Bandicoots and bilbies live, on average, 1 to 2 years in the wild. While only 1 in 10 offspring usually survive, once they reach maturity life expectancy ranges from 2.5 to 3 years. In captivity, mean longevity for peramelemorphs is 2 to 4 years.
Peramelemorphia (bandicoots and bilbies) consists of 22 species that are divided among 8 genera and 3 families: Peramelidae (bandicoots and echymiperas), Chaeropodidae (pig-footed bandicoot), and Thylacomyidae (bilbies). They have a rodent-like appearance with short legs, a stocky body, a short neck, and a long, pointy nose. They are largely nocturnal, and possess a well-developed sense of smell and eyes that are well adapted for night vision. Most peramelemorphs have brownish-red or tan fur and are sometimes marked with stripes. Long, rabbit-like ears also characterize some species. They range in size from less than 100 grams to over 5 kilograms, though most are about the size of a rabbit or smaller. Peramelemorphs are omnivores that eat mainly insects, but also consume a variety of vegetable material and some vertebrates as well. They occupy a wide range of habitats throughout Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania and the surrounding islands.
Due to their rapid decline, peramelemorphs have little to no effect on humans. Bandicoots and bilbies have been found to venture into suburban areas digging up lawns and gardens in search of food. As a result, they are sometimes viewed as pests. Peramelemorphs carry ticks, mites, and fleas, which can be transmitted to domestic animals and humans. Some species carry diseases, such as coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis, that can also be transmitted to domestic animals and humans.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (causes disease in humans ); crop pest
Members of Peramelemorphia have little direct economic importance, however, the giant bandicoot is still hunted by natives for its high market value in the bushmeat trade and for its fur. It is estimated that the species sells for the equivalent of 6 U.S. dollars.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
Although peramelemorphs may help control insect pest populations, none are considered keystone species. As omnivores that also eat plants, they may play an important role as seed dispersers. Bilbies are semifossorial and may help aerate soil by burrowing.
Peramelemorphs are host to a number of endoparasites including an array of protists and roundworms. For example, renal coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis, which is transmitted by cats and is fatal to peramelemorphs, are both caused by parasitic protozoa, and toxoplasmosis is considered a major threat to the persistence of eastern barred bandicoots by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Various members of Peramelemorphia are also vulnerable to a number of ectoparasitic arthropods including mites, ticks, and fleas. Their solitary nature, however, may help reduce intraspecific transmission of parasites.
Ecosystem Impact: soil aeration
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
There are a total of 22 recognized species within Peramelemorphia. According to the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species, 3 have recently gone extinct, 4 are classified as endangered, 2 are vulnerable, 1 is near threatened, 9 are of least concern, and the remaining 3 are data deficient. Species adapted to arid and semi-arid habitats have experienced significant declines since European settlement. A major threat to peramelemorphs is the changing of fire regimens for agriculture and grazing animals across Australia and New Guinea. As fire regimens change and grazing increases, ground cover becomes reduced and predation increases. In addition, the introduction of non-native species into Australia and New Guinea (e.g., cats, red foxes, dogs and dingos) has resulted in increased predation and resource competition. By occupying a wide variety of habitats and vegetation types, bandicoots and bilbies largely avoid competition. However, the introduction of sheep, cattle, and European rabbits has caused many species to become threatened, and in some cases extinct, due to increased competition for resources. Some introduced species carry diseases that can be transmitted peramelemorphs. For example, toxoplasmosis, which is fatal to many species of bandicoot, was first introduced by cats. The giant bandicoot, which is endangered, is hunted and sold as food by local people.
Recovery plans for some species within Peramelemorphia have been implemented. These plans include protecting wild populations and their habitats, maintaining captive populations, intensive control of predators, and enhancing community education and participation in local conservation efforts. In some cases, the reintroduction of of locally extinct species has been successful (e.g., eastern barred bandicoot). However, many species and the habitats they depend upon remain vulnerable and unprotected. Some species have insufficient habitat for population growth due to intrafamilial range overlap and inbreeding. Small population sizes increase a species risk of extinction caused by predation and hunting.
Peramelemorphs are omnivorous and eat a wide variety of invertebrates including ants, termites, insect larvae, earthworms, spiders and centipedes as well as plant matter such as bulbs, grasses and seeds. Some species supplement their diet with fungi, bird eggs and small vertebrates such as lizards and mice. Peramelemorphs forage by digging with their strong front claws and then using their long snout and tongue grab ahold of food items. While they can eat many different foods, each colony tends to show preference for one or two particular food types. This is most likely due to regional availability of each food type and helps reduce intraspecific competition for resources. Many members of the family Peramelidae are not obligate drinkers, as they acquire much of their hydration needs through their diet. Their front limbs are short and well-adapted for ground foraging and digging, and their dentition is ideally suited to a diet of plants and insects.
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore ); herbivore (Folivore ); omnivore
Bandicoots and bilbies are mainly found throughout Australia, New Guinea, and the surrounding islands, with the eastern barred bandicoot and southern brown bandicoot also being found in Tasmania. It is believed that members of the subfamily Peroryctinae most likely originated and radiated in New Guinea. However, their origin is speculative due to a lack of fossil evidence. Only 2 out of the 11 species of peroryctine bandicoots, the rufous spiny bandicoot and the Seram bandicoot, are currently found outside of New Guinea having ranges that extend to the tip of Cape York and Seram Island, respectively. The northern brown bandicoot is the only perameline bandicoot that is found outside of Australia in Southern New Guinea.
Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Peramelemorphs occupy a wide range of habitats, with altitude and climatic differences heavily influencing the distribution of species. Members of the family Peramelidae inhabit a variety of ecosystems, ranging from deserts to subalpine grasslands to tropical lowland rainforests, while thylacomyids primarily live in arid areas. Eastern barred bandicoots and the now extinct pig-footed bandicoot prefer grassland habitats, golden bandicoots inhabit the Top End and Kimberly tropics of Australia, brown bandicoots live in more secluded forests and the only living species of bilby, the greater bilby, is a desert-dweller. By occupying a wide variety of habitats and vegetation types, bandicoots and bilbies largely avoid competition. In New Guinea, peramelemorphs (Peroryctinae) are distributed throughout a wide range of altitudes. However, several species may occur sympatrically at moderate altitudes. The northern brown bandicoot, giant bandicoot and most species of spiny bandicoots prefer lowland areas, though some may live as high as 2000 m. Mouse bandicoots, striped bandicoots and Raffray’s bandicoots are upland species and typically live at elevations above 1000 m. There is one known high altitude species, Seram bandicoots, that are only found at altitudes of around 1800 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest ; mountains
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural
Members of the order Peramelemorphia are terrestrial, ground-dwelling mammals. They range from 15 cm in length (excluding tail) and 100 g in weight to 60 cm in length and 5 kg in weight. Their bodies are compact in size with relatively short tails compared to the length of their bodies, except in the case of the greater bilby, which possesses a long, brush-like tail. Peramelemorphs have short necks, elongate skulls, and long, tapered snouts. Their ears are upright and can range from being small and rounded to fairly large and pointy. Males are usually larger than females and are socially dominant.
The hind limbs of peramelemorphs are relatively long and exceptionally powerful. On the hind feet, the forth toe is the largest, while the bones of the second and third toes are fused, but still maintain separate claws (i.e., syndactyly). The front limbs are very short and well-adapted for ground foraging and digging. The first and fifth toes on the forefeet are either absent or lack claws if present. The second, third, and fourth toes have strong, flat claws for digging. They typically use their strong hind limbs to leap and hop through brushy habitats; however, when escaping danger they are able to run at a fast gallop. Their front and back legs work alternately. Characteristically, they land on hind and forefeet, and then take off with a push of their large hindfeet.
Members of the order Peramelemorphia can be most noticeably recognized by their unique marsupium, the pouch located on the venter used to carry immature young. Unlike teh marsupium of kangaroos and wallabies, the marsupium of peramelemorphs opens to the rear. Although this condition is present in some diprotodonts (e.g., wombats), it is probably uniquely derived in each lineage.
Peramelemorphs are omnivorous and their dentition is well-suited to a diet consisting of plants and insects. Unlike diprotodonts, which have only 2 lower incisors, peramelemorphs are polyprotodonts, having multiple lower incisors and anywhere from 4 to 5 upper incisors. Their incisors are flattened at the tips with the crown of the last lower incisor having two lobes. The canines are present and well-developed and they also have 3 premolars, which are narrow and pointed (plagialacoid) and 4 molars, which are tribosphenic or quadrate, in the upper and lower sets. This gives them the dental formula of 4-5/3, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4 = 46 or 48.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Peramelemorphs have few native predators. The only significant natural predators to bandicoots and bilbies are owls, quolls, and dingos. However, feral and domestic cats, dogs, foxes and other introduced animals have come to pose a considerable threat to the persistence of many local populations. In the past, bandicoots could often be found in Australian suburbs, however, domestic animals have significantly reduced their population. To protect themselves from predators, bandicoots and bilbies make nests in shallow holes in the ground, which they line with leaf litter. Leaf litter helps hide them from predators and protects them from inclement weather. A few species have calls, which can ranged from shrill alarm calls to low, huffing noises accompanied by barred teeth.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Like other nocturnal mammals, peramelemorphs depend greatly on their senses of touch, smell, and hearing while hunting. Little is known about communication in Peramelemorphia. Many species possess a scent glands just posterior to the ears, which are present in both genders of some species (e.g., northern brown bandicoot) and only present in the males of others. These glands are used for marking territorial boundaries and during male-male competition for mates or territory. Males warn potential rivals with by making puffing sounds and exhibit aggression with open-mouthed fighting and chasing. Captive peramelemorphs have been observed to make “soft spitting noises” when threatened. A few species have calls, which can ranged from shrill alarm calls to low, huffing noises accompanied by barred teeth.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The term “bandicoot” is derived from the Telugu word for “pig rat”, which initially referred to a large rodent species, the greater bandicoot rat, from India and Sri Lanka.
Direct observations of mating in peramelemorphs are rare, however, based on behavioral data they are probably either polygynous or promiscuous, and females are polyestrous. Although peramelemorphs are solitary, male territories overlap with those of several females, and during mating season males spend a majority of their time searching for receptive females. Once they find an estrus female, they follow the potential mate until she is ready to be mounted. Females may mate with more than one male if the opportunity presents itself.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Peramelemorphs are known for their accelerated breeding process, which enables a single female to give birth to as many as 16 young per year. Unlike all other marsupials, members of Peramelemorphia have a chorioallantoic placenta, which replaces the more typical yolk sac placenta a few days into gestation. Unlike the placenta found in 'true mammals', the placenta of peramelemorphs lacks villi, resulting in relatively shorter gestation when compared to 'true mammals', which developed the chorioallantoic placenta independently. Breeding can take place year-round for some genera, while others breed in the spring only. Day length, food availability, and weather conditions appear to have a significant impact on the timing of breeding in seasonal breeders. Year-round breeders occasionally show a decline in birthrate during times of food scarcity or drought. Gestation time is variable, from as little as 12.5 days in long-nosed bandicoots (among the shortest in any mammal) to about 14 days in several other species. Litters range in size from 2 to 5 offspring, but usually no more than 4 survive. Like other marsupials, young are altricial, weighing about 0.2 grams at birth. Immediately after birth, they crawl into their mother’s pouch and attach to a nipple. They leave the pouch after about 60 days, and are weaned in about 70 days. Females generally mate at about the time their previous litter leaves the pouch, so the weaning of one litter coincides with the birth of the next.
