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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Lontra felina, otherwise known as marine otters or sea cats, is the smallest and most distinct species of the genus Lontra. The average total length of L. felina is 900 mm. The coat is dark on the back and on the sides, and paler ventrally. Marine otters have a short tail and fully webbed feet. They also have large vibrissae, stiff whisker-like hairs above the upper lip and at the corners of the mouth.

(Harris, 1968; van Zyll de Jong, 1972; Redford and Eisenberg, 1992; Lariviere, 1998)

Range mass: 3 to 5 kg.

Average mass: 4.5 kg.

Average length: 900 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Lontra felina is the only species of the genus Lontra that is found exclusively in marine habitats. Generally, marine otters inhabit areas with strong winds, heavy seas, and a high diversity of rock fishes, molluscs, and crustaceans. Lontra felina prefers to occupy areas with rocky outcroppings (often with caves high above the water and tunnels connecting the land and water). This species spendsmost of its time in the water, but does use the rocky shore areas in which it resides, especially during the breeding season.

"Outcroppings with large rocks contain more caves, harbor more prey, and offer better protection from predators" (Lariviere, 1998).

Perhaps because of their preference for rocky shores, marine otters have never been found along the sandy beaches of the Atlantic Patagonian coasts.

(Ostfeld et al., 1989; Castilla and Bahamondes, 1979; Lariviere, 1998)

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral ; caves

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Marine otters, Lontra felina , are found along the Pacific Coast from northern Peru south along the coast of Chile to the southern tip of South America. Lontra felina is also found in isolated populations in Argentina.

(Brack Egg, 1978; Brownell, 1978; Cabrera, 1957)

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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The marine otter's diet mainly consists of invertebrates (including crustaceans and molluscs), fish, and occasionally, birds and small mammals. Periodically, fruits are also consumed. Marine otters spend 63 to 70% of their time catching and feeding on prey.

(Ostfeld et al., 1989; Castilla and Bahamondes, 1979; Lariviere, 1998)

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; eggs; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms; other marine invertebrates

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods)

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Marine otters are often illegally captured and killed for their pelts, which are used for footwear, especially boots. While illegal, harvesting marine otters is a fairly frequent occurrence in Chile, as the potential of being caught and fined is low.

Lontra felina is also sometimes trained, domesticated, and used by fisherman. Young marine otters are easily bottle-fed, and adults seem to adapt well to freshwater ponds and food items given to other domestic animals. Play behavior has also been observed between L. felina and other domesticated animals.

(Macdonald and Mason, 1990; Lariviere, 1998)

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Marine otters have been captured and killed for their competition with humans for prey. Fisheries suspect that marine otters cause damage to local fish, shrimp, and bivalve populations.

(Larivier, 1998; Redford and Eisenberg, 1992)

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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L. felina is classified as endangererd by the IUCN and is listed in CITES in Appendix I. Habitat destruction, pollution, and illegal poaching have resulted in the declining population of this species. The current remaining population is estimated to be less than 1000 individuals.

(Castilla and Bahamondes, 1979; Lariviere, 1998)

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Lontra felina is most likely a monogamous species. Mating typically occurs during December or January.

After a gestation period of 60 to 65 days, parturition usually occurs from January to March. It takes place in a den or on shore between rocky outcroppings and vegetation. The litter size varies from two to four young, with two being observed most frequently.

Young marine otters remain with their parents for approximately ten months. Adults transport their young by carrying them in their mouths or resting the young on their bellies as they swim on their backs. Both adults in the monogamous pair bring prey back to the den to feed their young.

(Ostfeld et al., 1989; Housse, 1953; Lariviere, 1998)

Breeding interval: These animals breed once annually.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in December and January.

Range number of offspring: 2 to 4.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Range gestation period: 60 to 65 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

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Savage, M. 2000. "Lontra felina" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lontra_felina.html
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Melissa Savage, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Although surprisingly nimble on land, the marine otter is adapted for life in the water and can be seen swimming with the head and upper back out of the water and the body submerged. It makes frequent 15 to 30 second dives to a depth of 40 metres whilst searching for fish, cephalopods, crustaceans and molluscs. It has also been recorded eating shore-side fruit when in season. It emerges from the sea to eat, rest and play on rocky islets and it will also scent mark with pungent urine to claim these rocks as its own. Marine otters will fight over food and favoured rocks, squealing loudly and biting each other's faces. Despite this, otters are not strongly territorial, and the ranges of many males and females overlap. They have even been seen to fish cooperatively (2). The reproductive behaviour of the marine otter is poorly understood, but they are thought to be monogamous unless both prey and potential mates are abundant, when they mate with many partners. Mating occurs in December and January and cubs are born from January to March in dens or concealed areas amongst rocks and vegetation. Between two and five cubs are born and these remain with their parents for around 10 months as they are fed and taught to hunt for themselves (2).
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Conservation

