Asiatic Dayflower

Commelina communis, conocida n'inglés como Asiatic dayflower pol so llugar d'orixe n'Asia, ye una especie de planta con flor que pertenez a la familia Commelinaceae, col nome botánicu de Commelina communis. En China, la planta ye conocida como yazhicao (chinu simplificáu: 鸭跖草; tradicional chinu: 鸭跖草; pinyin: yāzhīcǎo),^[1] ente qu'en Xapón ye conocíu como tsuyukusa (露 草,) que significa "rosada de la yerba". Tamién foi introducida en partes del centru y sureste d'Europa y gran parte del este d'América del Norte, onde s'arrobinó y convirtió nuna maleza nociva. Ye común en sitios venaos y na tierra húmeda. Les flores surden a partir del branu al traviés de seronda y tienen dos pétalos azules relativamente grandes y un pétalu blancu bien amenorgáu.

Ilustración

Vista de la planta

Distribución xeográfica

Anque nun ye nativa d'EE. XX., alcuéntrase en tol continente, en Arizona, California, Coloráu, Idaho, Montana, Nuevu Méxicu, Nevada, Utah y Wyoming. Nun crecer en Alaska o Ḥawai.^[1] Tamién foi introducida a una gran parte d'Europa. Considerar una especie invasora.

Descripción

La flor tien dos pétalos grandes, un pétalu blancu más pequeñu, numberosos estigmes mariellos y un estame blancu. Son bien curioses pa l'abeyes que realicen la polinización. Les fueyes son simples, brilloses y llanceolaes que se confunden col verde.

Propiedaes

En China utilízase como un floritu como febrífuga, antipirética, antiinflamatoria, y diurética. Amás, tamién s'utiliza pal tratamientu de los dolores de gargüelu y amigdalitis. Les recién investigaciones farmacolóxiques punxeron de manifiestu que contién siquier cinco compuestos activos. Unu d'ellos, acedu p-hydroxycinnamico, amuesa actividá antibacteriana, ente qu'otru, D-manitol, tien un efeutu antitusígeno. En China y l'India, la planta tamién s'utiliza como un vexetal y como cultivu pa forraxe.^[2]

Taxonomía

Commelina communis describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 40–41. 1753. ^[3]

Etimoloxía

Commelina: nome xenéricu que Carlos Linneo (1707-1778) nomó por Commelina communis n'honor de tres hermano apellidaos Commelin, que vivieron en Francia mientres el Sieglu XVIII. Los trés fueron botánicos, pero namái dos aportaron a famosos pol so trabayu. Los dos grandes pétalos brillosos azules dizse que representen a los dos hermanos famosos, ente que'l pequeñu pétalu blancu simboliza al so científicamente insignificante hermanu.

communis: epítetu llatín que significa "común".^[4]

Sinonimia

• Disecocarpus polygamus (Roth) Hassk. [1866]
• Commelina vulgaris DC. in Redouté [1808]
• Commelina polygama Roth [1790]
• Commelina barbata Bojer^[5]

Ver tamién

• Terminoloxía descriptiva de les plantes
• Historia de la Botánica
• Carauterístiques de les commelinacees

Referencies

Bibliografía

1. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1988-2013. Flora of China (Checklist & Addendum). Unpaginated. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
2. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2000. Flora of China (Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae). 24: 1–431. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
3. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 2000. Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae. Fl. N. Amer. 22: i–xxiii, 1–352.

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Commelina communis .

• http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200027375
• http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_species_details.php?record_id=724058

Adi kommelina (lat. Commelina communis) — kommelinakimilər fəsiləsinin kommelina cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Təbii yayılması

Botaniki təsviri

Yarımnövləri

• Commelina communis var. communis L.
• Commelina communis var. ludens (Miq.) C.B.Clarke

Ekologiyası

Azərbaycanda yayılması

İstifadəsi

Ədəbiyyat

Křížatka obecná (Commelina communis) je jednoletá rostlina z čeledi křížatkovité (Commelinaceae), příbuzná podence (Tradescantia).

Popis

Křížatka je středně vysoká jednoletá bylina s větvenými a mírně poléhavými lodyhami. Listy jsou na lodyze uspořádány střídavě a jsou obvykle dužnaté. Výše umístěné listy bývají užší než ty bazální. Křížatka kvete modře, ačkoliv jeden z okvětních lístků je bílé barvy. Výrazný je i listen, který zčásti kryje květ. Květy dohromady vijanovitá květenství a po odkvetení se mění na tobolku.^[1]

Výskyt

Křížatka obecná pochází z východní Asie, ale pěstuje se i v ostatních částech světa a následně poměrně často zplaňuje. V tom případě dává přednost různým lidmi ovlivněným prostředím, jako jsou rumiště či okraje cest.

Reference

1. ↑ Ladislav Hoskovec. COMMELINA COMMUNIS L. - křížatka obecná / podenka obyčajná [online]. 2008. Dostupné online.

ಕನ್ನೆಸೊಪ್ಪುಕಮಲ್ಯನೇಸೀ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಸ್ಯ. ಹೊಲ ಮತ್ತು ತೋಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆಯಂತೆ ಸ್ವಾಭಾವಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಏಕವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯ ಇದು.

ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರು

ಇದರ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ನಾಮ ಕಮಲೈನ ಕಮ್ಯೂನಿಸ್.

ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು

The spathe at left shows two faded flowers, one on the upper and one on the lower cincinnus; the spathe at right has two capsules starting to form on the lower cincinnus; notice the contrasting veins on both spathes

ಇದು ಮೂಲಿಕೆಯ (ಶಾಕ) ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಸು. 1' ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ನೆಲದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಹರಡಿ ಬಹುವಾಗಿ ಕವಲೊಡೆದು ಬೆಳೆಯುವ ಗಿಣ್ಣುಗಳಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ಕಾಂಡವಿದೆ. ಎಲೆಗಳು ಸರಣ, ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಮಾದರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜೋಡಣೆಗೊಂಡಿವೆ. ಅವುಗಳ ಆಕಾರ ಕರನೆಯಂತೆ ಅಥವಾ ದೀರ್ಘವೃತ್ತದಂತೆ. ಎಲೆಯ ಅಂಚು ಅಲೆಯಂತಿದೆ. ತುದಿ ಮೊನಚಾಗಿದೆ. ಎಲೆಗಳ ಬುಡವನ್ನು ಪೊರೆಯಂಥ ರಚನೆ ಆವರಿಸಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೂ ಬಿಡುವ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಂಡದ ಬುಡದ ಗಿಣ್ಣುಗಳಿಂದ ಹೂಗೊಂಚಲುಗಳು ಮೂಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಅವು ಮಧ್ಯಾರಂಭಿ (ಸೈಮೋಸ್) ಮಾದರಿಯವು. ಹೂ ಗೊಂಚಲನ್ನು ಆಲಿಕೆಯಾಕಾರದ ಕವಚ (ಸ್ಪೇತ್) ಆವರಿಸಿದೆ. ಹೂಗಳು ದ್ವಿಲಿಂಗಿಗಳು; ನೀಲಿ ಬಣ್ಣದವು. ಪುಷ್ಪಪತ್ರಗಳು ಮೂರು, ಬಿಡಿಬಿಡಿಯಾಗಿವೆ. ಹೂದಳಗಳು ಮೂರು. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ದೊಡ್ಡವು. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಮೂರನೆಯ ದಳ ಇಲ್ಲದಿರಬಹುದು. ಕೇಸರಗಳು 3, ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಎರಡು ಬರಡು ಕೇಸರಗಳು ಅಂಡಾಶಯ ಉಚ್ಚಸ್ಥಾನದ್ದು (ಸುಪೀರಿಯರ್) ಮೂರು ಕೋಣೆಗಳನ್ನೊಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಪ್ರತಿಕೋಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ 1-2 ಅಂಡಕಗಳಿವೆ. ಕೆಲವು ಬಗೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಕೋಣೆ ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಫಲ ಕೋಣೆಗಭಿಮುಖವಾಗಿ ಒಡೆಯುವಂಥ ಸಂಪುಟ ಮಾದರಿಯದು (ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಸ್ಯುಲ್).

