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Calypso Orchid

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes

Biology

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In autumn, generally around September, the single, dark green leaf of the fairy slipper orchid sprouts from the corm (2) (4) (7). This leaf lasts through winter, even surviving under snow in the cold parts of its range (2) (4). With the arrival of spring, the orchid flowers. In Europe, this may be as soon as the snow melts (5), while in parts of North America it is said to occur in May and June (2) (7), and the flower is able to withstand any late frosts that may occur. Shortly after the flower blooms, the leaf fades for the summer (4). The flower of the fairy slipper orchid possesses no nectar and instead attracts its pollinators by deception (5). The scent and shape of the flower mimics those that do have nectar, which lures bumble bees (Bombus species) to the bloom (5). The bees land on the lip of the flower and enter the pouch in search of food. Failing to find any, the bee exits the pouch, rubbing against the column overhanging the pouch opening as it does so. Pollen is deposited on the bee and is then transferred to the next flower it visits (4). Following pollination, the fairy slipper orchid flower fades rapidly (2). By late summer, the capsule has ripened and the seeds are dispersed. The leaf withers and the plant becomes dormant until September, when a new leaf will be produced and the cycle will commence again (7).
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Conservation

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The fairy slipper orchid is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored (2). Hopefully this may lessen the threat of over-collection. In addition, this species is protected within many parks and reserves throughout its range (4) (8).
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Description

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The fairy slipper orchid, which has been called the most beautiful terrestrial orchid in North America (4), bears a single, showy flower on a single, dainty, purple stem (4) (5) (6). The petals and sepals of each intricate and colourful flower are held above a large, highly-modified petal (called the lip) like a crown (2) (7). The lip is a slipper-shaped pouch, hence this plant's common name (2). The flowers, which emit a distinct, pleasant, vanilla-like aroma (4) (5), range in colour from rich purple, through shades of pink to white and are lightly veined (2) (4), while the lip is white to purple with purplish spots, and the inside of the pouch is lined with purple to reddish veins (2) (4). The area near the throat of the pouch is decorated with three ridges, bearing white or yellow hairs (2) (4). Each plant has a single, dark green, oval leaf measuring up to 3.5 centimetres long (2) (6). Both the single leaf and flower stem rise from a shallow corm, with few, short and slender roots (2) (4). On blooming plants it is sometimes possible to see the top of the corm (4). The species name bulbosa refers to the bulb-like nature of the corms (2), while Caplypso comes from the name of the sea nymph in Homer's Odyssey (5). Four varieties of the fairy slipper orchid are recognised, each differing slightly in their appearance (2).
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Habitat

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The fairy slipper orchid occurs in forests and woodlands (6), generally in shady areas (4) (5), where it grows in humus (4) (7), or in the decaying vegetation covering the forest floor (2) (4). It may also grow in sphagnum bogs (5), moss, or on top of rotting logs and tree stumps (4).
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Range

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The fairy slipper orchid has a circumpolar distribution, occurring in Europe, Asia and North America (5). In Europe is does not grow south of 57 ºN (5), and in North America is occurs from Alaska to Labrador, south to northern California, Arizona, Michigan and Maine (6). Calypso bulbosa var. bulbosa occurs in Europe and Asia, Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa is found in Japan, while Calypso bulbosa var. Americana and Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis both occur in North America (2)
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Status

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The fairy slipper orchid is listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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Habitat destruction is a threat for the fairy slipper orchid in California, where logging for the timber industry is the primary cause (4). Logging and development also threatens the fairy slipper orchid throughout other parts of its range (2). Another significant threat to this stunning plant is the presence of people, either accidentally causing damage when they come to view and photograph these beautiful flowers, or, more seriously, when collectors deliberately remove the plants from the wild for cultivation in gardens (2) (4). In addition, the shallow growth of the fairy slipper orchid makes it susceptible to predation by feral pigs. In some areas, pigs have been known to destroy entire colonies (4).
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Description

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Plants 4.5–22 cm. Leaves: blade elliptic to suborbiculate or ovate, often cordate, 10–65 × 12–52 mm. Inflorescences: floral bracts lance-acuminate, 5–28 mm. Flowers pink, magenta, or rarely white; sepals and petals erect-spreading, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 10–24 × 1.5–5 mm; lip 13–23 × 4–13 mm, lamina shorter than to longer than apical horns, basal bristles sparse to extensive, brightly and contrastingly colored to dull and obscure. Capsules erect, ellipsoid to lanceoloid, 2–3 × 1–1.5 cm. 2n = 28 [var. bulbosa].
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 623 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Cypripedium bulbosum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 951. 1753; Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 623 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
A broad analysis of vegetative responses to fire compiled for "Fire Management
in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Moose Creek Ranger District, Nez Perce NF" [44] notes
that after the 1977 Pattee Canyon Fire in Missoula, Montana, fairy slipper survived only the
"lightest" burning treatment. Even then, there was probably a reduction in the
fairy slipper population [44].
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Common Names

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fairy slipper
Venus' slipper
Calypso orchid
angel slipper
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Conservation Status

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OTHER STATUS:
Fairy slipper is ranked as follows:State Protection status Arizona Salvage restricted Michigan Threatened New Hampshire Endangered New York Endangered Vermont Threatened Wisconsin Threatened
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Description

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More info for the terms: corm, forb

This description provides characteristics of the fairy slipper that may be relevant to its fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available [20,21,30,37,39,43,56,73].

Fairy slipper is a native, perennial forb. It has a single, basal green leaf that is 1 to 2 inches (3-6 cm) long. The flower is usually solitary (rarely with 2 flowers), with a long, scoop-shaped lip tufted, 3 erect-spreading sepals, and 2 petals that are narrow, pointed and twisted. The fruits are erect capsules. The erect stem stands between 2 to 8 inches (5-20 cm) tall, extending from a bulb-like corm [26,57,59]. Fibrous roots are typically produced at the base of a single corm [17].

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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Distribution

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Fairy slipper has a circumboreal distribution. In North America, it occurs extensively across the United States and Canada, ranging from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to California, New Mexico, and Michigan. Historic populations in New York and New Hampshire have been extirpated [42]. The Flora of North America. provides a distributional map for fairy slipper.

Calypso bulbosa var. americana occurs throughout most of the general distribution of the species, except in Idaho, Oregon, and California. Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis occurs in Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and British Columbia [26].

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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: corm, fire regime, seed, stand-replacement fire, succession, surface fire

Fire adaptations: To date (2006), published information on fairy slipper response to fire is lacking. Given that the perennating part of the fairy slipper is a corm and that corms are generally well protected, fairy slipper is probably well adapted to survive most fires [14]. Its ability to regenerate from seed after fire is undocumented. Case's [13] anecdotal statement that fairy slipper does not occur on mineral soil suggests that fairy slipper does not occur in early postfire succession; however, is it possible that fairy slipper has a seed bank [1,75] and establishes from seed in later postfire succession. Research is needed on fairy slipper's fire ecology.

FIRE REGIMES: Fairy slipper occurs in a wide range of FIRE REGIMES, varying from very infrequent, stand-replacement fire in eastern spruce-fir communities [22] to short-return interval surface fire in ponderosa pine forests of the western United States [2]. The cool and moist site characteristics of communities where fairy slipper is most frequent, such as western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, white fir, and high-elevation subalpine fir, suggest that infrequent, stand-replacing fires are most common in fairy slipper habitats.

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where fairy slipper is important. It may not be inclusive. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) silver fir-Douglas-fir Abies amabilis-Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii >200 grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [2] tamarack Larix laricina 35-200 [58] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-350 [3,10,19] Great Lakes spruce-fir Picea-Abies spp. 35 to >200 northeastern spruce-fir Picea-Abies spp. 35-200 [22] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 [2] black spruce Picea mariana 35-200 conifer bog* Picea mariana-Larix laricina 35-200 red spruce* Picea rubens 35-200 [22] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [9,10,69] Sierra lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200 western white pine* Pinus monticola 50-200 Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [2] interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [2,8,49] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [2,4,5] coastal Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [2,54,63] California mixed evergreen Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflorus-Arbutus menziesii <35 [2] redwood Sequoia sempervirens 5-200 [2,24,68] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla >200 western hemlock-Sitka spruce Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis >200 mountain hemlock* Tsuga mertensiana 35 to >200 [2] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Fire Management Considerations

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More info for the terms: fire management, fuel, prescribed fire

To date (2006), there is no research providing management recommendations regarding fairy slipper. Prescribed fire should be used cautiously when protecting or promoting fairy slipper is a fire management objective. Small-scale burning, fuel evaluation, and population monitoring after prescribed and wildfires can help manager access effects of fire to fairy slippers in their area.
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: geophyte

RAUNKIAER [61] LIFE FORM:
Geophyte
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Habitat characteristics

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Fairy slipper is found beneath moist soils rich with decaying leaves and wood [40,41,50,55]. . Populations in south-central Montana were recorded on north and north-east aspects where it is cool and moist [52]. It typically occurs in cool, shady areas, from sea level to mid-montane elevations [40,41,50,55], and tolerates boreal climates north of the Great Lakes region [13]. The following table provides elevations where fairy slipper has been collected.