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The marine otter is legally protected in Peru, Chile and Argentina and occurs in several protected areas, but human poverty levels are high along the coasts and the pelt of one marine otter is worth the same as a month's wages. With poor law enforcement, hunting is an attractive source of income and both a change in public attitude to otters as well as increased law enforcement are necessary in order to slow the decline of this species. Conservation work is becoming more common in South America and it is hoped that this will create a higher level of awareness in the public about the marine otter's plight (2).
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Description

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The smallest of the New World otters, the marine otter displays charisma, charm and dexterity. Males and females look alike with a long, slim body, a flat head with a wide, whiskered muzzle, and a shorter tail than other otter species. They have small ears, a stubby nose and powerful teeth that slice efficiently through flesh. The legs are short but muscular and the feet are large and webbed for agility and speed underwater. The fur is rough and coarse, in contrast to the smooth fur of freshwater otters. It is dark brown above fading slightly towards the underside. The tail is darker, but the chin, cheeks and throat are pale brown. The marine otter's nose is furry and has two slit-like nostrils that can close underwater (2).
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Habitat

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Rarely found in freshwater, the marine otter prefers exposed coastal areas, tolerating rough conditions and enjoying regions with a variety of fish, molluscs and crustaceans (1).
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Range

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The marine otter is found along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, from northern Peru south to Cape Horn, Chile and the Isla de Los Estados, Argentina (1).
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Status

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The marine otter is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List (1) and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). It is also listed on Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention) (4).
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Threats

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This species suffers myriad threats from many sources. The marine otter has been hunted for many centuries for its pelts which are used mainly for footwear. This has resulted in continuing population declines across the range. More recently, the marine otter has also been subjected to habitat loss as a growing tourism industry has led to increased coastal construction and participation in water sports. Water pollution following oil spills and heavy metal mining, over-fishing of prey species, persecution by fishermen, and drowning in crab traps and fishing nets are also contributing to this charismatic species' decline (2).
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
This species has been hunted in Chile for fur and because of perceived competition with shellfish fisheries. Although legally protected, there is still some poaching. Conservation Status : Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Diagnostic Description

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Marine otters are very similar in appearance to freshwater otters. The snout is blunt at the tip and the nose pad is naked and relatively flat. The tail tapers to a point, typical of freshwater otters. The well-webbed feet are of moderate size, with strong claws. The coarse pelage looks rough; it has a dense underfur and a set of long guard hairs (up to 20 mm long). Marine otters are dark brown above, a lighter fawn colour below. The muzzle, throat, and lips are not spotted, as in some other otter species. The nose pad is black, and variations in its structure may be useful in indicating stocks of marine otters (nose pad variations are used to distinguish different species within the otter subfamily). The dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 3-4/3, M 1/2. Can be confused with: This is the only truly marine otter along the west and southwest coasts of South America, although there are southern river otters (Lutra provocax) along some parts of the coast and marine otters enter rivers. The river otters can be distinguished by their larger size, darker colour, finer fur, and peaked nose pads.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

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Marine otters attain total lengths (including the tail) of slightly over 1 m, and weights up to 4.5 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary

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Very little is known of the biology of the marine otter. They are found mostly singly or in pairs, but groups of 3 or more are sometimes seen. The reproductive season in not well-known, but much of the breeding may occur in December and January. The usual litter of 2 pups is born after a gestation period of 60 to 70 days. Marine otters feed on crabs, shrimps, mollusks, and fish. They sometimes enter rivers to feed on freshwater prawns.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Pişik samuru ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Pişik samuru (lat. Lontra felina) — Dələkimilər fəsiləsinə daxil olan nadir yırtıcı dəniz məməlisi.

Areal

Pişik samurlarına əsasən Cənubi Amerikanın cənub-qərb litoral sahillərində rast gəlinir — Çili, Peru, Argentina sahilləri.

Təsviri

Pişik samuru elədə böyük canlılar deyillər. Onların uzunluğu nadir hallarda 1 metri keçir. Çəkiləri isə 3-6 kiloqram olur. Onlar öz cinsinin ən kiçik növləri hesab edilir[1]. Erkəklər və dişilər ölçü baxımdan fərqlənmirlər[2].

Pişik sdamurlarının diş formulu: i 3 3 c 1 1 p m 3 − 4 3 m 1 2 = 36 {displaystyle i {frac {3}{3}} c {frac {1}{1}} pm {frac {3-4}{3}} m {frac {1}{2}}=36} {displaystyle i {frac {3}{3}} c {frac {1}{1}} pm {frac {3-4}{3}} m {frac {1}{2}}=36}[1].