ಉಪಯೋಗಗಳು

Ukiyo-e woodcut by Suzuki Harunobu; the blue pigment used on the kimono is believed to be aigami made from petals of the Asiatic dayflower; the alternative would be ai derived from Polygonum tinctorum

ಕನ್ನೆಗಿಡದ ಎಳೆಯ ಎಲೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಂಡವನ್ನು ಸೊಪ್ಪು ತರಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದು ಜಾನುವಾರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮವಾದ ಮೇವೂ ಹೌದು.ಜಪಾನ್ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಚೀನಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನು ತರಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿಯೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.^[೧]

ಅಯುರ್ವೇದ ಔಷಧವಾಗಿ

ಆಯುರ್ವೇದ ಔಷಧಿಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಇದರ ಬಳಕೆಯಿದೆ.

ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು

ಬಾಹ್ಯ ಸಂಪರ್ಕಗಳು

• Profile at Flora of Missouri Webpage
• Profile at USDA PLANTS Database
• Distribution Map in North America from Flora of North America
• Illustration from Flora of China
• List of Publications Mentioning Commelina communis

Commelina communis, commonly known as the Asiatic dayflower, is an herbaceous annual plant in the dayflower family. It gets its name because the blooms last for only one day.^[1] It is native throughout much of East Asia and northern parts of Southeast Asia. In China, the plant is known as yazhicao (simplified Chinese: 鸭跖草; traditional Chinese: 鴨跖草; pinyin: yāzhīcǎo),^[2] roughly translating to "duckfoot herb", while in Japan it is known as tsuyukusa (露草, tsuyukusa),^[3] meaning "dew herb". It has also been introduced to parts of central and southeastern Europe and much of eastern North America, where it has spread to become a noxious weed. It is common in disturbed sites and in moist soil. The flowers emerge from summer through fall and are distinctive with two relatively large blue petals and one very small white petal.

The Asiatic dayflower plant serves as the type species for its large genus. Linnaeus picked the name Commelina in honour of the two Dutch botanists of the Commelijn family, using the two large showy petals of Commelina communis to symbolise them. Linnaeus described the species in the first edition of his landmark work, Species Plantarum, in 1753. Long before the plant was studied in Europe, however, it had been used for generations in traditional Chinese medicine. The flowers have also been used in Japan to produce a dye and a pigment that was used in many world-renowned Ukiyo-e woodcuts from the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the modern era the plant has found limited use as a model organism in the field of plant physiology due to its complex pigment chemistry and the ease of viewing its stomata.

The Asiatic dayflower is considered a weed both in areas where it was introduced and in certain parts of its native range. The flowers' interactions with pollinators have been well studied and have helped to support important hypotheses about pollination in the field of plant ecology. Recent research has also revealed that the Asiatic dayflower can bioaccumulate a number of metals, making it a candidate for revegetating and essentially cleaning spoiled copper mines. Several animals and fungi use the plant as a food source, with a few species feeding upon it exclusively.

Description

The spathe at left shows two faded flowers, one on the upper and one on the lower cincinnus; the spathe at right has two capsules starting to form on the lower cincinnus; notice the contrasting veins on both spathes

The Asiatic dayflower is an annual herb with stems that are typically decumbent, meaning that they are prostrate at the base but become erect towards the tips, but some individuals may be simply erect.^[4][5] The diffusely branched stems tend to root at the basal nodes.^[5] The pubescence on the stems is variable, but common patterns include a line of hair continuous with the leaf sheath, or they may be glabrous basally, meaning hairless, and puberulent towards the extremities, that is covered with fine hairs.^[2][4] The leaves are sessile: they lack a leaf stalk, also known as a petiole; or they may be subpetiolate, meaning they have very small petioles.^[4] The leaf sheaths are cylindrical, sometimes striped with red, and typically glabrous, but usually have margins that are puberulent or pilose, meaning lined with fine, soft hairs.^[2][4] The leaf blades range from narrowly lanceolate, or lance-shaped, to ovate-elliptic, between egg-shaped and ellipse-shaped. They measure 3–12 cm (1+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) by 1–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) wide.^[2][5] The blades range from glabrous to puberulent and have scabrescent, or slightly rough, margins.^[2][4] Their tips are acute, meaning they come to a point quickly, to acuminate, meaning the point develops gradually. The leaf bases are oblique, or uneven.^[4][5]

The flowers are arranged on inflorescences called cincinni (singular: cincinnus), which are also called scorpioid cymes. This is a form of a monochasium where the lateral branches arise alternately. The cincinni are subtended by a spathe, a modified leaf. The solitary spathes usually measure 1.2–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) long, but some may be up to 3.5 cm (1+1⁄2 in) in length, while they are 0.8–1.3 cm (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) tall, but sometimes up to 1.8 cm (3⁄4 in). The uncurved spathes typically have a cordate, or heart-shaped, whitish base, which contrasts with its dark green veins. Their margins lack hairs, are somewhat scabrous, or rough, and are unfused, meaning they are distinct to the base. Their apices are acute to acuminate while the surfaces are glabrous, puberulent, or hirsute-ciliate, meaning with longer, shaggier hairs.^[2][5] The spathes are borne on peduncles, or stalks, that measure 0.8–3.5 cm (1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) and sometimes up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long.^[5]

The two large blue petal limbs and their claws attaching them to the floral axis are visible; the smaller lower white petal is mostly obscured; the three yellow staminodes with central maroon spots are above, the central fertile stamen with maroon connective is below them, and the two brown lateral fertile stamens and the curving style between them are lowest; notice the contrasting veins on the spathe surrounding the flower.

There are often two cincinni present, though the upper, or distal, cincinnus may be vestigial.^[5] The lower, or proximal, cincinnus bears 1 to 4 bisexual flowers and is nearly included in the spathe, while the upper cincinnus has 1 to 2 male flowers and is about 8 mm (0.31 in) long.^[2][4] The individual flowers are subtended by bracteoles that fall off early in development. The pedicels supporting single flowers, and later the fruits, are erect initially but curve when in fruit. They measure about 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in).^[4] The 3 concave, membranous sepals are inconspicuous, but persist after the fruit develops; the lateral pair are fused basally, measure only 4.5–5 mm (0.18–0.20 in) long by 3–3.7 mm (0.12–0.15 in) wide, and are elliptic and glabrous. The lower sepal is lanceolate and about 4.5 mm (0.18 in) long by about 2.2 mm (0.087 in) wide.^[4] The 2 upper petals are blue to indigo in colour, while the much smaller lower petal is white. The upper two petals measure 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in) long by 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) wide, while the lower petal is 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long by about 6 mm (0.24 in) wide.^[2][4] The 2 upper petals are composed of a claw about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and a broadly ovate limb with an acute apex and a cuneate-cordate base.^[4]