State/Region/Province

Elevation Arizona 8,500 to 10,000 feet (2,590-3,048 m) [43] California <5,900 feet  (<1,800 m) [37] Colorado 7,000 to 10,000 feet (2,134-3,048 m) [33] New Mexico 7,000 to 10,000 feet (2,134-3,048 m) [51] Utah 8,900 to 10,500 feet (2,700-3,200 m) [74] Pacific Northwest (including British Columbia and Alaska) sea level to mid-montane elevations [39,59] Pryor Mountains (south-central Montana) 5,900 to 8,500 feet (1,800-2,600 m) [52] Alberta 1,600 to 5,200 feet (500-1,600 m) [15]
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [23]:





5 Balsam fir

12 Black spruce

13 Black spruce-tamarack

16 Aspen

30 Red spruce-yellow birch

32 Red spruce

33 Red spruce-balsam fir

37 Northern white-cedar

38 Tamarack

39 Black ash-American elm-red maple

107 White spruce

108 Red maple

201 White spruce

203 Balsam poplar

204 Black spruce

205 Mountain hemlock

206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

215 Western white pine

218 Lodgepole pine

223 Sitka spruce

224 Western hemlock

225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce

226 Coastal true fir-hemlock

227 Western redcedar-western hemlock

228 Western redcedar

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

232 Redwood

234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone

237 Interior ponderosa pine

243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer

244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir

253 Black spruce-white spruce
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [29]:





FRES10 White-red-jack pine

FRES11 Spruce-fir

FRES19 Aspen-birch

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES22 Western white pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce

FRES25 Larch

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES27 Redwood

FRES29 Sagebrush
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

KUCHLER [46] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:





K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest

K004 Fir-hemlock forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K006 Redwood forest

K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K029 California mixed evergreen forest

K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest

K094 Conifer bog

K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest



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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, forb, woodland

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [66]:




409 Tall forb

411 Aspen woodland

ALASKAN RANGELANDS

920 White spruce-paper birch
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Immediate Effect of Fire

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Fairy slipper is probably top-killed by fire. Underground organs such as corms are usually protected from even severe overstory fires [14,44]. However, there are no data to date (2006) on burial depth of fairy slipper corms. Fire may damage shallowly buried corms.
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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More info for the term: cover

Information on fairy slipper's value to animals, including use as food and as cover to arthropods, is lacking (as of 2006).
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the terms: constancy, forest, habitat type, series

The fairy slipper is not documented as a dominant or an indicator species in
vegetation types for the United States and Canada. Vegetation classifications
describing plant communities where fairy slipper a component species follow:



AZ and NM: Fir-spruce (Abies-Picea spp.) and mixed-conifer forests [53]

ID: Western larch-Douglas-fir (Larix occidentalis-Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests, Priest River Experimental Forest [48]

MT: Engelmann spruce/sweet-scented bedstraw (Picea engelmannii/Galium triflorum)
and

       subalpine fir/red baneberry (Abies lasiocarpa/Actaea rubra) habitat types [32]

WY: Jackson Hole Wildlife Park — Fir-spruce and
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) habitats [62]

WA: Mt. Rainier National Park: Pacific silver fir/dwarf Oregon-grape (Abies amabilis/Berberis nervosa) habitat type

       Pacific silver fir/devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) habitat type [28]

       Olympic National Park: coniferous
forest plant associations [36]

OR: Cascade Range white fir (Abies concolor) series with
constancy values ranging
from 3%-50%

       western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)
Cascade Range series at 2% constancy [6]

       Siskiyou Mountain Province: Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
associations [7]

       Willamette and Siuslaw National Forests: western hemlock series [34,35].

       Grand fir (Abies grandis) series

        Douglas-fir associations on the Willamette National Forest [35].

       Willamette Valley — Douglas-fir forests [27]



Common understory associates of fairy slipper
include western yarrow (Achillea
millefolium), red besseya (Besseya rubra), wild hyacinth (Triteleia
hyacinthina), glacier lily (Erythronium grandiflorum), wild strawberry
(Fragaria spp.), queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), northern
bedstraw (Galium boreal), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum),
heartleaf arnica (Arnica cordifolia), American trailplant (Adenocaulon
bicolor), Piper's anemone (Anemone piperi), large-leaf sandwort (Moehringia
macrophylla), Idaho goldthread (Coptis occidentalis), Oregon fairybell (Disporum
spp.), rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera
oblongifolia), western starflower (Trientalis
sp.), twinflower (Linnaea borealis), and starry Solomon-seal (Maianthemum
stellatum) [6,18].
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Life Form

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More info for the term: forb

Forb
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Management considerations

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More info for the terms: frequency, natural

Fairy slipper is highly susceptible to even slight disturbances in its
environment [17]. Trampling and picking are the primary reasons for its rapid decline
in some locations [59]. Picking the flower
inevitably kills the plant, because the delicate roots break at even the
lightest pull on the stem [45,59]. A decline in the frequency of
fairy slipper, due largely to a growing illegal international trade, caused the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources to list
fairy slipper as a species vulnerable to extinction on a global scale [17]. 
Transplanting or cultivating fairy slipper is rarely successful because of fairy
slipper's need for specific soil fungi that are not usually present on
transplant sites or in controlled
environments [17,45]. Although the fairy slipper is widespread in its
distribution, population extermination is conceivable if plants are not
considered within a management plan.
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Other uses and values

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The Haida peoples ate fairy slipper corms in small quantities; the corms are said to have a rich butter-like flavor. This practice is discouraged today because the fairy slipper is considered rare in some locations [59].
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Phenology

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: corm, fruit

Following anthesis, the current year's corm gives rise to one shoot bud that forms a pair of root primordia. The root buds elongate as the shoot elongates and expands to form the new corm. The parent corm persists, and its leaf withers. By the end of the growing season, the new shoot has formed, and a leaf arises from its apex and overwinters [16,17,38,59].

The following table shows anthesis periods for fairy slipper:

State/Region Flowers Arizona June-August [43] California March-July [56] Maine and Vermont May and June [65] Michigan late May-early June; fruit ripens from June-July [38] New Mexico June-August [51] Great Plains late May-June [31] Intermountain west May-July [16] Pacific northwest March-June [40] Rocky Mountains late May-June [45] Willamette, Mt. Hood, and Siuslaw National Forests, Oregon March-June [70] New England and adjacent Canada May and June [30] Great Lakes early May-early June [13]
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: corm, ground fire, litter, top-kill

Fairy slipper probably sprouts from the corm after top-kill. Corms are generally well protected from fire, so fairy slipper's response to fire is likely similar to that of other geophytes: sprouting after minimal fire damage [14]. The postfire response, however, is largely dependent on the depth of the corm in the soil, the soil temperatures reached during the fire, and temperature duration [12]. Sustained, severe ground fire may damage or kill fairy slipper. Postfire response may also depend on the degree in which the habitat of fairy slipper changes. Since fairy slipper does best in shady, moist conditions, it may not be able to thrive on early successional sites where shade and litter have been removed by fire.
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Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the term: geophyte

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [67]:
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: capsule, corm, monoecious, natural, seed

Fairy slipper reproduces by seed and vegetative means [55].

Breeding system: Fairy slipper is monoecious and cannot self-pollinate [55].

Pollination: Proctor and Harder [60] suggest that the natural unit of fairy slipper pollen deposition (the pollinium flake) contains sufficient pollen to fertilize most ovules. They also suggest that the pollen load affects the seed number. Pollination requires assistance of bumblebees [55].

Seed production: The seed production of fairy slipper is directly affected by the amount of pollen deposited on the stigma. Seed production is greater when there is more pollen deposited [60]. An average seed count per capsule ranges between 10 and 20,000 [45].

Seed dispersal: No information is available on this topic.