Qorunma statusu

Bu canlılar olduca nadir sayılırlar. Bu səbəbdən Peru, Çili və Argentina qanunlarına görə qorunurlar. Əvvəllər bu canlılar xəzinə və balıqçılara rəqib olmasına görə ovlanılırdı.

İstinadlar

  1. 1,0 1,1 Thomas A. Jefferson, Marc A. Webber, Robert L. Pitman, Brett Jarrett. Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification. — Academic Press, 2008. — P. 462-464. — 573 p. — ISBN 0123838533.
  2. Hans Kruuk. Otters: ecology, behaviour, and conservation. — Oxford University Press, 2006. — P. 17. — 265 p. — ISBN 0198565879.

Mənbə

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Pişik samuru: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Pişik samuru (lat. Lontra felina) — Dələkimilər fəsiləsinə daxil olan nadir yırtıcı dəniz məməlisi.

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Kazh-mor (bronneg) ( Breton )

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Ar c'hazh-mor (Lontra felina) a zo ur c'hi-dour mor eus Suamerika. Er c'hontrol da izili arall e c'henad eo ral e gavout en dour dous.

Doareoù pennañ

Anevaled bihan eo ar c'hizhier-mor. Muzuliañ a reont 100 cm ha pouezañ war-dro 4,5 kg. Gell-du eo kreoñ e gein tra m'eo sklaeroc'h hini e gof ha kaletoc'h eo eget hini ar c'hon-dour mor. Palvezek eo e bavioù ha berr e lost.

Annez

Kavout a reer ar c'hizhier-mor war aodoù mervent Amerika ar Su, eus su Perou betek Strizh-mor Magalhaes. Un nebeud pennoù a voe gwelet war aodoù an Inizi Maloù. Bevañ a reont war aodoù roc'hellek bezhinek. Er c'hontrol d'ar c'hon-dour arall a blij gwelloc'h an doureier sioul dezho, e choazont rannvroioù gant avelioù ha redoù kreñv. Pell eus an traezhioù e chomont hag un douarenn ha na c'heller ket mont enni e-pad ar chal eo a vez dibabet ganto.

Pesked, kranked ha chevr a zebront dreist-holl.

Emzalc'h

En o-unan pe e strolladoù bihan e vev ar c'hizhier-mor. Diaes-tre eo gwelout anezho en natur. C'hoarvezout a ra e stourmfe ar pared an eil ouzh egile met pesketa asambles a c'hellont ober. Anevaled deiz int.

Liesparezed e c'hell bezañ ar c'hizhier-mor. En em barañ a reont e miz Kerzu pe Genver ha genel a reont etre daou ha pemp kolen goude un dougen 60-70 devezh. Ar c'helin a chom gant o mamm e-pad 10 miz.

Gwarez

Ral eo ar c'hizhier-mor ha gwarezet int gant lezennoù e Chile, Perou hag Arc'hantina. Hemolc'het e vezent gwechall evit o c'hreoñ ha peogwir e oant e kevezerezh gant ar besketaerien. Diouennet int bet en Arc'hantina hag en Inizi Maloù. Ur gudenn eo ar brigierezh c'hoazh.

N'anavezer ket pet kazh-mor a chom hiriv an deiz.

Liammoù diavaez

Ar c'hazh-mor war Animal Diversity Web

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Kazh-mor (bronneg): Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar c'hazh-mor (Lontra felina) a zo ur c'hi-dour mor eus Suamerika. Er c'hontrol da izili arall e c'henad eo ral e gavout en dour dous.

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Llúdria costanera sud-americana ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La llúdria costanera sud-americana (Lontra felina) és una espècie de llúdria que viu al litoral del Perú i Xile. Antigament també vivia a parts de l'Argentina, però s'extingí en aquest país. Viu principalment a costes rocalloses, a vegades puja pels rius i intenta evitar les platges sorrenques. S'alimenta de peixos, crustacis i mol·luscs.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Llúdria costanera sud-americana Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Llúdria costanera sud-americana: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La llúdria costanera sud-americana (Lontra felina) és una espècie de llúdria que viu al litoral del Perú i Xile. Antigament també vivia a parts de l'Argentina, però s'extingí en aquest país. Viu principalment a costes rocalloses, a vegades puja pels rius i intenta evitar les platges sorrenques. S'alimenta de peixos, crustacis i mol·luscs.

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Vydra pobřežní ( Czech )

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Vydra pobřežní, v Chile známá pod mapučským názvem chungungo[2] (Lontra felina, také Lutra felina[3]) je druh vydry z čeledi lasicovití (Mustelidae) a rodu Lontra. Druh popsal Juan Ignacio Molina.[3] Vyskytuje se při pobřeží Jižní Ameriky a dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody patří mezi ohrožené druhy.

