Maskalı iquanlar (lat. Leiocephalidae) — Pulcuqlular dəstəsinə aid fəsilə.
Glattkopfleguane (Leiocephalus) leben endemisch auf den Inseln der Antillen, von Kuba bis Trinidad. Sie bewohnen ausschließlich trockene Gebiete mit lichten Wäldern, steinigen Steppen und sandigen Stränden. Leiocephalus bildet die einzige Gattung der relativ neu etablierten Familie Leiocephalidae (vormals: Tropiduridae).
Glattkopfleguane werden je nach Art 15 bis 35 Zentimeter lang. Der Schwanz ist länger als die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge, die 5,5 bis 14 Zentimeter beträgt. Die Tiere sind kräftig gebaut und oft auffällig gefärbt. Männchen sind größer und haben dickere Köpfe. Auf Rücken und Schwanz findet sich ein flacher Kamm. Die Rückenschuppen sind groß, gekielt und stehen dachziegelartig übereinander. Die Schuppen an den Flanken können recht unterschiedlich sein. Entweder sind sie den Rückenschuppen ähnlich oder klein und durch eine Seitenfalte deutlich von den Rückenschuppen getrennt. Über den Augen befinden sich starke Wülste.
Diese Echsen sind Bodenbewohner, die sich von Insekten, kleineren Echsen, Blüten und Früchten ernähren. Die Weibchen legen nur wenige (ein bis drei) sehr große Eier.
Es sind 28 Arten beschrieben[1], von denen sieben im Pleistozän oder Holozän ausgestorben sind. Alle Arten (bis auf L. carinatus, der auf Kuba, Little Bahama Bank und drei Inseln der Kaimaninseln lebt) kommen endemisch nur auf jeweils einer einzigen Insel vor. Auf Hispaniola leben 12 Arten, auf den meisten Antilleninseln nur eine. Von Jamaika ist nur eine fossile Art bekannt.
Glattkopfleguane (Leiocephalus) leben endemisch auf den Inseln der Antillen, von Kuba bis Trinidad. Sie bewohnen ausschließlich trockene Gebiete mit lichten Wäldern, steinigen Steppen und sandigen Stränden. Leiocephalus bildet die einzige Gattung der relativ neu etablierten Familie Leiocephalidae (vormals: Tropiduridae).
Leiocephalidae, also known as the curlytail lizards or curly-tailed lizards, is a family of iguanian lizards restricted to the West Indies. One of the defining features of these lizards is that their tail often curls over. They were previously regarded as members of the subfamily Leiocephalinae within the family Tropiduridae. There are presently 30 known species, all in the genus Leiocephalus.
Phylogenetic evidence supports Leiocephalidae being the most basal extant member of the clade Pleurodonta, with it diverging from the rest of the suborder as early as the Late Cretaceous, about 91 million years ago.[2] As with many other higher-order taxa endemic to the Caribbean, it likely colonized the Antilles from South America during the Cenozoic; however, its deep divergence time from other lizards supports a much more complex and less straightforward history in the West Indies compared to other modern taxa.[3]
Phylogenetic analysis on the genus supports some members of the now-extinct Lesser Antillean Leiocephalus radiation being the most basal of the recent Leiocephalus, with the last-surviving members of this group, L. herminieri and L. roquetus, sharing traits not present in other curlytail lizards from the Greater Antilles and other areas, such as the absence of enlarged snout scales. The second most basal of the recent curlytail lizards is another recently extinct species, L. eremitus from Navassa, followed by all other members of the genus from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles. Another extinct species from the Lesser Antilles known only from fossil remains, L. cuneus of Antigua and Barbuda, is thought to be more closely related to more derived Leiocephalus from the Bahamas and Greater Antilles, such as L. carinatus, L. greenwayi and L. punctatus, than to the other, more basal Lesser Antillean and Navassa species.[3]
Curlytail lizards are native to the West Indies, with the extant (living) species in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and nearby small islands.[4][5] Additionally, Leiocephalus carinatus and Leiocephalus schreibersii have been introduced to Florida.[6]
Curlytail lizards formerly had a much wider native range, being distributed south to Jamaica and east to Puerto Rico and several of the Lesser Antilles.[7] They went extinct in most of this range during the Quaternary extinction or Holocene extinction, with some members of the Lesser Antillean radiation surviving to recent times, perhaps remaining widespread until after European colonization. The last surviving members of the Lesser Antillean radiation, L. herminieri of Guadeloupe and L. roquetus of Martinique, went extinct during the early-mid 19th century.[3]
