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Description

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In males, the snout-vent length ranges from 14.8-18.3 mm, while in females the range is 15.8-19.8 mm. The heads are slightly wider in males than females, while females are larger overall in size. The snout is blunt and broadly rounded in dorsal view, but acutely rounded when viewed laterally, and extends past the lower jaw. The tympanum is round, and partly concealed posterodorsally. Fingers decrease in length from III>I>II>IV; the third finger is not swollen in males. The forearm is slightly longer than the upper arm, and lacks an ulnar fold. The palmar tubercle is nearly round and the thenar tubercle is elliptical, and approximately one-third the diameter of the palmar tubercle. All fingers have expanded discs and no fringes. Hands lack webbing, although basal webbing is present on the feet between toes II-IV. The dorsum is granular, with granulation increasing toward the posterior (Lima et al. 2009).Color of the dorsum varies from light grayish brown to orange brown, often with one to several dark brown hourglass, triangular, or diamond-shaped markings. Dorsal surfaces of the arm are light orange-brown, while dorsal surfaces of the legs are light gray. Thighs, shanks, and feet have dark brown crossbars. Males have green-yellow throats with a yellow chest and belly and melanophores on the gular sac, while females have white throats with a yellow outer edge, and white chests and bellies. No dorsolateral stripes are present. A diffuse pale tan to orangish-brown oblique lateral stripe is present, running from the midbody (sometimes starting as far forward as the arm insertion) to the groin. A ventrolateral stripe of irregular white spots runs from the anterior corner of the eye to the groin. The pupillary ring and upper iris are metallic gold with a fine black network, and the rest of the iris is brown. Tadpole bodies are ellipsoid when viewed dorsally and flattened when viewed laterally. Larval snouts have small dorsolateral nostrils, and are bluntly rounded in both dorsal and lateral view. The spiracle is sinistral, directed dorsolaterally, located at midbody below the lateral midline, and is free. The vent is attached to the ventral fin. The upper tailfin starts at the junction of the body and tail, and the tail has robust caudal musculature. Emarginate, anteroventral oral disc, with papillae on lateral margin of anterior labium and surrounding posterior labium. Lower jaw sheath is V-shaped and both upper and lower jaw sheaths are serrated. LTRF 2(2)/3(1) (Lima et al. 2009).Tadpoles are grayish-brown with irregular brown and silver blotches. Tadpoles of Allobates brunneus are easily distinguishable from those of the related species (A. marchesianus and A. caeruleodactylus) by the regular arrangement of papillae on the oral disc margin and irregular spots on the tail for A. brunneus (vs. unusual papillae distribution and distinct irregular stripes for the others). The oral disc of the A. brunneus tadpole has fewer surrounding papillae than that of A. subfolionidificans. The tadpole of A. nidicola has a reduced oral disc, lacks both spiracle and vent, and has yolk-filled intestines, so is easy to distinguish from that of A. brunneus. Not all Allobates tadpoles have been described (Lima et al. 2009).

References

  • Lima, A.P., Caldwell, J.P., and Strussmann, C. (2009). ''Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior.'' Zootaxa, 1988, 1-16.
  • Morales, V. R. (1994). ''Taxonomia sobre algunos Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) de Sudamérica, con descripción de dos especies nuevas.'' Revista Española de Herpetología, 8, 95-103.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Allobates brunneus is found in a number of South American countries. Populations inhabit Brazil, Bolivia (the northern tip), French Guiana (though this may refer to another species), Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela (south of the Orinoco River only). Within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, this species is found in lowland swamp forests areas along the banks of the slow-running Rio Casca and its tributaries, at 300-380 meters asl (Lima et al. 2009).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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The primary threat to Allobates brunneus is habitat loss due to increased agriculture. Other distinct threats include the construction of hydroelectric dams (primarily in Brazil), and logging and deforestation (Lima et al. 2009). Populations are present in protected areas in Venezuela (Duida Marahuaca National Park), and Bolivia (Noel Kempff Mercado National Park). Until 2002, a protected population could also be found in the National Park of Chapada dos Guimarães, in Brazil. However, swamp forest flooding along the Rio Casca seems to have extirpated this population. Other populations along the Rio Manso have also been extirpated due to flooding from a newly constructed hydroelectric dam and reservoir (Lima et al. 2009). In Brazil Allobates brunneus is also found within the refuges of Rondonia and Tapajós (Morales 1994).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors

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Allobates brunneus is active during the day (diurnal). It generally lives on, or very close to the ground (Lima et al. 2009).Males call all day, especially during periods of heavy rainfall (O600 h-1830 h), but generally mating calls are most common in the early morning (0600 h-0900 h) and late afternoon (1600 h-dusk). Calls recorded at temperatures above 28 C were sequences with groups of 6-11 notes separated by longer silent intervals. Below that temperature, notes were ungrouped and inconsistent. Males occasionally engage in wrestling bouts (Lima et al. 2009).This species primarily lays eggs on the upper leaf surfaces of understory vegetation (10-60 cm above ground), unlike other species of Allobates, as well as occasionally inside rolled up leaves within terrestrial leaf litter. Each oviposition site has a single clutch of about 17 eggs. Tadpoles develop within the egg jelly on the upper surface of the leaf, to about stage 25 before the parent transports the larvae to small pools in the vicinity of streams.
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Allobates brunneus

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Allobates brunneus (common name: Chupada rocket frog) is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is found in the southern Amazon drainage in Brazil to Mato Grosso and Amazonas and into extreme northern Bolivia. It has been often confused with other species, including undescribed ones.[2] Its natural habitats are margins of lakes and pools of stagnant water in tropical rainforest and seasonally flooded forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b Débora Silvano, Enrique La Marca, Steffen Reichle (2004). "Allobates brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T55059A11233688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T55059A11233688.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Allobates brunneus (Cope, 1887)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary

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Allobates brunneus (common name: Chupada rocket frog) is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is found in the southern Amazon drainage in Brazil to Mato Grosso and Amazonas and into extreme northern Bolivia. It has been often confused with other species, including undescribed ones. Its natural habitats are margins of lakes and pools of stagnant water in tropical rainforest and seasonally flooded forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.

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Allobates brunneus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Allobates brunneus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Aromobatidae. Se distribuye por las regiones amazónicas de Brasil y Bolivia.[2]

Referencias

  1. Débora Silvano, Enrique La Marca & Steffen Reichle (2004). «Allobates brunneus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2013.
  2. Frost, D.R. « Allobates brunneus». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural.

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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Allobates brunneus es una especie de anfibio anuro de la familia Aromobatidae. Se distribuye por las regiones amazónicas de Brasil y Bolivia.​

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Allobates brunneus ( Basque )

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Allobates brunneus Allobates generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Aromobatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Allobates brunneus Allobates generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Aromobatidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Allobates brunneus ( French )

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Allobates brunneus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Aromobatidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition de l'espèce Allobates brunneus selon l'UICN (consulté le 17 février 2013).

Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :

Morales[2] a attribué les populations au Nord de cette zone à d'autres espèces.

Description

Allobates brunneus mesure de 14,8 à 18,3 mm pour les mâles et de 15,9 à 19,8 mm pour les femelles[3].

Cette espèce[4] a la face dorsale variant du brun grisâtre clair au brun orangé et présente souvent des taches brun foncé en forme de sablier, de diamant ou triangulaires. Sa face ventrale varie selon les sexes, le mâle a la gorge jaune-vert et le ventre jaune ainsi que des mélanophores sur le sac vocal. La femelle a la face ventrale blanche avec un liseré jaune au niveau de la gorge. La tête du mâle est légèrement plus fine que celle de la femelle.

Étymologie

Son nom d'espèce, du latin brunneus, « brun », lui a été donné en référence à sa livrée[5].

Publication originale

  • Cope, 1887 : Synopsis of the batrachia and reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith, in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 24, p. 44-60 (texte intégral).

Références externes

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Morales, 2002 "2000" : Sistematica y biogeografía del grupo trilineatus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae, Colostethus), con descripción de once nuevas especies. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Amigos de Doñana, Sevilla, no 13, p. 1-59.
  3. Lima, Caldwell & Strüssmann, 2009 : Redescription of Allobates brunneus (Cope) 1887 (Anura: Aromobatidae: Allobatinae), with a description of the tadpole, call, and reproductive behavior. Zootaxa, no 1988, p. 1-16.
  4. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  5. Cope, 1887 : Synopsis of the batrachia and reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith, in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 24, p. 54-55.
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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Allobates brunneus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Aromobatidae.