Výskyt

Vydra pobřežní je zvířetem neotropické oblasti, obývá pobřeží Jižní Ameriky při jihovýchodní části Tichého oceánu a jihozápadní části Atlantského oceánu, lze ji najít v Peru od Chimbote, přes Chile a izolované populace žijí rovněž v Argentině až po Ostrov Stavů.[4] K životu dává přednost oblastem se silnými větry, vlnobitími a dostatkem ryb.[5] Žije v malých jeskyňkách ve skalnatých útesech, kde vyvádí i mláďata.[2]

Popis

Vydra pobřežní je statné zvíře dosahující velikosti kočky.[2] Jedná se o nejmenší druh rodu Lontra. Dlouhé a štíhlé tělo měří asi 90 cm a váží 3 až 6 kg,[6] ocas dosahuje velikosti 30 až 36 cm. Nohy jsou krátké a vybavené plovací blánou. Hlava je plochá, s širokým nosem, který se může uzavřít pod vodou, a malýma ušima. Drsná srst je tmavá na zádech a bocích, spodní strana je světlejší.[7] Vydra pobřežní má rychlý metabolismus a potřebuje vysokou dávku potravy.[6]

Chování

 src=
Plavající vydra pobřežní

Vydry pobřežní mohou žít o hustotě populace až 10 jedinců na km pobřeží, avšak obyčejně se starají samy o sebe.[6] Nejsou příliš teritoriální a k ostatním jedincům stejného druhu se většinou chovají přátelsky, potyčky mohou nastat především při soubojích o potravu, kdy se vydry neváhají i kousat. Vydry pobřežní plavou obvykle s ponořeným tělem a hlavu a horní část zad mají vynořenou z vody, přičemž každých 15 až 30 sekund se ponořují do hloubky 30−40 m a vyhledávají potravu, což jim zabere 63 až 70% času. Tu tvoří převážně bezobratlí, jako korýši a měkkýši, ale také ryby (tento druh dovede ulovit rybu stejně velkou jako je on sám[2]), malí savci, ptáci a plody.[5] I přes to, že je to vodní živočich, dovede se vydra pobřežní hbitě pohybovat i po souši, kde si hraje či odpočívá, přičemž svou skálu si značí štiplavě páchnoucí močí.[7]

Druh je patrně monogamní, období rozmnožování nastává mezi prosincem a lednem. Po 60 až 65 dnech březosti se samici narodí 2−4 mláďata, která se svými rodiči zůstávají dalších 10 měsíců.[7]

Ohrožení

 src=
Kresba vydry pobřežní

Gonzalo Medina Vongel prohlásil, že je vydra pobřežní v ohrožení v celém jejím areálu rozšíření.[2] Největší nebezpečí představuje přeměna přirozeného prostředí. Ve 20. století byl nebezpečím pro tento druh lov pro kožešinu, mezi lety 19101954 bylo vyvezeno 38 000 těchto šelem. I přestože klesla poptávka po kožešinách vyder, ilegální lov pro kožešinu probíhá stále (2016) například v oblastech Samanco, La Libertad a dalších. Rybáři navíc tento druh zabíjejí, protože si myslí, že jim způsobuje škody lovem ryb, garnátů a měkkýšů.[4] Další nebezpečí pro vydry pobřežní představují odpady z měst, které znečišťují moře na severu jejich areálu rozšíření a zmenšení počtu kořisti následkem rybolovu,[2] na některé jedince útočí psi. Rovněž jev El Niño zmenšuje počty tohoto druhu. Ze všech těchto důvodů Mezinárodní svaz ochrany přírody zařadil tento druh mezi ohrožené, jejichž populace klesá.[4]

Tento druh je chráněn ve všech zemích jeho výskytu a zařazen do přílohy I Úmluvy o mezinárodním obchodu s ohroženými druhy volně žijících živočichů a rostlin a rovněž do první přílohy Bonnské úmluvy.[4]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d e f VIERINGOVÁ, Kerstin; KNAUER, Roland. Ohrožené druhy zvířat. Překlad Helena Kholová. 1. vyd. Praha: Knižní klub, 2012. 304 s. ISBN 978-80-242-3180-8. Kapitola Jižní Amerika, s. 194-195.
  3. a b vydra pobřežní [online]. Biolib.cz [cit. 2016-08-10]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b c d Lontra felina (Marine Otter, Sea Cat). www.iucnredlist.org [online]. [cit. 2016-08-10]. Dostupné online.
  5. a b SAVAGE, Melissa. Lontra felina (marine otter). Animal Diversity Web [online]. 2000 [cit. 2016-08-10]. Dostupné online.
  6. a b c KRUUK, Hans. Otters: ecology, behaviour and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 278 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 0191513725, 9780191513725. S. 17-19.
  7. a b c Marine otter videos, photos and facts - Lontra felina. ARKive [online]. [cit. 2016-08-10]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Vydra pobřežní: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Vydra pobřežní, v Chile známá pod mapučským názvem chungungo (Lontra felina, také Lutra felina) je druh vydry z čeledi lasicovití (Mustelidae) a rodu Lontra. Druh popsal Juan Ignacio Molina. Vyskytuje se při pobřeží Jižní Ameriky a dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody patří mezi ohrožené druhy.

