Roosting deep within caves and mines provides this species with some protection from most terrestrial predators, with the exception of one reported instance of a giant centipede (Scolopendra gigantea) preying on a presumably roosting individual in the interior of a Venezuelan cave. Predation on this species has only been reported one other time, in Mexico, bones from two individuals were recovered from barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
This species exhibits little sexual dimorphism throughout most of its range, with the exception of the most northern populations where males are significantly larger than females with regards to forearm length and several cranial measurements. A negative correlation exists between longitude and body size, with larger individuals recorded in the southern portion of the its range. The range in morphological measurements (in mm) for this species are as follows: total length, 71-85; length of foot, 9-12; forearm length, 40.6-49.6; length of ear, 16-19; length of tail, 18-25, extending two-thirds the length of the uropatagium. Mass of an adult P. davyi can range from 5-10 g. Pteronotus davyi is considered the smallest member of the family Mormoopidae.
This species has rounded wings with an average aspect ratio and low wing loading, allowing greater maneuverability in cluttered habitats. The wings are attached along the midback, covering the dorsal fur which gives the naked-backed appearance. An annual molt results in variations in pelage coloration between 2 phases, clove brown fading to a tawny brown dorsally and cinammon brown ventrally but some may appear bright ochraceous orange. Pelage is fine and densely distributed, but varies in length (8-9 mm under wings, 4-5 mm elsewhere). Short, bristle-like hairs, thought to aid in catching prey, surround the mouth. Lips are prominent, large, and can be formed into a funnel-shape, possibly used to focus echolocation emissions at a specific target.
Range mass: 6.5 to 10 g.
Range length: 71 to 85 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
No information on lifespan has been reported.
This species most commonly occupies moist to seasonally dry habitats within deciduous tropical forests along a wide altitudinal range. Less commonly, this species has been reported in open areas of mesic lowlands. Within these habitats, P. davyi may roost within man-made structures, such as houses, chicken coops, and barns, but tends to prefer the darker recesses of hot, humid caves and mines. Flyways between roosting and foraging sites are maintained along densely vegetated watercourses, with distances of up to 3.5 km between roosting and foraging sites.
Range elevation: 0 to 2300 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest
Other Habitat Features: riparian ; caves
Pteronotus davyi, Davy's naked-backed bat or lesser naked-backed bat, occurs in Mexico (with the exception of the northern interior) south through Central America into coastal Columbia and Venezuela to eastern Brazil. An isolated population of P. davyi has been reported from northwestern Peru. Additionally, P. davyi occurs in Trinidad and Tobago and the Lesser Antilles.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
The diet of P. davyi is mainly comprised of moths (Lepidoptera), supplemented occasionally with flies (Diptera) and earwigs (Dermaptera) which are captured while foraging over water bodies. Water is consumed while in flight, referred to as drinking on the wing.
Animal Foods: insects
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Pteronotus davyi provides an essential function in the ecosystem: pest management through its insectivorous diet. In addition, this species is host to several ecto- and endoparasites. Unfortunately, little information is know about the parasites of this particular species; it is thought to harbor fewer parasites due to the high roost temperatures preferred by this species.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Because of their insectivorous diet, P. davyi individuals reduce the number of potentially costly agricultural pests.
Positive Impacts: produces fertilizer; controls pest population
Individuals of this species have tested seropositive for rabies at localities in Trinidad and western Mexico.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease
The destruction of habitats used as foraging sites by P. davyi potentially may endanger some populations. However, due to the undesirability of the unusually hot, humid caves preferred by this species, P. davyi roosting sites are relatively protected against human development.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Pteronotus davyi individuals produce multiharmonic echolocation calls with an initially short constant frequency (CF = 67.0-68.1 kHz), followed by a downward frequency modulated sweep ending in a short segment of constant frequency (CF = 51.0-58.0 kHz). Calls lasted 4.6 to 6.7 msec, with most energy expended in the second harmonic.
This species can detect, approach, and capture 2-3 mm sized prey from a 0.5 to 0. 75 m distance in 0.5 sec. Detection to approach is characterized by an increase in the number of calls from 10-12 pulses/sec during search flight to 35 pulses/sec, followed by a burst of 200 pulses/sec immediately prior to capture.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
Female P. davyi exhibit seasonal monestrous, with mating occurring in January and February; however, limited information has been reported regarding the mating system exhibited by this species.