Seed banking has not been documented in fairy slipper. Maryland field and greenhouse studies documented a seed bank in 7 other orchid genera, however. Soil-stored seed remained viable for 3 to 7 years of the 7-year study period at germination rates ranging from 30.5% to 74.9%. In greenhouse trials, orchids growing in soil inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi showed greatly increased germination rates compared to orchids in uninoculated soil [75]. Although fairy slipper was not tested, these results suggest that fairy slipper may have a seed bank and require mycorrhizaal associates for best germination. Further research is needed on fairy slipper's life history.

Germination: Most fairy slippers require one of a number of different mycorrhizal fungi in the protocorm (1st stage of seed germination) tissue for germination to take place [17]. Arditti and others [1] report that in the greenhouse, seeds from ripe capsules germinated very poorly or not at all, while 80% of immature seed in green capsules germinated. This suggests that fairy slipper seeds become less viable over time.

Seedling establishment/growth: Seedlings are rare in the Great Lakes region, but are "much more common" in mountainous regions of the West [13].

Asexual regeneration: Fairy slipper sprouts from underground corms. Following anthesis the nodal region of the corm gives rise to a new shoot bud, which will become the new corm. The previous year's corms remain in sequence, attached to the younger corms for 2 to 4 years [17].

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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [11]:





1 Northern Pacific Border

2 Cascade Mountains

3 Southern Pacific Border

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

15 Black Hills Uplift
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

States or Provinces

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(key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATES AK AZ CA CO ID ME MI MN MT NM OR SD UT VT WA WI WY
CANADA AB BC MB NB NF NT NS NU ON PE PQ SK YK
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Successional Status

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More info for the term: succession

Fairy slipper occurs in all stages of succession. It is listed as a "preclimax" species found in streambottoms of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness of Idaho and Montana [44]. In the boreal forests of central Alaska, fairy slipper is found in mature successional stages starting in Stage 7 (as described by Van Cleve and Viereck [72]), which is predominantly mature balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera spp. balsamifera) and young white spruce (Picea glauca), and ending in Stage 8,which is mature white spruce. In an overview of plant habitat associations of Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest, Ruggiero and others [64] report that fairy slipper was present in young Douglas-fir age classes (35-79 years), but was much more common in mature (80 to 195 years) and old-growth (200 to 730 years) age classes. Case [13] reports that fairy slipper usually grows in shade and does not occur on mineral soils, suggesting a preference for late succession.
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Reeves, Sonja L. 2005. Calypso bulbosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/calbul/all.html

Synonyms

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Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House [42]
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Taxonomy

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The scientific name of fairy slipper is Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes (Orchidaceae)
[20,21,26,30,39,42,43,47,73]. Calypso is a monotypic genus [31]. Accepted North
American varieties are [26,42]:



Calypso bulbosa var. americana (R. Br. ex Ait. f.) Luer

Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis (Holz.) Boivin
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Norne (Orchideen) ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Norne (Calypso bulbosa) ist eine Pflanzen-Art in der Familie der Orchideengewächse (Orchidaceae). Die Gattung Calypso ist monotypisch mit der Norne als einziger Art.

Der Gattungsname entstammt dem griechischen καλύπτω kalypto (ich verberge, ich verstecke; aber auch: ich berge jemanden) und das Art-Epitheton dem lateinischen bulbosus (knollig, zwiebelig). In der griechischen Mythologie verbarg die Nymphe Kalypso (die Bergende), Tochter des Atlas, den schiffbrüchigen Odysseus sieben Jahre auf der Insel Ogygia.

Warum der Name „Calypso“ botanisch gewählt wurde, ist nach Anmerkung des Botanikers Rudolf Schlechter in seinem Standardwerk Die Orchideen unbekannt.

Ebenfalls ist nicht bekannt, ob der deutsche Name Norne einen Bezug zu den gleichnamigen Wesen Nornen aus der nordischen Mythologie herleitet.

Beschreibung

 src=
Calypso bulbosa ssp. occidentals
(Westen der USA und Kanadas)

Die Norne ist ein sommergrüner, mehrjähriger, perennierender, krautig wachsender Knollengeophyt mit einer rundlich, eiförmigen Knolle als Überdauerungsorgan. Sie ist von abgestorbenen Blattscheiden umhüllt und hat verlängerte Wurzeln. Die durchschnittliche Wuchshöhe der Pflanze beträgt 8 bis 20 Zentimeter.

Am Grund befindet sich nur ein einziges Laubblatt, das bis ca. 7 Zentimeter Höhe gestielt ist. Die elliptisch-längliche bis eiförmige Spreite ist bis 6 Zentimeter lang und bis zu 5 Zentimeter breit. Die Oberseite des Blattes ist dunkelgrün, während die Unterseite purpur gefärbt ist. Der Stängel ist am Grunde von einigen wenigen, scheidigen Blättern umhüllt und trägt eine einzelne Blüte.

Die große, attraktive Blüte ist zwittrig, zygomorph und dreizählig. Die abstehenden Kronblätter (Petalen) und Kelchblätter (Sepalen) sind rosa bis violett gefärbt, etwa 10 bis 12 Millimeter lang und etwa 2 bis 4 Millimeter breit. Die Lippe (Labellum) ist weiß bis rosa mit rosa oder gelben Flecken. Sie hat im hinteren Teil eine weit geöffnete, schuhförmige Höhlung und ist etwa 15 bis 25 Millimeter lang. Ein Sporn fehlt.

Die Norne blüht nach der Schneeschmelze, von April bis Juni.

Als Bestäuber werden nach Untersuchungen von Mosquin, Ackermann, Boyden, Proctor und Harder sowie Alexandersson und Agren Nektar suchende Hummeln (Bombus) und Kuckuckshummeln (Psithyrus) genannt.

Genetik und Entwicklung

Die Norne hat einen Karyotyp von zwei Chromosomensätzen und jeweils 14 Chromosomen (Zytologie: 2n = 28).

Da der Orchideensame keinerlei Nährgewebe zur Verfügung stellt, erfolgt die Keimung nur bei Infektion durch einen Wurzelpilz (siehe: Mykorrhiza). Über die Dauer von der Keimung bis zur Entwicklung der blühfähigen Pflanze liegt keine Angabe vor.

Verbreitung und Ökologie

 src=
Norne (Calypso bulbosa)

Nach dem Orchideenkundler Karl-Peter Buttler ist sie ein Florenelement der skandinavisch nordrussischen nordsibirischen Florenzone.

Die Norne wächst in subarktischen Sümpfen und Mooren sowie auf schattigen Plätzen subarktischer Nadelwälder in Nordamerika, Nordskandinavien, Nordrussland und Nordasien.

Da die Norne heikel auf Veränderungen reagiert, ist ihre natürliche Verbreitung stark zurückgegangen. In mehreren US-Bundesstaaten gilt sie als bedroht oder gefährdet.

Naturschutz und Gefährdung

Die Norne zählt in Europa zu den größten Orchideen-Raritäten und steht wie alle in Europa vorkommenden Orchideenarten unter strengstem Schutz europäischer und nationaler Gesetze.

Systematik

 src=
Norne (Calypso bulbosa)
Abbildung in:
C.A.M Lindman:
Bilder ur Nordens Flora
Stockholm (1917–1927)
Tafel 416

Der bis heute gültige Gattungsname Calypso Salisb. wurde im Jahre 1806 von dem englischen Gärtner Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761–1829) in dem Werk „Paradisus Londinensis“ beschrieben, das Salisbury mit dem damaligen Direktor der Royal Botanic Gardens in London, William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865), herausgab. Carl von Linné hatte die Norne im Jahr 1753 ursprünglich zur Gattung Cypripedium gestellt. Doch Calypso und Cypripedium gehören in der botanischen Systematik zwei verschiedenen Unterfamilien an.

Als Synonyme wurden folgende Gattungsnamen veröffentlicht:

  • Cytherea Salisb. (1812)
  • Orchidium Sw. (1814)
  • Calypsodium Link (1829)
  • Norna Wahlenb. (1833)

Der gültige botanische Artname der Norne lautet: Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes 1842.

Das Basionym Cypripedium bulbosum L. 1753 wurde von Linné in „Species Plantarum“ beschrieben.