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Küstenotter ( German )

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Der Küstenotter (Lontra felina), auch als Chilenischer Fischotter oder Chungungo bezeichnet, ist ein seltener Marder aus der Gattung der Neuweltotter.

Beschreibung

Der Küstenotter ist der kleinste südamerikanische Otter. Er erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von rund 53,3 bis 78,7 cm, hat einen 30 bis 36 cm langen Schwanz und kann 3,2 bis 5,8 kg schwer werden. Das Fell ist an der Oberseite dunkelbraun, an Nacken und Kehle grau[1] und an der Unterseite beigebraun. Die Leithaare, die das kurze isolierende Fell bedecken, weisen einen gräulichen Ton auf. Das Fell ist rauer und robuster als das des Seeotters. Die krallenbewehrten Vorder- und Hinterpfoten besitzen ausgeprägte Schwimmhäute.[1] Der Schädel ist breit und flach. Der Unterkiefer besitzt acht Zahnpaare und der Oberkiefer acht bis neun Zahnpaare. Die Zähne sind mehr an das Zerschneiden der Nahrung angepasst als an das Zermahlen. Es liegt kein Geschlechtsdimorphismus vor und die Weibchen besitzen vier Zitzen.

Vorkommen

 src=
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Küstenotters
 src=
Schwimmender Küstenotter

Sein früheres Verbreitungsgebiet umfasste die pazifischen Küstenregionen vom südlichen Peru bis Chile sowie den äußersten Süden Argentiniens, wo seine Verbreitung die atlantische Küste erreichte. Die größte Population befindet sich heute auf der chilenischen Insel Chiloé. In Argentinien kam er von Feuerland bis Kap Hoorn vor, wo man ihn seit 1968 nicht mehr beobachtet hat. Eine eingeführte Population lebt auf den Falklandinseln.

Verhalten und Lebensweise

Neben dem Seeotter ist der Küstenotter die einzige Marderart, die am Meer lebt. Er bevorzugt aber Bereiche, die vor den Wellen der offenen See geschützt sind. Sein Jagdrevier sind Kelp- und Seetangwälder in küstennahen Gewässern. Er ist tagaktiv und ernährt sich vor allem von Fischen, Mollusken, Krustentieren und anderen Kleintieren. Hin und wieder werden auch Vögel, Kleinsäuger oder Früchte verzehrt. Bei einer Untersuchung an der chilenischen Küste fand man heraus, dass die Nahrung der dortigen Population zu 69,8 % aus Krabben besteht und Fische (19,9 %), Garnelen (6,4 %) und Mollusken (3,9 %) einen weit geringeren Anteil an seiner Nahrung haben. Bei Valdivia fraßen die Otter zu 52 % Krebstiere, zu 40 % Fisch und zu 8 % Mollusken. Insgesamt 25 verschiedene Tierarten zählten zu ihrem Nahrungsspektrum. Bei der Nahrungssuche tauchen die Tiere für einen Zeitraum von 6 bis 64 Sekunden. Kleine Beutetiere werden im Wasser verzehrt, größere vorher an Land geschleppt. Die Beute wird im Maul transportiert oder auf dem Bauch während die Otter auf dem Rücken schwimmen. Krabben werden vor allem am Strand gefangen. Im Gegensatz zum Seeotter benutzt er keine Steine, um Muscheln oder andere hartschalige Tiere zu öffnen.[1] An Land trifft man ihn nur an Steinküsten an, Sandstrände vermeidet er. Die Otter sind entweder Einzelgänger oder treten in Gruppen von bis zu drei Tieren auf. Es ist nicht bekannt, ob sie territorial veranlagt sind, es wurden jedoch schon Otter bei Kämpfen untereinander beobachtet.