Adult, female P. davyi are seasonally monoestrus, with ovulation dominated by the right ovary. Copulation typically occurs during January and February throughout most of its range; however, copulation may occur earlier in the southern portions of its range. Implantation of the fertilized egg most frequently occurs in the right uterine horn. Litter size is always one, with no reports of twins. Parturition (birth) occurs during the onset of the rainy season, coinciding with an increase in insect abundance. Lactation can continue through late July, but maturation of young is relatively rapid due to the bounty of seasonal insects.
For adult, male P. davyi, testes size fluctuates throughout the year, with greatest lengths recorded during the mating season. No baculum is present.
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once yearly (monestrus).
Breeding season: Copulation typically occurs in January and February, but may be earlier in the southern portions of its range.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.
Average gestation period: 60 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
No information on parental investment has been reported. However, like other bats, females invest heavily in a brief period of lactation.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)
Se refugian en cavernas con altas temperaturas.
Distribucion General: Desde México hasta el norte de Perú, norte de Venezuela, Trinidad y parte sur de Antillas Menores. Se encuentran en las tierras bajas hasta los 2.300 m.s.n.m..
Es pequeño y delicado, con la espalda desnuda. Las alas se juntan sobre la espalda media (pelaje se extiende sobre la espalda entre las alas). El pelaje es usualmente café, en ocasiones anaranjado. El rostro, alas y cola son similares a Pteronotus parnelli.
El ratpenat d'esquena nua de Davy (Pteronotus davyi) és una espècie de ratpenat que es pot trobar des del sud de la Baixa Califòrnia, a Mèxic, fins al nord-oest del Perú, i a Trinitat i Tobago i les Antilles del sud.[1]
El ratpenat d'esquena nua de Davy (Pteronotus davyi) és una espècie de ratpenat que es pot trobar des del sud de la Baixa Califòrnia, a Mèxic, fins al nord-oest del Perú, i a Trinitat i Tobago i les Antilles del sud.
Davy's (lesser) naked-backed bat (Pteronotus davyi) is a small, insect-eating, cave-dwelling bat of the Family Mormoopidae. It is found throughout South and Central America, including Trinidad, but not Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, or French Guiana.[3] Specimens of this bat had been found infected with rabies in Trinidad during the height of that island's vampire-bat-transmitted rabies epidemic of the early half of the 20th century, but not in recent times.[4]
The lesser naked-backed bat (also known as Davy's naked-backed bat,) earns its name from the appearance of its backside. The bat species appears to have a hairless or "naked" back due to the attachment of its wings on the mid-line of its dorsal surface.[3] The wing membranes give the bat's back its shiny appearance. The lesser-naked backed bat shares this diagnostic feature with two other species of bat of the same family (Mormoopidae,) named Pteronotus fulvus and Pteronotus gymnonotus. Pteronotus dayvi is easily distinguishable from other species in the Genus Pteronotus by sparsely distributed hairs on the membranes of its wings.[3] P. dayvi is characterized by very dense pelage that changes color throughout the seasons.[3] Little sexual dimorphism is observed in this species, except within the most northern populations located in Sonora. Males of this population are observed to be significantly larger than females.[3] The wing aspect ratio of this species is very high in comparison to many Microchiroptera, allowing these bats to fly long distances at fast speeds. The lips of these bats are large, perhaps allowing for focusing of the soundwaves that are emitted from their pharynx during echolocation.[3]
Pteronotus davyi are nocturnal, insectivorous bats that tend to roost in communities within their own species. Daytime roosts are seen to be shared between other species within the family Mormoopidae.[3] This species uses echolocation to target prey and navigate in the dark, deciduous forests they reside in. Insects preyed upon include moths, flies and earwigs.[5]
Pteronotus davyi are known to be seasonally monogamous, and usually mate in the months of January and February.[3] These bats have one offspring per mating season. The birth of the offspring occurs during the rainy season. The rainy season provides a surge in the insect population, which proves to be important for these insectivorous bats, allowing the young to mature at a fast rate.[3]
Due to their high wing-aspect ratio, these bats can fly at quick burst speeds for long distances, although their long wingspan inhibits them from having great agility.[3][6] They are also sufficient climbers. It is believed that they climb high to the top of their roost in order to quickly fly away from the entrance and avoid any nearby predators.[3][7] During nighttime foraging for insects, flight usually occurs near the ground.[3]
Although predation has not been intensely observed in this species, researchers have found that P. davyi has been hunted by American kestrels (Falco sparverius,) a very common North American falcon. These falcons have been seen to hide at the entrance of the bat roosts and dive after the bats as they are exiting the cave.[7]
These bats are found most commonly in moist habitats that sustain a high volume of insects. Nighttime roosts of these animals are most commonly found in warm, dark, moist caves. P. davyi are found as far north as Mexico and as far south as South America and Honduras.[3] They typically prefer low elevations, but some individuals have been observed at elevations as high as 2,000 meters above sea level.[3] There has been no recorded observance of this species in Guyana, Suriname, or French Guiana.[3] Studies of this species have revealed genetic divergence between the Southeastern P. davyi population, and the Pacific and Gulf Coast populations.[8] This is believed to be a result of geographical barriers that separate these populations. These geographical barriers are Sierra Madre Occidental, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Sierra Madre del Sur.[8]
Davy's (lesser) naked-backed bat (Pteronotus davyi) is a small, insect-eating, cave-dwelling bat of the Family Mormoopidae. It is found throughout South and Central America, including Trinidad, but not Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, or French Guiana. Specimens of this bat had been found infected with rabies in Trinidad during the height of that island's vampire-bat-transmitted rabies epidemic of the early half of the 20th century, but not in recent times.