The curly-tailed lizards vary in size depending on species, but typically are approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) in snout-to-vent length. These lizards have no femoral pores, pterygoid teeth, or palatine teeth. Additionally, these lizards are observed to have overlapping scales.[4]
The curly-tailed lizards mostly forage on arthropods such as insects, but also commonly take flowers and fruits.[4][8] Large individuals will eat small vertebrates, including anoles.[8][9]
As suggested by their name, most species of this family often lift their tail and curl it. This is done both when a potential predator is present and when not present, although in some curly-tailed lizard species it increases when a predator is present. It shows the fitness of the lizard to a would-be predator and—in the case of an attack—draws attention to the tail, which increases the lizard's chance of escaping.[10][11] Although it has been suggested that it also functions as a territorial display,[6] studies have been unable to find support for this, as the tail curling does not vary when another member of the same species is present.[11]
The conservation status of the species in this family varies greatly. Several species, for example Leiocephalus carinatus, are common and widespread. Others are rare and highly threatened, especially those restricted to a single small island or a single location on a larger island, like the critically endangered Leiocephalus (barahonensis) altavelensis from Alto Velo Island and critically endangered Leiocephalus onaneyi from Guantánamo Province in Cuba.[5] Primary threats to their survival are habitat loss (for example, expanding agriculture, charcoal production and grazing goats) and introduced predators (for example, small Indian mongoose).[12][13][14]
Several species of Leiocephalus are already extinct, including all of the Jamaican, Puerto Rican and Lesser Antillean members of the genus.[7][15] Some of these are only known from fossil or subfossil remains and became extinct in the Pleistocene or pre-Columbian era, but others such as two Lesser Antillean species and one from Navassa survived until comparatively recently, during the 19th century. Leiocephalus is the only known squamate genus to be entirely wiped out from the Lesser Antilles following European colonization; other reptilian genera that have also seen significant extirpations in the Lesser Antilles, such as Boa or Diploglossus, still retain relict populations on at least some islands, such as Dominica and Montserrat. This mass disappearance of Leiocephalus from the Lesser Antilles may be due to their inhabiting dry forests in littoral areas that were heavily exploited and deforested by early colonists. Few confirmed Leiocephalus fossil remains from after the early Holocene are known from the Lesser Antilles, which has raised doubts about their being only recently extirpated from this area; however, Leiocephalus fossil bones are small and closely resemble those of other lizard species, which may explain the lack of detection of Leiocephalus fossil bones from these areas aside from by the most highly trained palaeo-herpetologists.[3]
In modern times, three species, Leiocephalus endomychus, Leiocephalus pratensis and Leiocephalus rhutidira, have not been seen since the 1960s and 1970s and are recognized as critically endangered, possibly extinct, by the IUCN. They are among the "most wanted" EDGE species.[13][14][16]
Lizards of this family are diurnal and mostly inhabit fairly open habitats in a generally well-studied part of the world. Consequently, the majority of the species and subspecies already were scientifically described several decades ago. In 2016, the first new curly-tailed lizard since the early 1980s was described. The species was found in the coastal dunes of Bahía de las Calderas in the southwestern Dominican Republic. This species differs from the rest within Leiocephalidae in that its bony parietal table is U-shaped versus V-shaped, the males have 3–4 enlarged post-postcloacal scales versus 2, and there are specific sexual dimorphism trails.[17]
The following species and subspecies, listed alphabetically by scientific name, are recognized as being valid by the Reptile Database.[18]
Nota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Leiocephalus.
Leiocephalidae, also known as the curlytail lizards or curly-tailed lizards, is a family of iguanian lizards restricted to the West Indies. One of the defining features of these lizards is that their tail often curls over. They were previously regarded as members of the subfamily Leiocephalinae within the family Tropiduridae. There are presently 30 known species, all in the genus Leiocephalus.