Fortpflanzung

Der Otter paart sich von Dezember bis Januar. Nach einer Tragzeit von 60 bis 65 Tagen kommen im Januar, Februar oder März zwei bis vier Junge zur Welt. Die Jungtiere werden in Felshöhlen geboren, die auch bei hohen Fluten über dem Wasser liegen und oft einen Eingang haben, der unter dem Wasserspiegel liegt. Die Jungen bleiben bei der Mutter und genießen für fast zehn Monate die elterliche Fürsorge. Es kann beobachtet werden, wie sie auf dem Bauch der Mutter liegen, während diese auf dem Rücken schwimmt. Die Eltern versorgen sie in dieser Zeit mit Nahrung und bringen ihnen das Jagen bei.[1]

Gefährdung

Der starke Rückgang des Küstenotters begann zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts, als zwischen 1910 und 1954 38.000 Otterfelle für 20 US-Dollar das Stück aus Chile ausgeführt wurden. Heute gefährden die Überfischung der Krabben- und Molluskenbestände sowie die Wasserverschmutzung seinen Bestand. Es gab 2011 noch schätzungsweise 1000 Exemplare,[2] davon 200 bis 300 in Peru. In Chile, Argentinien und Peru ist die Art heute geschützt. Sie bleibt aber gefährdet durch die Verschmutzung des küstennahen Meeres und die illegale Jagd.[1]

Belege

  1. a b c d e Serge Larivière & Andrew P. Jennings: Family Mustelidae (Weasels and relatives). in Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores. Lynx Editions, 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1. Seite 643.
  2. Lontra provocax in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010. Eingestellt von: Sepulveda, M., Franco, M., Medina, G., Fasola, L. & Alvarez, R., 2008. Abgerufen am 3. Februar 2011.

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Küstenotter: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Küstenotter (Lontra felina), auch als Chilenischer Fischotter oder Chungungo bezeichnet, ist ein seltener Marder aus der Gattung der Neuweltotter.

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Lontra felina ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Lontra felina es un specie de Lontra.

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Marine otter

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The marine otter (Lontra felina) is a rare and relatively unknown South American mammal of the weasel family (Mustelidae). The scientific name means "otter cat", and in Spanish, the marine otter is also often referred to as gato marino: "marine cat". The marine otter (while spending much of its time out of the water) only lives in saltwater, coastal environments and rarely ventures into freshwater or estuarine habitats. This saltwater exclusivity is unlike most other otter species, except for the almost fully aquatic sea otter (Enhydra lutris) of the North Pacific.

Description

The marine otter is one of the smallest otters and the smallest marine mammal,[3][4] measuring 87 to 115 cm (34 to 45 in) from the nose to the tip of the tail and weighs 3 to 5 kg (6.6 to 11.0 lb). The tail measures 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in).[5][6] Its fur is coarse, with guard hairs measuring up to 2 cm (0.79 in) in length covering dense, insulating underfur. The marine otter is dark brown above and on the sides, and fawn on the throat and underside.[5]

The marine otter has webbed paws and strong claws. The ventral side (underside) of the paws are partially covered in fur. It has 36 teeth and a dental formula of 3.1.3-4.13.1.3.2. The teeth are developed for slicing instead of crushing. The marine otter does not display sexual dimorphism.[5]

Depiction of marine otter, including skull and dental structure.
Art by Jacques Christophe Werner, 30 April 1848

Distribution and habitat

Marine otters are found in littoral areas of southwestern South America, close to shore and in the intertidal areas of northern Peru (from the port of Chimbote), along the entire coast of Chile, and the extreme southern reaches of Argentina.[1] Occasional vagrant sightings still occur as far afield as the Falkland Islands.

The marine otter mainly inhabits rocky shorelines with abundant seaweed and kelp, and infrequently visits estuaries and freshwater rivers. It appears to select habitats with surprisingly high exposure to strong swells and winds, unlike many other otters, which prefer calmer waters. Caves and crevices in the rocky shorelines may provide them with the cover they need, and often a holt will have no land access at high tide. Marine otters avoid sandy beaches.

Behavior and ecology

Two marine otters socializing.
Two marine otters socializing

Rocky intertidal zones with natural crevices are ideal for marine otter dens and feeding areas. Because most of their time is spent hidden in caves, their behavior is difficult to observe.

Marine otters actively avoid humans. In response to human activity, they will spend less time on coasts and stray from their dens during the day to fissures inaccessible to humans.[7] Though generally avoidant of humans, their inhabitance of fishing villages is an indicator of the marine otter's ability to adapt to urbanization.[8]

Reproduction

Marine otters may be monogamous or polygamous, and breeding occurs in December or January. Litters of two to five pups are born in January, February or March after a gestation period of 60 to 70 days. The pups remain with their mother for about 10 months of parental care, and can sometimes be seen on the mother's belly as she swims on her back, a practice similar to that of the sea otter. Parents bring food to the pups and teach them to hunt.

Feeding

Studies have shown latitudinal variations in diet, feeding periods, and dive time throughout the marine otter's distribution. Marine otters of southern Chile primarily feed on fish, while those in northern Chile mostly feed on crustaceans and mollusks.[9] The otters on Isla La Vieja, Peru presumably prey on a colony of Peruvian diving petrels regularly.[10] In January 2009, one was seen preying on magellanic flightless steamer duck chick in Puñihuil.[10] The species shows opportunistic feeding behavior, sometimes eating small mammals and even fruit of plants like Greigia sphacelata and Fascicularia bicolor.[10]

Taxonomy

The marine otter is of the Lutrinae, a subfamily of Mustelidae. Its exact taxonomy has been debated due to lack of data. A phylogenetic study by C. G. Van Zyll De Jong in 1987 proposed the following phenogram of the lutrinae, based on morphological data.