El murciélago de espalda desnuda (Pteronotus davyi) es un pequeño quiróptero, que se encuentra en los bosques secos de Centroamérica, Sudamérica y Trinidad.[4]
Su dorso es desnudo cubierto de piel marrón, excepto la parte superior, desde el punto donde se juntan las alas hasta la cabeza, área donde presenta pelaje castaño a anaranjado. La longitud de la cabeza con el cuerpo alcanza entre 4,2 y 5,5 cm; la cola mide 1,8 a 2,5 cm; el pie entre 0,9 y 1,1 cm; la longitud de la oreja de 1,5 a 1,8 cm y el antebrazo entre 4,3 y 4,9 cm. Pesa de 5 a 10 g.[5]
Es un insectívoro aéreo que se alimenta de insectos, especialmente escarabajos y polillas. Prefiere descansar en cuevas, a menudo con otras especies de murciélago. Generalmente se produce en el bosque seco espinoso de hojas caducas. Su distribución está limitada por la disponibilidad de sitios de refugio. A menudo se alimenta en los espacios abiertos.[1]
Se ha observado puede ser cazado por el ciempiés gigante Scolopendra gigantea , que lo captura en el aire clavándole sus tenazas en las alas y envenenándolo con el aguijón, para luego comerlo.[6][7]
El murciélago de espalda desnuda (Pteronotus davyi) es un pequeño quiróptero, que se encuentra en los bosques secos de Centroamérica, Sudamérica y Trinidad.
Pteronotus davyi Pteronotus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Mormoopidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Pteronotus davyi Pteronotus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Mormoopidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Pteronotus davyi (Gray, 1838) è un pipistrello della famiglia diffuso in America centrale, America meridionale, Caraibi,[1][2]
Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 42 e 55 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 43 e 49 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 18 e 25 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 9.0 e 11 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 15 e 18 mm e un peso fino a 10 g.[3]
La pelliccia è corta. Le parti dorsali variano dal fulvo al marrone scuro, mentre le parti ventrali sono grigio-brunastre o color ocra. Il muso è corto ed appuntito, con dei lunghi peli sui lati del muso e una piccola piega cutanea sopra le narici. Le labbra sono rigonfie, quella inferiore è ricoperta di grosse papille verrucose. Gli occhi sono molto piccoli. Le orecchie sono strette, triangolari, appuntite e separate tra loro, con il bordo anteriore che si proietta in avanti fino sul muso e l'antitrago basso che si estende fino all'angolo posteriore della bocca. Il trago è lungo circa un terzo del padiglione auricolare. Le membrane alari sono ricoperte di piccoli peli e unite sul dorso lungo la spina dorsale, dando l'impressione di una schiena nuda. La coda è lunga e fuoriesce per circa la metà sulla superficie dorsale dell'ampio uropatagio. Il calcar è molto lungo. Il cariotipo è 2n=38 FNa=60.
Emette ultrasuoni sotto forma di impulsi di breve durata con massima energia a 78 kHz e frequenza finale a 62 kHz.
Si rifugia in colonie numerosissime in profonde grotte umide e nelle miniere. L'attività predatoria inizia due ore dopo il tramonto e termina appena prima dell'alba.
Si nutre di insetti volanti, particolarmente coleotteri e falene catturati sopra spazi aperti.
Questa specie è diffusa nell'America centrale, nella parte settentrionale dell'America meridionale, nel Perù nord-occidentale e nelle Piccole Antille a nord fino a Guadalupa.