Die hier aufgeführten Artnamen werden als Synonyme geführt:

  • Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House (1905)
  • Cymbidium boreale Sw. (1799)
  • Limodorum boreale (Sw.) Sw. (1805)
  • Calypso borealis (Sw.) Salisb. (1806)
  • Cytherea borealis (Sw.) Salisb. (1812)
  • Orchidium arcticum Sw. (1814)
  • Orchidium boreale (Sw.) Sw. (1816)
  • Calypsodium boreale (Sw.) Link (1829)
  • Norna borealis (Sw.) Wahlenb. (1833)
  • Calypso occidentalis Holz. (1895)
Unterarten und Varietäten

Als Unterart ist Calypso bulbosa ssp. occidentalis (Holz.) Calder & R.L.Taylor (1963) beschrieben. Sie kommt vom südöstlichen Alaska bis zu den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor.

Die Varietäten sind entweder farborientiert oder auf die Region bezogen, in der sie vorkommen:

  • Calypso bulbosa var. albiflora P.M.Br. (1995)
  • Calypso bulbosa var. americana (R.Br.) Luer (1975): Sie kommt vom subarktischen Amerika bis zu den Vereinigten Staaten vor.[1]
  • Calypso bulbosa var. bulbosa: Sie kommt vom Schweden bis zum fernöstlichen asiatischen Russland vor.[1]
  • Calypso bulbosa var. japonica (Maxim. ex Kom.) Makino (1905)
  • Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis (Holz.) Cockerell (1916): Sie kommt vom südöstlichen Alaska bis zu den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten vor.[1]
  • Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa (Schltr.) Makino (1926): Sie kommt von Tibet bis Japan vor.[1]

Hybriden sind von dieser Art nicht bekannt.

Diverses

Verschiedene nordamerikanische Indianervölker aßen die Knospen der Norne. Die Nlaka'pamux-Indianer in British Columbia nutzten die Norne zur Behandlung von Epilepsie.

Quellen und weiterführende Informationen

Literatur

  • Standardliteratur über Orchideen:
  • AHO (Hrsg.): Die Orchideen Deutschlands. Verlag AHO Thüringen Uhlstädt – Kirchhasel, 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1. (Hinweis über Bestäuber)
  • Karl-Peter Buttler: Orchideen, die wildwachsenden Arten Europas. Mosaik Verlag, 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3.
  • H. Baumann, S. Künkele: Die wildwachsenden Orchideen Europas. Franckh, 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8.
  • Pierre Delforge: Guide des Orchidées d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient. Lynx Edicions, 2002, ISBN 84-87334-38-5.
  • Hans Sundermann: Europäische und mediterrane Orchideen. Brücke-Verlag, 2. Auflage, 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5.
  • J. G. Williams. u. a.: Orchideen Europas mit Nordafrika und Kleinasien. BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4.
  • Spezielle Literatur zu Calypso bulbosa:
  • H. Siebert und W. Siebert: Über einige Fundorte von Calypso bulbosa (L.) OAKES in Nordskandinavien. Ber. Arbeitskrs. Heim. Orchid. 3 (2), 1986, S. 253–255.
  • Ronny Alexandersson u. Jon Ågren: Population size, pollinator visitation and fruit production in the deceptive orchid Calypso bulbosa. In: Oecologia 107 (1996), S. 533–540.
  • H. u. K. Kördel: Ein Edelstein unter den Orchideen – Calypso bulbosa in Schweden. Ber. Arbeitskrs. Heim. Orchid. 16 (1), 1999, S. 23–26.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Calypso bulbosa. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 7. Mai 2020.

Weblinks

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– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 src=
– Artenverzeichnis
 src=Wiktionary: Norne – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen
  • Verbreitungskarten:
  • Regionales / Spezielles:
  • Siehe auch:
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Norne (Orchideen): Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Die Norne (Calypso bulbosa) ist eine Pflanzen-Art in der Familie der Orchideengewächse (Orchidaceae). Die Gattung Calypso ist monotypisch mit der Norne als einziger Art.

Der Gattungsname entstammt dem griechischen καλύπτω kalypto (ich verberge, ich verstecke; aber auch: ich berge jemanden) und das Art-Epitheton dem lateinischen bulbosus (knollig, zwiebelig). In der griechischen Mythologie verbarg die Nymphe Kalypso (die Bergende), Tochter des Atlas, den schiffbrüchigen Odysseus sieben Jahre auf der Insel Ogygia.

Warum der Name „Calypso“ botanisch gewählt wurde, ist nach Anmerkung des Botanikers Rudolf Schlechter in seinem Standardwerk Die Orchideen unbekannt.

Ebenfalls ist nicht bekannt, ob der deutsche Name Norne einen Bezug zu den gleichnamigen Wesen Nornen aus der nordischen Mythologie herleitet.

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Калипсо ( Bashkir )

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Кали́псо (лат. Calypso) — әшәлсә һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған үҫемлек заты.

Таралышы

1 төрө — һуғанбашлы калипсо билдәле, Евразияның һәм Төньяҡ Американың уртаса бүлкәтендә таралған. Күләгәле мүкле ылыҫлы урмандарҙа үҫә. Белорет («Төньяҡ Ҡыраҡа» ҡурсаулығы), Бөрйән (Башҡорт ҡурсаулығы), Ҡариҙел (Байҡы йылғаһы тамағы һәм Яңы Йәнсәйет ауылының тирә-яғы) һәм Нуриман (Өфө яйлаһы) райондарында осрай. Декоратив үҫемлек.

Биологик яҙма

Ҡыҫҡа тамырһабаҡлы күп йыллыҡ үлән. Һабағы төҙ, аҫҡы өлөшөндә һуғанбаш рәүешле йыуанайған, өҫкөһөндә 2—3 ярылы еңсә менән (редукцияланған япраҡтарҙың ҡалдыҡтары), бейеклеге 8—20 см. Япрағы ҡарағусҡыл йәшел төҫтә, яңғыҙар, киң йомортҡа формаһында, оҙон һаплы, ҡышлаусы, тамыр янында урынлашҡан. Сәскәһе хуш еҫле, яңғыҙар, эре, эйелгән; япраҡ эргәлегенең япраҡсалары ҡарағусҡыл ал төҫтә, тигеҙ тиерлек, тар ланцет формаһында, нур рәүешле таралған, оҙонлоғо 1,2—1,5 см. Ирене ситек формаһында, ҡыҙғылт‑көрән һыҙаттары һәм төрткөләре булған аҡһыл йәки һарғылт төҫтә, оҙонлоғо яҡынса 2 см. Һеркәлеге һалынҡы, поллинийҙары — 2. Июль‑августа сәскә ата. Емеше — ҡоро ҡумта, июнь‑июлдә өлгөрә.

Составы

Составында алкалоидтар бар, халыҡ медицинаһында ҡулланыла. Һирәк осрай торған үҫемлек, Башҡортостан Республикаһының Ҡыҙыл китабына индерелгән.

Әҙәбиәт

  • Губанов И. А., Киселёва К. В., Новиков В. С., Тихомиров В. Н. 378. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes — Калипсо клубневая // Иллюстрированный определитель растений Средней России. В 3-х томахМ.: Т-во науч. изд. КМК, Ин-т технолог. иссл, 2002. — Т. 1. Папоротники, хвощи, плауны, голосеменные, покрытосеменные (однодольные). — Б. 488. — ISBN 8-87317-091-6.
  • Редкие и исчезающие растения Сибири, 1980
  • Редкие и исчезающие виды флоры СССР, 1981
  • Красная книга РСФСР, 1988

Һылтанмалар

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Калипсо: Brief Summary ( Bashkir )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Кали́псо (лат. Calypso) — әшәлсә һымаҡтар ғаиләһенә ҡараған үҫемлек заты.

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Calypso bulbosa

provided by wikipedia EN

Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus Calypso takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, bulbosa, refers to the bulb-like corms.[2]

Description

Calypso bulbosa is a deciduous, perennial, herbaceous tuberous geophyte with a round, egg-shaped tuber as a perennial organ. It is encased in dead leaf sheaths and has elongated roots. Calypso orchids are typically 8 to 20 cm in height.[2] At the bottom there is only a single leaf, which is stalked up to about 7 cm long. The leaves are whole eliptical lanceolate to egg-shaped blade is up to 6 cm long and up to 5 cm wide.

Plant blooms with a purple-pink hermaphroditic, zygomorphic and threefold flower. The protruding petals and sepals are pink to purple in color, about 10 to 12 millimeters long and about 2 to 4 millimeters wide. The lip (labellum) is white to pink with pink or yellow spots. It has a wide, shoe-shaped cavity in the back and is about 15 to 25 millimeters long. A spur is absent. They do not bloom until May and June usually after snow melt. Each bulb lives no more than five years.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The chromosomes count is 2n = 28. Since the orchid seed does not provide any nutrient tissue, germination only takes place when infected by a Mycorrhizal root fungus.

