonasus Within an Estuarine River". Estuaries and Coasts. 31 (6): 1174–1183. doi:10.1007/s12237-008-9100-5. ISSN 1559-2731.
  9. ^ a b c d Sasko, Desirée E.; Dean, Mason N.; Motta, Philip J.; Hueter, Robert E. (2006-08-16). "Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus". Zoology. 109 (3): 171–181. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2005.12.005. ISSN 0944-2006.
  10. ^ "Cownose Ray | Chesapeake Bay Program". www.chesapeakebay.net. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  11. ^ "Cownose Rays in the Chesapeake Bay: What do we know?" (PDF). Chesapeake Bay Program. 22 October 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  12. ^ Rangel, Bianca S.; Rodrigues, Alexandre; Moreira, Renata G. (2018-03-26). "Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 16 (1). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20170089. ISSN 1982-0224.
  13. ^ a b Barker, A.S. (2006). "Rhinoptera bonasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60128A12310195.
  14. ^ Fisher, Robert A.; Call, Garrett C.; Grubbs, R. Dean (2011-04-01). "Cownose Ray ( Rhinoptera bonasus ) Predation Relative to Bivalve Ontogeny". Journal of Shellfish Research. 30 (1): 187–196. doi:10.2983/035.030.0126. ISSN 0730-8000.
  15. ^ "Stingray". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  16. ^ "Rhinoptera bonasus". Florida Museum. 2017-05-11. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  17. ^ "Adventure Aquarium - Camden, NJ". www.adventureaquarium.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  18. ^ "Stingray Touchpool | Aquarium Exhibits | Explore Aquarium". Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  19. ^ "Stingray Touch - Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-25.
  20. ^ "Cownose Ray - Atlantic City Aquarium". Archived from the original on 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  21. ^ "Downtown Aquarium Denver Visitor Info". Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  22. ^ "SeaTrek Helmet Diving at OdySea Aquarium". Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  23. ^ "Stingray Beach". www.omahazoo.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  24. ^ Bicak, Carol. "You can touch a stingray at new exhibit at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium". Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  25. ^ "Ray Bay: Interactive Touch Tank". Long Island Aquarium. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Petting Zoo -Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-25.
  27. ^ "Touch a ray at friendship flats". Archived from the original on 2021-03-03. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
  28. ^ "Stingrays at Caribbean Cove presented by SSM Health". Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  29. ^ "The San Antonio Aquarium". Archived from the original on 2018-04-07. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
  30. ^ "Texas State Aquarium". Archived from the original on 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  31. ^ "Cownose Sting Ray". Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  32. ^ "Animals A-Z". Turtle Back Zoo. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  33. ^ "Quebec Aquarium". Quebec Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  34. ^ "Ray Bay - Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  35. ^ "Vancouver Aquarium - Discover Rays". www.vanaqua.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-01. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
  36. ^ "Stingray Beach - Assiniboine Park Zoo". Assiniboine Park Zoo. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhinoptera bonasus.
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Cownose ray: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) is a species of Batoidea found throughout a large part of the western Atlantic and Caribbean, from New England to southern Brazil (the East Atlantic populations are now generally considered a separate species, the Lusitanian cownose ray (R. marginata)). These rays also belong to the order Myliobatiformes, a group that is shared by bat rays, manta rays, and eagle rays.

Cownose rays prefer to live in shallower, coastal waters or estuaries. Size, lifespan, and maturity differ between male and female rays. Rays have a distinct shape, and it has two lobes at the front of its head, resembling a cow nose. Cownose rays can live between 16–21 years, depending on sex. Rays feed upon organisms with harder shells, such as clams, crustaceans, or mollusks. The are migratory creatures, where they migrate South in the winter and North in the summer. The rays are known to occupy the Chesapeake Bay in the summer months.

In 2019, the species was listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The species has been subjected to overfishing due to the perceived threat of overpopulation in the Chesapeake Bay. Unfortunately, there are not many conservation strategies or efforts for cownose rays.

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Rhinoptera bonasus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La raya gavilán (Rhinoptera bonasus), como es conocida en español, es un milobátido (Myliobatidae), familia cuyos miembros se conocen vulgarmente como rayas águila. Se encuentran sobre todo en gran parte del Atlántico occidental y el Caribe, desde Nueva Inglaterra hasta Brasil. Las poblaciones del este del Atlántico se consideran de una especie diferente (Rhinoptera marginata).