Aonyx cinereus

Lontra felina

Lontra canadensis

Lontra longicaudis

Lontra provocax

Jong's proposed phenogram implied that the marine otter descended from the Asian small-clawed otter, and its closest relative being the North American river otter.[11] A 2004 study contradicted Jong's research. The following was proposed as a part of the taxonomy of the Mustelidae, based on cytochrome b sequences.[12]

Lontra canadensis

Lontra longicaudis

Lontra felina

Threats

Human activity on coastlines poses disturbance to marine otters. Humans introduce domestic animals which may also disturb their dens.[7] Humans, as well as domesticated species, may expose a marine otter population to disease. Marine otters may be entangled in fishing nets and die.[10]

Microplastics have been found in the scat of marine otters.[13] The effects of microplastics in marine mammals are still unclear.

Competition and predation

Gulls and South American sea lions may compete with marine otters for prey, the latter known to also attack the otters.[10] Orcas and sharks allegedly prey on the otters, though direct attacks have not been observed.[10]

Parasites

Marine otters are known to be susceptible to Toxoplasma gondii infection along the northern and central coast of Chile,[14] though T. gondii seroprevalence in this otter species is lower than in other aquatic mustelids such as the southern river otter and American mink in southern Chile,[15] likely because of the general dryness of the former environment.[14] Nematodes and acantocephalans are also known endoparasites of this species.[10]

Conservation status

Marine otters are rare and are protected under Peruvian, Chilean, and Argentine law.[1] In the past, they were extensively hunted both for their fur and due to perceived competition with fisheries. Hunting extirpated them from most of Argentina and the Falkland Islands. Poaching is still a problem, but one of unknown magnitude. It is unknown how many marine otters exist in the wild or what habitats should be preserved to encourage their recovery. Marine otters were listed under CITES Appendix I in 1976, and are listed as endangered by the U.S. Department of the Interior.

References

  1. ^ a b c Valqui, J.; Rheingantz, M.L. (2017) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Lontra felina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T12303A117058682. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ "The Hunt: Race Against Time (Coasts)". BBC. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  4. ^ "Chilean marine otter: Meet the sea cat". BBC Wildlife. Immediate Media Company. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Jefferson, Thomas A.; Webber, Marc A.; Pitman, Robert L. (2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 539–541. ISBN 978-0124095922.
  6. ^ "Marine Otter - Lontra felina". Encyclopedia of Life. n.d. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b Gutiérrez, Laura; Vargas, Fernanda; Pinto, Pía; Troncoso, Walter; Santos-Carvallo, Macarena; Sepúlveda, Maritza (14 March 2019). "Impact of human activities in habitat use and activity patterns of the marine otter (Lontra felina) in central Chile". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 47 (1): 122–128. doi:10.3856/vol47-issue1-fulltext-13. ISSN 0718-560X. S2CID 92484935 – via SciELO.
  8. ^ Ortiz‐Alvarez, Clara; Alfaro‐Shigueto, Joanna; Mangel, Jeffrey C. (24 February 2021). "Insights into marine otter ( Lontra felina ) distribution along the Peru coastline". Marine Mammal Science. 37 (3): 993–1007. doi:10.1111/mms.12789. ISSN 0824-0469. S2CID 233918836.
  9. ^ Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo; Rodriguez, Claudio Delgado; Ricardo E. Alvarez, P.; Jose Luis Bartheld, V. (1 January 2004). "Feeding Ecology of the Marine Otter (Lutra felina) in a Rocky Seashore of the South of Chile". Marine Mammal Science. 20 (1): 134–144. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01144.x. ISSN 0824-0469.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Valqui, Juan (2012-03). "The marine otter Lontra felina (Molina, 1782): A review of its present status and implications for future conservation". Mammalian Biology. 77 (2): 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2011.08.004. ISSN 1616-5047.
  11. ^ Jong, C. G. van Zyll de (1 October 1987). "A phylogenetic study of the Lutrinae (Carnivora; Mustelidae) using morphological data". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 (10): 2536–2544. doi:10.1139/z87-383. ISSN 0008-4301.
  12. ^ Marmi, Josep; Lopez-Giraldez, Juan Francisco; Domingo-Roura, Xavier (6 November 2004). "Phylogeny, evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome b gene and a complex repetitive flanking region". Zoologica Scripta. 33 (6): 481–499. doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00165.x. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85818256.
  13. ^ Santillán, Luis; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel; Enrique De-La-Torre, Gabriel (13 May 2020). "First record of microplastics in the endangered marine otter (Lontra felina)". Mastozoología Neotropical. 27: 211–215. doi:10.31687/saremMN.20.27.1.0.12. S2CID 225632904.
  14. ^ a b Calvo-Mac, Carlos; Gutleb, Arno C.; Contal, Servane; Ilukewitsch, Vannessa; Muñoz-Zanzi, Claudia; Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo (1 October 2020). "Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Marine Otters (Lontra felina) and Domestic Cats (Felis catus) in an Arid Environment in Chile". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 56 (4): 962–964. doi:10.7589/2019-10-269. ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 32609602. S2CID 220307894.
  15. ^ Barros, Macarena; Cabezón, Oscar; Dubey, Jitender P.; Almería, Sonia; Ribas, María P.; Escobar, Luis E.; Ramos, Barbara; Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo (20 June 2018). "Toxoplasma gondii infection in wild mustelids and cats across an urban-rural gradient". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0199085. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1399085B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199085. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6010287. PMID 29924844.