While the ranges of male and female peramelemorphs extensively overlap, females likely dictate distribution as they select and defend high-quality habitats for nesting and foraging. Many species have scent glands just posterior to the ears. Present in both genders, it is thought that these glands are used to mark territorial boundaries or during male-male competition for mates. While some species, such as northern brown bandicoots create terrestrial nests with an internal chamber, others, such as eastern barred bandicoots make several different kinds of nests, including subterranean chambers that are used during parturition.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous
The accelerated reproductive cycle of Peramelemorphia results in minimal parental care to young. The unique placenta of peramelemorphs lacks villi, which reduces direct contact between mother and fetus. However, the umbilical cord remains attached for a few hours afterbirth to serve as a safety rope while young leave the uterus and crawl into the rear-opening marsupium. Juveniles may continue to live in the mother’s nest for some time after leaving the pouch, but it is not known if they remain in their mother's nest after weaning. There is no contact between mother and offspring after young leave the nest. Young peramelemorphs can reach reproductive maturity in as little as four months, however, only 11.5% of young survive to adulthood.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Los peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) son un orde de mamíferos marsupiales qu'inclúi los bandicuts y los bilbies y suelen denominase omnívoros marsupiales. Tolos miembros del orde son reinales d'Australia y Nueva Guinea y la mayoría tienen la forma carauterística del bandicut: un cuerpu gordosu, arquiáu escontra tras con un focico llargu, delicáu y afiláu, oreyes verticales bien grandes y pates relativamente llargues y fines, igual que la cola. El so pesu varia dende los 140 gramos hasta los 2 quilos, pero la mayoría de les especies tán sobre'l pesu d'un gatín pequeñu: alredor d'un quilu.
--o Orde Peramelemorphia (Kirsch, 1968) |-o Familia Chaeropodidae Gill, 1872 (‡) | `-- Xéneru Chaeropus Ogilby, 1838 - bandicut de pies de gochu (‡) |-o Familia Peramelidae (Gray, 1825) | |-o Subfamilia Echymiperinae McKenna & Bell, 1997 | | |-- Xéneru Echymipera Lesson, 1842 - bandicuts espinosos de Nueva Guinea | | |-- Xéneru Microperoryctes Stein, 1932 - andicut mure de Nueva Guinea | | `-- Xéneru Rhynchomeles Thomas, 1920 - bandicut hocicudo de Seram (‡) | |-o Subfamilia Peramelinae (Gray, 1825) | | |-- Xéneru Ischnodon Stirton, 1955 (†) | | |-- Xéneru Isoodon Desmarest, 1817 - bandicut chatu | | `-- Xéneru Perameles Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1804 - bandicuts hocicudos | `-o Subfamilia Peroryctinae (Archer et al., 1989) | `- Xéneru Peroryctes Thomas, 1906 - bandicuts de Nueva Guinea |-o Familia Thylacomyidae Bensley, 1903 | `-- Xéneru Macrotis Reid, 1836 - bilbis `-o Familia Yaralidae Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†) `-- Xéneru Yarala Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†)
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Los peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) son un orde de mamíferos marsupiales qu'inclúi los bandicuts y los bilbies y suelen denominase omnívoros marsupiales. Tolos miembros del orde son reinales d'Australia y Nueva Guinea y la mayoría tienen la forma carauterística del bandicut: un cuerpu gordosu, arquiáu escontra tras con un focico llargu, delicáu y afiláu, oreyes verticales bien grandes y pates relativamente llargues y fines, igual que la cola. El so pesu varia dende los 140 gramos hasta los 2 quilos, pero la mayoría de les especies tán sobre'l pesu d'un gatín pequeñu: alredor d'un quilu.
Peramelemorphia zo un urzhiad e rummatadur ar bronneged hag a glot dre vras gant ar godelleged hollzebrer.
4 c'herentiad zo en urzhiad-mañ :
Peramelemorphia zo un urzhiad e rummatadur ar bronneged hag a glot dre vras gant ar godelleged hollzebrer.
Els peramelemorfs (Peramelemorphia) són un ordre de marsupials que conté els bàndicuts i bilbis. Comprèn aproximadament els marsupials omnívors. Tots els membres de l'ordre són endèmics d'Austràlia i Nova Guinea i la majoria tenen la forma típica dels bàndicuts: un cos grassonet amb una esquena arquejada, un musell llarg i que s'aprima vers la punta, orelles grans i erectes, potes relativament llargues i primes i una cua prima. La seva mida varia entre 140 grams i dos quilograms, però la majoria d'espècie pesen el mateix que un gatet en creixement: aproximadament un quilogram.
Řád bandikutů (Peramelemorphia) obsahuje čeledi bandikutovití a bandikutcovití, což reprezentuje valnou většinu všežravých vačnatců. Všechny druhy tohoto řádu se vyskytují na území Austrálie a Nové Guiney. Na většinu bandikutů platí charakteristický popis: buclatý, hrbaté tělo s dlouhým kuželovitým čenichem, velmi velké vztyčené uši, relativně dlouhé a hubené nohy, tenký ocas. Jejich hmotnost sahá od 140 gramů do 4 kilogramů, ale nejvíce druhů váží asi jako středně rostlé kotě, tedy přibližně jeden kilogram.
Umístění bandikutů v řádu vačnatých bylo velmi nejasné a kontroverzní. U dvojitozubců jsou dva morfologické znaky, které jasně ukazují evoluční propojení s touto skupinou vačnatých. Jsou to zuby a typ tlapy. Tyto dva jednoznačné směrovatele ale ukazují v opačných směrech.
Všechny druhy jsou polyprodontní, tedy mají několik párů dolních předních zubů, v případě bandikutů jsou to páry tři. To napovídá, že se vyvinuli z kunovců. Na druhou stranu mají také nezvyklou vlastnost v nohou: srostlý třetí a čtvrtý prst. Tato vlastnost se nazývá syndaktilita a je charakteristická pro dvojitozubce.
Pokusy rozluštit tuto záhadu zahrnovaly snahu tvrdit, že bandikuti se vyvinuli z masožravců, což jim dalo polyprodontní chrup, a nezávisle na tom se jim vyvinula syndaktilní zadní noha. Druhý úhel pohledu je ten, že syndaktylita je tak neobvyklá vlastnost, že je velmi nepravděpodobné, že by se vyvinula dvakrát, a tudíž bandikuti se museli vyvinout z dvojitozubců, kteří měli blízko k possumovitým, a až poté se jim dovyvinuly extra zuby. A nakonec třetí pohled naznačuje, že se bandikuti vyvinuli z primitivních masožravců a vyvinuli syndaktilní zadní nohu jako specializaci pro lezení, poté se oddělili dvojitozubci a vyvinuli si svoji dvojzubou čelist, která jim dala jejich jméno. Nejnovější poznatky na molekulární úrovní zatím nevysílají signály, že by se tuto záhadu povedlo rozluštit. Nicméně je zřejmé, že i tak je vztah s jinou skupinou vačnatců velmi vzdálený.
Punggrævlinger (Peramelemorphia) er en orden inden for pungdyrene med tre familier og 22 arter, hvoraf tre regnes for uddøde. De findes i Australien, på Ny Guinea og på nogle øer i det østlige Indonesien. Her lever de i alt fra ørkener til tropiske regnskove. Det er altædende dyr, der mest er aktive om natten og i skumringen.
Hovedet har en lang og bevægelig snude og oftest store ører. Den veludviklede pung har en bagudrettet åbning. Størrelsen varierer fra omkring 140 gram til 4 kilogram,[1] men de fleste arter vejer omkring et enkelt kilogram.
Føden består af rødder, bær, nedfaldsfrugt, andre bløde plantedele og svampe, men også insekter og regnorme.[2]
Punggrævlinger formerer sig hurtigst af alle pungdyr[2]. Generelt har de en kort drægtighedsperiode, den varer ofte kun to uger. I modsætning til de fleste andre pungdyr har de en primitiv moderkage (placenta). Hunnernes pung er veludviklet og har åbningen bagud. Nyfødte har ofte kløer for at kunne kravle frem til pungen, kløerne falder senere af. Hunner har alt efter art 6 til 10 dievorter, men normalt fødes kun 2 til 5 unger. Ungerne forbliver cirka 50 dage i pungen og afvænnes omtrent 10 dage senere. Kort efter afvænningen føder hun nye unger, der senere anvender de dievorter, der ikke var i brug af de ældre unger. Punggrævlinger bliver tidligst kønsmodne i en alder af 90 dage. De bliver 2 til 3 år gamle eller noget længere.[3]
Ordenen punggrævlinger inddeles i tre familier:
Punggrævlinger (Peramelemorphia) er en orden inden for pungdyrene med tre familier og 22 arter, hvoraf tre regnes for uddøde. De findes i Australien, på Ny Guinea og på nogle øer i det østlige Indonesien. Her lever de i alt fra ørkener til tropiske regnskove. Det er altædende dyr, der mest er aktive om natten og i skumringen.
Die Nasenbeutler oder Beuteldachse (Peramelemorphia) sind eine Ordnung der Beutelsäuger mit drei Familien und 24 Arten, wovon 4 Arten als ausgestorben gelten. Nach ihrem englischen Namen (Bandicoots) werden diese Tiere auch manchmal als Bandikuts bezeichnet. Der Begriff stammt aus der südindischen Sprache Telugu und bedeutet „Schweineratte“, er wurde ursprünglich für eine Nagetiergattung, die Bandikutratten (Bandicota) verwendet.
Nasenbeutler sind kleine bis mittelgroße, bodenbewohnende Tiere. Ihren Namen verdanken sie ihrer langen, spitzen Schnauze. Die Hinterbeine sind länger als die Vorderbeine, was zu einer hoppelnden Fortbewegungsweise führt. Krallen an den Vorderbeinen dienen zum Graben nach Nahrung. Allen Nasenbeutlern gemeinsam ist die bodenbewohnende Lebensweise; Unterschiede finden sich jedoch in der Besiedlung von Lebensräumen, die von sandigen Wüstengebieten bis hin zum feuchten Regenwald reichen.
Nasenbeutler kommen in Australien, Neuguinea und auf einigen Inseln des östlichen Indonesiens vor. Sie bevölkern eine Vielzahl von Habitaten, von wüstenartigen Gebieten bis hin zu tropischen Regenwäldern.
Nasenbeutler sind – außer in der Paarungszeit – strikte Einzelgänger, die Artgenossen gegenüber feindselig reagieren. Viele Arten zeigen ein Territorialverhalten, ihr Territorium wird mit Duftmarkierungen gekennzeichnet. Neben dem Geruchssinn spielt der Hörsinn eine wichtige Rolle. Nasenbeutler sind meist nachtaktiv, den Tag verbringen sie in selbstgegrabenen Höhlen, Mulden oder Grasnestern, die oft geschützt in flachen Mulden oder hinter Büschen liegen. Auch hohle Baumstämme oder verlassene Kaninchenbaue nehmen sie gelegentlich an. Nasenbeutler, die in ihrem Nest von einem Feind überrascht werden, brechen völlig unberechenbar und ungerichtet aus. Mit diesem Verhalten gelingt es ihnen in den meisten Fällen, ihren Gegner zu verwirren und zu entkommen.
Nasenbeutler sind Allesfresser, ihr Speiseplan reicht von Insekten über kleine Wirbeltiere (Mäuse, Echsen und andere) bis zu pflanzlichem Material wie Früchten oder Samen. Ihre Nahrung spüren sie mit der langen Schnauze auf der Erdoberfläche oder in selbstgegrabenen Löchern auf. Das spitzhöckrige Gebiss der Nasenbeutler, bestehend aus 46 bis 48 Zähnen, ähnelt eher dem der Raubbeutler.
