Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Black crappie adults vary from 130-381 mm in length. The average weight varies from 0.25-0.90 kg. Black crappie are a monomorphic species characterized by 7-8 dorsal spines which are stepped in length, an upturned (S-shaped) snout, symmetrical dorsal and anal fins, a wavy light and dark pattern on non-paired fins, and a mottled (spotty) color pattern.
There are color variances among populations of black crappie. Age, habitat, and breeding are all determinants of the intensity and patterns of mottling: juveniles tend to have less pigment and pattern than adults; those black crappie living in clear, vegetated water have strikingly bolder patterns than those living in turbid, murky water; and breeding males have a darker head and breast than normal populations. (Jenkins et al. 1994, Sigler et al. 1987, Trautman 1981, Becker 1983, Smith 1979, Robison et al. 1988, Mettee et al. 1996)
Range mass: 250 to 900 g.
Average mass: 0.57 g.
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 10.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 12.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 13.0 years.
Pomoxis nigromaculatus favors clear, warm, highly vegetated, moderately acidic, and non-turbid waters of lakes and rivers in its natural range. (Sigler et al. 1987)
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
The native range of Pomoxis nigromaculatus is the freshwaters of central and eastern North America. It has further been introduced to freshwater lakes of the Pacific coast and Canada due to its popularity as a sport-fish and its durability. (Mettee et al. 1996, Sigler et al. 1987)
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced , Native )
As a juvenile, Pomoxis nigromaculatus feeds mainly on microscopic prey such as Cyclops, Cladocera, and Daphnia.
As an adult, Pomoxis nigromaculatus is a mid-water omnivore that feeds in vegetation and open water. Its numerous gill rakers allow it to consume planktonic crustaceans; however aquatic insects, minnows, and fingerlings of other species comprise its main diet. Dawn, noon, dusk, and midnight are peak times for black crappie feeding.
Much of the success of the black crappie is attributed to its ability to eat foods of all forms, at all times of the year. (Becker 1983)
Pomoxis nigromaculatus is a popular sport fish: the flesh is white and flaky; due to its wide variety of prey, fisherman are able to use many methods to catch them; they can be caught at all times of the year, which especially benefits fishermen who enjoy ice-fishing; high populations allow for many to be caught; and their aggressiveness allows for a good fight. (Sigler et al. 1987, Becker 1983)
Since black crappie are omnivorous, they eat the fingerlings of many other fish, including those of its predators: pike, walleye, muskellunge, etc. If there are no predators for smaller fish such as sunfish, perch, and black crappie, the lake will become over populated. This tendency for black crappie to overpopulate its community, not only stunts its species' population growth, but also those of other species due to an increase in competition. (Becker 1983)
Pomoxis nigromaculatus is not among those species in the endangered species list; however, to avoid over-fishing, daily limits are used.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Both sexes of Pomoxis nigromaculatus reach their sexual maturity by the age of two and usually live seven years. The spawning temperatures and months vary due to the wide natural range of black crappie, but the temperatures are usually from 58° to 68° Fahrenheit, corresponding to the months of April through June.
Before the spawning period, black crappie form schools that migrate to shallower water to feed. It is during schooling when the male crappie sweeps out the nests and attracts the female. The female black crappie is very fertile. She may spawn several times during the period with several males, bearing 10,000-200,000 eggs (variation related to size and age of female). Once the eggs are in the nest, it is the male's responsibility to guard the nest until the young can freely swim and feed. (Jenkins et al. 1994, Sigler et al.1987, Becker 1983, Robison et al. 1988, Mettee et al. 1996)
The black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) is a freshwater fish found in North America, one of the two types of crappies. It is very similar to the white crappie (P. annularis) in size, shape, and habits, except that it is darker, with a pattern of black spots.