There are three anticous fertile stamens, meaning they are on the lower part of the flower, and three posticous infertile stamens, meaning they are on the upper part of the flower. These infertile stamens are termed staminodes. The fertile stamens are dimorphic: the lateral pair have maroon to indigo anthers that measure about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and are elliptic with a base that is sagittate or arrowhead-shaped. Their filaments are about 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long. The central fertile stamen has a yellow, elliptic anther with a maroon connective and a base that is hastate or spearhead-shaped, but with the lobes at right angles. The anther measures about 2.5 mm (0.098 in) long while its filament is about 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long.^[4] The three staminodes are all alike with yellow, cruciform, or cross-shaped, antherodes that are about 2 mm (0.079 in) long on filaments about 3 mm (0.12 in) long.^[4][5] Sometimes the antherodes will have a central maroon spot.^[5] Each antherode has two abortive lateral pollen sacks. The ovary is ellipsoid, about 2 mm (0.079 in) long and has a style that is about 1.3 cm (0.51 in) long.^[4]

The fruit is a dehiscent, ellipsoid capsule with two locules each containing two seeds. The capsule is glabrous, brown, measures 4.5–8 mm (0.18–0.31 in) long, and dehisces into two valves.^[4][5] The seeds are brown or brownish yellow in colour and deltoid, or roughly triangular in outline.^[2][4] They are dorsiventral, meaning they have distinct upper and lower surfaces, with the ventral, or lower, surface being planar and the dorsal, or upper, surface being convex. Seeds range in length from 2.5–4.2 mm (0.098–0.165 in), but seeds as short as 2 mm (0.079 in) can occur, while they are 2.2–3 mm (0.087–0.118 in) across. The surfaces are rugose pitted-reticulate and are densely covered with smaller farinose granules with sparse larger farinose granules.^[4][5]

Taxonomy

Commelina communis was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the first edition of his Species Plantarum, along with eight other species in the genus.^[5][6] The plant serves as the type species for the genus. The scientific name Commelina was chosen based on the Asiatic dayflower. Linnaeus picked the name in honour of the Dutch botanists Jan and Caspar Commelijn, using the two large showy petals of Commelina communis to symbolise them.^[5] A number of names given to plants thought to be different species have fallen into synonymy with the Asiatic dayflower. Albrecht Wilhelm Roth created the first such synonym, Commelina polygama, in 1790.^[4][7] Wenceslas Bojer described what he believed were two new species, Commelina barabata and Commelina salicifolia, in his work Hortus Mauritianus, both of which were quickly found to be identical to C. communis.^[7] Karl Sigismund Kunth created the synonym Commelina willdenowii in 1841.^[7] Finally, Korean populations of the species were named under the synonym Commelina coreana in 1910 by Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé.^[7]

Several varieties have also been named. Commelina communis var. ludens was created by C.B. Clarke after demoting it from the full species status in which it was placed by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel in 1861.^[5][7] The variety is distinguished by its darker flowers, antherodes with central maroon spots, less well developed distal cymes that usually do not produce a flower, and spathes that are proportionally broader.^[5] Jisaburo Ohwi's Flora of Japan also treats the variety as geographically distinct, stating that it is restricted to mountainous areas.^[8] This variety is still accepted by some workers, but others, such Robert B. Faden, consider it impossible to consistently separate from the type variety.^[5] Another variety, C. communis var. hortensis, which was named by Tomitaro Makino and is apparently a cultivated variety which originated from C. communis var. ludens in Japan, is also accepted by some botanists.^[9] It differs in having larger showy flowers which are used to produce a dye (see "Uses" section below).^[8] A variegated form called C. communis var. ludens f. aureostriata named by Frank C. MacKeever in 1961 is known to occur randomly throughout much of the species' range.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

The plant's native distribution includes much of East Asia and Southeast Asia. Country by country, it is found in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, the Russian Far East, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Iran and Vietnam. Within China it is found in all provinces except Qinghai, Hainan, Xinjiang, and Tibet.^[2] In Japan the plant is found throughout the bulk of the country from Hokkaido south to Kyūshū. In Russia the Asiatic dayflower is found naturally on Sakhalin as well as in the Far East in areas surrounding the Ussuri River.^[8]

The species has been introduced to much of Europe and eastern North America. On the former continent it is now found from Central Europe well into western Russia.^[4] Specifically it is known from Italy north to Switzerland, east through the region encompassing the former Yugoslavia, east into the regions around the Black Sea including Romania, the Moldavia Region, and Ukraine but excluding Crimea, north through the Dnieper Basin into Belarus and Russia, continuing east into the regions surrounding the Don River and the Volga River south to their intersection at the Volga-Don Canal and north to the regions around Lake Ladoga and Lake Ilmen, and farther east to the regions of the Ural River and the Kama River. It is also found in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.^[10] It is present in the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and in most of the eastern and central American states from Massachusetts and New York state in the northeast, west to Minnesota and south through the Great Plains to Texas and east to Florida in the United States.^[5]

Within its native distribution, the plant is most typical of moist, open places, including shady forest edges and wet areas of crop fields, orchards, ditches, and roadsides.^[2][4][11] In Taiwan, it can be found from 350 to 2,400 m (1,150 to 7,870 ft) elevation.^[4] In areas where the Asiatic dayflower is an introduced weed it is most common in waste places, but also along the edges of fields, woods, and marshes, and occasionally penetrating into woods.^[5]

Ecology

The Asiatic dayflower is considered an invasive weed in many areas where it has been introduced. In the United States, the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, for example, categorises the species as "occasionally invasive" in its Invasive Plant Species of Virginia. This means that the plant will "not affect ecosystem processes, but may alter plant community composition by outcompeting one or more native plant species". The species is typically limited to disturbed sites, whence it spreads relatively slowly.^[12] Within its native range in China it is also sometimes considered a pest, especially in the northeast of the country where it has caused economically significant agricultural damage in orchards.^[13]

The Asiatic dayflower has been used in pollination studies concerning the behaviour of plants in relation to their pollinators. One important experiment tested the hypotheses that floral guides (i.e. various patterns and colours on anthers and petals) simultaneously promote pollinator visitation and prevent visits where the pollinator fails to come into contact with the stigma or anthers, termed pollen theft. As the flowers of the Asiatic dayflower lack nectar, they offer only pollen as a reward to their visitors. To attract pollinators, the plant has three types of brightly colored floral organs: the large blue petals, fertile yellow anthers, and infertile yellow antherodes that lack pollen. When the infertile antherodes were experimentally removed in natural populations, the number of total floral visitor landings was reduced, supporting the hypothesis that these infertile anthers essentially trick their pollinators into believing they offer more than they actually do. When the central, bright yellow fertile anther was removed, leaving only two brown fertile anthers, the frequency of legitimate flower landings decreased, meaning that the visitors were not pollinating the flowers, suggesting that floral signals also prevent "theft", or visits where the pollinators take pollen, but do not place any on the stigma. Thus both the fertile anthers and the infertile antherodes were shown to play an important role in both increasing visitor landings and orienting floral visitors toward a landing point appropriate for pollination.^[14]

A male syrphid fly, Episyrphus balteatus, the most common pollinator of the Asiatic dayflower in much of its range

Recent studies have shown that wild Asiatic dayflower populations found growing on copper mine spoils in eastern China exhibited very high concentrations of copper within the plants, the highest in the 48 species tested. Commelina communis had sequestered some 361 mg/kg of copper, while the plant with the next highest concentration, Polygonum macrathum, had 286 mg/kg. Five of the species examined, including the Asiatic dayflower, also showed high concentrations of other metals such as zinc, lead, and cadmium. The results suggest that the Asiatic dayflower is a good candidate for copper mine spoil revegetation and phytoremediation.^[15]