Generell haben Nasenbeutler eine kurze Tragzeit, sie beträgt oft nur zwei Wochen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Beuteltieren ist bei ihnen eine primitive Plazenta vorhanden. Die Beutel sind gut entwickelt und öffnen sich nach hinten. Neugeborene haben oft Krallen, um den Beutel der Mutter zu erreichen, diese fallen anschließend ab. Nasenbeutler haben sechs bis zehn Zitzen, es werden aber meist nur zwei bis fünf Junge geboren. Dies resultiert daher, dass oft unmittelbar nach dem Abstillen neue Jungtiere zur Welt kommen, für diese sind die Zitzen, mit denen die älteren Jungtiere gesäugt wurden, zu groß, sodass sie sich an die anderen Zitzen hängen.
Die Nasenbeutler sind durch die Ankunft der Europäer stärker als andere australische Beuteltiergruppen in ihrem Bestand gefährdet. Die Bedrohung durch eingeschleppte Raubtiere wie Füchse und Katzen, die Konkurrenz durch Schafe und Hasen und der Lebensraumverlust durch Besiedelung haben dazu geführt, dass zumindest drei der 22 Arten schon ausgestorben sind. Bei einigen anderen Arten ist die Datenlage so dürftig, dass sie womöglich ebenfalls verschwunden sind.
Heute wird die Ordnung der Nasenbeutler in drei Familien eingeteilt:[1]
Ein Kladogramm der Nasenbeutler sieht folgendermaßen aus:[2]
NasenbeutlerYarala †
Schweinsfuß-Nasenbeutler (Chaeropodidae)
Kaninchennasenbeutler (Thylacomyidae)
Große Neuguinea-Nasenbeutler (Peroryctes)
Mausnasenbeutler (Microperoryctes)
Ceram-Nasenbeutler (Rhynchomeles)
Clara-Stachelnasenbeutler (E. clara)
Stachelnasenbeutler (Echymipera)
Langnasenbeutler (Perameles)
Kurznasenbeutler (Isoodon)
Alternativ dazu wurde im Jahr 2019 ein Kladogramm veröffentlicht in dem die Schweinsfuß-Nasenbeutler als Schwestergruppe einer Klade von Kurznasenbeutlern, Langnasenbeutlern und Großen Neuguinea-Nasenbeutler tief innerhalb der übrigen Nasenbeutler stehen:[3]
Nasenbeutler ThylacomyidaeKaninchennasenbeutler (Macrotis)
Mausnasenbeutler (Microperoryctes)
Stachelnasenbeutler (Echymipera) u. Ceram-Nasenbeutler (Rhynchomeles)
Schweinsfuß-Nasenbeutler (Chaeropus)
Kurznasenbeutler (Isoodon)
Langnasenbeutler (Perameles)
Große Neuguinea-Nasenbeutler (Peroryctes)
Ein Nasenbeutler namens Crash Bandicoot ist Held einer gleichnamigen Videospielreihe, die hauptsächlich für die Sony PlayStation, aber auch für andere Systeme erschienen ist. Crash Bandicoot galt einige Zeit als das inoffizielle Maskottchen der PlayStation.
In Deutschland wurden Nasenbeutler nur in Frankfurt und Stuttgart gepflegt. Der letzte deutsche Nasenbeutler verstarb 1973.[4]
Die Nasenbeutler oder Beuteldachse (Peramelemorphia) sind eine Ordnung der Beutelsäuger mit drei Familien und 24 Arten, wovon 4 Arten als ausgestorben gelten. Nach ihrem englischen Namen (Bandicoots) werden diese Tiere auch manchmal als Bandikuts bezeichnet. Der Begriff stammt aus der südindischen Sprache Telugu und bedeutet „Schweineratte“, er wurde ursprünglich für eine Nagetiergattung, die Bandikutratten (Bandicota) verwendet.
La Peramelemorfos es un ordina de mamales de Australia e Gine Nova. Los inclui du familias de marsupiales: bandicutes e bilbis (acc bandicute con oreas conein).
Il-Peramelemorphia huwa ordni ta' mammiferi marsupjali, eżattament il-bandikuti tal-kontinent Awstraljan.
Din l-ordni hija kklassifikata fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Metatheria (il-marsupjali) u fis-superordni Australidelphia (il-marsupjali Awstraljani kollha u l-kolokolo tal-kontinent tal-Amerika ta' isfel) ma' erba' ordnijiet oħra.
Il-Peramelemorphia jikkonsisti minn tliet superfamilji (Perameloidea, Thylacotingoidea u Yaraloidea), 5 familji (Chaeropodidae, Peramelidae, Thylacomyidae, Thylacotingidae u Yaralidae) u tnejn minnhom biss, il-Peramelidae u t-Thylacomyidae għadhom rapreżentati bi speċi ħajjin, filwaqt il-Chaeropodidae hija kkunsidrata estinta (għalkemm hemm possibilita li l-bandikut tas-saqajn ta' ħanżir li huwa magħruf xjentifikament bħala Chaeropus ecaudatus, għadu jgħix f' partijiet remoti fid-deżerti Awstraljani).
Din l-ordni, tiġbor fiha bosta ġeneri u numru mdaqqas ta' speċi kemm estinti, kif ukoll estanti jew ħajjin u dawn tal-aħħar huma madwar 20 speċi, li kollha kemm huma jagħmlu parti mis-superfamilja Perameloidea ('l aktar superfamilja ta' suċċess ta' din l-ordni).
Il-Peramelemorphia, flimkien ma' erba' ordnijiet oħra, in-Notoryctemorphia, id-Dasyuromorphia, id-Diprotodontia u l-Microbiotheria, jifforma s-superordni Australidelphia.
(għal aktar informazzjoni ara l-artikli Bandikuti, Bandikuti fniek, Bandikut tas-saqajn ta' ħanżir)
L-akbar inċertezza fit-tassonomija ta' l-ordni Peramelemorphia huwa l-ġeneru Thylacotinga. Dan minn numru żgħir ta' tassonomisti u għal ftit żmien, kien ġie kklassifikat bħala l-uniku ġeneru fis-Superfamilja Thylacotingoidea u fil-Familja Thylacotingidae. Iżda l-llum il-ġurnata għalkemm dejjem b' dubji, hemm ħjiel li dan il-ġeneru jista jkun l-aktar relatat fil-qrib ma' dak tal-bilbijiet il-ġeneru Macrotis.
Peramelemorphia YaraloideaLos Peramelemòrfes (var. Peramelemòrfs[1]) comprenon los Bandicoots e los Bilbies, çò que recampa gaireben totes los Marsupials omnivòrs. Totes los membres d'aqueste òrdre son endemics a las doas massas de tèrra gemèlas que son Austràlia e la Nòva Guinèa, e la màger part partejan las caracteristicas del Bandicoot : un còrs repetenat e arcat amb un morre long doçàs, doas aurelhas dreitas plan desvolopadas, de patas longas pro finas e una coa fina. Lor massa varia entre 140 g e 2 kg, mas la màger part de las espècias an un pes comparable al d'un gat mejan (environ 1 kg).
La posicion dels Peramelemorphia dins la familha dels Marsupials es estada longtemps desconcertanta e controversiada. I a doas caracteristicas morfologicas que mòstran la linha evolutiva seguida pels representants d'aqueste grop : lo tipe de pata e las dents. Malaürosament, aquestes dos caractèrs van dins de direccions evolutivas opausadas !
Totes los membres de l'òrdre dels Poliprotodontes (qu'an maites parelhs de dents sus la maissa inferiora) mentre que los Peramelemòrfes n'an 3 parelhs. Aquò suggerís qu'an evoluit dels Dasyuromorphia, Marsupials carnivòrs. Çaquelà, an una caracteristica inabituala al nivèl dels pès : lo segond e lo tresen artelh son fusionats. Aquesta condicion sindactila es la caracteristica dels Diprotodontes, Marsupials erbivòrs que recampan los Cangorós, los Vombats, las Sarigas e los Coalàs.
Las temptativas per reconstituir lo copacap postulan que lo grop a evoluit dels carnivòrs, conservant atal la denticion dels Poliprotodontes, tot en desvolopant de biais independent la sindactilia de lors patas posterioras. Lo punt de vista opausat partís del principi que la sindactilia es tant inabituala que pòt aver evoluit dos còps e qu'atal, los Bandicoots serián eissits d'una creatura Diprotodonte que sembla una Sariga qu'auriá subit una evolucion de las dents. Una tresena ipotèsi es que lo grop de Bandicoots auriá evoluit d'un grop de carnivòrs primitius, qu'auriá desvolopat una sindactilia de las patas posterioras per s'especializar dins l'escalada dels arbres, e que los Diprotodontes aurián evoluit d'aqueste grop en desvolopant lor dents tant particularas. Las analisis molecularas recentas an pas resolgut aqueste problèma, mas suggerisson fòrtament que los Paramelemòrfes son fòrt distants, d'un punt de vista cladistica, dels autres Marsupials.
Aqueste òrdre de marsupials se compausa de doas familhas :
Il-Peramelemorphia huwa ordni ta' mammiferi marsupjali, eżattament il-bandikuti tal-kontinent Awstraljan.
Din l-ordni hija kklassifikata fil-klassi Mammalia, fis-sottoklassi Theria, fl-infraklassi Metatheria (il-marsupjali) u fis-superordni Australidelphia (il-marsupjali Awstraljani kollha u l-kolokolo tal-kontinent tal-Amerika ta' isfel) ma' erba' ordnijiet oħra.
Il-Peramelemorphia jikkonsisti minn tliet superfamilji (Perameloidea, Thylacotingoidea u Yaraloidea), 5 familji (Chaeropodidae, Peramelidae, Thylacomyidae, Thylacotingidae u Yaralidae) u tnejn minnhom biss, il-Peramelidae u t-Thylacomyidae għadhom rapreżentati bi speċi ħajjin, filwaqt il-Chaeropodidae hija kkunsidrata estinta (għalkemm hemm possibilita li l-bandikut tas-saqajn ta' ħanżir li huwa magħruf xjentifikament bħala Chaeropus ecaudatus, għadu jgħix f' partijiet remoti fid-deżerti Awstraljani).
Din l-ordni, tiġbor fiha bosta ġeneri u numru mdaqqas ta' speċi kemm estinti, kif ukoll estanti jew ħajjin u dawn tal-aħħar huma madwar 20 speċi, li kollha kemm huma jagħmlu parti mis-superfamilja Perameloidea ('l aktar superfamilja ta' suċċess ta' din l-ordni).
Il-Peramelemorphia, flimkien ma' erba' ordnijiet oħra, in-Notoryctemorphia, id-Dasyuromorphia, id-Diprotodontia u l-Microbiotheria, jifforma s-superordni Australidelphia.
(għal aktar informazzjoni ara l-artikli Bandikuti, Bandikuti fniek, Bandikut tas-saqajn ta' ħanżir)
Los Peramelemòrfes (var. Peramelemòrfs) comprenon los Bandicoots e los Bilbies, çò que recampa gaireben totes los Marsupials omnivòrs. Totes los membres d'aqueste òrdre son endemics a las doas massas de tèrra gemèlas que son Austràlia e la Nòva Guinèa, e la màger part partejan las caracteristicas del Bandicoot : un còrs repetenat e arcat amb un morre long doçàs, doas aurelhas dreitas plan desvolopadas, de patas longas pro finas e una coa fina. Lor massa varia entre 140 g e 2 kg, mas la màger part de las espècias an un pes comparable al d'un gat mejan (environ 1 kg).
La posicion dels Peramelemorphia dins la familha dels Marsupials es estada longtemps desconcertanta e controversiada. I a doas caracteristicas morfologicas que mòstran la linha evolutiva seguida pels representants d'aqueste grop : lo tipe de pata e las dents. Malaürosament, aquestes dos caractèrs van dins de direccions evolutivas opausadas !