Taxonomy

The generic name Calypso Salisb, which is still valid today. was described in 1806 by the English gardener Richard Anthony Salisbury (1761-1829) in the work "Paradisus Londinensis", which Salisbury with the then director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in London, William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865), published. Carl von Linné originally assigned the Calypso bulbosa to the genus Cypripedium in 1753. But Calypso and Cypripedium now belong to two different subfamilies.

The following generic names have been published as synonyms:

  • Cytherea Salisb. (1812)
  • Orchidium Sw. (1814)
  • Calypsodium Link (1829)
  • Norna Wahlenb. (1833)

The valid botanical species name of the Calypso orchid is: Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes 1842.

The Basionym Cypripedium bulbosum L. 1753 was described by Linné in "Species Plantarum".

The species names listed here are used as synonyms:

  • Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House (1905)
  • Cymbidium boreale Sw. (1799)
  • Limodorum boreale (Sw.) Sw. (1805)
  • Calypso borealis (Sw.) Salisb. (1806)
  • Cytherea borealis (Sw.) Salisb. (1812)
  • Orchidium arcticum Sw. (1814)
  • Orchidium boreale (Sw.) Sw. (1816)
  • Calypsodium boreale (Sw.) Link (1829)
  • Norna borealis (Sw.) Wahlenb. (1833)
  • Calypso occidentalis Holz. (1895)
Varieties

Four natural varieties and one nothovariety (variety of hybrid origin but established in the wild) are recognized:[1]

Distribution and ecology

Calypso bulbosa in Mendocino County, CA
Calypso bulbosa in Calypso bulbosa var, americana, in bloom, Winsor Trail, Santa Fe County, New Mexico.

This species' range is circumpolar,[4] and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the United States; most of Canada; Scandinavia much of European and Asiatic Russia; China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan—see external links for map.[1][5] It is found in subarctic swamps and marshes as well as shady places subarctic coniferous forests.

Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is therefore classified as threatened or endangered in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland. It does not transplant well[2] owing to its mycorrhizal dependence on specific soil fungi. The corms have been used as a food source by North American native peoples. The Nlaka'pamux of British Columbia used it as a treatment for mild epilepsy.[6]

At least near Banff, Alberta, the calypso orchid is pollinated by bumble bees (Bombus (Pyrobombus) and B. Psithyrus). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to anther-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures at the end of the pouch but produces no nectar that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance.[5][7]

References

  1. ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ a b c d Coleman, Ronald A. (2002), The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico, Nature, pp. 21–26, ISBN 0-8014-3950-7, retrieved 2009-06-27
  3. ^ Flora of China v 25 p 252, 布袋兰 bu dai lan, Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa
  4. ^ C.Michael Hogan, ed. 2010. Calypso bulbosa. Encyclopedia of Life.
  5. ^ a b Boyden, Thomas C. (1982), "The pollination biology of Calypso bulbosa var. Americana (Orchidaceae): Initial deception of bumblebee visitors", Oecologia, 55 (2): 178–184, Bibcode:1982Oecol..55..178B, doi:10.1007/bf00384485, PMID 28311231, S2CID 12587703
  6. ^ Moerman, Daniel E. (1998), Native American ethnobotany, Timber Press, p. 133, ISBN 0-88192-453-9
  7. ^ Mosquin, T. (1970), "The Reproductive Biology of Calypso bulbosa (Orchidaceae)", Can. Field-Nat. (84): 291–296 Summarized by Coleman and by Boyden

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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary

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Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus Calypso takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, bulbosa, refers to the bulb-like corms.

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Calypso bulbosa ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Calypso bulbosa, la única especie del género Calypso, es una orquídea terrestre, ampliamente distribuida por la zona boreal de América, Europa, Asia y Japón. Se la conoce en español como zapatilla de Venus.

Descripción

C. bulbosa es una orquídea enana. Produce un tallo de inflorescencia erecto, de 7 a 19 centímetros de longitud, desde el cual pende una única flor pequeña y olorosa, de color rosa o púrpura, acentuado por una mancha blanca en la parte inferior del labelo, puntos de color púrpura más oscuro y rayas amarillas. La floración se produce en la segunda parte de la primavera o en el verano.

Presenta un pseudobulbo pequeño subterráneo, alargado y ovoide, con brácteas basales. Las hojas son ovoides o elípticas, de color verde oscuro en el haz y púrpura en el envés.

Hábitat

La especie es propia de zonas de clima frío o templado; se encuentra naturalmente en zonas pantanosas y terrenos húmedos, en especial bosques de pinos o abetos, o aún al descampado.

En Europa, Asia y Japón se presenta en la región circumpolar; en los EE. UU. se encuentran dos variedades separadas en todos los estados del oeste y en la región boreal.

Variedades

 src=
Calypso bulbosa.
 src=
Ilustyración

Existen tres variedades de C. bulbosa, separadas por continentes o por grandes cadenas montañosas.

La primera y más típica es la que se encuentra en la península escandinava, Europa y norte de Asia. La segunda, C. bulbosa var. americana, es originaria de la vertiente este de la Sierra Nevada norteamericana; se distingue por poseer largos penachos de pelos amarillos en el margen frontal de la boca y un punteado suave en la parte fontal del lóbulo del labelo. La tercera variedad, C. bulbosa var. occidentalis, se encuentra en la vertiente oeste de la Sierra Nevada; tiene una flor más roma, con un penacho de pelos blancos y un labelo irregularmente manchado en el ápice.

Taxonomía

Calypso bulbosa fue descrita por (Linneo) Oakes y publicado en Catalogue of Vermont Plants 1: 200. 1842.[1]

Etimología

El género recibe su nombre de la ninfa marina Calipso, hermana del gigante Atlas en la mitología griega; según la Odisea, su legendaria belleza embrujó y retuvo durante siete años a Ulises.

bulbosa: epíteto latino que significa "con bulbos".

Variedades
Sinonimia
  • Calypso borealis (Salisb., 1807)
  • Calypso bulbosa var. japonica (Makino ex Maxim. ex Kom., 1905)
  • Calypso japonica (Maxim. ex Kom., 1901)
  • Calypso occidentalis (A.Heller, 1898)
  • Calypso speciosa (Schltr., 1919)
  • Cymbidium boreale (Swartz, 1799)
  • Cypripedium bulbosum (L., 1753)
  • Cytherea borealis (Salisb., 1812)
  • Cytherea bulbosa (House, 1905)
  • Cytherea occidentalis (A.Heller, 1906)
  • Cytherea speciosa (Makino, 1929)
  • Limodorum boreale (Sw., 1805)
  • Norna borealis (Wahlenb. ex Salisb., 1826)
  • Orchidium americanum (Steud., 1840)
  • Orchidium arcticum (Sw., 1814)
  • Orchidium boreale (Sw., 1814)[2][3]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. «Calypso bulbosa». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2013.
  2. Calypso bulbosa en PlantList
  3. «Calypso bulbosa». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2013.

Bibliografía

  • Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. Orchids: Care and Cultivation. London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
  • Schoser, Gustav. Orchid Growing Basics. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
  • White, Judy. Taylor’s Guide to Orchids. Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
  • Alec Pridgeon. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids. Published by the Timber Press.
  • Bechtel, Cribb and Launert. The Manual Of Cultivated Orchid Species. Published by The MIT Press.

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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Calypso bulbosa, la única especie del género Calypso, es una orquídea terrestre, ampliamente distribuida por la zona boreal de América, Europa, Asia y Japón. Se la conoce en español como zapatilla de Venus.

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Haldjaking ( Estonian )

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Haldjaking (Calypso bulbosa) on käpaliste sugukonda haldjakinga perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane taim.

Oma ladinakeelse nime on ta saanud antiikmütoloogia tegelase nümf Kalypso järgi. Saksa keele on taime nimi Norne skandinaavia mütoloogia tegelaste, saatusejumalannade nornide järgi.

Tema õied on roosad, punased, punakaslinnad või lillad. Õie huul on valge tumepunaste täppidega.

Haldjakingal on 28 kromosoomi.