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Allobates brunneus ( Italian )

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Allobates brunneus (Cope, 1887) è un anfibio anuro appartenente alla famiglia degli Aromobatidi.[2][3]

Etimologia

L'epiteto specifico, dal latino "brunneus", «bruno», è stato dato in riferimento alla sua livrea.[2]

Descrizione

Biologia

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie si trova in Brasile, nel bacino amazzonico, dall'imboccatura verso il sud dell'Amazonas e del Mato Grosso; nell'estremo nord-est della Bolivia. Morales [4] ha attribuito le popolazioni a nord ad altre specie.[1]

Tassonomia

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Débora Silvano, Enrique La Marca, Steffen Reichle 2004, Allobates brunneus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Cope, 1887 : Synopsis of the batrachia and reptilia obtained by H. H. Smith, in the province of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 24, p. 44-60.
  3. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Allobates brunneus, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 23 settembre 2017.
  4. ^ Morales, 2002 "2000" : Sistematica y biogeografía del grupo trilineatus (Amphibia, Anura, Dendrobatidae, Colostethus), con descripción de once nuevas especies. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Amigos de Doñana, Sevilla, n° 1988, p. 1-16.

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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Allobates brunneus (Cope, 1887) è un anfibio anuro appartenente alla famiglia degli Aromobatidi.

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Allobates brunneus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Allobates brunneus (synoniem: Colostethus brunneus) is een kikkersoort uit de familie van de Aromobatidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1887 door Edward Drinker Cope.[2] De soortaanduiding XX betekent vrij vertaald 'bruin'.

Deze soort is gemeld uit ten zuiden van de rivier de Orinoco in de staat Amazonas, Venezuela, de staat Mato Grosso in Brazilië, Frans-Guyana, Guyana, Suriname en het uiterste noorden van Bolivia. De soort is eerder gemeld uit vele plaatsen in Venezuela. A. pittierii was tot voor kort dezelfde soort, mogelijk komt A. brunneus in Frans-Guyana en Guyana niet voor. De soort komt voor aan de rand van meren en plassen van stilstaand water in het tropisch regenwoud en in Bolivia wordt de soort gevonden in bos dat in bepaalde seizoenen overstroomt. De broedgewoonten zijn onbekend, maar de larven ontwikkelen zich waarschijnlijk in het water.[3]

Referenties

  1. (en) Allobates brunneus op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Allobates brunneus.
  3. Amphibia Web, Allobates brunneus.

Bronnen

  • (en) - Amphibiaweb - Allobates brunneus - Website
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference – Allobates brunneus - Website Geconsulteerd 17 maart 2016
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Allobates brunneus ( Polish )

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Allobates brunneus — spotykany w Ameryce Południowej gatunek płaza bezogonowego z rodziny Aromobatidae.

Występowanie

Płaz ten posiada zasięg występowania nieco szerszy niż większość swych krewniaków. Można go bowiem znaleźć w Boliwii, Brazylii, Gujanie, Surinamie, Gujanie Francuskiej, Peru, Wenezueli, a prawdopodobnie żyje też w Kolumbii.

Środowisko naturalne tego zwierzęcia stanowią nizinne lasy, mokradła klimatu zwrotnikowego i podzwrotnikowego, jeziora o świeżej wodzie, bagna. Pomimo szerokiego zasięgu występowania i temu zwierzęciu zagraża wyginięcie. Głównym tego powodem jest degradacja środowiska, w którym żyje.

Synonim

  • Colostethus brunneus[3]

Ciekawostki

Zwierzę opisał w XIX wieku znany odkrywca dinozaurów, paleontolog Edward Drinker Cope.

Przypisy

  1. Allobates brunneus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Allobates brunneus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History: Allobates brunneus (ang.). Amphibian Species of the World 5.2, an Online Reference. [dostęp 11 lutego 2009].

Bibliografia

  1. Allobates brunneus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online] (ang.).data dostępu?
p d e
Rodziny płazów bezogonowych
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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Allobates brunneus — spotykany w Ameryce Południowej gatunek płaza bezogonowego z rodziny Aromobatidae.

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Allobates brunneus ( Portuguese )

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Allobates brunneus é um pequeno anuro da família Aromobatidae. Essa espécie é encontrada na Bolívia, Brasil, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela e possivelmente na Colômbia. Futuramente esta espécie poderá ser classificada como espécie ameaçada, principalmente por perda de habitat. Em 1887 foi feita a primeira descrição da espécie por E. D. Cope.