Totes los membres de l'òrdre dels Poliprotodontes (qu'an maites parelhs de dents sus la maissa inferiora) mentre que los Peramelemòrfes n'an 3 parelhs. Aquò suggerís qu'an evoluit dels Dasyuromorphia, Marsupials carnivòrs. Çaquelà, an una caracteristica inabituala al nivèl dels pès : lo segond e lo tresen artelh son fusionats. Aquesta condicion sindactila es la caracteristica dels Diprotodontes, Marsupials erbivòrs que recampan los Cangorós, los Vombats, las Sarigas e los Coalàs.
Las temptativas per reconstituir lo copacap postulan que lo grop a evoluit dels carnivòrs, conservant atal la denticion dels Poliprotodontes, tot en desvolopant de biais independent la sindactilia de lors patas posterioras. Lo punt de vista opausat partís del principi que la sindactilia es tant inabituala que pòt aver evoluit dos còps e qu'atal, los Bandicoots serián eissits d'una creatura Diprotodonte que sembla una Sariga qu'auriá subit una evolucion de las dents. Una tresena ipotèsi es que lo grop de Bandicoots auriá evoluit d'un grop de carnivòrs primitius, qu'auriá desvolopat una sindactilia de las patas posterioras per s'especializar dins l'escalada dels arbres, e que los Diprotodontes aurián evoluit d'aqueste grop en desvolopant lor dents tant particularas. Las analisis molecularas recentas an pas resolgut aqueste problèma, mas suggerisson fòrtament que los Paramelemòrfes son fòrt distants, d'un punt de vista cladistica, dels autres Marsupials.
Порсьшыррез (лат. Peramelemorphia) - нимöтчиссез классiсь зепта пода чукöр.
De budeldassen (Peramelemorphia) is een orde uit de zoogdieren (Mammalia).
De orde van de budeldassen wor as volgt onderverdeêld:
De budeldassen (Peramelemorphia) is een orde uit de zoogdieren (Mammalia).
The order Peramelemorphia /pɛrəmɛlɪˈmɔːrfiə/ includes the bandicoots and bilbies. All members of the order are endemic to Australia-New Guinea and most have the characteristic bandicoot shape: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, very large upright ears, relatively long, thin legs, and a thin tail. Their size varies from about 140 grams up to 4 kilograms,[1] but most species are about one kilogram.
The position of the Peramelemorphia within the marsupial family tree has long been puzzling and controversial. There are two morphological features in the order that appear to show a clear evolutionary link with another marsupial group: the type of foot, and the teeth. Unfortunately, these clear signposts point in opposite directions.[2]
All members of the order are polyprotodont (have several pairs of lower front teeth)—in the case of the Peramelemorphia, three pairs. This suggests that they have evolved within Dasyuromorphia (marsupial carnivores). On the other hand, they also have an unusual feature in their feet: the second and third toes are fused together. This condition is called syndactyly, and is characteristic of the Diprotodontia (the order of marsupial herbivores that includes kangaroos, wombats, possums, and many others).[3]
Attempts to resolve this puzzle include the view that the bandicoot group evolved from the carnivores, retaining the polyprotodont dentition, and independently evolving a syndactyl hind foot; the contrary view that syndactyly is so unusual that it is unlikely to have evolved twice and therefore the bandicoot group must have evolved from a possum-like diprotodont creature, and re-evolved its extra teeth. A third view suggests that the bandicoot group evolved from a primitive carnivore, developed the syndactylous hind foot as a specialisation for climbing, and the diprotodonts then split off and evolved the two-tooth jaw that gives them their name. Recent molecular level investigations do not so far appear to have resolved the puzzle, but do strongly suggest that whatever the relationship of the bandicoot group to the other marsupial orders may be, it is a distant one.[4]
Recent molecular analyses have resulted in a phylogenetic reconstruction of the members of Peramelemorphia with quite strong support. The most basal split separates Thylacomyidae (Macrotis) from all other bandicoots. Probably the next to diverge was the recently extinct Chaeropodidae (Chaeropus). The remaining taxa comprise the Peramelidae, which divides into subfamilies Peramelinae (Isoodon and Perameles) and a clade in which the Echymiperinae (Echymipera and Microperoryctes) form a sister group to Peroryctinae (Peroryctes):[4]
Peramelemorphia Thylacomyidae †Chaeropodidae Peramelidae Peramelinae Echymiperinae PeroryctinaeMany specimens of modern peramelemorphian (e.g. Perameles spp. and Isoodon spp.) have been recovered in the fossil record from Pleistocene and Holocene fossil localities.[5] However, very few fossil species have been recovered to date. The first species of fossil peramelemorphian was described by R. A. Stirton in 1955. The specimen Stirton described was a partial lower jaw from the Tirari Desert in Central Australia, Pliocene in age. The lower jaw morphology suggested a relationship with bilbies (Family Thylacomyidae), and was named Ischnodon australis.[6]
It was not until 1976 that Archer and Wade described the next fossil bandicoot. A single upper molar was recovered from the Bluff Downs fossil site, Allingham Formation, in northern Queensland, also Pliocene in age. The tooth was similar to that of species of Perameles, and was therefore named Perameles allinghamensis.[7]
In 1995, the first Miocene species was described from Riversleigh, and was named Yarala burchfieldi by Dr Jeannette Muirhead. The species was represented by several upper and lower jaws, which were smaller than any living bandicoots and had a very primitive dentition.[8] A skull was later recovered in 2000, the first for any fossil peramelemorphian to date. Features of the skull and dentition suggested that Yarala burchfieldi was distinct from other peramelemorphians, and for this reason, a new Superfamily Yaraloidea and Family Yaralidae were erected to classify this species.[9]
In 1997, Muirhead, Dawson and Archer described a new species of Perameles, Perameles bowensis, from teeth recovered from two Pliocene fossil localities, Bow and Wellington Caves.[10] The same species was later reported in 2000 from Chinchilla, Queensland, by Mackness and colleagues.[11] In 2002, Price described a new species Perameles, Perameles sobbei, from the Darling Downs (Pleistocene in age), south-eastern Queensland. This species was represented by a lower jaw and a few isolated lower molars.[12] Additional material were later described in 2005 from the same site, including upper molars.[13]
A second species of Yarala, Yarala kida, was described in 2006 by Schwartz. This species was recovered from Kangaroo Well, a late Oligocene site from the Northern Territory in Australia. This species is thought to be even more primitive than Yarala burchfieldi.[14]
The second fossil skull of any fossil peramelemorphian was also recovered from Miocene sites of Riversleigh. In fact, more than one skull of this new species was found (and several lower and upper jaws), and was significantly different from any other bandicoot to erect a new genus, Galadi. The species was named Galadi speciosus by Travouillon and colleagues. It was short-snouted unlike modern bandicoots suggesting that it was more carnivorous than its omnivorous modern relatives. Its relationship to other bandicoots is unclear, but it was likely to be less primitive than Yarala but more primitive than living bandicoots.[15] An additional three species of Galadi were later described in 2013 and named Galadi grandis, Galadi amplus and Galadi adversus.[16]
Gurovich et al. (2013) described a new species of mouse-sized bandicoot from Riversleigh and from Kutjamarpu, Southern Australia. The species, named Bulungu palara, is represented by a skull and several lower and upper jaws.[17] Two other species in this genus were also described from the Etadunna Formation in South Australia, Bulungu muirheadae which was the oldest fossil bandicoot recovered as of 2013 (about 24 million years old), and Bulungu campbelli.[18]
The oldest modern bandicoot (peramelid) and the oldest bilby (Thylacomyid) were later discovered by Travouillon et al., 2014 from Riversleigh World Heritage Area, from middle Miocene fossil deposits (around 15 million years old). The peramelid, Crash bandicoot, was named after the famous video game character and is only represented by a single upper jaw. The bilby, Liyamayi dayinamed after geologist and philanthropist Robert Day, is only known from 3 teeth (2 upper molar, 1 lower molar).[19]
The first record of sexual dimorphism (difference in size between males and females) in a fossil bandicoot was reported from two new species from Riversleigh (Travouillon et al. 2014). Named Madju variae and Madju encorensis, they are closely related to modern bandicoots, but do not fall in any modern family, as did Galadi and Bulungu. Instead they are classified as Perameloid, with all known Peremelemorphian, to the exclusion of Yaralids. Madju variae is also unusual in preserving an ontogenetic series (age series from pouch young to adult), the second of any fossil marsupial mammal in Australia. The study of this ontogenetic series lead researchers to think that Madju variae developed slow than modern bandicoots, much more like a bilby, and therefore the rapid development of modern bandicoots must have evolved after the middle Miocene, when Australia started to become more arid.[20]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The order Peramelemorphia /pɛrəmɛlɪˈmɔːrfiə/ includes the bandicoots and bilbies. All members of the order are endemic to Australia-New Guinea and most have the characteristic bandicoot shape: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, very large upright ears, relatively long, thin legs, and a thin tail. Their size varies from about 140 grams up to 4 kilograms, but most species are about one kilogram.
Los peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) son un orden de mamíferos marsupiales que incluye los bandicuts y los bilbies y suelen denominarse omnívoros marsupiales. Todos los miembros del orden son endémicos de Australia y Nueva Guinea y la mayoría tienen la forma característica del bandicut: un cuerpo rechoncho, arqueado hacia atrás con un hocico largo, delicado y afilado, orejas verticales muy grandes y patas relativamente largas y finas, igual que la cola. Su peso varía desde los 140 gramos hasta los 2 kilos, pero la mayoría de las especies están sobre el peso de un gatito pequeño: alrededor de un kilo.
Ratón Mus_(animal)
--o Orden Peramelemorphia (Kirsch, 1968) |-o Familia Chaeropodidae Gill, 1872 (‡) | `-- Género Chaeropus Ogilby, 1838 - bandicut de pie de cerdo (‡) |-o Familia Peramelidae (Gray, 1825) | |-o Subfamilia Echymiperinae McKenna & Bell, 1997 | | |-- Género Echymipera Lesson, 1842 - bandicuts espinosos de Nueva Guinea | | |-- Género Microperoryctes Stein, 1932 - andicut ratón de Nueva Guinea | | `-- Género Rhynchomeles Thomas, 1920 - bandicut hocicudo de Seram (‡) | |-o Subfamilia Peramelinae (Gray, 1825) | | |-- Género Ischnodon Stirton, 1955 (†) | | |-- Género Isoodon Desmarest, 1817 - bandicut chato | | `-- Género Perameles Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1804 - bandicuts hocicudos | `-o Subfamilia Peroryctinae (Archer et al., 1989) | `- Género Peroryctes Thomas, 1906 - bandicuts de Nueva Guinea |-o Familia Thylacomyidae Bensley, 1903 | `-- Género Macrotis Reid, 1836 - bilbis `-o Familia Yaralidae Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†) `-- Género Yarala Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†)
Los peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) son un orden de mamíferos marsupiales que incluye los bandicuts y los bilbies y suelen denominarse omnívoros marsupiales. Todos los miembros del orden son endémicos de Australia y Nueva Guinea y la mayoría tienen la forma característica del bandicut: un cuerpo rechoncho, arqueado hacia atrás con un hocico largo, delicado y afilado, orejas verticales muy grandes y patas relativamente largas y finas, igual que la cola. Su peso varía desde los 140 gramos hasta los 2 kilos, pero la mayoría de las especies están sobre el peso de un gatito pequeño: alrededor de un kilo.
Peramelemorphia ugaztun marsupial ordena bat da. Bertan sailkatzen dira bizi diren marsupial gehienak.