Vive foreste spinose secche decidue, foreste sempreverdi e zone aride fino a 2.300 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 3 sottospecie:
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la popolazione presumibilmente numerosa, la tolleranza a diversi tipi di habitat e la presenza in diverse aree protette, classifica P.davyi come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Pteronotus davyi (Gray, 1838) è un pipistrello della famiglia diffuso in America centrale, America meridionale, Caraibi,
De kleine kaalrugvleermuis (Pteronotus davyi) is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Pteronotus. De soort is het nauwst verwant aan Pteronotus gymnonotus.
Net als bij P. gymnonotus en Dobsonia raken de vleugelmembranen elkaar op het midden van de rug, zodat die naakt lijkt. De kleine kaalrugvleermuis is één van de kleinste plooilipvleermuizen; daarnaast is hij te herkennen aan de haren op de vleugels. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 4 tot 5 cm, de staartlengte 2 tot 2,5 cm en het gewicht 5 tot 10 gram. Het karyotype bedraagt 2n=60, FN=38.
P. davyi komt voor tot op 2300 m hoogte in allerlei habitats, van droog bos tot regenwoud, hoewel hij in regenwoud minder algemeen is. Ook in steden is deze soort vrij algemeen vertegenwoordigd. De soort vormt enorme kolonies in warme, vochtige grotten, die 400 000 tot 800 000 dieren kunnen omvatten. Zoals alle plooilipvleermuizen eet deze soort insecten (vooral motten, maar ook wel vliegen en oorwormen). Deze worden in de lucht gevangen. Waarschijnlijk is de paartijd in januari en februari. In de regentijd wordt er één jong geboren, dat snel volwassen wordt. Er zijn gevallen van hondsdolheid bekend bij deze soort.
Deze soort komt voor van Noord-Mexico tot Noordwest-Peru en Noord-Venezuela en op in de Kleine Antillen op Aruba, Trinidad, Grenada, Martinique, Dominica en Marie-Galante. Er zijn fossielen van deze soort bekend uit Tobago en Bahia (Brazilië); op beide plaatsen komt hij nu niet meer voor. De soort wordt ingedeeld in drie ondersoorten: P. d. fulvus (Thomas, 1892) van Mexico tot Honduras, P. d. davyi J.E. Gray, 1838 van Nicaragua tot Venezuela en de Antillen, en P. d. incae Smith, 1972 in Noordwest-Peru.
De kleine kaalrugvleermuis (Pteronotus davyi) is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Pteronotus. De soort is het nauwst verwant aan Pteronotus gymnonotus.
Pteronotus davyi é uma espécie de morcego da família Mormoopidae. Pode ser encontrada na América Central e norte da América do Sul.
Pteronotus davyi é uma espécie de morcego da família Mormoopidae. Pode ser encontrada na América Central e norte da América do Sul.
Pteronotus davyi[2][3] är en fladdermusart som beskrevs av Gray 1838. Pteronotus davyi ingår i släktet Pteronotus och familjen bladhakor.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.[2]
Med en genomsnittlig kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 56,4 mm (hanar) respektive 57,9 mm (honor) och en vikt av cirka 9,3 g (hanar) respektive 9,6 g (honor) är Pteronotus davyi den minsta arten i släktet. Den har mörkbrun päls på ryggen och något ljusare päls på framsidan.[6] Liksom hos andra arter av samma släkte är vingarna sammanlänkade på ryggen och därför ser fladdermusens ovansida naken ut. Kring munnen har arten flera styva hår. De breda läpparna kan formas till en tratt.[7]
Denna fladdermus förekommer i Central- och Sydamerika från Mexiko, inklusive Baja California, till Amazonflodens delta. En avskild population finns i norra Peru. Arten föredrar torra habitat som torra skogar men den hittas även i fuktiga landskap.[1]
Individerna vilar i grottor och bildar ofta blandade kolonier med andra fladdermöss. De jagar skalbaggar, nattfjärilar och andra insekter och flyger därför ofta över öppna områden.[1] Arten är främst aktiv under timmarna närmast efter solnedgången samt före soluppgången. När den flyger når den vanligen hastigheter mellan 11 och 17 km/h. Pteronotus davyi jagar med hjälp av ekolokaliseringen. Fladdermusen faller vid viloplatsen själv offer för olika landlevande rovdjur och under flyget dödas den ibland av tornugglor. En mindre individ föll i en grotta i Venezuela offer för den stora enkelfotingen Scolopendra gigantea.[7]
Hos honor förekommer bara en parningstid per år och per kull föds en unge. Dräktigheten varar cirka 60 dagar och ungen föds i början av regntiden.[7]
Wikispecies har information om Pteronotus davyi.