Gestación y aspecto

Es una especie ovovivípara, que suele fertilizar seis huevos cada vez. El embrión crece dentro de la madre con las aletas dobladas sobre el cuerpo. Al principio, se nutre de la yema del huevo, aunque las secreciones uterinas de la madre lo nutrirán más tarde. Hay alguna disputa sobre el periodo de la gestación. Cuando nace, sale primero la cola y luego despliega las aletas.

Cuando nace, suele medir entre 28 y 46 cm. Un ejemplar maduro puede alcanzar el metro y unos 20 kilos, pero se han encontrado ejemplares excepcionales de dos metros de anchura.

La raya gavilán es normalmente marrón con el vientre blanquecino. Aunque su coloración no es especialmente distintiva, sí lo es su forma. Tiene forma de disco romboidal más ancho que largo. Llaman la atención las aletas pectorales que se sitúan delante de su ancha cabeza, formando una prolongación por debajo del rostro (aletas subrostrales) que es flexible y tiene una profunda hendidura en el medio. Los ojos y los espiráculos se disponen lateralmente. Posee un conjunto de dientes diseñados para triturar almejas y conchas de ostras, y una serie de dientes caninos escondidos detrás. Cuando se siente amenazada, puede usar la púa que se encuentra en la base de su cola. Este aguijón posee una serie de dientes laterales y un veneno que podruce síntomas similares a la picadura de una abeja.

Alimentación

La raya gavilán se alimenta de almejas, ostras y otros invertebrados. Para capturarlas, utiliza dos aletas modificadas que posee en la cabeza que le permiten succionar el alimento que luego triturará. Suelen nadar en grupos, ayudándose con las aletas para remover las almejas y ostras del fondo marino.

Curiosidades

En algunos acuarios, las rayas gavilán nadan en tanques poco profundos donde se pueden sumergir los visitantes y tocarlas. A estas rayas se les ha neutralizado el aguijón. El más conocido se encuentra en el estadio Tropicana Field donde juegan los Tampa Bay Rays de la Major League Baseball.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

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Rhinoptera bonasus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

La raya gavilán (Rhinoptera bonasus), como es conocida en español, es un milobátido (Myliobatidae), familia cuyos miembros se conocen vulgarmente como rayas águila. Se encuentran sobre todo en gran parte del Atlántico occidental y el Caribe, desde Nueva Inglaterra hasta Brasil. Las poblaciones del este del Atlántico se consideran de una especie diferente (Rhinoptera marginata).

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Rhinoptera bonasus ( Basque )

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Rhinoptera bonasus Rhinoptera generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Rhinoptera bonasus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Rhinoptera bonasus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Rhinoptera bonasus Rhinoptera generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Rhinoptera bonasus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Rhinoptera bonasus is een vissensoort uit de familie van de adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1815 door Mitchill.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Rhinoptera bonasus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
Geplaatst op:
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Rhinoptera bonasus ( Portuguese )

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O gavião-do-mar (Rhinoptera bonasus) é uma espécie de Rhinoptera encontrada em grande parte do Oceano Atlântico especialmente no Caribe, da Nova Inglaterra e Estados Unidos ao sul do Brasil. Os Gavião-do-Mar crescem rapidamente, masculinos geralmente atingem 89 cm de largura e pesam 12 kg. As fêmeas normalmente atingem 28 polegadas (71 cm) de largura e pesam 36 libras (16 kg).

Taxonomia

Rhinoptera bonasus, vem da derivação grega da palavra partes.

"rinocerontes" - nariz

"pteron" - asa

"bonasos" - bisonte

Gestação e Reprodução

Os Gavião-do-Mar se reproduzem de junho a outubro. Uma grande escola de Gavião-do-Mar se reúne de idades e sexos variados em águas rasas. Uma fêmea nada com as extremidades de suas barbatanas peitorais saindo da água, com raios masculinos de Gavião-do-Mar a seguindo tentando agarrá-las para acasalar.