Peramelemorphia ugaztun marsupial ordena bat da. Bertan sailkatzen dira bizi diren marsupial gehienak.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});Pussimäyrät (Peramelemorphia) on pussieläinlahko, johon kuuluvat pussimäyrät, pussikaniinit ja 1950-luvulla sukupuuttoon kuollut pussisika.[1][2] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut, että lahkon suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "pusselit".[3]
Lahkon eläimet ovat endeemisiä Australian ja Uuden-Guinean lajeja. Eläinten ulkonäkö on lähes kaikilla samantapainen: tukeva ja kaariselkäinen vartalo, pitkä ja hieman kapeneva nokka, suuret pystysuorat korvat, suhteellisen pitkät ja ohuet raajat sekä kapea häntä. Niiden koko vaihtelee 140 gramman ja kahden kilogramman välillä. Suurin osa eläimistä on kuitenkin kooltaan puolikasvuisen kissan kokoisia painaen noin yhden kilogramman.
Lahkon sijoitus pussieläinten joukossa on ollut hankalaa. Jokaisella lahkon eläimellä on monta paria alaetuhampaita. Tämä osoittaisi, että lajit olisivat kehittyneet pussipedoista. Kuitenkin toinen omalaatuinen piirre, yhteenkasvaneet toinen ja kolmas varvas, on luonteenpiirteinen myös harvaetuhampaisille. Myös lahkon sisäinen heimojen ja sukujen luokitus on muuttunut useaan kertaan[4][5].
Pussimäyrät (Peramelemorphia) on pussieläinlahko, johon kuuluvat pussimäyrät, pussikaniinit ja 1950-luvulla sukupuuttoon kuollut pussisika. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta on ehdottanut, että lahkon suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "pusselit".
Lahkon eläimet ovat endeemisiä Australian ja Uuden-Guinean lajeja. Eläinten ulkonäkö on lähes kaikilla samantapainen: tukeva ja kaariselkäinen vartalo, pitkä ja hieman kapeneva nokka, suuret pystysuorat korvat, suhteellisen pitkät ja ohuet raajat sekä kapea häntä. Niiden koko vaihtelee 140 gramman ja kahden kilogramman välillä. Suurin osa eläimistä on kuitenkin kooltaan puolikasvuisen kissan kokoisia painaen noin yhden kilogramman.
Lahkon sijoitus pussieläinten joukossa on ollut hankalaa. Jokaisella lahkon eläimellä on monta paria alaetuhampaita. Tämä osoittaisi, että lajit olisivat kehittyneet pussipedoista. Kuitenkin toinen omalaatuinen piirre, yhteenkasvaneet toinen ja kolmas varvas, on luonteenpiirteinen myös harvaetuhampaisille. Myös lahkon sisäinen heimojen ja sukujen luokitus on muuttunut useaan kertaan.
Les Péramélémorphes (Peramelemorphia) sont un ordre de mammifères marsupiaux. Ils comprennent les bandicoots et les bilbies, ce qui regroupe à peu près tous les marsupiaux omnivores. Tous les membres de cet ordre sont endémiques aux deux masses de terre jumelles que sont l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Guinée et la plupart partage les caractéristiques du Bandicoot : un corps dodu et arqué avec un long museau, des oreilles droites bien développées, de longues pattes relativement fine et une fine queue. Leur masse varie entre 140 g et 2 kg, mais la plupart des espèces a un poids d'environ 1 kg.
La position des Peramelemorphia dans la famille des marsupiaux a été longtemps déroutante et controversée. Il y a deux caractéristiques morphologiques qui montrent la ligne évolutive suivie par les représentants de ce groupe : le type de patte et les dents. Ces deux caractères vont dans des directions évolutives opposées !
Tous les membres de l'ordre des polyprotodontes (qui ont plusieurs paires de dents différentes sur la mâchoire inférieure) alors que les péramélémorphes en ont 3 paires. Ceci suggère qu'ils ont évolué des Dasyuromorphia, marsupiaux carnivores. Cependant, ils ont une caractéristique inhabituelle au niveau des pieds : le second et le troisième orteil sont fusionnés. Cette condition syndactyle est la caractéristique des diprotodontes, marsupiaux herbivores qui regroupent les kangourous, les wombats, les opossums et les koalas.
Les tentatives pour reconstituer le puzzle postulent que le groupe a évolué des carnivores, conservant ainsi la denture des polyprotodontes, tout en développant de façon indépendante la syndactylie de leurs pattes postérieures. Le point de vue opposé part du principe que la syndactylie est si inhabituelle qu'elle ne peut avoir évolué deux fois et qu'ainsi, les bandicoots seraient issus d'une créature diprotodonte qui ressemble à un opossum qui aurait subi une évolution des dents. Une troisième hypothèse est que le groupe de bandicoots aurait évolué d'un groupe de carnivores primitifs, qui aurait développé une syndactylie des pattes postérieures pour se spécialiser dans l'escalade des arbres, et que les diprotodontes auraient évolué de ce groupe en développant leur dents si particulières. Les récentes analyses moléculaires n'ont pas résolu ce problème, mais suggèrent fortement que les péramélémorphes sont très distants, d'un point de vue cladistique, des autres marsupiaux.
Cet ordre se compose, selon ITIS, des familles suivantes :
Auxquelles s'ajoute
Les Péramélémorphes (Peramelemorphia) sont un ordre de mammifères marsupiaux. Ils comprennent les bandicoots et les bilbies, ce qui regroupe à peu près tous les marsupiaux omnivores. Tous les membres de cet ordre sont endémiques aux deux masses de terre jumelles que sont l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Guinée et la plupart partage les caractéristiques du Bandicoot : un corps dodu et arqué avec un long museau, des oreilles droites bien développées, de longues pattes relativement fine et une fine queue. Leur masse varie entre 140 g et 2 kg, mais la plupart des espèces a un poids d'environ 1 kg.
A dos peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) é unha orde de mamíferos marsupiais do clado (ou magnorde, ou superorde, segundo as clasificacións) dos australidelfos.
Esta orde inclúe os bandicuts e os bilbís, que son denominados ás veces, debido aos seus hábitos alimentarios, marsupiais omnívoros, xa que, a pesar de posuíren unha dentición de tipo carnívoro (poliprotodonte), presentan, en grao variábel, unha dieta omnívora.[1]
Todos os membros da orde son endémicos de Australia e Nova Guinea, e a maioría teñen a forma característica do bandicut: un corpo rechoncho, arqueado cara a atrás, cabeza cun fociño longo, delicado e aguzado, orellas verticais moi grandes, e patas relativamente longas e finas, igual que a cola.
O seu peso varía desde os 140 g até os 2 kg, pero a maioría das especies rondan o peso dun gato pequeno: ao redor de 1 kg.
A orde foi establecida en 1889 polo naturalista arxentino Florentino Ameghino.[2]
O nome científico da orde, Peramelemorphia, está formado sobre a base do nome Perameles, o xénero tipo da familia dos peramélidos (Peramelidae), coa adición da forma sufixa do latín científico -morphia, usada para crear nomes taxonómicos de animais (sobre todo a nivel de infraclase), que á súa vez está formada polo sufixo -morpha, forma plural de -morphus, derivada do grego antigo μορφή morphḗ, "forma", "aparencia", e o desinencia -ia, do latín científico, tomada do latín clásico -ia ou do grago antigo -ία -ía (ou -εια -eia), usada para formar substantivos abstractos de xénero feminino, utilizada para formar nomes taxonómicos (sobre todo, engadíndoa a nomes de xénero tirados dun autor).
Pola súa parte, Perameles (que significa "teixugo con bolsa") é un termo de etimoloxía híbrida (o que no é recomendábel na nomenclatura científica), xa que deriva do grego antigo πήρα pḗra, "bolsa", "saco", e do latín mēlēs, "teixugo".[3]
É dicir que, literalmente, a pouco ortodoxa etimoloxía de Peramelemorphia significa "os parecidos ao teixugo con bolsa" (aludindo ao marsupio).
Ademais de polo nome orixinario, a orde coñécese tamén polos sinónimos.[2]
A maioría dos autores recoñecen nesta orde as seguintes tres familias con especies vivas:[2][4]
Orde Peramelemorphia
Ás que hai que engadir a familia dos Yaralidae Muirhead & Filan, 1995, actualmente extinta.
Porén, o National Center for Biotechnology Information non admite a familia dos Thylacomyidae.[5]
—o Orde Peramelemorphia Ameghino, 1889
|-o Familia Chaeropodidae Gill, 1872 (‡) | `-- Xénero Chaeropus Ogilby, 1838 |-o Familia Peramelidae (Gray, 1825) | |-o Subfamilia Echymiperinae McKenna & Bell, 1997 | | |-- Xénero Echymipera Lesson, 1842 | | |-- Xénero Microperoryctes Stein, 1932 | | `—Xénero Rhynchomeles Thomas, 1920 | |-o Subfamilia Peramelinae (Gray, 1825) | | |-- Xénero Ischnodon Stirton, 1955 (†) | | |-- Xénero Isoodon Desmarest, 1817 | | `-- Xénero Perameles Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1804 | `-o Subfamilia Peroryctinae (Archer et al., 1989) | `- Xénero Peroryctes Thomas, 1906 |-o Familia Thylacomyidae Bensley, 1903 | `—Xénero Macrotis Reid, 1836 `-o Familia Yaralidae Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†) `—Xénero Yarala Muirhead & Filan, 1995 (†)
A dos peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) é unha orde de mamíferos marsupiais do clado (ou magnorde, ou superorde, segundo as clasificacións) dos australidelfos.
Esta orde inclúe os bandicuts e os bilbís, que son denominados ás veces, debido aos seus hábitos alimentarios, marsupiais omnívoros, xa que, a pesar de posuíren unha dentición de tipo carnívoro (poliprotodonte), presentan, en grao variábel, unha dieta omnívora.
Todos os membros da orde son endémicos de Australia e Nova Guinea, e a maioría teñen a forma característica do bandicut: un corpo rechoncho, arqueado cara a atrás, cabeza cun fociño longo, delicado e aguzado, orellas verticais moi grandes, e patas relativamente longas e finas, igual que a cola.
O seu peso varía desde os 140 g até os 2 kg, pero a maioría das especies rondan o peso dun gato pequeno: ao redor de 1 kg.
I Peramelemorfi (Peramelemorphia Ameghino, 1889) sono l'ordine che comprende i bandicoot e i bilby: questi animali vengono anche indicati con il nome tradizionale di marsupiali onnivori. Tutti i membri dell'ordine sono endemici della massa di terra dell'Australia-Nuova Guinea e la maggior parte di essi presenta la caratteristica forma dei bandicoot: un corpo grassoccio e dal dorso arcuato con un lungo naso leggermente affusolato, grandi orecchie erette, zampe sottili e relativamente lunghe e coda sottile. Il loro peso varia dai 140 grammi ai 2 chili, ma la maggior parte ha le dimensioni di un gattino: circa un chilo.
La posizione dei Peramelemorfi all'interno dell'albero genealogico dei marsupiali è stata per molto tempo discussa e controversa. Le specie di questo ordine presentano due caratteristiche morfologiche che mostrano un chiaro collegamento evolutivo con altri gruppi di marsupiali: la forma del piede e i denti. Sfortunatamente, questi aspetti puntano entrambi in direzioni opposte!
Tutti i membri dell'ordine sono poliprotodonti (hanno, cioè, alcune paia di denti frontali inferiori - nel caso dei Peramelemorfi tre paia). Ciò suggerisce che derivino dai Dasiuromorfi (i marsupiali carnivori). Dall'altro lato, i loro piedi presentano un aspetto insolito: il secondo e il terzo dito sono fusi insieme. Questa condizione, nota come «sindattilia», è caratteristica dei Diprotodonti (l'ordine di marsupiali erbivori che comprende canguri, vombati, possum e loro simili).