Levila ja kasvukoht

Haldjaking on tsirkumpolaarse levikuga, esinedes nii Põhja-Ameerika kui Euraasia põhjaaladel, eriti mägimetsades. Teda leidub Rootsis, Soomes ja Venemaa Euroopa-osa põhjaosas (sealhulgas Leningradi oblastis), kuid Eestis seni leitud ei ole. Teda leidub ka Ida-Siberis, Kanadas ja USA põhjaosas. Ta kasvab okasmetsades varjulistes kohtades.

Hoolimata laiast levilast arvatakse haldjaking paljudes maades, sealhulgas Rootsis ja Soomes, ohustatud liikide hulka, sest ta ei talu inimtegevust, sealhulgas ümberistutamist. Nimelt sõltub haldjaking mükoriisast, pinnases elavatest seentest.

Põhja-Ameerika indiaanlased on kasutanud haldjakinga sibulaid toiduks. Tänapäeval on see üldjuhul keelatud.

Paljunemine

Haldjaking on putuktolmleja. Ta meelitab putukaid ligi oma õitega, kuid õites ei ole midagi putukatele meelepärast ja sellepärast õpivad putukad haldjakinga õitesse mitte tagasi tulema. Niisuguse õppe keerukustamiseks varieerub haldjakinga õie kuju ja värvus natuke rohkem kui enamikul taimedel.

Haldjaking õitseb oma levila lõunaosas alates märtsi lõpust, põhjaosas alates maist või isegi juunist. Õisikud on umbes 20 cm kõrgused. Õisik on täielikult välja arenenud alles umbes 20 aasta vanustel taimedel.

Süstemaatika

Haldjaking on ainus liik oma perekonnas. Lähedaste liikide puudumise tõttu ei tunta haldjakinga ristandeid teiste taimedega. Eristatakse viit alamliiki: C.b. albiflora, C.b. americana, C.b. japonica, C.b. occidentalis ja C.b. speciosa.

Esimest korda kirjeldas haldjakinga Karl von Linné 1753 nime all Cypripedium bulbosum. Esimest korda kasutas tänapäevast ladinakeelset nime Londoni Kuningliku Botaanikaaia (Kew' botaanikaaed) aednik Richard Salisbury (17611629) aastal 1806 teoses "Paradisus Londonensis".

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Haldjaking: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Haldjaking (Calypso bulbosa) on käpaliste sugukonda haldjakinga perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane taim.

Oma ladinakeelse nime on ta saanud antiikmütoloogia tegelase nümf Kalypso järgi. Saksa keele on taime nimi Norne skandinaavia mütoloogia tegelaste, saatusejumalannade nornide järgi.

Tema õied on roosad, punased, punakaslinnad või lillad. Õie huul on valge tumepunaste täppidega.

Haldjakingal on 28 kromosoomi.

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Neidonkenkä ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee kasvia. Neidonkenkä on myös Sirpa Kähkösen romaani.

Neidonkenkä (Calypso bulbosa) on laajalle levinnyt, pohjoisen havumetsävyöhykkeen kämmekkälaji. Suomessa laji on harvinainen ja rauhoitettu.[1] Neidonkenkä on sukunsa ainoa laji. Nimensä se on saanut näyttävästä, jalkinetta muistuttavasta kukastaan.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Neidonkengän Pohjois-Amerikassa kasvava muoto.

Neidonkengän kukka nousee 10–20 cm pitkän varren päähän. Varren tyvi on sipulinmuotoinen mukula. Kasvin ainoa lehti on ruodillinen, selväsuoninen ja pitkittäispoimuinen. Muodoltaan se on soikea tai pyöreähkö. Lehti on yläpinnaltaan tummanvihreä, alapinnaltaan sinipunertava. Lehti talvehtii vihreänä. Neidonkengän ainoa kukka on näyttävä, halkaisijaltaan 3–4 cm. Sen alin terälehti, labellum eli huuli muodostaa kelta-punakirjavan "tohvelin", jonka pohjalla on kaksi medetöntä valekannusta. Muut terälehdet tekevät vaaleanpunaiset "kruunun" tohveliosan päälle. Kukka on vaniljantuoksuinen. Kukinta-aika on touko-kesäkuussa. [2] Pölytys tapahtuu kimalaisten, pääasiassa kuningatarten, avustuksella, mutta kypsiä kotia tavataan vain harvoin. Neidonkenkä on täysin riippuvainen yhteiselämästä sienen kanssa.[3][4]

Suomessa neidonkengän läheisin sukulainen on harajuuri (Corallorhiza trifida).[4]

Levinneisyys

Neidonkenkää tavataan pohjoisella havumetsävyöhykkeellä Ruotsin keski- ja pohjoisosista Venäjälle, Koreaan, Kiinaan ja Japaniin saakka, sekä laajalti myös Pohjois-Amerikassa. Kaikkialla laji on suhteellisen harvinainen.[3][5] Ruotsista Venäjään ja ehkä Kiinaan asti tavataan muunnosta C. bulbosa var. bulbosa, Kaukoidässä sen korvaa pidempikannuksinen C. bulbosa var. speciosa. Pohjois-Amerikan kasvit jaetaan kahteen muunnokseen, C. bulbosa var. americana ja C. bulbosa var. occidentalis.

Suomessa neidonkengän esiintymät ovat keskittyneet toisaalta Kemin-Rovaniemen seudulle, toisaalta Koillis-Kuusamoon. Kaikkiaan Lapin ja Oulun lääneistä tunnetaan parisataa kasvupaikkaa. Etelä- ja Keski-Suomesta neidonkengän kasvupaikkoja tunnetaan vain muutamia, joilta usealta se on hävinnyt.[3]

Elinympäristö

Tavallisimmin neidonkengän tapaa kalkkiseutujen vanhoista kuusimetsistä, mutta se kasvaa myös männiköissä, lehdoissa ja lettokorvissa. Neidonkengän kasvupaikkojen suurimpana uhkana ovat metsien avohakkuut ja auraus. Niitä ovat tuhonneet myös pellonraivaus sekä rakentaminen. Monia esiintymiä on tuhoutunut yrityksissä siirtää kasveja puutarhoihin sekä kasvien keruun seurauksena.[3]

Lähteet

  • Kämmekät, Suomen orkideat. Toim. Korhonen, Mauri & Vuokko, Seppo. Forssan kustannus Oy, Forssa 1987.
  • Retkeilykasvio. Toim. Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 1998.
  • Ulvinen, Tauno: Neidonkenkä. Teoksessa Uhanalaiset kasvimme. Toim. Ryttäri, Terhi & Kettunen, Taina. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki 1997, s. 88.

Viitteet

  1. Rauhoitetut lajit luonnonsuojeluasetuksessa (pdf) Ympäristö.fi. 1.7.2013. Viitattu 25.7.2015.
  2. Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 504.
  3. a b c d Ulvinen 1997, s. 88.
  4. a b Kämmekät, Suomen orkideat 1987, s. 120–123.
  5. Den virtuella floran: Norna (ruots.) Viitattu 10.5.2009.

Aiheesta muualla

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Neidonkenkä: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI
Tämä artikkeli käsittelee kasvia. Neidonkenkä on myös Sirpa Kähkösen romaani.

Neidonkenkä (Calypso bulbosa) on laajalle levinnyt, pohjoisen havumetsävyöhykkeen kämmekkälaji. Suomessa laji on harvinainen ja rauhoitettu. Neidonkenkä on sukunsa ainoa laji. Nimensä se on saanut näyttävästä, jalkinetta muistuttavasta kukastaan.

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Calypso bulbosa ( French )

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Le Calypso bulbeux (Calypso bulbosa) est une orchidée, c'est-à-dire, une plante de la famille des Orchidaceae, des régions boréales de l'hémisphère nord. C'est la seule espèce du genre Calypso. L'espèce compte quatre variétés autour du globe.

Description

Plante au rhizome peu développé, elle produit un pseudobulbe d'où émerge une feuille unique, pétiolée, ovale et plissée. La hampe florale porte une fleur unique. Les sépales et pétales sont rose pourpre, lancéolés et écartés. Le labelle rose ou blanc est en forme de sabot, avec une pilosité jaune abondante sur le rebord central et strié de pourpre à l'intérieur. Le gynostème rose est très élargi. Le labelle se prolonge vers l'arrière par un petit éperon à deux branches.

Floraison

Mai-juin (précoce pour la latitude)

Habitat

Plante d'ombre, sur substrats calcaires et quelquefois acides, humides à détrempés (forêts d'épicéas humides / taïga).

Aire de répartition

Distribution circumboréale.