Ten species of fungi have been found on the Asiatic dayflower, four of which can infect the plant, while 12 species of insects are known to be associated with it. Two of the fungi, Kordyana commelinae and Phyllosticta commelinicola, are thought to be host specific with the Asiatic dayflower. Of the ten fungi seven are Basidiomycota and three are Ascomycota. Nine of the 12 insects associated with the plant are beetles, seven of which are in the genus Lema, while the other two are in the families Hispidae and Pentatomidae. The remaining three insects include one species of moth, Pergesa acteus, and two true bugs, namely Aphis commilinae and Aeschrocoris ceylonicus.^[13] Important pollinators include the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana, syrphid fly, Episyrphus balteatus, and the bumble bee species Bombus diversus.^[14]

Uses

Medicine and food

Ukiyo-e woodcut by Suzuki Harunobu; the blue pigment used on the kimono is believed to be aigami made from petals of the Asiatic dayflower; the alternative would be ai derived from Polygonum tinctorum

In China it is used as a medicinal herb with febrifugal, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects. Additionally, it is also used for treating sore throats and tonsillitis.^[2][7] Recent pharmacological investigations have revealed that the Asiatic dayflower contains at least five active compounds. One of these, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, shows antibacterial activity, while another, D-mannitol, has an antitussive effect.^[16] In China and India the plant is also used as a vegetable and fodder crop.^[7]

Pigment and dye

In Japan there is a sizeable dye industry devoted to the plant. The purported variety Commelina communis var. hortensis, which is apparently a cultivated form of another putative variety, namely Commelina communis var. ludens, is grown for its larger petals which yield a blue juice used in manufacturing a paper called boshigami or aigami (藍紙),^[3] which is the famous product of the Yamada village in the Shiga prefecture.^[9] The paper is usually resoaked, allowing the pigment to be reabsorbed in water for use as a dye.^[3] The dye, also referred to as aigami, but also as aobanagami (青花紙) or tsuyukusairo (露草色),^[3] is composed primarily of malonyl awobanin and was used extensively as a colorant in 18th and 19th century woodblock prints in Japan, especially during the early Ukiyo-e era.^[17][18] The colorant is known to have been used by several famous Ukiyo-e artists such as Torii Kiyonaga.^[19] However, aigami fades to a greenish yellow in a matter of months when exposed to sunlight. As a result, the color was eventually replaced by imported Prussian blue, a much more stable colour with its first commercial appearance in 1829 in the work of Keisai Eisen.^[20] The plant is also grown for its dye in northern China.^[7] Additional uses of the colourant include making preparatory designs on cloth before dyeing with other pigments.^[3]

Commelinin is the blue pigment from the flowers of C. communis, is a metalloanthocyanin. It is a complex of 4 Mg²⁺ ions chelating six anthocyanin molecules.^[21]

Plant physiology and development

Commelina communis is also used as a model organism in plant physiology and plant development to a limited extent, especially in relation to stomatal physiology and the biology of pigmentation development.^[22] For example, the blue pigmentation of Asiatic dayflower petals was shown to consist of a large complex of six anthocyanins, six flavones, and two associated magnesium ions, demonstrating that supramolecular complexes of several copigments and chelated metals often determine colour.^[23] Other research on the plant has helped to explain photoreceptor systems in plants such as their stomatal responses to blue light versus red light spectrums,^[22][24] abscisic acid perception and its role in cell signaling, particularly concerning the chemical's role in stomatal function,^[22][25][26] the role of vanadates in inhibiting stomatal opening,^[27] and the necessity of calcium in stomatal closure,^[28] among other topics. Its widespread use in stomatal studies is due to the fact that the leaves produce exceptional epidermal peels that are consistently one cell layer thick. This same quality makes the plant popular for use in laboratory exercises in higher education for demonstrating stomatal function and morphology. Guard cell turgor pressure and its regulation in the opening and closing of stomata is particularly easy to demonstrate with the Asiatic dayflower.^[29]

References

El canutillo de Cuba^[1]​ o asango del Japón^[1]​ (Commelina communis) es una especie de planta con flor de la familia Commelinaceae. En China, la planta es conocida como yazhicao (chino simplificado: 鸭跖草; tradicional chino: 鸭跖草; pinyin: yāzhīcǎo),^[2]​ mientras que en Japón es conocido como tsuyukusa (露 草,) que significa "rocío de la hierba". También ha sido introducida en partes del centro y sureste de Europa y gran parte del este de América del Norte, donde se ha propagado y convertido en una maleza nociva. Es común en sitios perturbados y en la tierra húmeda. Las flores surgen a partir del verano a través de otoño y tienen dos pétalos azules relativamente grandes y un pétalo blanco muy reducido.

Ilustración

Vista de la planta

Distribución geográfica

Aunque no es nativa de EE. UU., se encuentran en todo el país, en Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nuevo México, Nevada, Utah y Wyoming. No crece en Alaska o Hawái.^[2]​ También ha sido introducida a una gran parte de Europa. En Caracas, Venezuela ha sido observada al pie de la montaña "Cerro el Ávila" o "Waraira Repano" a aproximadamente 1000 metros sobre el nivel del mar.Se la considera una especie invasora.

Descripción

La flor tiene dos pétalos grandes, un pétalo blanco más pequeño, numerosos estigmas amarillos y un estambre blanco. Son muy atractivas para la abejas que realizan la polinización. Las hojas son simples, brillantes y lanceoladas que se confunden con el césped.

Propiedades

En China se utiliza como una hierba medicinal como febrífuga, antipirética, antiinflamatoria, y diurética. Además, también se utiliza para el tratamiento de los dolores de garganta y amigdalitis. Las recientes investigaciones farmacológicas han puesto de manifiesto que contiene al menos cinco compuestos activos. Uno de ellos, ácido p-hydroxycinnamico, muestra actividad antibacteriana, mientras que otro, D-manitol, tiene un efecto antitusígeno. En China y la India, la planta también se utiliza como un vegetal y como cultivo para forraje.^[3]​

Taxonomía

Commelina communis fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 40–41. 1753.^[4]​

Etimología

Commelina: nombre genérico que Carlos Linneo (1707-1778) nombró por Commelina communis en honor de tres hermanos apellidados Commelin, que vivieron en Francia durante el Siglo XVIII. Los tres fueron botánicos, pero solo dos llegaron a ser famosos por su trabajo. Los dos grandes pétalos brillantes azules se dice que representan a los dos hermanos famosos, mientras que el pequeño pétalo blanco simboliza a su científicamente insignificante hermano.

communis: epíteto latino que significa "común".^[5]​

Sinonimia

• Disecocarpus polygamus (Roth) Hassk. [1866]
• Commelina vulgaris DC. in Redouté [1808]
• Commelina polygama Roth [1790]
• Commelina barbata Bojer^[6]​

Referencias

Rikkasoljo (Commelina communis) on soljokasvehin (Commelinaceae) kuuluva yksivuotinen ruoho, jonka alkuperäinen elinalue on Aasiassa.

Ulkonäkö

Rikkasoljo kasvaa 10–40 senttimetriä korkeaksi. Sen kukintona on viuhko. Kukan värikkäistä sisäkehälehdistä kaksi on sinistä ja yksi valkoinen. Hedelmänä on kota.^[1]

Rikkasoljo Suomessa

Suomessa rikkasoljo on hyvin harvinainen satunnaiskasvi, jota on tavattu muun muassa kaatopaikoilta.^[1]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

• Kasviatlas 2016: Rikkasoljon levinneisyys Suomessa
• Laji.fi: Rikkasoljo (Commelina communis)
• ITIS: Commelina communis (englanniksi)
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Commelina communis (englanniksi)
• Flora of China: Commelina communis (englanniksi)
• Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: Commelina communis (englanniksi)
• Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI): Commelina communis (common dayflower) (englanniksi)

Commelina communis, la Comméline commune, est une espèce de plante herbacée de la famille des Commelinaceae.