Per tentare di risolvere la questione è stato ipotizzato che il gruppo dei bandicoot si sia evoluto a partire dai carnivori, mantenendo la dentatura poliprotodonte, e abbia sviluppato indipendentemente un piede posteriore sindattilo; altri scienziati, ritenendo la sindattilia così insolita da non poter essersi sviluppata per due volte, sostengono invece che i Peramelemorfi derivino da una creatura diprotodonte simile a un possum che abbia sviluppato le coppie extra di denti. Una terza ipotesi suggerisce che i bandicoot derivino da un carnivoro primitivo che aveva sviluppato i piedi posteriori sindattili come adattamento per l'arrampicata; da questa creatura discenderebbero anche i Diprotodonti, che in seguito evolveranno la mascella con due denti che dà loro il nome. Le recenti analisi a livello molecolare non sembrano aver risolto la questione, ma senza ombra di dubbio hanno dimostrato che qualunque siano le relazioni con altri ordini di marsupiali, i bandicoot se ne sono distanziati parecchio.
Per dare una miglior veduta d'insieme, la tabella sottostante mostra anche gli altri rami più importanti dell'albero genealogico dei marsupiali australasiatici.
I Peramelemorfi (Peramelemorphia Ameghino, 1889) sono l'ordine che comprende i bandicoot e i bilby: questi animali vengono anche indicati con il nome tradizionale di marsupiali onnivori. Tutti i membri dell'ordine sono endemici della massa di terra dell'Australia-Nuova Guinea e la maggior parte di essi presenta la caratteristica forma dei bandicoot: un corpo grassoccio e dal dorso arcuato con un lungo naso leggermente affusolato, grandi orecchie erette, zampe sottili e relativamente lunghe e coda sottile. Il loro peso varia dai 140 grammi ai 2 chili, ma la maggior parte ha le dimensioni di un gattino: circa un chilo.
Bandikutai (lot. Peramelemorphia) – sterblinių žinduolių būrys, kuriame dvi šeimos:
Šeima. Naujosios Gvinėjos bandikutai (Peroryctidae):
Šeima. Bandikutiniai (Peramelidae):
Pošeimis. Peramelinae
Pošeimis. Thylacomyinae
Bandikutveidīgie (Peramelemorphia) ir viena no Austrālijas somaiņu (Australidelphia) kārtām, kas apvieno divas mūsdienās dzīvojošas dzimtas (bandikutus un trušbandikutus) un divas izmirušas dzimtas. Bandikutveidīgie somaiņi ir visēdāji, un tie mājo Austrālijā, Jaungvinejā, Tasmanijā un citās tuvākajās saliņās.[1]
Bandikutveidīgajiem somaiņiem ir kompakti, apaļīgi ķermeņi ar arkveidā izliektu muguru, atgādinot grauzējus.[1] To purniņi ir gari, smalki un smaili, ausis stāvas, pamanāmas arī sugām, kurām ausis ir salīdzinoši īsākas, priekškājas īsas un smalkas, pakaļkājas izteikti garākas, arī aste ir tieva un smalka.
Mazākie bandikutveidīgie sver apmēram 100 gramus, bet lielākie gandrīz 5 kg,[1][2] bet lielākā daļa sver apmēram kilogramu un ir pusauga kaķēna lielumā. Mazākie bandikutveidīgie ir svītrainie bandikuti (Microperoryctes), kuru mazāko īpatņu ķermeņa garums, asti neieskaitot, ir 75 mm, bet lielākie ir Jaungvinejas gardeguna bandikuti (Peroryctes), kuru ķermeņa garums var sasniegt apmēram 56 cm, bet svars vairāk kā 4,7 kg.[3]
Lielākā daļa bandikutveidīgo sugu ir brūns vai sarkanbrūns mīksts kažociņš, vairākām sugām raksturīgas šķērssvītras.[1]
Ilgstoši zinātnieki nav spējuši atrisināt bandikutveidīgo somaiņu vietu kopējā somaiņu evolūcijas gaitā. Morfoloģiski šai grupai raksturīgas divas īpašības, kas sasaucas ar citām somaiņu grupām, bet, kas savstarpēji ir pretrunīgas.[4] Visiem bandikutveidīgajiem ir trīs pāri apakšējo priekšzobu. Šī īpašība liecina, ka bandikutveidīgie ir radniecīgi plēsīgajiem somaiņiem, un attīstības gaitā atdalījušies no kopīga priekšteča.
Pakaļkāju pēdām otrais un trešais pirksts ir saaudzis kopā, šī īpašība savukārt ir raksturīga zālēdājiem diprotodontiem (ķenguriem, vombatiem un posumiem).[5] Zinātnieki uzskata, ka šī īpašība ir iegūta neatkarīgi no diprotodontiem, dzīvojot salīdzinoši līdzīgu dzīves veidu.[6]
Lielākajai daļai sugu priekšķepas ar to garajiem un spēcīgajiem nagiem ir piemērotas zemes rakšanai. Pakaļkājas labi attīstītas. Bandikutveidīgie dzīvnieki, līdzīgi kā ķenguri, pārvietojas ar lēcieniem. Šīs grupas somaiņi ir naktīs aktīvi dzīvnieki, tiem ir labi attīstīta oža un redze, kas piemērota redzēšanai tumsā.[1] Bandikutveidīgie ir visēdāji, kas galvenokārt pārtiek no kukaiņiem, bet barojas arī ar augiem.
Bandikutveidīgie (Peramelemorphia) ir viena no Austrālijas somaiņu (Australidelphia) kārtām, kas apvieno divas mūsdienās dzīvojošas dzimtas (bandikutus un trušbandikutus) un divas izmirušas dzimtas. Bandikutveidīgie somaiņi ir visēdāji, un tie mājo Austrālijā, Jaungvinejā, Tasmanijā un citās tuvākajās saliņās.
Buideldassen (Peramelemorphia) zijn een orde van buideldieren die voorkomt in Australië en Nieuw-Guinea, inclusief een aantal nabijgelegen eilanden, zoals Ceram en Kiriwina. Deze orde omvat ruim twintig soorten. In Australië worden deze dieren (met uitzondering van de langoorbuideldassen) aangeduid als "bandicoot", een term uit het Telugu die oorspronkelijk voor het knaagdierengeslacht Bandicota werd gebruikt.
Buideldassen zijn kleine tot middelgrote, op de bodem levende dieren. Ze hebben over het algemeen een lange, spitse snuit. Doordat de achterbenen langer zijn dan de voorbenen, hebben de dieren een huppelende gang. Ze gebruiken de klauwen aan de voorbenen om naar eten te graven. Ze hebben 46 tot 48 hoogkronige tanden. Net als bij de klimbuideldieren zijn de tweede en derde teen aan de achtervoet vergroeid, waardoor het lijkt alsof er uit één teen twee klauwen komen. Hoewel alle buideldassen op de grond leven, zijn ze te vinden in habitats zo verschillend als woestijnen en tropische regenwouden.
Behalve in de paartijd zijn buideldassen strikt solitair; ze reageren agressief op soortgenoten. Vele soorten markeren hun territoria met geursporen. Naast hun reukzin is ook hun gehoor belangrijk. Buideldassen zijn voornamelijk 's nachts actief; overdag slapen ze in zelfgegraven holen, legers of grasnesten. Ook holle boomstammen en verlaten konijnennesten worden wel gebruikt. Als ze in hun nest door een vijand worden verrast, proberen ze op een onberekenbare en woeste wijze te ontkomen. Doordat de aanvaller verward wordt, lukt het hen meestal te ontkomen.
Buideldassen zijn alleseters; ze eten insecten en kleine gewervelden als hagedissen en muizen, maar ook vruchten, zaden en ander plantaardig materiaal. Ze gebruiken hun lange snuit om voedsel te vinden in zelfgegraven gaten of op de bodem.
Buideldassen hebben over het algemeen een zeer korte draagtijd, vaak niet meer dan twee weken. Anders dan bij andere buideldieren is er een primitieve placenta aanwezig. De goed ontwikkelde buidel heeft een naar achteren gerichte opening. Vaak hebben de jongen klauwen om de buidel te bereiken die later weer uitvallen. Hoewel vrouwtjes zes tot tien mammae hebben, worden er meestal maar twee tot vijf jongen geboren.
Meer dan andere buideldiergroepen zijn de buideldassen in gevaar gebracht door de Europese kolonisatie van Australië. Door de jacht door vossen en katten, door concurrentie van schapen en hazen en door vernietiging van het leefgebied zijn al drie soorten uitgestorven (de varkenspootbuideldas, de kleine langoorbuideldas en de woestijnbuideldas); veel andere soorten zijn bedreigd.
Er worden tegenwoordig vier families van buideldassen erkend, waarvan een fossiel, een recent uitgestorven en twee nog levend. Thylacotinga bartholomaii, een Eoceen fossiel, vormt mogelijk een vijfde familie. De fossiele familie Yaralidae wordt als een aparte superfamilie, Yaraloidea, tegenover de recente Perameloidea geplaatst. De indeling van de recente buideldassen is enkele malen veranderd; de huidige indeling is voornamelijk op genetische gegevens gebaseerd.
De orde omvat de volgende families:
De geslachten zijn als volgt verwant:
BuideldassenVarkenspootbuideldas (Chaeropus)
Langoorbuideldassen (Macrotis)
Buideldassen (Peramelemorphia) zijn een orde van buideldieren die voorkomt in Australië en Nieuw-Guinea, inclusief een aantal nabijgelegen eilanden, zoals Ceram en Kiriwina. Deze orde omvat ruim twintig soorten. In Australië worden deze dieren (met uitzondering van de langoorbuideldassen) aangeduid als "bandicoot", een term uit het Telugu die oorspronkelijk voor het knaagdierengeslacht Bandicota werd gebruikt.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Jamrajokształtne[2], jamraje (Peramelemorphia) – rząd torbaczy obejmujący niewielkie ssaki o wydłużonym pysku, długim ogonie oraz ze zrośniętym II i III palcem stopy.
Do jamrajokształtnych zaliczane są współcześnie żyjące gatunki z rodzin[2]:
oraz wymarłe:
Jamrajokształtne, jamraje (Peramelemorphia) – rząd torbaczy obejmujący niewielkie ssaki o wydłużonym pysku, długim ogonie oraz ze zrośniętym II i III palcem stopy.
Os peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) formam uma ordem de marsupiais que inclui os animais designados por bandicoots(a)(b) e bilbies(a), ou ainda bandicutos em um aportuguesamento do termo. O grupo é nativo da massa continental constituída pela Austrália, Tasmânia, Nova Guiné e ilhas adjacentes. Os bandicoots são animais onívoros de dentição poliprotodonte, com três pares de dentes incisivos na mandíbula. Assim como os marsupiais pertencentes à ordem Diprotodontia, os bandicoots são sindáctilos, tendo o segundo e terceiro dedo do pé fundido.
Os bandicoots são animais de pequeno a médio porte, que habitam todos os habitats australianos, desde o deserto às florestas tropicais de Queensland. Têm um corpo arqueado e a maioria tem orelhas afiladas.
O grupo tem 21 espécies, várias das quais ameaçadas essencialmente pela introdução de gatos e outros predadores exóticos.
A Peramelemorphia, foi reconhecida como ordem por Aplin e Archer (1987), que propuseram uma nova classificação sincrética dos marsupiais. McKenna e Bell (1997) usaram o nome Peramelia para a ordem. A sequência linear segue Groves (2005) com adições por Muirhead (2000):
O famoso personagem Crash Bandicoot, como já diz seu nome, é um bandicoot antropomórfico, que vive com sua irmã Coco Bandicoot, seu amigo Crunch Bandicoot e com uma máscara que se chama Aku-Aku em duas ilhas fictícias que se localizam perto da Austrália. Ele foi criado para competir respectivamente com Mario e Sonic the Hedgehog.