Descrição

Há diferenças físicas entre machos e fêmeas do Allobates brunneus. Os machos medem cerca de 14 a 18 mm de comprimento e as fêmeas 15 a 19 mm. Os machos possuem a cabeça ligeiramente larga em comparação com as fêmeas. O focinho é longo e rombudo quanto vista dorsalmente, porém se visto lateralmente o focinho é agudamente arredondado e também ultrapassa o maxilar inferior. O tímpano é arredondado e parcialmente escondido. O antebraço é um pouco maior que o braço.

A cor do dorso desta espécie varia de marrom acinzentado claro a marrom alaranjado. Os machos tem garganta verde-amarelo com o peito e a barriga também de cor amarelo. A fêmea possui garganta de cor branca com uma borda externa amarela, barriga e peitoral de cor branca. Nas fêmeas existe uma difusa listra pálida de cor alaranjada-marrom fugindo do segmento central (as vezes esta listra começa na inserção do braço) que vai até a virilha. Há também faixas no ventre lateral de cor branca que vai do canto do olho até a virilha. Há um anel na parte superior da pupila de cor ouro metálico com redes finas de cor negra, o restante da íris é marrom.

Os girinos do allobates brunneus possui cor marrom-acinzentado são facilmente distinguíveis das outras espécies pelo arranjo regular existente na margem do disco oral e manchas irregulares na cauda.

Distribuição geográfica

Allobates brunneus é encontrado em vários países da América do Sul. Populações habitam o Brasil, a Bolívia (no extremo norte), na Guiana francesa, Guiana, Suriname e Venezuela. No estado de Mato Grosso, esta espécie é encontrada nos pântanos nas áreas de várzea ao longo das margens do Rio Casca e os seus afluentes, a altitudes de 300 a 380 metros de altura.

Ecologia, hábitos e reprodução

O Allobates brunneus tem hábitos diurnos, vive no solo e próximo a água. Os machos vocalizam durante todo o dia, principalmente no período chuvoso, geralmente os acasalamentos são mais frequentes no início da manhã (06h às 09h) ou ao entardecer (16h às 17h). Os machos ocasionalmente lutam entre si.

Esta espécie se diferencia de outras do seu gênero por postar seus ovos em folhas a cerca de 10 a 60 cm de altura, ou em folhas enroladas caídas na terra. É posto cerca de 17 ovos. Os girinos desenvolvem-se dentro do ovo composto por um material gelatinoso na superfície superior da folha. Após um determinado período o macho leva os ovos até uma poça de água para que os girinos possam se desenvolver.

Tendências e ameaças

A principal ameaça à Allobates brunneus é a perda de habitat devido ao aumento da expansão agrícola. Outras ameaças distintas incluem a construção de usinas hidrelétricas (principalmente no Brasil), extração de madeira e desmatamento. Há populações presentes em áreas protegidas na Venezuela (Parque Nacional Duida Marahuaca) e Bolívia (Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado).

Até no ano de 2002, a população protegida também podia ser encontrada no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, no Brasil. No entanto, as inundações no pântano ao longo do Rio Casca parece ter extinguindo essa população. Outras populações ao longo do Rio Manso também foram extinguidos devido à inundação de uma represa hidrelétricas recém-construída. No Brasil Allobates brunneus também é encontrado no estado de Rondônia e Tapajós.

Referências

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Allobates brunneus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Allobates brunneus é um pequeno anuro da família Aromobatidae. Essa espécie é encontrada na Bolívia, Brasil, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela e possivelmente na Colômbia. Futuramente esta espécie poderá ser classificada como espécie ameaçada, principalmente por perda de habitat. Em 1887 foi feita a primeira descrição da espécie por E. D. Cope.

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Colostethus brunneus ( Vietnamese )

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 src=
Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ.

Allobates brunneus là một loài ếch thuộc họ Dendrobatidae. Loài này có ở Bolivia, Brasil, Guyane thuộc Pháp, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, và có thể cả Colombia. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đầm lầy nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, hồ nước ngọt, và đầm nước ngọt. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Silvano, D., La Marca, E. & Reichle, S. (2004). Allobates brunneus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 8 năm 2014.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Allobates brunneus tại Wikimedia Commons

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết ếch phi tiêu độc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Colostethus brunneus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Allobates brunneus là một loài ếch thuộc họ Dendrobatidae. Loài này có ở Bolivia, Brasil, Guyane thuộc Pháp, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, và có thể cả Colombia. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, đầm lầy nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, hồ nước ngọt, và đầm nước ngọt. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.

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