O embrião cresce dentro de sua mãe com as asas dobradas sobre o corpo. Inicialmente, é nutrida por uma gema de ovo, embora as secreções uterinas da mãe a nutram mais tarde em seu desenvolvimento. A duração da gestação é contestada, mas acredita-se que dure entre 11 e 12 meses e é variável. A termo, os filhotes nascem vivos, saindo pela cauda primeiro.

Tempo de Vida

A maturidade sexual para homens e mulheres é atingida por volta dos 4 a 5 anos de idade. No Golfo do México , as mulheres vivem até 18 anos e os homens vivem apenas até 16 anos.

Galeria

Referências

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Rhinoptera bonasus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O gavião-do-mar (Rhinoptera bonasus) é uma espécie de Rhinoptera encontrada em grande parte do Oceano Atlântico especialmente no Caribe, da Nova Inglaterra e Estados Unidos ao sul do Brasil. Os Gavião-do-Mar crescem rapidamente, masculinos geralmente atingem 89 cm de largura e pesam 12 kg. As fêmeas normalmente atingem 28 polegadas (71 cm) de largura e pesam 36 libras (16 kg).

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Биконіс східноамериканський ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

У цього виду скатів спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самці більші за самиць. Перші сягають до 89 см завширшки при вазі у 12 кг, а самиці — 71 см та 16 кг відповідно. Трапляються більш великі езмепляри до 1,1 при вазі 23 кг. Документовано відмічений найбільший представник цього виду у 2,1 м завширшки при вазі у 45 кг. За формою та будовую голови та тілі схожий на інших представників свого роду — завширшки більше ніж завдовжки. Голова доволі товста. Очі розтавлені доволі далеко один від одного, неподілк від «ріг» — плавцями з обох боків морди. Зуби пласкі, що доволює трощити раковини молюсків. Зябра розташовані з боків. Грудні плавці розташовані поблизу голови. Хвіст доволі довгий та потужний. В його основі є довгий шип з невеликою отрутою, який скат використовує для захисту. Забарвлення спини — коричневе, черево має білуватий або жовтуватий колір.

Спосіб життя

Тримається на невеликих глибинах. Швидко пересувається у товщі води. Це доволі колективна тварина. Зустрічається групами у 10 тис. особин. Живиться молюсками, устрицями та іншими безхребетними. Використовує плавці з боків морди для захоплення та всмоктування здобичі. Водночас підіймає молюсків та устриць зі дна.

Це яйцеживородний скат. Спочатку ембріон живиться яєчним жовтком. Потім тримається під грудними плавцями самиці. Народжений скат становить 28-46 см.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає біля атлантичного узбережжя Північної та Південної Америк — від США та південної Бразилії.

Джерела

  • John Farndon. Atlas of oceans. Yale University Press, 2011 Marshall Editions
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Восточноамериканский бычерыл ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Восточноамериканские бычерылы встречаются большими стаями

Описание

Грудные плавники восточноамериканских бычерылов, основание которых расположено позади глаз, срастаются с головой, образуя ромбовидный плоский диск, ширина которого превышает длину, края плавников имеют форму заострённых («крыльев»). Голова широкая с расставленными по бокам глазами и двумя шишковидными лопастями на рыле[7]. Эти скаты отличаются от своих сородичей выступами переднего контура хрящевого черепа и субростральным плавником с двумя лопастями[5]. Позади глаз расположены брызгальца. Кнутовидный хвост, имеющий овальное или круглое поперечное сечение, длиннее диска[5]. На вентральной поверхности диска имеются 5 пар жаберных щелей, рот и ноздри. Зубы образуют плоскую трущую поверхность, состоящую из 7 рядов на каждой челюсти. На дорсальной поверхности сразу позади небольшого спинного плавника на хвосте присутствует один или реже два ядовитых шипа[5]. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска коричневатого или оливкового цвета без отметин. Вентральная поверхность диска беловатая или желтоватая[7]. Максимальная зарегистрированная ширина диска 213 см, тогда как средняя ширина не превосходит 120 см[2].