Os peramelemorfos (Peramelemorphia) formam uma ordem de marsupiais que inclui os animais designados por bandicoots e bilbies, ou ainda bandicutos em um aportuguesamento do termo. O grupo é nativo da massa continental constituída pela Austrália, Tasmânia, Nova Guiné e ilhas adjacentes. Os bandicoots são animais onívoros de dentição poliprotodonte, com três pares de dentes incisivos na mandíbula. Assim como os marsupiais pertencentes à ordem Diprotodontia, os bandicoots são sindáctilos, tendo o segundo e terceiro dedo do pé fundido.
Os bandicoots são animais de pequeno a médio porte, que habitam todos os habitats australianos, desde o deserto às florestas tropicais de Queensland. Têm um corpo arqueado e a maioria tem orelhas afiladas.
O grupo tem 21 espécies, várias das quais ameaçadas essencialmente pela introdução de gatos e outros predadores exóticos.
Peramelemorphia este un ordin de mamifere al infraclasei Marsupialia, ce cuprinde 3 familii de marsupiale mici sau de mărime medie, majoritatea omnivore: Chaeropodidae, Peramelidae, Thylacomyidae.
Majoritatea animalelor sunt de mărime mică sau mijlocie, de la 100 g până la 1,5 kg. Au un corp mic și alungit, asemănător unui mic rozător.
Peramelemorphia este un ordin de mamifere al infraclasei Marsupialia, ce cuprinde 3 familii de marsupiale mici sau de mărime medie, majoritatea omnivore: Chaeropodidae, Peramelidae, Thylacomyidae.
Grävlingpungdjur[1] (Peramelemorphia) är en ordning i underklassen pungdjur som förekommer i Australien och Nya Guinea.
Den skiljer sig från andra ordningar i samma djurgrupp därigenom, att andra och tredje tån vid bakfoten är förkrympta och förenade genom en gemensam kapsel.[2] Fjärde tån är starkast utbildad och endast denna och vanligen även den femte fungerar vid förflyttning. På handen är första och femte fingret tillbakabildade, medan andra, tredje och fjärde fingret eller bara andra och tredje är försedda med grävklor.
De bakre lemmarna är betydligt kraftigare och längre än de främre, varför djuret har förmåga att röra sig hoppande. Nyckelben saknas eller är förkrympta. De har 10 övre och 6 undre framtänder, med undantag av släktet taggpunggrävlingar (Echymipera) som har bara 8 framtänder i övre käken. Tandformeln är I 4-5/3 C 1/1 P 3/3 M 4/4, alltså 46 till 48 tänder[3]. Huvudet är försedd med en lång och rörlig nos samt stora öron. Den väl utvecklade pungen har en bakåtriktad öppning. De största arterna blir upp till 50 cm långa och har en 20 cm lång svans. Vikten går upp till 4,8 kg, medan de minsta arterna blir 17 till 26 cm långa (utan svans) och 140 till 180 g tunga.[4]
Förutom Australien och Nya Guinea förekommer vissa arter på andra öar av östra Indonesien.[4]
Arterna i denna ordning är sällskapliga och gräver hålor i jorden. När de blir hotade söker de tillflykt i dessa hålor. Habitatet varierar mellan bergstrakter, sandiga ökenområden och våta regnskogar. Alla grävlingpungdjur vistas på marken. Medan några arter är specialiserade för låglandet förekommer andra bara i bergstrakter. I Australien styrs arternas utbredning även av nederbördsmängden.[4]
Individerna lever utanför parningstiden ensamma och reagerar aggressivt mot artfränder. Hannars och honors revir kan överlappa, men inte individernas kärnområden[3]. Hos många arter förekommer avgränsade revir som markeras med doftämnen. De har väl utvecklad hörsel och luktsinne men synen är hos några arter mindre bra[3]. De flesta arterna är aktiva på natten, på dagen vilar de i bon av växtdelar eller i andra gömställen som håligheter i träd eller underjordiska bon som lämnats av kaniner. Endast medlemmarna i familjen kaninpunggrävlingar gräver sina bon själv.[2] När de blir överraskade av en fiende flyr de helt okoordinerat, ofta överlever de just därför.
Deras föda består av rötter, bär, fallfrukt, andra mjuka växtdelar och svampar, men också insekter och daggmaskar.[3] För att nå underjordisk levande djur samt rötter gräver grävlingpungdjur många konformiga hål.[2]
Grävlingspungdjur förökar sig snabbast av alla pungdjur[3]. Parningstiden sträcker sig hos några arter över hela året och hos andra arter över upp till 6 månader. Vanligen varar dräktigheten bara i upp till två veckor. I motsats till flera andra pungdjur har de en primitiv moderkaka. Honornas pung är bra utvecklad och har öppningen bakåt.[2] Nyfödda ungdjur har ofta klor för att kravla sig fram till pungen, klorna faller senare av. Honor av grävlingpungdjur har 6 till 10 spenar men vanligen föds bara 2 till 5 ungar. Det beror huvudsakligen på att honan föder nya ungar kort efter att hon slutade dia sina äldre ungar. De nyfödda ungdjuren använder sedan dessa spenar som inte var i bruk och som är av mindre storlek.[2]
Ungarna stannar cirka 50 dagar i pungen och avvänjs ungefär 10 dagar senare. Könsmognaden infaller tidigast 90 dagar efter födelsen. Livslängden är vanligen 2 till 3 år eller något längre.[4]
Grävlingspungdjur drabbades mycket hårt av européernas ankomst i Australien och Sydostasien. Hotet utgörs främst av införda rovdjur som rävar och katter samt av nya konkurrenter om födan som hardjur och får. Minst tre av ordningens 21 arter är redan utdöda. För många arter saknas tillräcklig information och det befaras att fler arter är utrotade. För en del arter startades program som ska återinföra de i deras ursprungliga levnadsområde.[4][5]
I aboriginernas skapelsetro fanns ett stort grävlingpungdjur med namnet Karora som vilade under jorden. Djuret vaknade och födde de första människorna från sin armhåla.[2]
Det finns inget tabu att jaga dessa djur. Ursprungsbefolkningen i Australien och Nya Guinea använder deras kött och päls.[2]
Idag förekommer två familjer:[6]
Därutöver finns ytterligare en utdöd familj - Chaeropodidae med en enda art, svinfotad punggrävling.
Ett möjligt kladogram som visar den evolutionära utvecklingen i ordningen följer här:
Grävlingpungdjur (Peramelemorphia) |--Svinfotad punggrävling (Chaeropus) |--N.N. |--Kaninpunggrävlingar (Macrotis) |--Punggrävlingar (Peramelidae) |--Peroryctinae |--Peramelinae
Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från Nordisk familjebok, 1904–1926.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Grävlingpungdjur.
Grävlingpungdjur (Peramelemorphia) är en ordning i underklassen pungdjur som förekommer i Australien och Nya Guinea.
Keseli porsuğumsular (Latince: Peramelemorphia) 21 türden oluşan bir keseli takımı. Çoğu kez İngilizce adından (Bandicoots) kaynaklanan bandikutlar adı'da kullanılır. Kelimenin kökeni Telugu dilinde bulunmakta ve domuz sıçanı anlamına gelmektedir. Bu ad eskiden Bandikut sıçanları (Bandicota) cinsi için kullanılırdı.
Keseli porsuğumsular küçük veya ortanca büyüklükte yerde yaşayan hayvanlardır. Burunları daima uzun olur. Arka ayakları ön ayaklarından daha uzun olduğu için hoplayarak yürürler. Yeri kazmak için uzun tırnakları olur.
Keseli porsuğumsular Avustralya, Yeni Gine ve Endonezyanın batısında bulunan bazı adalarda yaşarlar. Çöl gibi bölgelerden tropik ormanlara kadar birbirinden farklı habitatlarda yaygındırlar.
Keseli porsuğumsular çiftleşme zamanı dışında yalnız yaşar ve aynı türden olanlara rastlarsa agresif davranır. Çoğu türler kendine ait bir bölgeyi benimser, koku işaretleri ile bu bölgenin sınırını çizer ve yabancılara karşı savunur. En önemli duyuları koku almak ve duymaktır, ve çoğu gece aktifdir. Gündüzleri kendi kazdıkları bir inde, yapraklar ile döşedikleri bir yuvada veya çalıların arkasında kazdıkları bir kuyuda geçirirler. Boş ağaçları veya terk edilmiş tavşan yuvalarını da bazen sığınak olarak kullanırlar.
Keseli porsuğumsular omnivor'dur (her şey yiyici). Böcekler, küçük omurgalılar (fare, kertenkele v.b.) veya da meyveler ve tohumlar ile beslenebilirler. Yerde veya kazdıkları kuyuların içersinde, uzun burunları ile kokusunu aldıkları besinlerini bulurlar. 46 - 48 adet olan dişleri daha çok yırtıcı keselilerin kine benzer.
Keseli porsuğumsular'da gebelik süreci 2 hafta civarında olarak gayet kısadır. Diğer keselilerden farklı olarak onlarda ilkel bir etene (plazenta) bulunur. Keseleri iyi gelişmiştir ve girişi arkaya yöneliktir. Yeni doğan yavruların, annelerinin kesesine kadar tırmanmak için uzun tırnakları olur. Bu tırnaklar işini yerine getirdikten bir süre sonra düşer. Keseli porsuğumsuların 6 - 10 memesi olur ve 2 ila 5 yavru dünyaya getirirler. Süt emen yavruların bir kuşağı daha henüz memeden ayrıldığı gibi yeni yavruların dünyaya gelmesinden dolayı, memelerin bir kısmı yeni doğan yavrular için küçük diğerleri ise büyük olur.
Modern bilimde keseli porsuğumsular 3 familyaya bölünür:
Keseli porsuğumsuların soyağacı şu şekilde yapılır:
Keseli porsuğumsular (Peramelemorphia) |--Domuzayaklı keseli (Chaeropus) |--N.N. |--Tavşanımsı keseliler (Macrotis) |--Keseli porsukgiller (Peramelidae) |--Peroryctinae |--Peramelinae |--Perameles |--Isoodon
Keseli porsuğumsular (Latince: Peramelemorphia) 21 türden oluşan bir keseli takımı. Çoğu kez İngilizce adından (Bandicoots) kaynaklanan bandikutlar adı'da kullanılır. Kelimenin kökeni Telugu dilinde bulunmakta ve domuz sıçanı anlamına gelmektedir. Bu ad eskiden Bandikut sıçanları (Bandicota) cinsi için kullanılırdı.
Peramelemorphia là một bộ động vật có vú bao gồm các loài chuột Bandicoot và chuột đất (Bilby), bộ động vật này tương đương với dòng chính của các loài thú ăn cỏ có túi (Marsupial omnivore). Tất cả các thành viên của bộ này là loài đặc hữu của những vùng đất thuộc về Úc và New Guinea và hầu hết đều có hình dạng cổ điển như thân hình tròn, cong với một cái mõm dài, tai thẳng đứng rất lớn, khá dài và mỏng. Kích thước của chúng dao động từ khoảng 140 gram đến 4 kg nhưng hầu hết các loài có trọng lượng là khoảng một kí lô, hoặc trọng lượng của một con mèo con đang trưởng thành.