Leiocephalus es un género de lagartos, el único en la familia Leiocephalidae.[1] Se distribuyen por América del Sur, Central y las Antillas.[1]
Se reconocen las siguientes 30 especies:[1]
Datos: Q1529907
Multimedia:
Especies: Leiocephalus
Leiocephalus es un género de lagartos, el único en la familia Leiocephalidae. Se distribuyen por América del Sur, Central y las Antillas.
Leiocephalus bere familiako genero bakarra da, Iguania narrasti taldearen barruan. Hego Amerika eta Erdialdeko Amerikan bizi dira.
Leiocephalus bere familiako genero bakarra da, Iguania narrasti taldearen barruan. Hego Amerika eta Erdialdeko Amerikan bizi dira.
Leiocephalus est l'unique genre de sauriens de la famille des Leiocephalidae[1].
La famille des Leiocephalidae est parfois considérée comme la sous-famille des Leiocephalinae dans la famille des Tropiduridae.
Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Amérique du Sud et en Amérique centrale.
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (12 juin 2017)[2] :
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Leiocephalidae – monotypowa rodzina jaszczurek z infrarzędu Iguania w rzędzie łuskonośnych (Squamata).
Rodzina obejmuje gatunki występujące na Karaibach[3].
Leiocephalus: gr. λειος leios „gładki”[4]; -κεφαλος -kephalos „-głowy”, od κεφαλη kephalē „głowa”[5].
Leiocephalidae została wyłoniona z lawanikowatych (Tropiduridae), gdzie rodzaj Leiocephalus był klasyfikowany w podrodzinie Leiocephalinae. Część systematyków nie zaakceptowało podniesienia Leiocephalinae do rangi rodziny[6]. Do rodziny należy jeden rodzaj z następującymi gatunkami[3]:
Leiocephalidae – monotypowa rodzina jaszczurek z infrarzędu Iguania w rzędzie łuskonośnych (Squamata).
Leiocephalidae é uma família de répteis escamados pertencentes à subordem Sauria.
Esta família é representada apenas por um único género:Leiocephalus.
Olá, Leiocephalidae. Alerto que algumas contribuições que realizou não possuem fontes confiáveis e independentes, conforme orienta a política de verificabilidade da Wikipédia, por isso seu texto pode ter sido removido, modificado ou marcado com o uso de predefinições (como {{sem-fontes}} e {{carece de fontes}}).
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Leiocephalidae é uma família de répteis escamados pertencentes à subordem Sauria.
Esta família é representada apenas por um único género:Leiocephalus.
Thằn lằn đuôi quăn là tên gọi phổ biến để chỉ các loài thằn lằn thuộc họ Leiocephalidae phân bố rộng khắp trong khu vực Caribe nhưng lại chưa được nghiên cứu nhiều. Trước đây, các loài thằn lằn này được coi là thuộc phân họ Leiocephalinae của họ Tropiduridae nghĩa rộng. Tại thời điểm tháng 10 năm 2014 người ta công nhận 29 loài trong 1 chi duy nhất Leiocephalus là thuộc về họ Leiocephalidae.
Thằn lằn đuôi quăn là tên gọi phổ biến để chỉ các loài thằn lằn thuộc họ Leiocephalidae phân bố rộng khắp trong khu vực Caribe nhưng lại chưa được nghiên cứu nhiều. Trước đây, các loài thằn lằn này được coi là thuộc phân họ Leiocephalinae của họ Tropiduridae nghĩa rộng. Tại thời điểm tháng 10 năm 2014 người ta công nhận 29 loài trong 1 chi duy nhất Leiocephalus là thuộc về họ Leiocephalidae.
말린꼬리도마뱀속(Leiocephalus)은 뱀목에 속하는 파충류 속이다. 카리브 해 전역에 널리 분포하는 도마뱀이지만, 상대적으로 많이 연구된 것은 아니다. 이전에는 신열대땅도마뱀과에 속하는 말린꼬리도마뱀아과(Leiocephalinae)로 분류했다. 현재 29종이 알려져 있다. 말린꼬리도마뱀과(Leiocephalidae)의 유일속이다.
다음은 2013년 피론(Pyron, R.A.) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[4]
이구아나류말린꼬리도마뱀과
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