Description

Illustration.

Commelina communis Comméline commune.

Taxonomie

Distribution et habitat

Vert = natif, rouge = introduit.

L'aire de distribution de la comméline commune correspond à la partie orientale de l'Asie. On la retrouve en Chine, en Corée, au Japon, à Taïwan ainsi que dans l'Extrême-Orient russe.

Écologie

Usages

Médecine et alimentation

Pigment et colorant

Estampe japonaise ukiyo-e sur bois en couleurs par Suzuki Harunobu.

Physiologie et développement

Images

• Les trois étamines fertiles sur la partie inférieure et les trois étamines stériles sur la partie supérieure.

• La membrane protégeant le bourgeon.

• La membrane protégeant le fruit.

• Trois sépales membraneux.

Références

Wšědny módrjenk (Commelina communis) je rostlina ze swójby komelinowych rostlinow (Commelinaceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Žórła

• Aichele, D., Golte-Bechtle, M.: Was blüht denn da: Wildwachsende Blütenpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Kosmos Naturführer (1997)
• Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
• Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
• Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
• Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
Wšědny módrjenk

Asya gün çiçeği (Commelina communis), Commelinaceae familyasından mavi çiçekli şifalı tek yıllık otsu bir bitki türü.

Morfolojik özellikleri

Gövde sürünen, dağınık yapıda çok sayıda daldan oluşur, 1 m’den daha uzuncadır. Yaprak kılıfı tüysüz; yaprak ayası mızraksı veya mızraksı-yumurta biçiminde 3-9 x 1.5–2 cm, tüysüzdür. Involukral brahtelerde yapraklar karşılıklı dizilmiştir ve 1.5–4 cm uzunluğunda saplı, kalp şeklinde, kıvrılmış, çoğunlukla tüylü-kirpikli, ucu sivridir.

Proksimal dallarda çiçek sapı 8 mm kadar ve 1 veya 2 erkek çiçek, distal dallarda çiçek sapı kısa 3 veya 4 bir cinsli çiçek bulundurur. Korolla 3 petallidir. Üsteki 2 taç yaprak mavi renkli 15 mm uzunluğunda, altaki taç yapraklar beyaz, küçük 5 mm'dir. Verimli Stamenlerin sayısı 3'tür. Yalancı anterler sarı ile kahverengimsi renkte ortada yer alır.

Kapsül elipsoid 5–7 mm, 2 kapakçıklıdır. Tohumlar ikişer kapakçıklı, kahverengi-sarı, yarı elipsoid 2–3 mm, 1 yüzeyi yassı, düzensiz çukurlaşmış (oyuklu), son kısmı kesiklidir.

Ekolojik özellikleri

Asya gün çiçeği nemli alanları seven, yol kenarlarında görülen, çok hızlı büyüyen ve çok çabuk yayılan bir bitkidir. Temmuz-Eylül arasındaki dönemde çiçeklenir ve tohumlar, Ağustos-Ekim'de olgunlaşır. Çiçekler erdişidir.

Latince ismi

Linnaeus, Commelina communis'e, 18'inci yüzyılda Fransa'da yaşayan adları Commelin olan üç erkek kardeşin ismini vermiştir. Üçü de, botanikçiydi, ama sadece onlardan ikisi tanınmıştı. Büyük, parlak mavi taç yapraklar, ünlü olan erkek kardeşleri temsil ederken, küçük beyaz taç yaprak, bilimsel olarak önemsiz erkek kardeşi simgeler.

Yenebilmesi

Yapraklar, çiçekler ve genç sürgünler çiğ veya pişirilerek yenir. Salatalarda kullanılır veya yeşillik olarak pişirilir.

Tıbbi kullanımı

Yapraklar, depurativ, diüretik ve ateş düşürücü ilaç yapımında kullanılır. Boğaz ağrısı ve bademcik iltihabını hafifletmek için gargara ayrıca kurutulan bitkinin kaynatılan suyu kanamalarda, ishal ve ateş düşürücü olarak kullanılır. Bitki parçalarının antibakteriyal etkisi vardır.

Dağılımı

Anavatanı Kuzey Amerika ve Doğu Asya'dır, Türkiye'de yalnızca Artvin, Trabzon ve Rize civarında doğal olarak bulunur.

Thài lài hay còn gọi rau trai, trai thường, thài lài trắng, rau trai châu Á (danh pháp khoa học: Commelina communis) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Commelinaceae. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.^[1]

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Commelina communis tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Commelina communis tại Wikispecies
• Vườn thực vật hoàng gia Kew; Đại học Harvard; Australian Plant Name Index (biên tập). “Commelina communis”. International Plant Names Index. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013.

Bài viết bộ Thài lài này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• Commelina communis var. communis L.
• Commelina communis var. ludens (Miq.) C.B.Clarke

• 1 Морфология
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Экология
• 4 Хозяйственное использование
• 5 Примечания
• 6 Литература

本文介绍的是鸭跖草科鸭跖草属植物鸭跖草。

• 關於「露草」的其他含义，請見「露草」。
• 關於「萤草」的其他含义，請見「萤草」。

鸭跖草（学名：Commelina communis），古名鼻斫草，又名鸡舌草、淡竹叶、竹叶菜、碧蝉花^[3][4]，为鸭跖草科鸭跖草属一年生草本植物。原生于中国大陆的四川、云南、甘肃以东的区域、臺灣、朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区、日本、越南，也引入到了欧洲中部和东南部以及北美东部的部分地区^[5]，成为一种有害的杂草，模式标本采自北美^[5]。常见于路边阴凉处，花由两个较大的蓝色花瓣和一个较小的白色花瓣组成^[5]。

鸭跖草最早记录于公元四世纪至八世纪成书的和歌集《萬葉集》^[6]，在中文文献中则最早见于唐代陈藏器所著《本草拾遗》^[7]，在中国古代本草著作中常与本科其他植物混淆^[3]。卡尔·林奈于1753年在《植物种志》中对鸭跖草进行了现代植物学上的描述，并给出了二名法命名。^[1][8]

鸭跖草的药用历史至晚不晚于唐代，传统中医学认为，鸭跖草具有行水、清热、凉血、解毒的功效^[9]。现代医学研究显示，鸭跖草中分离出的一些活性成分具有抗高血糖^[10]、抗肥胖^[11]等作用和对流感的治疗作用^[12]，对一些致病菌的抑制作用^[7]等。鸭跖草在艺术创作、纺织印染^[13]、植物學研究、重金属污染治理^[14]等领域也有广泛的应用。

词源

鸭跖草的学名由卡尔·林奈命名，其中，以属名 Commelina 纪念荷兰卡默林家族的两位植物学家：杨·卡默林（英语：Jan Commelin）及其侄子卡斯帕·卡默林（英语：Caspar Commelijn），鸭跖草的两片蓝色的大花瓣象征的就是这两位植物学家。种加词communis意为「常见的」，意指鸭跖草是鸭跖草属中最常见的物种。^[1][8]

中文正式名鸭跖草最早见于唐代陈藏器所著《本草拾遗》^[7]，一说名字的含义为「常被鸭子踩踏的草」（「跖」作动词有「踩踏」之意），因鸭跖草生长于水边等阴湿环境，常被鸭子踩踏，故得此名^[15][16]。另一说鸭跖草下部白色的小花瓣形似鼻子上的白粉，令人联想到《庄子》中用斧头砍掉鼻子上的白粉而不损伤鼻子分毫的匠人，因此名为鼻斫草（「斫」意为「用斧头砍」），后因方言读音相近而讹为鸭跖草^[17]。