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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le Calypso bulbeux (Calypso bulbosa) est une orchidée, c'est-à-dire, une plante de la famille des Orchidaceae, des régions boréales de l'hémisphère nord. C'est la seule espèce du genre Calypso. L'espèce compte quatre variétés autour du globe.

Calypso bulbosa var. americana, présente dans les zones boréales de l'est et du centre de l'Amérique du Nord; Calypso bulbosa var. occidentalis, présente sur la côte ouest américaine; Calypso bulbosa var. bulbosa, présente dans le nord-est de l'Europe et en Russie jusqu'à la mer de Béring; Calypso bulbosa var. speciosa, présente au Japon.
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Calypso bulbosa ( Italian )

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La calipso (Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes, 1842) è una pianta della famiglia delle Orchidacee, diffusa nell'emisfero boreale. È l'unica specie del genere Calypso.[2]

Descrizione

Calypso bulbosa Nordens Flora 416.jpg

È una pianta erbacea geofita bulbosa con fusto alto 8–20 cm. Presenta un'unica foglia ovale con apice appuntito, di colore verde scuro, lucida, che in genere secca nei periodi più caldi dell'anno.

All'inizio della primavera produce un unico fiore (raramente due) dall'intenso profumo di vaniglia, con sepali e petali rosa-purpurei e labello da bianco a rosa con punteggiature purpuree, lungo 15–23 mm, ricoperto alla base da una fitta peluria giallastra.[3]

Biologia

Questa specie può essere classificata tra i “fiori ingannevoli”: i suoi fiori, privi di nettare, attraggono gli insetti impollinatori (apoidei del genere Bombus) grazie al loro aspetto appariscente e all'odore intenso ma, ad impollinazione avvenuta, l'insetto non ottiene nessuna ricompensa.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Calypso bulbosa ha un areale circumpolare che comprende la parte settentrionale di America (Stati Uniti e Canada), Europa (Svezia, Finlandia, Lapponia e Russia) e Asia (Siberia e Giappone).[5]

Tassonomia

Ne sono state descritte quattro varietà:

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Calypso bulbosa come specie prossima alla minaccia di estinzione (Near Threatened).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Jäkäläniemi, A., Illarionova, I. & Rankou, H. 2011, Calypso bulbosa, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2021.
  2. ^ (EN) Calypso bulbosa, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2021.
  3. ^ Delforge 2006, p.129.
  4. ^ (EN) Boyden T. C., The pollination biology of Calypso bulbosa var. Americana (Orchidaceae): Initial deception of bumblebee visitors, in Oecologia, 5(2), 1982, pp. 178–184.
  5. ^ Mappa dell'areale di C. bulbosa

Bibliografia

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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La calipso (Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes, 1842) è una pianta della famiglia delle Orchidacee, diffusa nell'emisfero boreale. È l'unica specie del genere Calypso.

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Calypso bulbosa ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Calypso bulbosa (soms bosnimf genoemd) is een kleine maar opvallende orchidee van het geslacht Calypso. Het is de enige soort in dat geslacht. Het is een soort van schaduwrijke naaldbossen met een circumpolaire verspreiding, die ook in Noord-Europa voorkomt.

Naamgeving en etymologie

  • Synoniem: Cypripedium bulbosum L., Calypso borealis (Swartz) Salisbury, Calypso americana R. Brown.
  • Duits: Norne
  • Engels: Calypso orchid
  • Frans: Calypso
  • Nederlands: Bosnimf

De botanische naam Calypso is afkomstig van het Oudgriekse 'Kalypso', (verborgene), wat zou slaan op het voorkeurshabitat van deze plant, namelijk schaduwrijke plaatsen in naaldbossen. Het specifieke epitheton 'bulbosa' (bolvormig) slaat op de aanwezigheid van pseudobulben.

 src=
Calypso bulbosa
var. occidentalis
detail bloem

Kenmerken

Calypso bulbosa is een tot 20 cm hoge orchidee. De bloemstengel heeft onderaan één donkergroen, gesteeld en sterk geplooid blad dat ontspringt uit een pseudobulb, en twee of drie niet-groene bladeren opgevormd tot een schede rond de stengel. De plant draagt één of zelden twee bloemen met een opvallend roze schutblad.

De bloemen zijn tot 2,2 cm groot. De kelkbladen en kroonbladen zijn gelijkvormig, roze tot purper gekleurd met donkerder nerven, lancetvormig, wijd uitgespreid tot samengeplooid. De lip is wit tot lichtroze van kleur, met een vlakke top met bovenop lange, gele haren, en een komvormige basis met paarse nerven. Het gele spoor is gespleten en verborgen onder de top van de lip.

Het gynostemium is sterk vergroot, bladvormig en eveneens roze van kleur.

De bloem heeft een sterke vanillegeur.

De bloeitijd is van mei tot juni.

Voortplanting

De plant lokt zijn bestuiver, hommels van het geslacht Bombus, met de belofte van zijn vanillegeur en de uitnodigende bloemlip met opvallende geel gekleurde en op stuifmeel lijkende haren. Doch het spoor bevat geen nectar. Het insect druipt onverrichter zake af met de echte pollinia op zijn hoofd gekleefd.

Habitat

Calypso bulbosa geeft de voorkeur aan schaduwrijke, vochtige plaatsen op een neutrale tot zure bodem, zoals op veenmosvegetatie op de bodem van oude naaldbossen.

Voorkomen

Calypso bulbosa heeft een circumpolaire verspreiding, van Noord-Europa over Noord-Azië tot in Noord-Amerika. In Europa komt ze niet onder de 57e breedtegraad voor en is ze beperkt tot Zweden, Finland en Rusland. De soort is zeldzaam en komt verspreid voor, maar kan lokaal abundant zijn.

Taxonomie

Calypso bulbosa is de enige soort in het geslacht Calypso. Door de oppervlakkige gelijkenis met het vrouwenschoentje werd ze oorspronkelijk als een Cypripedium beschouwd, maar de aanwezigheid van slechts één fertiele meeldraad (Cypripediums bezitten twee meeldraden) heeft de soort uiteindelijk in de onderfamilie Epidendroideae doen belanden.

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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Calypso bulbosa (soms bosnimf genoemd) is een kleine maar opvallende orchidee van het geslacht Calypso. Het is de enige soort in dat geslacht. Het is een soort van schaduwrijke naaldbossen met een circumpolaire verspreiding, die ook in Noord-Europa voorkomt.

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Norna ( Swedish )

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Norna är singularformen av nornorna i fornnordisk mytologi.
För fartyget, se S/S Norna.

Norna (Calypso bulbosa) är en växtart i familjen orkidéer. Tidigare kallades blomman vanligen Jungfrutoffel. Nornan växer i norra delarna av Nordamerika, Asien och Europa. Förekommer oftast i fuktiga barrskogar där berggrunden består av kalk.


 src=
Närbild på blomman.

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Norna: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Norna är singularformen av nornorna i fornnordisk mytologi. För fartyget, se S/S Norna.

Norna (Calypso bulbosa) är en växtart i familjen orkidéer. Tidigare kallades blomman vanligen Jungfrutoffel. Nornan växer i norra delarna av Nordamerika, Asien och Europa. Förekommer oftast i fuktiga barrskogar där berggrunden består av kalk.


 src= Närbild på blomman.
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Calypso bulbosa ( Vietnamese )

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Calypso bulbosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Lan. Loài này được (L.) Oakes mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1842.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Calypso bulbosa. Truy cập ngày 7 tháng 6 năm 2013.

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Bài viết liên quan đến Phân họ Lan biểu sinh này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Calypso bulbosa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Calypso bulbosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Lan. Loài này được (L.) Oakes mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1842.

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Калипсо (растение) ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Калипсо (значения).
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Спаржецветные
Семейство: Орхидные
Подсемейство: Эпидендровые
Триба: Калипсовые
Род: Калипсо
Международное научное название

Calypso Salisb. (1807)

Единственный вид
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes (1842) — Калипсо луковичная
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ITIS 43508NCBI 78714EOL 1089302GRIN g:455934IPNI 30005930-2TPL kew-32237 Красная книга России
редкий вид Информация о виде
Калипсо луковичная

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Кали́псо (лат. Calypso) — монотипный род многолетних травянистых растений семейства Орхидные. Единственный видкалипсо клубнева́я[2], или калипсо лу́ковичная (лат. Calypso bulbosa); редкое растение, внесённое в Красную книгу России.

Название

Своё научное название род получил по имени нимфы Калипсо из древнегреческих мифов.

