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Kaira (spider)

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Kaira, sometimes called frilled orbweavers,[3] is a mostly neotropical genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1889.[4] It includes sixteen described species that occur from South America up to the southern and eastern USA.[1] It is presumably related to Aculepeira, Amazonepeira and Metepeira.[5]

They spin small webs from which they hang upside down and attract male moths that fly into a basket formed by their legs. They use a moth pheromone for this, which resembles the one used by the bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora. Though they belong to the same family, the two genera are not closely related, so this is likely an example of convergent evolution.[5]

All species are pale yellow-white with scattered, small, white, brown and black random spots, or in some species transverse bands. Females have a body length of about 4 to 10 millimetres (0.16 to 0.39 in). Males are less than half the size of females and less pigmented.[5]

Kaira specimens are uncommon in arachnologist collections, and the females of different species are difficult to separate. Females and immatures can be confused with species of the not closely related genus Pozonia.[5]

Behavior

When a fly was put into a jar containing a K. alba, the female dropped from the underside of the lid on what seemed a single thread about 12 mm (0.47 in) long and hung there until the fly blundered into her. Then she clamped her legs around it and killed it. Instead of constructing orb webs, they construct a small trapezoidal web, containing two triangular zigzags of threads, which is remade every twenty minutes. The spider then hangs upside-down by the fourth leg on the lower and shorter parallel edge of the trapezoid, which is spread by the other legs. When a moth flies into the basket formed by the spider's legs, it is clasped and bitten, and later wrapped in araneid-like fashion. The moth is then hung from a trapeze line between the last legs of the spider, which resumes the hunting posture. As many as eight moths can be caught in this way before the spider starts feeding.[5]

Species

As of April 2019 it contains sixteen species:[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Gen. Kaira O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  2. ^ a b Levi, H. W. (1977). "The orb-weaver genera Metepeira, Kaira and Aculepeira in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 148: 214.
  3. ^ "Genus Kaira". BugGuide. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
  4. ^ Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1889), "Arachnida. Araneida", Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology
  5. ^ a b c d e Levi, Herbert W. (1993). "The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae: Araneidae)" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 21 (3): 209–225.
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Kaira (spider): Brief Summary

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Kaira, sometimes called frilled orbweavers, is a mostly neotropical genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1889. It includes sixteen described species that occur from South America up to the southern and eastern USA. It is presumably related to Aculepeira, Amazonepeira and Metepeira.

They spin small webs from which they hang upside down and attract male moths that fly into a basket formed by their legs. They use a moth pheromone for this, which resembles the one used by the bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora. Though they belong to the same family, the two genera are not closely related, so this is likely an example of convergent evolution.

All species are pale yellow-white with scattered, small, white, brown and black random spots, or in some species transverse bands. Females have a body length of about 4 to 10 millimetres (0.16 to 0.39 in). Males are less than half the size of females and less pigmented.

Kaira specimens are uncommon in arachnologist collections, and the females of different species are difficult to separate. Females and immatures can be confused with species of the not closely related genus Pozonia.

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Kaira ( Spanish; Castilian )

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'Kaira' es un género neotropical de Araneidae con 16 especies descritas. Se hallan desde Sudamérica hasta el sur y el este de EE. UU.

Tejen sus pequeñas telas de las que cuelgan boca abajo y atraen polillas macho que vuelan hacia una malla formada entre sus patas. Usan feromonas de polillas de cebo, asemejándose al mecanismo utilizado por Mastophora . Los dos géneros no están estrechamente relacionados, a pesar de que pertenecen a la misma familia. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento de captura de la polilla debe haber evolucionado independientemente en los dos géneros.

Todas las especies son de color amarillo-blanco con manchas pequeñas dispuestas al azar de color blanco, marrón y negro, o en algunas especies con bandas transversales. Las hembras tienen una longitud corporal de entre 4 a 10 mm. Los varones miden menos de la mitad del tamaño de las hembras y están menos pigmentados.

Los especímenes de Kaira son poco comunes en las colecciones aracnológicas, y las hembras de las distintas especies son difíciles de deferenciar. Las hembras y las arañas inmaduras pueden confundirse con especies del género Pozonia con el que no están estrechamente relacionadas.

Comportamiento

Cuando en un frasco que contiene un individuo de K. Alba, se mete una mosca, la hembra baja de la parte inferior de la tapa en lo que parecía un hilo de unos 12 mm de largo y resta colgada allí hasta que caza a la mosca. Luego, la aprisiona con las patas y la mata. En lugar de tejer telas en forma de espiral circular, construyen una red trapezoidal pequeña, que contiene dos triángulos en zigzag de hebras, que la araña renueva cada veinte minutos. A continuación, la araña se cuelga boca abajo usando sus cuartos pares de pateas desde el borde inferior y más corto del trapecio que se extiende por las otras patas. Cuando una polilla vuela hacia la malla formada entre las patas de la araña, esta atrapa a la polilla y la muerde, y posteriormente la envuelve con telaraña. Al final, la polilla se queda colgada de un hebra del trapecio formado entre las patas posteriores de la araña, que recupera la postura de caza. Hasta ocho mariposas pueden quedar atrapadas en esta forma antes de la araña comienza a alimentarsede ellas.