Vị trí của bộ động vật Peramelemorphia trong cây phả hệ của các loài thú có túi từ lâu đã gây bối rối và gây tranh cãi. Có hai đặc điểm hình thái theo thứ tự dường như cho thấy một liên kết tiến hóa rõ ràng với một nhóm thú có túi là kiểu chân và răng. Thật không may, những dấu hiệu rõ ràng này chỉ ra những hướng ngược lại. Tất cả các thành viên của bộ thú này có vài cặp răng phía dưới trong trường hợp của Peramelemorphia thì là ba cặp. Điều này cho thấy rằng chúng đã tiến hóa trong nhóm thú có túi ăn cỏ Dasyuromorphia. Mặt khác, chúng cũng có một điểm đặc biệt ở chân: ngón chân thứ hai và thứ ba được hợp nhất lại với nhau.
Peramelemorphia là một bộ động vật có vú bao gồm các loài chuột Bandicoot và chuột đất (Bilby), bộ động vật này tương đương với dòng chính của các loài thú ăn cỏ có túi (Marsupial omnivore). Tất cả các thành viên của bộ này là loài đặc hữu của những vùng đất thuộc về Úc và New Guinea và hầu hết đều có hình dạng cổ điển như thân hình tròn, cong với một cái mõm dài, tai thẳng đứng rất lớn, khá dài và mỏng. Kích thước của chúng dao động từ khoảng 140 gram đến 4 kg nhưng hầu hết các loài có trọng lượng là khoảng một kí lô, hoặc trọng lượng của một con mèo con đang trưởng thành.
Peramelemorphia Ameghino, 1889
Синонимы
Бандикуты[2], или сумчатые барсуки[3] (лат. Peramelemorphia) — отряд млекопитающих инфракласса сумчатых, обитающих в Австралии и на Новой Гвинее.
Это наземные зверьки небольшого или среднего размера, весом от 140 г до 2 кг (большинство видов — 1 кг). У всех бандикутов длинная остроконечная морда и компактное туловище. Уши большие. Хвост тонкий. Задние ноги длиннее передних. Передние конечности у большинства видов приспособлены для копания, с мощными когтями на II, III и IV пальцах; I и V пальцы отсутствуют, либо малы и лишены когтей. II и III пальцы срастаются вместе, хотя и имеют раздельные когти. Передвигаются бандикуты скачками, подобно кенгуру. Обычно они приземляются на все четыре лапы, затем отталкиваются от земли сильными задними конечностями. Исключение составлял недавно вымерший (в 1920-е гг.) свиноногий бандикут, Chaeropus ecaudatus.
Бандикутообразные обладают двумя чертами, которые обособляют их от остальных сумчатых:
Эволюционное развитие и связи бандикутообразных с другими группами сумчатых пока что остаются загадкой.
Питаются бандикуты и билби, в основном, насекомыми; могут есть растительную пищу и, изредка, грызунов и ящериц. Большинство видов выкапывает пищу из земли. Ведут преимущественно ночной образ жизни. Сумка хорошо развита и открывается назад.
Согласно прежней классификации бандикуты и билби были разделены на два семейства — Peramelidae и Thylacomyidae. Позднее их объединили в одно семейство Peramelidae, из которого выделили несколько видов, обитающих преимущественно в Новой Гвинее. Последних объединили в новое семейство Peroryctidae. Согласно современной классификации в отряде бандикутов 3 семейства с 8 родами[1][2][3]:
Бандикуты, или сумчатые барсуки (лат. Peramelemorphia) — отряд млекопитающих инфракласса сумчатых, обитающих в Австралии и на Новой Гвинее.
Это наземные зверьки небольшого или среднего размера, весом от 140 г до 2 кг (большинство видов — 1 кг). У всех бандикутов длинная остроконечная морда и компактное туловище. Уши большие. Хвост тонкий. Задние ноги длиннее передних. Передние конечности у большинства видов приспособлены для копания, с мощными когтями на II, III и IV пальцах; I и V пальцы отсутствуют, либо малы и лишены когтей. II и III пальцы срастаются вместе, хотя и имеют раздельные когти. Передвигаются бандикуты скачками, подобно кенгуру. Обычно они приземляются на все четыре лапы, затем отталкиваются от земли сильными задними конечностями. Исключение составлял недавно вымерший (в 1920-е гг.) свиноногий бандикут, Chaeropus ecaudatus.
Бандикутообразные обладают двумя чертами, которые обособляют их от остальных сумчатых:
3 пары нижних резцов, что объединяет бандикутов с другими многорезцовыми — хищными сумчатыми. Синдактилия, сращение II и III пальцев, характерное для двурезцовых сумчатых (кенгуру, вомбатов и т. д.)Эволюционное развитие и связи бандикутообразных с другими группами сумчатых пока что остаются загадкой.
Питаются бандикуты и билби, в основном, насекомыми; могут есть растительную пищу и, изредка, грызунов и ящериц. Большинство видов выкапывает пищу из земли. Ведут преимущественно ночной образ жизни. Сумка хорошо развита и открывается назад.
袋狸目（Peramelemorphia）是包括了袋狸及兔袋狸的一目，接近「雜食性有袋類」的主支。其下所有成員都是澳洲及新畿內亞的原住民，大部份都有袋狸的體態：肥胖、弓背、尖長的吻、很大的耳朵、幼長的腳及幼的尾巴。牠們的體型介乎140克至2公斤，大部份都有約1公斤重。
袋狸目在有袋類中的位置一直被受討論。現時有兩個形態特徵顯示與其他有袋類是有演化關連的，包括腳掌的類型及牙齒。
所有袋狸目的成員都是多門齒類動物，共有三對下門齒。這顯示牠們是從肉食性的袋鼬目演化而來。另一方面，牠們的腳上有不尋常的地方，第二及第三趾是融合在一起的，即併指症，是雙門齒目的特徵。
一些學者認為袋狸目下的袋狸類是從肉食性的有袋類演化而來，故保留了多門齒的齒列，並獨自的演化出併指的後腳。另一些則認為併指是很難從演化兩次而來，估計牠們是從像負鼠的雙門齒目演化而來，再行演化出額外的牙齒。第三種意見指牠們是演化自原始的肉食動物，並發展出適合攀樹的拼指後腳，而雙門齒目從此分裂出來，並演化出兩顆牙齒的顎部。分子分析研究卻沒有為不明的情況提供解答，但無論牠們與其他有袋類的關係如何，牠們都必然是最遠的親屬。
以下是袋狸目的有關分類：
袋狸目（Peramelemorphia）是包括了袋狸及兔袋狸的一目，接近「雜食性有袋類」的主支。其下所有成員都是澳洲及新畿內亞的原住民，大部份都有袋狸的體態：肥胖、弓背、尖長的吻、很大的耳朵、幼長的腳及幼的尾巴。牠們的體型介乎140克至2公斤，大部份都有約1公斤重。
バンディクート目（バンディクートもく、Peramelemorphia）は、哺乳綱に含まれる目。
インドネシア東部、オーストラリア、パプアニューギニア[2][5]
体形はずんぐりとしており、頸部は短い[5]。
吻は細長い[5]。多くの種は耳介が短い[5]。歯は小型かつ比較的均一で、咬頭が尖る[5]。歯列は多くの種で門歯が上顎10本、下顎6本、犬歯が上下2本ずつ、臼歯が上下6本ずつ、大臼歯が上下8本ずつの計48本の歯を持つ[5]。前肢の3本の指には頑丈な平爪がある[5]。後肢の第2・第3趾は癒合する[2][6]。染色体数は主に2n=14[2]。
育児嚢は後方に開口する[5]。育児嚢内の乳頭数は4対[2][5]。漿尿膜による胎盤が形成される[2][5]。
バンディクート目の有袋類における位置づけについては統一した見解は得られていない。近年の分子系統学的手法によってもいまだ結論は出ていないが、他の有袋類のグループからはかなり遠縁とする研究がある。[要出典]。
チロエオポッサムDromiciops gliroides
コアラPhascolarctos cinereus
ヒメウォンバットVombatus ursinus
フクロモモンガPetaurus breviceps
リングテイル科Pseudocheiridae
アカネズミカンガルーAepyprymnus rufescens
カンガルー科Macropodidae
チビフクロヤマネCercartetus nanus
ハイイロクスクスPhalanger orientalis
プラニガーレ属Planigale
アンテキヌス属Antechinus
クロオファスコガーレPhascogale tapoatafa
パプアヒメフクロネコDasyurus albopunctatus
セスジフクロマウスPhascolosorex dorsalis
フクロモグラNotoryctes typhlops
ミミナガバンディクートMacrotis lagotis
シモフリコミミバンディクートIsoodon macrourus
ハナナガバンディクート属Perameles
ラフレーバンディクート
Peroryctes raffrayana
トゲバンディクート
Echymipera kalubu
オナガバンディクート
Microperoryctes longicauda
チロエオポッサムDromiciops gliroides
プラニガーレ属Planigale
アンテキヌス属Antechinus
クロオファスコガーレPhascogale tapoatafa
パプアヒメフクロネコDasyurus albopunctatus
セスジフクロマウスPhascolosorex dorsalis
チビフクロヤマネCercartetus nanus
ハイイロクスクスPhalanger orientalis
アカネズミカンガルーAepyprymnus rufescens
カンガルー科Macropodidae
フクロモモンガPetaurus breviceps
リングテイル科Pseudocheiridae
コアラPhascolarctos cinereus
ヒメウォンバットVombatus ursinus
フクロモグラNotoryctes typhlops
ミミナガバンディクートMacrotis lagotis
ブタアシバンディクートChaeropus ecaudatus
シモフリコミミバンディクート
Isoodon macrourus
ハナナガバンディクート属Perameles
ラフレーバンディクート
Peroryctes raffrayana
トゲバンディクート
Echymipera kalubu
オナガバンディクート
Microperoryctes longicauda
目和名をバンディクート形目とする提案もある[4]。
以前は有袋類を有袋目にまとめ双門歯亜目Diprotodontaと多門歯亜目Polyptorodontaの2亜目に分ける説があったが、本目は歯列から多門歯亜目に含まれていたが双門歯亜目の特徴でもある癒合趾も併せ持っていた[2][5]。ミミナガバンディクート科をバンディクート科に含める説もある[3]。
2008年に発表された有袋類の核DNAのApoB・BRCA1・IRBP・RAG1・vWFの5遺伝子座の分子系統解析では、本目が単系統群であることが強く支持された[6]。本目とフクロモグラ形目からなる単系統群（ただし最大節約法・最尤法・ベイズ法と比較してブートストラップ値は低い）がフクロネコ形目の姉妹群という解析結果も得られたが、一方でブタアシバンディクートを含んだRAG1遺伝子のみの解析では本目とフクロモグラ形目からなる単系統群はコアラとウォンバット科からなる単系統群の姉妹群で双前歯目の内群に含まれるという解析結果が得られている[6]。
以下の分類と英名はMSW3(Groves,2005)、和名は阿部・小野(1992）および今泉・マクドナルド(1986）に従う[1][7][8]。
熱帯雨林や疎林も含めた森林、砂漠など、様々な環境に生息する[2][5]。
昆虫、無脊椎動物、果実、種子、キノコなどを食べる[5]。前肢で地面を掘り、吻端を地中に差し入れて採食を行う[5][3]。
繁殖様式は胎生。妊娠期間はシモフリコミミバンディクートやハナナガバンディクートで12日と、哺乳綱では最も短いと考えられている[3][5]。1回に1 - 7頭（主に2 - 4頭）の幼獣を産む[5]。授乳期間は約10日[5]。
開発による生息地の破壊、人為的に移入された動物による捕食や競合などにより生息数が減少している種もいる[3][5]。
この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／プロジェクト:生物）。 バンディクート目（バンディクートもく、Peramelemorphia）は、哺乳綱に含まれる目。
반디쿠트목(Peramelemorphia)은 반디쿠트와 빌비를 포함하고 있는 유대류의 목이다. 잡식성 유대류의 대부분을 차지하며, 원산지는 오스트레일리아와 뉴기니이다.
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