Pomoxis, the genus name, is Greek: "poma, -atos" and "oxys" meaning sharp operculum. This references the fish's spined gill covers. The species name, nigromaculatus, is derived from Latin and means "black-spotted".[3][4]
Black crappies are most accurately identified by the seven or eight spines on its dorsal fin (white crappies have five or six dorsal spines).[3] Crappies have a deep and laterally compressed body. They are usually silvery-gray to green in color and show irregular or mottled black splotches over the entire body.[3][4] Black crappies have rows of dark spots on their dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.[3] The dorsal and anal fins resemble each other in shape.[3] Both crappies have large mouths extending to below the eye, and thin lips—both suggestive of their piscivorous feeding habits.[3][5] Crappies are typically about 4–8 inches (10–20 cm) long. The current all-tackle fishing world record for a black crappie is 2.47 kg (5 lb 7 oz).[6] The maximum length reported for a black crappie is 19.3 inches (49 cm) and the maximum published weight is just under 6 pounds (2,700 g).[3]
The black crappie's range is uncertain, since it has been widely transplanted, but it is presumed to be similar to the white crappie's. Its native range is suspected to be in the eastern United States and Canada, and as of 2005, populations existed in all of the 48 contiguous U.S. states.[7][8][9] Introduced populations also exist in Mexico and Panama.[10]
The black crappie's habitats are lakes, reservoirs, borrow pits, and navigation pools in large rivers. They prefer areas with little or no current, clear water, and abundant cover such as submerged timber or aquatic vegetation,[8][9][11] as well as sand or mud bottoms like those found in lakes, ponds, streams, and sloughs.[3]
Like P. annularis, P. nigromaculatus is very prolific and can tend to overpopulate its environment, with negative consequences both for the crappie and for other fish species.[12] A commercial supplier of the fish, however, claims that it can be safely stocked in ponds as small as one acre (0.40 hectares) in area.[13]
Crappies feed early in the morning and from about midnight until approximately 2 am. Individuals smaller than about 16 centimetres (6.3 in) in length eat plankton and minuscule crustaceans, while larger individuals feed on small fish (like shad), as well as minnows.[3] Adult black crappies feed on fewer fish than white crappies do; instead they consume a larger volume of insects, insect larvae[14] and crustaceans.[4] According to scientific studies carried out in California, the mysid shrimp Neomysis awatschensis and amphipods of genus Corophium were most commonly eaten by all sizes of black crappie, followed by copepods, cladocerans and chironomid larvae and pupae. Although this diet is popular among black crappies in general, their diet may significantly change based on habitat, availability of food, and other biotic factors such as amount of resource competition.[15]: 145–149 The same study also showed that young, small crappie tend to feed on small aquatic invertebrate animals and changed to a fish-filled diet as they matured to adulthood.[15]: 145–149 Its diet, as an adult, tends to be less dominated by other fish than that of the white crappie.[8][9]
Crappies are a very popular sport fish, as they are easy to catch during their feeding times.[16] There are minimal number and size restriction limits for fishing the crappie species.[3]
Crappie are commonly caught on small jigs and minnow rigs. Unlike their cousins, the white crappies, black crappies are more commonly caught in clear water around structure. A common technique is spider rigging, in which one usually has 8 long rods protruding from the boat, all rigged with minnows. Fishermen can also troll for crappie with small cranks. When trolling, one should use electronics to locate suspending groups and bring one's lure near them. Another technique for fishing docks is dock shooting, or arrow casting. To arrow cast, one should use a spinning reel. Fishermen open their bail, hold the lure and push the rod forward so that the rod is bent. They then aim the lure here that they want to cast, and they simultaneously let go of the lure and release the line. This technique is used to cast the lure into the small space under a dock or tree.
Black crappies can be safely harvested under minimal, reasonable regulations, as long as there is no permanent damage to the fishery or environment.[3] The black crappie is not listed as a species under threat on the IUCN Red List.[3]
Black crappies mature at 2–4 years. Growth during the first four years of their life is faster in the warm waters of the southern part of its range than in cooler waters in the north.[3] White crappie have a higher growth rate in terms of length than black crappie.[4] Most fish that are caught for sport are between 2 and 5 years old.
The breeding season varies by location, due to the species' great range. Breeding temperature is 14‒20 °C (58‒68 °F) and spawning occurs in spring and early summer. Spawning occurs in a nest built by the male.[3][8][17] Males use their bodies and tails to sweep out an area of sand or mud in shallow water (between one and six feet deep) usually near a shoreline and vegetation to create a nest.[4] Black crappies appear to nest in the most protected areas (such as places with woody debris or live vegetation) possible.[18]
Female crappies produce an average of 40,000 spherical eggs, the number depending on their age and size. After spawning, the male watches over the nest until eggs hatch, which is usually about 2–3 days. Newly hatched fish larvae are about 2.32 millimetres (0.091 in) long and appear translucent. They stay in the nest for several days before moving to shallow, sheltered waters.[3][8][17]
The oldest recorded age of a specimen is fifteen years, although seven years is a more typical life span for the species.[8]
The black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) is a freshwater fish found in North America, one of the two types of crappies. It is very similar to the white crappie (P. annularis) in size, shape, and habits, except that it is darker, with a pattern of black spots.