Relaciones

Este género está, presumiblemente, relacionado con Aculepeira, Amazonepeira y Metepeira,

Especies

Referencias

  • Levi, Herbert W. (1993): The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae: Araneidae). Journal of Arachnology 21(3): 209-225. PDF
  • Platnick, Norman I. (2007): The world spider catalog, version 8.0. American Museum of Natural History.
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Kaira: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

'Kaira' es un género neotropical de Araneidae con 16 especies descritas. Se hallan desde Sudamérica hasta el sur y el este de EE. UU.

Tejen sus pequeñas telas de las que cuelgan boca abajo y atraen polillas macho que vuelan hacia una malla formada entre sus patas. Usan feromonas de polillas de cebo, asemejándose al mecanismo utilizado por Mastophora . Los dos géneros no están estrechamente relacionados, a pesar de que pertenecen a la misma familia. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento de captura de la polilla debe haber evolucionado independientemente en los dos géneros.

Todas las especies son de color amarillo-blanco con manchas pequeñas dispuestas al azar de color blanco, marrón y negro, o en algunas especies con bandas transversales. Las hembras tienen una longitud corporal de entre 4 a 10 mm. Los varones miden menos de la mitad del tamaño de las hembras y están menos pigmentados.

Los especímenes de Kaira son poco comunes en las colecciones aracnológicas, y las hembras de las distintas especies son difíciles de deferenciar. Las hembras y las arañas inmaduras pueden confundirse con especies del género Pozonia con el que no están estrechamente relacionadas.

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Kaira ( French )

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Kaira est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae[1].

Distribution

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Amérique[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 17.0, 17/03/2016)[2] :

Publication originale

  • O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 : Arachnida. Araneida. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, vol. 1, p. 1-56 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Kaira: Brief Summary ( French )

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Kaira est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae.

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Kaira (zoologia) ( Italian )

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Kaira O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 è un genere di ragni appartenente alla famiglia Araneidae.

Distribuzione

Le 16 specie oggi note di questo genere sono state rinvenute nelle Americhe: 12 specie sono state rinvenute in America meridionale, 5 in America centrale e 4 in America settentrionale[1].

Tassonomia

L'originale denominazione data da O. P.-Cambridge a questo genere è Kaira; la dicitura Caira presente nelle pubblicazioni successive di Simon e adoperata nella creazione del nome del genere Ideocaira Simon, 1903, è da ritenersi un refuso[1].

Considerato un sinonimo anteriore di Pronarachne Mello-Leitão, 1937a e di Macpos Mello-Leitão, 1940a a seguito di analisi svolte sugli esemplari tipo Macpos monstruosus Mello-Leitão, 1940a dall'aracnologo Levi e pubblicate in un suo lavoro (1977b)[1].

Inoltre è sinonimo anteriore di Haliger Mello-Leitão, 1943a secondo gli studi sugli esemplari tipo di Haliger corniferus Mello-Leitão, 1943a effettuati da Levi in un suo lavoro (1993c) in cui li ha trasferiti alla famiglia Theridiosomatidae[1].

Dal 2003 non sono stati esaminati esemplari di questo genere[1].

A marzo 2014, si compone di 16 specie[1]:

Note

Bibliografia

  • Cambridge, O. P.-, 1889 - Arachnida. Araneida. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, vol.1, pp. 1–56 (testo in PDF).
  • Cambridge, O. P.-, 1890a - Arachnida. Araneida. In Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. London, vol.1, pp. 57–72.
  • Mello-Leitão, C.F. de, 1937a - Aranhas novas ou raras. Ann. Acad. brasil. Sci. vol.9, pp. 1–12.
  • Mello-Leitão, C.F. de, 1940a - Tres curiosos Argiopidae do Brasil. Revta chil. Hist. nat. vol.43, pp. 57–62.
  • Mello-Leitão, C.F. de, 1943a - Catálogo das aranhas do Rio Grande do Sul. Archos Mus. nac. Rio de J. vol.37, pp. 147–245.
  • Levi, H.W., 1977b - The orb-weaver genera Metepeira, Kaira and Aculepeira in America north of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. vol.148, pp. 185–238.
  • Levi, H.W., 1993c - The orb-weaver genus Kaira (Araneae: Araneidae). J. Arachnol. vol.21, pp. 209–225.
  • Levi, H.W., 2002 - Keys to the genera of araneid orbweavers (Araneae, Araneidae) of the Americas. J. Arachnol. vol.30, pp. 527–562.
  • Levi, H.W., 2003 - The bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora (Araneae: Araneidae). Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. vol.157, pp. 309–382.

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Kaira (zoologia): Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Kaira O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 è un genere di ragni appartenente alla famiglia Araneidae.

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Kaira ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Kaira is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie van de wielwebspinnen (Araneidae).

Soorten

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Kaira: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Kaira is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie van de wielwebspinnen (Araneidae).

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Kaira ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Kaira este un gen de păianjeni din familia Araneidae.[1]

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Kaira

Kaira alba



Kaira altiventer



Kaira candidissima



Kaira cobimcha



Kaira conica



Kaira dianae



Kaira echinus



Kaira electa



Kaira erwini



Kaira gibberosa



Kaira hiteae



Kaira levii



Kaira sabino



Kaira sexta



Kaira shinguito



Kaira tulua



Referințe

  1. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)

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Kaira ( Vietnamese )

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Kaira là một chi nhện trong họ Araneidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Norman I. Platnick. “The World Spider Catalog, Version 13.5”. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về phân họ nhện Araneinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Kaira: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Kaira là một chi nhện trong họ Araneidae.

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