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Pteronotus davyi är en fladdermusart som beskrevs av Gray 1838. Pteronotus davyi ingår i släktet Pteronotus och familjen bladhakor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan tre underarter.
Med en genomsnittlig kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 56,4 mm (hanar) respektive 57,9 mm (honor) och en vikt av cirka 9,3 g (hanar) respektive 9,6 g (honor) är Pteronotus davyi den minsta arten i släktet. Den har mörkbrun päls på ryggen och något ljusare päls på framsidan. Liksom hos andra arter av samma släkte är vingarna sammanlänkade på ryggen och därför ser fladdermusens ovansida naken ut. Kring munnen har arten flera styva hår. De breda läpparna kan formas till en tratt.
Denna fladdermus förekommer i Central- och Sydamerika från Mexiko, inklusive Baja California, till Amazonflodens delta. En avskild population finns i norra Peru. Arten föredrar torra habitat som torra skogar men den hittas även i fuktiga landskap.
Individerna vilar i grottor och bildar ofta blandade kolonier med andra fladdermöss. De jagar skalbaggar, nattfjärilar och andra insekter och flyger därför ofta över öppna områden. Arten är främst aktiv under timmarna närmast efter solnedgången samt före soluppgången. När den flyger når den vanligen hastigheter mellan 11 och 17 km/h. Pteronotus davyi jagar med hjälp av ekolokaliseringen. Fladdermusen faller vid viloplatsen själv offer för olika landlevande rovdjur och under flyget dödas den ibland av tornugglor. En mindre individ föll i en grotta i Venezuela offer för den stora enkelfotingen Scolopendra gigantea.
Hos honor förekommer bara en parningstid per år och per kull föds en unge. Dräktigheten varar cirka 60 dagar och ungen föds i början av regntiden.
Голова і тулуб довжиною в середньому 56.4 мм для самців і 57.9 мм для самиць, вага в межах 5-10 г, довжина хвоста — 18-25 мм. Хутро на спині темно-коричневе на череві — дещо блідіше. Каріотип: 2n=38, FN=60.
Харчується у значній мірі жуками-скарабеями і молями. Піки в активності відбуваються через 2 години після заходу сонця і знову незадовго до сходу сонця. Середня швидкість польоту самиць — 13.1 км/год, а самців — 11.3 to 16.8 км/год. Цей вид віддає перевагу лаштувати сідала в сирих печерах, часто з кількома іншими видами кажанів. Відомим хижаком для виду є Tyto alba.
Країни поширення: Беліз, Бразилія, Колумбія, Коста-Рика, Домініка, Сальвадор, Французька Гвіана, Гренада, Гваделупа, Гватемала, Гаяна, Гондурас, Мартиніка, Мексика, Нікарагуа, Перу, Суринам, Тринідад і Тобаго, Венесуела. Живе нижче 500 м над р.м. переважно в посушливих районах. Часто зустрічається в сухих листяних колючих лісах, але також у вологих вічнозелених лісах. Поширення може бути обмежене наявністю місць спочинку. Часто живиться на відкритих просторах.
Серйозних загроз нема. У Бразилії і, можливо, інших областях локальною загрозою може бути руйнування печер для виробництва вапняку. Вид мешкає в природоохоронних районах по всьому ареалу.
Pteronotus davyi là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Mormoopidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1838.[2]
Pteronotus davyi là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Mormoopidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1838.
벌거숭이등박쥐 또는 데비벌거숭이등박쥐(Pteronotus davyi)는 유령얼굴박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 작은 식충성, 동굴 서식형 박쥐로 트리니다드를 포함하고 토바고와 가이아나, 수리남 또는 프랑스령 기아나를 제외한 남아메리카와 중앙아메리카 전역에서 발견된다.[3] 다른 모든 박쥐들이 옆구리에 날개가 있는 반면에 몸 윗쪽에 날개가 붙어 있다. 데비벌거숭이등박쥐의 표본은 트리니다드 섬의 흡혈박쥐가 전염시켜 절정에 달했던 20세기 전반기의 광견병 유행 기간 동안에 트리니다드에서 광견병에 감염된 상태로 발견되었지만 현재는 그렇지 않다.[4][5]
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