Видовой эпитет вида Calypso bulbosa связан с запасающим органом, находящимся в основании стебля (bulbus — «луковица»). Различия в переводе видового эпитета на русский язык («клубневая» и «луковичная») связаны с различными взглядами на то, какой термин правильнее применять к данному органу.

Карлу Линнею этот вид был известен. В своей работе Species plantarum (1753) он поместил его в род Cypripedium под названием Cypripedium bulbosum.

Распространение

Ареал вида — холодный и умеренный пояса Северной Америки и Евразии[3]. Границы районов произрастания евразийского типа ограничиваются Скандинавским полуостровом на западе, Китаем и Японией на востоке и Монголией и Корейским полуостровом на юге[3][4]. Североамериканский тип встречается по всему материку до Аляски на севере.

На территории России вид встречается практически по всей территории, от Европейской части до Западной и Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока[5]. Территория произрастания калипсо луковичной в России ограничивается: на севере — Хибинами (горы в центральной части Кольского полуострова), Архангельской областью, Республикой Коми, Ханты-Мансийским автономным округом и Свердловской областью; на юге — Ленинградской, Новгородской, Тверской, Ярославской, Ивановской областями, Республикой Марий Эл, Татарстаном, Удмуртией и Пермской областью; на востоке — южной частью Восточной Сибири и Дальнего Востока. За границами основного ареала растение встречается изолированными участками в Западной Сибири[6]. Отдельные экземпляры встречаются на севере Иркутской области.

 src=
Цветок крупным планом

Наиболее благоприятными местами обитания Калипсо являются тенистые зеленомошные хвойные (елово-пихтовые), реже смешанные леса, заболоченные участки и участки вдоль берегов озёр и рек, районы известняковых почв, среди поваленных деревьев[3][5][6]. В основном встречается единичными экземплярами или небольшими группами не более 10—15 растений[7].

Биологическое описание

Калипсо луковичная — многолетнее травянистое растение высотой до 20 см (в среднем — 10—15 см)[3].

Лист одиночный, прикорневой, с длинным черешком, яйцевидный, заострённый, складчатый и волнистый по краю, тёмно-зелёный сверху и более бледный снизу[2][3]. Длина листа — от 3 до 5 см, ширина — от 1,5 до 3 см[8].

Стебель растения немного утолщён в основании, образовывая покрытую влагалищами продолговато-яйцевидную псевдобульбу (ложную луковицу)[9]. На стебле расположены один над другим два вытянутых влагалища.

Заканчивается стебель одиночным поникшим цветком, крупным и душистым. Длина равных, направленных вверх, расходящихся лучевидно розовых листочков околоцветника составляет от 1,2 до 1,5 сантиметров[8]. Пятнистая мешковидная губа имеет около 2 см в длину[8]. Форма губы напоминает слегка суженную в верхней части туфельку белого или жёлтого цвета с красновато-коричневыми крапинками. У её основания находятся три пучка жёлтых волосков[8].

Экология

Цветение калипсо луковичной приходится на конец мая — июнь и зависит от места произрастания конкретного растения[7], плодоношение — на июль—август[10]. Опыляется шмелями (видами родов Bombus и Psythyrus)[6][9]. Размножение происходит семенным и вегетативным способом[4]. Для прорастания редуцированного семени калипсо необходимо, чтобы оно натолкнулось на гифу грибов, что по понятным причинам случается довольно редко[4]. На поверхности молодое растение появляется только на второй год, развиваясь до этого в почве[4]. Осенью происходит смена единственного листа калипсо, так что под снегом растение оказывается ещё с зелёным листом, что указывает на тропическое происхождение вида[11].

Небольшая колония растений в Нью-Мексико, США
Небольшая колония растений в Нью-Мексико, США

Охранный статус

Несмотря на обширность ареала, калипсо луковичная является редким растением во многих регионах России[12] и мира, в том числе, включена в Красные книги России, Бурятии[7], республик Якутия[3], Карелия[13] и Коми[5],Ленинградской[14], Иркутской[4] и Мурманской[15] областей, Монголии[16], а также в «Список объектов растительного мира, занесённых в Красную книгу Сахалинской области»[10]. По некоторым данным, калипсо луковичная является самым редким видом орхидных на Северо-Западе европейской части России и стремительно вымирает.

По состоянию на 1988 год, калипсо луковичная охранялась в 12 заповедниках России. На 2010 год охраняется в следующих ООПТ: ботанические сады Иркутска, Киева, Кировска и Екатеринбурга[6], Сахалинском ботаническом саду[10], в Баргузинском и Байкальском заповедниках[7], в Витимском государственном заповеднике, Байкало-Ленском государственном заповеднике и Прибайкальском природном национальном парке[4], в Вишерском, Лапландском заповедниках[17], в Нечкинском национальном парке, в Колвицком и Симбозерском заказниках[17].

Основными лимитирующими факторами калипсо луковичной являются вырубки леса и лесные пожары (корни растения погружены неглубоко в почву, поэтому при пожарах уничтожаются полностью[7]), незаконный сбор в букеты[3][5], изменение состава фитоценоза[18]. Примером губительного влияния человеческой деятельности на экологию растения является почти полностью уничтоженная из-за вырубок леса крупнейшая популяция калипсо в Ленинградской области[6].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. 1 2 Губанов И. А., Киселёва К. В., Новиков В. С., Тихомиров В. Н. Иллюстрированный определитель растений Средней России. — М.: Т-во научных изданий КМК, Ин-т технологических исследований, 2002. — Т. 1. Папоротники, хвощи, плауны, голосеменные, покрытосеменные (однодольные). — С. 436, 437, 488. — 526 с. — 5000 экз.ISBN 8-87317-091-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Красная Книга Республики Саха (Якутия) (недоступная ссылка)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Красная книга Иркутской области
  5. 1 2 3 4 Красная книга республики Коми
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Красная Книга России
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Красная книга Бурятии Архивная копия от 24 марта 2008 на Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 3 4 Энциклопедия растений Сибири
  9. 1 2 Калипсо луковичная на сайте proflowers.ru Архивная копия от 3 декабря 2010 на Wayback Machine
  10. 1 2 3 Список объектов растительного мира, занесённых в Красную книгу Сахалинской области (недоступная ссылка)
  11. Галерея «КАЛИПСО» Архивная копия от 1 августа 2010 на Wayback Machine
  12. Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes — Включение в Красные книги РФ (неопр.). ИАС «ООПТ РФ». Разработчик ФГБУ "ААНИИ", Лаборатория геоинформационных технологий. Проверено 30 января 2018.
  13. Перечень объектов растительного мира, занесенных в Красную книгу Республики Карелия (неопр.). ИАС «ООПТ РФ». Разработчик ФГБУ "ААНИИ", Лаборатория геоинформационных технологий. Проверено 30 января 2018.
  14. Перечень объектов растительного мира, занесенных в Красную книгу Ленинградской области (неопр.). ИАС «ООПТ РФ». Разработчик ФГБУ "ААНИИ", Лаборатория геоинформационных технологий. Проверено 30 января 2018.
  15. Сосудистые растения // Красная книга Мурманской области / Правительство Мурм. обл., Упр. природ. ресурсов и охраны окружающей среды МПР России по Мурм. обл.; Науч. ред. Н. А. Константинова и др. — Мурманск: Мурм. обл. кн. изд-во, 2003. — 400 с. — 5000 экз.ISBN 5-85510-275-0.
  16. Бугд Найрамдах, 1987
  17. 1 2 Кольский центр охраны дикой природы
  18. Санкт-Петербургское общество любителей орхидей
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Калипсо (растение): Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Кали́псо (лат. Calypso) — монотипный род многолетних травянистых растений семейства Орхидные. Единственный вид — калипсо клубнева́я, или калипсо лу́ковичная (лат. Calypso bulbosa); редкое растение, внесённое в Красную книгу России.

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布袋兰属 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Calypso bulbosa
(L.) Oakes

布袋兰属学名Calypso)是兰科下的一个属,为陆生兰。该属仅有布袋兰Calypso bulbosa)一种,分布于北温带[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 中国种子植物科属词典. 中国数字植物标本馆. (原始内容存档于2012-04-11).

外部链接

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:布袋兰属  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:布袋兰属 小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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布袋兰属: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

布袋兰属(学名:Calypso)是兰科下的一个属,为陆生兰。该属仅有布袋兰(Calypso bulbosa)一种,分布于北温带

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