英文名dayflower意为「一日花」，意指花开只有一日^[18]。同样地，和名「ツユクサ」的汉字表记为「露草」，意指这种草花开如同朝露般短暂^[19]。

分类

异名

卡尔·林奈于1753年在《植物种志》中对鸭跖草和同属的另外8个物种进行了描述和命名^[1][8]，并将鸭跖草作为该属的模式種，其模式标本采自北美^[5]。但鸭跖草在其后若干次被其他植物学家视为新物种描述，并因此拥有了若干異名。

例如，阿尔布莱希特·威廉·罗斯（英语：Albrecht Wilhelm Roth）在1790年发表了鸭跖草的第一个异名Commelina polygama^[20][2]。瓦茨拉夫·博伊尔也将鸭跖草当做两个新物种描述，分别命名为Commelina barabata和Commelina salicifolia^[2]。卡尔·西吉斯蒙德·孔茨在1841年发表了鸭跖草的另一个异名Commelina willdenowii^[2]。1910年，奥古斯丁·阿贝尔赫克托·雷维雷（英语：Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé）将鸭跖草的朝鲜种群作为新物种描述，并命名为Commelina coreana^[2]，是为鸭跖草的另一个异名。

种下等级

查尔斯·拜伦·克拉克在1861年将弗里德里希·安东·威廉·米克尔命名的物种降为鸭跖草的变种Commelina communis var. ludens^[1][2]，大井次三郎（日语：大井次三郎）在其作品《日本植物志》中也将其视为一个变种，并指出它的分布仅限于高山丘陵地区^[21]。这一变种仍然被许多植物学家视为有效，但罗伯特·B·菲登等人认为它与原变种没有区别^[1]。由牧野富太郎描述并命名的另一个变种C. communis var. hortensis，现在被认为是C. communis var. ludens的一个栽培品种，然这一变种在日本仍被广泛接受^[22]，它的花朵极大，可以用于生产染料^[21]。弗兰克·C·迈奎沃于1961年命名了C. communis var. ludens f. aureostriata，现在发现这一变型会在鸭跖草的大部分分布范围内随机产生^[1]。

形态特征

茎叶

茎下部匍匐而上部直立（少数全株直立），匍匐茎基部生根，多分枝，长可达1米，茎上常被短柔毛，柔毛形态不一，常见的有叶鞘被连续短柔毛，或基部无毛，上部被短毛两种。叶鞘圆柱形，有时具红色条纹，叶鞘本身通常无毛，边沿具短柔毛。叶无柄或具短柄，披针形至卵状披针形，长3－12厘米，宽1.5－4厘米，叶缘全缘至浅裂，叶尖渐尖，基部两侧弧度不对称。^{[5][1][20][23]}

花

蝎尾聚伞花序，花序被佛焰苞状总苞片包裹，柄1.5－4厘米，与叶对生，折叠状，未折叠的总苞片通常为基部心形白色，顶端渐尖至急尖，绿色花纹，长1.2－3厘米，少数可达3.5厘米，边缘常有硬毛。^[5][1][23]

通常花序两枝，下面一枝仅有花1朵，具长8毫米的梗，不育；上面一枝具花3－4朵，具短梗，几乎不伸出佛焰苞。也有的上面一枝退化，具1－2朵长约8毫米的雄花；下面一枝具1－4朵两性花，完全被佛焰苞包裹。^[5][1][23]

花梗花期长仅3毫米，果期弯曲，长不过6毫米。萼片3，椭圆形，无毛，膜质，内面2枚常靠近或合生，长约4.5－5毫米，宽3－3.7毫米，下萼片披针形，长约4.5毫米，宽约2.2毫米，挂果后不脱落。^[5][1][23]

上部两花瓣蓝色至靛藍色，长9－10毫米，宽8－10毫米，瓣爪長3毫米；下部一片花瓣白色，长5－6毫米，宽约6毫米。^[5][1][23]

雄蕊三型，中间四枚，其中三枚较短的不育，呈亮黄色十字形（称为S型雄蕊），一枚稍长的可育，呈黄色（称为M型雄蕊）；下部两枚更长的可育，呈棕褐色（称为L型雄蕊）。鸭跖草三型雄蕊与繁殖密切相关，可能是在与传粉昆虫的协同进化中产生的，详见「传粉」章节。^[24]

雌蕊与L型雄蕊着生位置接近，有长花柱型和短花柱型两种^[24]，子房椭圆形，长约 2 毫米。^[1][23]

果实与种子

蒴果椭圆形，长4.5－8毫米，2室各2粒种子，共有种子4颗。种子长2-4.2毫米，褐色或棕黄色，一端平截、腹面平，表面粗糙，具不规则窝孔。^{[5][1][20][23]}

• 鸭跖草形态结构
• 鸭跖草的花（三型雄蕊明显）

• 花枯萎的鸭跖草及其叶形、叶序

• 鸭跖草的果实（外部形态）

• 鸭跖草的果实（内部结构）

• 鸭跖草的果实以及种子在其中的排列

分布区与生境

鸭跖草的原生于东亚、东南亚的大部分地区，具体包括的国家或地区有中国大陆，臺灣，日本，朝鲜，俄罗斯远东地区，柬埔寨，老挝，马来西亚，泰国和越南。在中国大陆，具体分布于除青海、海南、新疆、西藏外的区域；在台湾，具体分布于海拔350至2400米的山区；在日本，具体分布于从南北海道到九州岛的区域；在俄罗斯境内，具体分布于库页岛以及乌苏里河周边地区。现在也已被引入欧洲中部和东南部以及北美东部的部分地区，包括中欧到俄罗斯西部的区域，加拿大安大略省和魁北克省，美国中东部地区大部分州。^{[5][1][20][25]}

在其原生分布范围内，鸭跖草分布的典型生境是阴湿地区，包括树荫处、农田与果园的潮湿地带、沟渠边和路边。在引入地区，鸭跖草分布的生境一般是废弃的土地，也有的分布在田地、沼泽和树林的边缘，也有的深入树林内部。^{[5][1][20][23]}

生态关系

传粉

鸭跖草主要的传粉昆虫有隧蜂属（瑞典语：Halictus）（Halictus）、淡脉隧蜂属（瑞典语：Lasioglossum）（Lasioglossum）、食蚜蝇科（Syrphidae）^[24]、虎熊蜂（Bombus diversus）、東方蜜蜂（Apis cerana）^[26]等。

由于鸭跖草没有蜜腺，花粉是鸭跖草提供给访花者的唯一报酬。鸭跖草雄蕊有三种（详见「花」章节），其中，S型雄蕊只有极少量花粉（只有M型雄蕊的1/13），起的是欺骗性地吸引访花者的作用；M型雄蕊有花粉，起到吸引访花者和为访花者提供报酬的双重作用，称为觅食型雄蕊；L型雄蕊能促进柱头的花粉落置，是传粉型雄蕊^[24]。黄色的S和M型雄蕊可以吸引访花者，并引导其降落至有利于传粉的位置，如果移除S和M型雄蕊，棕色可育的L型雄蕊的花粉移出和柱头的花粉落置都会下降。雌蕊有两种（详见「花」章节），长花柱型处于绝对优势地位，其演化原因可能来自传粉过程，因为长花柱型的雌蕊有更多机会落置异花花粉，而异交所引发的杂种优势有利于子代个体的生存^[24][26]。