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Эти скаты отличаются характерным контуром рыла

Биология

Эти океанические скаты встречаются и у берега. Они собираются в многочисленные стаи. Иногда они полностью выпрыгивают из воды и падают на воду с громким всплеском. Во время прилива кормятся на мелководье. Взмахами грудных плавников они баламутят воду и высасывают моллюсков из грунта. Взрослые скаты в большей степени охотятся на зарывшуюся добычу, тогда как молодые предпочитают подбирать моллюсков с грунта. Во время кормления бычерылы иногда приподнимают кончики грудных плавников над водой[8].

В свою очередь восточноамериканские бычерылы могут стать добычей кобий, серо-голубых и тупорылых акул[5].

Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным восточноамериканские бычерылы относятся к яйцеживородящим рыбам. Эмбрионы развиваются в утробе матери, питаясь желтком и гистотрофом. В помёте обычно 1 новорождённый, однако попадались беременные самки с 6 эмбрионами. Ширина диска при рождении 25—40 см. Беременность длится 11—12 месяцев, если самки приносят потомство ежегодно, или 5—6 месяцев, если 2 раза в год. У самок овуляция наступает сразу после родов. В Чесапикском заливе самцы и самки достигают половой зрелости при ширине диска 75—85 см и 85—90 см, что соответствует возрасту 5—6 и 7—8 лет, а в Мексиканском 64—70 и 65—70 см в возрасте 4—5 лет, соответственно. Рацион состоит из беспозвоночных, в первую очередь двустворчатых моллюсков[3].

На восточноамериканских бычерылах паразитируют моногенеи Benedeniella posterocolpa[9] и разные виды цестод[10].

 src=
Восточноамериканских бычеров, живущих в океанариуме Сарасоты можно потрогать руками

Взаимодействие с человеком

Восточноамериканские бычерылы не являются объектом целевого коммерческого промысла. Крупные стаи бычерылов во время кормления могут наносить урон зарослям водорослей и фермам моллюсков. Они попадаются в качестве прилова в ставные и прочие неводы, а также креветочные тралы. Эти скаты довольно живучи, но из-за ядовитого шипа с ними трудно обращаться и при поимке их часто убивают. Низкий уровень воспроизводства делает их чувствительными к перелову[3].

Из-за ядовитого шипа на хвосте эти скаты представляют потенциальную опасность для человека. Однако в отличие от прочих хвостоколов бычерылы редко лежат на дне, поэтому риск наступить на них невелик. Кроме того, шип расположен у них близко к телу. Мясо восточноамериканских бычеролов бывает заражено шигеллами, его употребление может вызвать диарею, боль в животе и повышение температуры[5].

Восточноамериканских бычерылов содержат в публичных аквариумах[11]. Международный союз охраны природы оценил статус сохранности данного вида как «Близкий к уязвимому положению»[3].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 46. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. 1 2 3 Восточноамериканский бычерыл (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rhinoptera bonasus (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  4. Mitchill, S. L. (1815) The fishes of New York described and arranged. Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, 1: P. 355—492
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kimberly Kittle. Biological profile: Cownose ray (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural History.
  6. Robins, C. R. and Ray, G. C. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America.. — Boston, U.S.A.: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. — P. 354.
  7. 1 2 Bigelow, H. B. and Schroeder W. C. Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays = In Tee-Van J. et al. (eds.) Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part two.. — New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ., 1953. — P. 1—514.
  8. Smith, J. W. and Merriner, J. V. Food habits and feeding behavior of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus, in Lower Chesapeake Bay // Estuaries. — 1985. — Vol. 8, № (3). — P. 305—310.
  9. THONEY D. A. The effects of trichlorfon, praziquantel and copper sulphate on various stages of the monogenean Benedeniella posterocolpa, a skin parasite of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill) // Journal of Fish Diseases. — 1990. — Сентябрь (т. 13, № 5). — С. 385—389. — ISSN 0140-7775. — DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1990.tb00797.x.
  10. Rhinoptera bonasus (неопр.). Shark References. Проверено 23 августа 2015.
  11. Rays Touch Tank (неопр.). raysbaseball.com.
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Восточноамериканский бычерыл: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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 src= Восточноамериканские бычерылы встречаются большими стаями
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Distribution

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Western Atlantic: southern New England to northern Florida (USA) and throughout the Gulf of Mexico, migrating to Trinidad, Venezuela, and Brazil

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat

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Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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