鸭跖草的「雄蕊功能分工」和雌蕊结构都是适应于异花传粉的结构，但鸭跖草却是自交占优势的混合交配物种。研究发现，这可能与传粉者——尤其是淡脉隧蜂属传粉者的「盗食」现象有关。一般来说，传粉昆虫访花时，会降落在鸭跖草的S和M型雄蕊的位置，这样一来其腹部很容易沾上L型雄蕊的花粉，并让从其他鸭跖草带来的花粉落在雌蕊柱头上。而盗食现象指的是传粉者将传粉型雄蕊的花粉一并采食，并在这个过程中令花粉落在同花雌蕊的柱头上。淡脉隧蜂属的盗食现象严重削弱了鸭跖草雄蕊功能分工的意义。^[24]

病蟲害

黃腹藍細頸金花蟲在鸭跖草上交配

目前已在鸭跖草属植物上发现10种真菌，七种属于担子菌门，三种属于子囊菌门，鸭跖草可被其中4种感染，其中的鸭跖草二孢外担子菌（瑞典语：Kordyana commelinae）（Kordyana commelinae）和鸭跖草叶点霉（瑞典语：Phyllosticta commelinicola）（Phyllosticta commelinicola）以鸭跖草为特异性宿主^[27]。

目前已发现以鸭跖草为食的昆虫有12种，其中9种是鞘翅目昆虫，鞘翅目中7种属于細頸金花蟲屬（英语：Lema (genus)）（Lema），另外两种分别是金花虫科茶斑龜金花蟲（Cassida piperata）和葡萄丽肖叶甲（Acrothinium gaschkevitschii）；另有斜绿天蛾（Rhyncholaba acteus）、棉蚜（Aphis gossypii gossypii）和枝蝽（Aeschrocoris ceylonicus）^[27][28]。

細頸金花蟲屬的盾负泥虫（Lema scutellaris）食性极为单一，正常状态下仅取食鸭跖草，出蛰成虫及幼虫结茧前的大量取食和鸭跖草的苗期同步，幼虫必须取食鸭跖草方可完成发育，成虫必须取食鸭跖草叶片方可产卵。实验中，幼虫也取食紫竹梅，但吃后无法完成发育。^[28]

演化

根据Lee Chung-Kun等人2017年的研究，鸭跖草与鸭跖草属其他主要物种的演化关系如下（未包含所有物种）：^[29]

节节草 Commelina diffusa

锡金鸭跖草 Commelina sikkimensis

紫鸭跖草 Commelina purpurea

鸭跖草 Commelina communis

蓝花鸭跖草 Commelina coelestis

大苞鴨跖草 Commelina paludosa

地地藕 Commelina maculata

大葉鴨跖草 Commelina suffruticosa

直立鸭跖草 Commelina erecta

耳苞鴨跖草 Commelina auriculata

圆叶鸭跖草 Commelina benghalensis

而杜若属、竹叶菜属所组成的演化支则是鸭跖草属的姊妹群^[29]。

关于鸭跖草与传粉昆虫的协同演化，请见「传粉」章节；关于鸭跖草对重金属抗性的演化，请见「污染监测与治理」章节。

用途

食用与药用

传统中医学认为，鸭跖草具有行水、清热、凉血、解毒的功效^[9]。

通过研究，鸭跖草中的部分有效成分被分离提取出，例如：对－羟基桂皮酸对志贺氏痢疾杆菌、枯草桿菌、大腸桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌等致病菌具有抑制作用^[7][30]，D-甘露醇具有显著止咳作用^[30]，α-葡萄糖苷酶具有抗高血糖作用^[10]，木犀草素 - 7 - 二葡萄糖苷具有抗肥胖作用^[11]，高野尻霉素对流感具有治疗作用^[12]，异牡荆素和异槲皮素具有较好的抗氧化活性^[31]，异牡荆素、柯伊利素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、异槲皮素和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷可以抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性等^[31]。

在中国和印度，鸭跖草也被用作蔬菜或牧草。^[2]

污染监测与治理

鸭跖草对污染敏感，可作为环境污染监测植物。

鸭跖草雄蕊上茸毛细胞中，有一种受放射性物质辐射会由蓝色变成粉红色的物质。根据这种细胞中不同颜色所占比例，可以判断辐射的危害程度。工业造成的空气污染、水污染可以诱导鸭跖草的早期花蕾中，花粉母细胞减数分裂期发生染色体损伤甚至断裂，因此鸭跖草可用于工业污染的监测。^[32]

同时，鸭跖草对一些重金属具有较强的富集能力，可用于重金属污染的治理。

研究发现，与野生型相比，生长于铜矿山上的鸭跖草已发生演化，适应了铜矿山土壤中的铜含量（下称之为「铜耐受型」）。在实验中，随着培养液中Cu浓度的增加，铜耐受型鸭跖草的干重、生长速率均增加，而相应情况下野生型鸭跖草的干重、生长速率则会降低。铜耐受型鸭跖草可被认为是Cu超富集植物。因此，鸭跖草是废弃铜矿污染治理和植被恢复的良好植物。^[33]

鸭跖草也具有一定的吸收和富集铅的能力，但抗性很弱，在低浓度（<10 mg/L）时植物的根、茎对铅的富集效果比较好，可以用于处理低浓度含铅废水。^[34]

印染

铃木春信的浮世绘作品，图中，两个少女在阅读藤原朝忠先生（藤原朝忠曾任中纳言，故图中敬称「中纳言朝中」）的和歌作品。少女衣服的蓝色，即是以鸭跖草汁液染成

在中国和日本，鸭跖草蓝色花瓣的汁液被用作一种染料。

在中国，明朝时曾经流行过一种用鸭跖草汁液染色的蓝色羊皮灯，现代江南也有艺人用鸭跖草制作淡蓝色亚麻布^[17]。

在日本，鸭跖草的汁液被广泛用于18和19世纪的早期浮世繪作品中^[35][36]，但鸭跖草的色素暴露在阳光下几个月后会变成黄绿色，因此在后来被更稳定的进口颜料普鲁士蓝所取代，溪齋英泉首先于1829年在自己的作品中使用^[37]。在现代日本，滋贺县山田村仍然在生产以鸭跖草汁液染色的纸，称为藍紙或青花紙，是当地著名的文化产品^[22][38]。

鸭跖草中所提取出的的蓝色色素，是4个Mg²⁺离子与6个丙二酰阿伏巴苷（malonyl-awobanin）（花青素的一种）组成的螯合物^[39][40][41]。

科研与教学

鸭跖草也被用作植物生理学和植物发育的模式生物^[42]，特别是在植物气孔和色素的研究中。例如，对鸭跖草的研究显示，花瓣中的一种色素由6个花青素分子，6个黄酮类化合物分子和四个镁离子组成，更深入的研究表明，植物的颜色通常是由超分子复合物、几种辅色素以及金属螯合物决定的^[43]。

对鸭跖草的其他研究有助于其他问题的解决，例如植物感光细胞的工作原理（如气孔对蓝光与红光的响应）^[42]，脱落酸敏感性及其在气孔功能中的作用^[42][44][45]，钒酸盐抑制气孔开放的作用^[46][47]，以及钙在气孔关闭方面的必需性^[48]等。它在气孔研究中的广泛应用与其特殊结构相关，即其叶片表皮始终只有一层表皮细胞厚^[49]。

鸭跖草在高等教育中广泛用于展示气孔形态和功能的实验以及保护细胞膨压及其在气孔开闭中的调节作用的课堂展示中^[49]。

文化

中国南宋诗人杨巽斋有诗《咏碧蝉花》即是吟咏鸭跖草^[17]。

鸭跖草常以露草、月草、蛍草、鴨頭草等名，出现在各类和歌、俳句中，在日本古代著名和歌集《萬葉集》中，共有9首和歌提及鸭跖草，多作为青春易逝、爱情易逝的象征^[6]，例如：

• 月草之 徒安久 念可母 我念人之 事毛告不来（卷4 583）
• 译文：每思月草花，变色真容易，我所念斯人，无言来告白^[50]。
• 月草尓 衣者将摺 朝露尓 所沾而後者 徒去友（卷7 1351）
• 译文：愿把月草蓝，相将染我衣，虽然颜色改，朝露一时晞^[50]。

外部链接

参考文献

• オオボウシバナ C. c. var. hortensis
• シロバナオオボウシバナ C. c. var. hortensis f. candida
• ホソバツユクサ C. c. var. ludens
• シロバナツユクサ C. c. f. albiflora
• ケツユクサ C. c. f. ciliata
• ウサギツユクサ C. c. f. miranda

ツユクサ（露草、学名: Commelina communis）は、ツユクサ科ツユクサ属の一年生植物。畑の隅や道端で見かけることの多い雑草である

朝咲いた花が昼しぼむことが朝露を連想させることから「露草」と名付けられたという説がある。英名の Dayflower も「その日のうちにしぼむ花」という意味を持つ。また「鴨跖草（つゆくさ、おうせきそう）」の字があてられることもある。ツユクサは古くは「つきくさ」と呼ばれており、上述した説以外に、この「つきくさ」が転じてツユクサになったという説もある。「つきくさ」は月草とも着草とも表され、元々は花弁の青い色が「着」きやすいことから「着き草」と呼ばれていたものと言われているが、『万葉集』などの和歌集では「月草」の表記が多い。この他、その特徴的な花の形から、蛍草（ほたるぐさ）や帽子花（ぼうしばな）、花の鮮やかな青色から青花（あおばな）などの別名がある。

形態・生態[編集]

高さは15～50cmで直立することはなく、茎は地面を這う

6 - 9月にかけて1.5 - 2cmほどの青い花をつける。花弁は3枚あり、上部の2枚は特徴的で青く大きいが、下部の1枚は白くて小さく目立たない^[3]。雌しべが1本、雄しべが6本で成り立っている。アサガオなどと同様、早朝に咲いた花は午後にはしぼんでしまう。

• 花

• 白花

分布[編集]

自生地は日本全土を含む東アジアで、アメリカ東北部などに帰化している。

近縁種[編集]

ツユクサ属は世界に180種ほどがあり、日本では5種がある。そのうちでシマツユクサとホウライツユクサは九州南部以南の南西諸島に、ナンバンツユクサは南西諸島に見られる。マルバツユクサは本州の関東以西にあり、本種ににているが葉先が丸く、また花を包む包が左右合着して漏斗状になる。

人間との関わり[編集]

真夏の神社の境内に咲くツユクサ（神島 (三重県)八代神社

花の青い色素であるコンメリニンはアントシアニン系の化合物（金属錯体型アントシアニン）で、着いても容易に退色するという性質を持つ。この性質を利用して、染め物の下絵を描くための絵具として用いられた。ただしツユクサの花は小さいため、この用途には栽培変種である大型のオオボウシバナ（アオバナ）が用いられた。オオボウシバナは観賞用としても栽培されることがある。

花の季節に全草を採って乾燥させたものは鴨跖草（おうせきそう）と呼ばれ、下痢止め、解熱などに用いる。 青い花が咲いている時期は食用にもなる。

1996年（平成8年）3月28日発売の390円普通切手の意匠になった。

ツユクサと文学[編集]

『万葉集』には月草・鴨頭草（つきくさ）を詠ったものが9首存在し、古くから日本人に親しまれていた花の一つであると言える。朝咲いた花が昼しぼむことから、儚さの象徴として詠まれたものも多い。

• つき草のうつろいやすく思へかも我（あ）が思（も）ふ人の言（こと）も告げ来（こ）ぬ（巻4 583）

  月草之 徒安久 念可母 我念人之 事毛告不来

• つき草に衣（ころも）ぞ染（し）むる君がためしみ色（或 まだらの）ごろもすらむと思（も）ひて（巻7 1255）

  月草尓 衣曽染流 君之為 綵色衣 将摺跡念而

• つき草に衣（ころも）色どりすらめどもうつろふ色と言うが苦しさ（巻7 1339）

  鴨頭草丹 服色取 摺目伴 移變色登 稱^[4]之苦沙

• つき草に衣（ころも）はすらむ朝露にぬれての後はうつろひぬとも（巻7 1351）

  月草尓 衣者将摺 朝露尓 所沾而後者 徒去友

• 朝露に咲きすさびたるつき草の日くたつ（或 日たくる）なへに消（け）ぬべく思ほゆ（巻10 2281）

  朝露尓 咲酢左乾垂 鴨頭草之 日斜共 可消所念

• 朝（あした）咲き夕（ゆうべ）は消（け）ぬるつき草の消（け）ぬべき戀（こひ）も吾（あれ）はするかも（巻10 2291）

  朝開 夕者消流 鴨頭草之 可消戀毛 吾者為鴨

• つき草の假（か）れる命にある人を（或 假なる命なる人を）いかに知りてか後もあはむといふ（或 あはむとふ）（巻11 2756）

  月草之 借有命 在人乎 何知而鹿 後毛将相云

• うち日さす宮にはあれどつき草の移ろふ心わが思はなくに（巻12 3058）

  内日刺 宮庭有跡 鴨頭草乃 移情 吾思名國

• 百（もも）に千（ち）に人はいふともつき草の移ろふこころ吾（われ）持ためやも（巻12 3059）

  百尓千尓 人者雖言 月草之 移情 吾将持八方

また、俳句においては、露草、月草、蛍草などの名で、秋の季語とされる。

脚注[編集]

参考文献[編集]

• 『新訓万葉集 上巻』 佐佐木信綱編、岩波書店〈ワイド版岩波文庫〉、ISBN 4-00-007014-2。
• 『新訓万葉集 下巻』 佐佐木信綱編、岩波書店〈ワイド版岩波文庫〉、ISBN 4-00-007015-0。
• 佐竹昭広、木下正俊・小島憲之 『萬葉集 本文篇』 塙書房、ISBN 4-8273-0081-X。

関連項目[編集]

• 花の一覧
• 成分本質 (原材料) では医薬品でないもの-植物由来物等-後半
• ムラサキツユクサ
• トキワツユクサ
• 露草色

外部リンク[編集]

• Commelina communis L., ITIS, http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=39127 （英語）
• "Commelina communis". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). （英語）
• Commelina communis - Encyclopedia of Life （英語）
• 波田善夫. “ツユクサ”. 植物雑学事典. 岡山理科大学生物地球学部. ツユクサ”. 植物形態学. 福岡教育大学教育学部. ツユクサの庭” (2013年9月14日閲覧。

닭의장풀(학명: Commelina communis)은 닭의장풀과의 한해살이풀이다. 달개비, 닭의밑씻개라고도 불린다.

비 온 이후의 닭의장풀

줄기는 가로로 기어 뻗으며 많은 가지로 나뉘어 있다. 6에서9월경에 다소 반원형으로 접힌 포엽 속에서 1개씩의 청색 꽃이 피어나는데, 이들 꽃은 하루가 지나면 시들어버린다고한다. 한편, 꽃잎 중에서 2개는 크고 청색인데 비해 다른 1개는 작고 흰색이다. 완전한 수술은 2개이고 길며, 다른 4개는 헛수술이다. 열매는 벌어지고, 꽃지름은 2cm 정도인데, 재배종에는 꽃지름이 4cm 정도인 것과 큰 잎을 가지는 것 등이 있다. 주로 밭이나 길가에서 자라며, 한국 각지에 분포하고 있다. 잎과 줄기는 식용하며, 꽃은 염료로 이용한다.

참고 자료

• 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다.