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Marine otter: Brief Summary

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The marine otter (Lontra felina) is a rare and relatively unknown South American mammal of the weasel family (Mustelidae). The scientific name means "otter cat", and in Spanish, the marine otter is also often referred to as gato marino: "marine cat". The marine otter (while spending much of its time out of the water) only lives in saltwater, coastal environments and rarely ventures into freshwater or estuarine habitats. This saltwater exclusivity is unlike most other otter species, except for the almost fully aquatic sea otter (Enhydra lutris) of the North Pacific.

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Lontra felina ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chungungo, gato de mar, gato marino, chinguno, huallaque (pescadores de los ríos Majes y Ocoña de Arequipa) o chinchimén (Lontra felina) es una nutria que habita en las costas pacíficas de Sudamérica. Es la especie más pequeña del género Lontra, que incluye además varias especies fluviales americanas, y la única marina.

Descripción

 src=
Un chungungo nadando.

Alcanza unos 70-80 cm, a los que hay que sumar otros 30 cm de la cola, y llega a pesar unos 5 kg. El color es un pardo oscuro, con un pelaje de unos 20 mm que oculta una borra de aproximadamente 12 mm de reflejos azulados. Las patas cortas son palmeadas y de uñas fuertes, y su palma es la única parte del cuerpo no cubierta por un pelaje espeso. Es el mamífero marino más pequeño del mundo.

Hábitat

Habitan mayormente en costas rocosas, muy rara vez se puede ver en playas, siendo en el agua un gran buceador que logra nadar tranquilamente en el oleaje más tempestuoso.

De forma natural se encuentran desde Chimbote en Perú hacia el sur, a lo largo de toda la costa de Chile, hasta el archipiélago de Tierra del Fuego, incluyendo el sector argentino. También hay algunos ejemplares en las Malvinas, donde se naturalizaron después de que fueran introducidos con intención de criarlos. Aunque nunca se alejan mucho de la orilla, pueden ascender corriente arriba por los ríos, habiéndoselos registrado en los ríos Majes y Ocoña de Arequipa. Parece que habitualmente tienen un comportamiento monógamo. Los cachorros nacen entre enero y marzo y son cuidados por ambos padres durante unos 10 meses. En el agua, estos son transportados sobre el vientre de sus mayores, como los alimentos.

El chungungo es un animal raro, con poblaciones muy localizadas y considerado en peligro de extinción.

Un lugar de fácil acceso donde sigue siendo posible observarlos, es el sector de Los Molles, uno de los Sitios Prioritarios de Conservación de la Biodiversidad de la Región de Valparaíso.[3][4]

Alimentación

Se alimentan de pequeños animales que capturan sumergiéndose hasta el fondo a poca distancia de la costa. Comen las presas pequeñas sobre su pecho mientras flotan de espaldas, la misma postura con que transportan hasta la orilla a las presas mayores(aves marinas). También se las ve a veces consumiendo los frutos de las bromeliáceas.

Conservación

La ONG OBC Chinchimen se ha dedicado a su protección en Chile. Numerosos esfuerzos han llevado a que esta especie aumente en cantidad en este ecosistema.[5]

Referencias

  1. Valqui, J. & Rheingantz, M. L. (2015). «Lontra felina». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2015.
  2. Molina, J. I. (1782). «Saggio sulla storia naturale de Chili». Disponible en Biblioteca Digital - Real Jardín Botánico - CSIC (en italiano). 367 pp. (Boloña: Stamperia di S. Tomaso d'Aquino). p. 284.
  3. «COREMA Aprobó Estrategia Regional de Conservación de la Biodiversidad». Archivado desde el original el 8 de agosto de 2016. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2010.
  4. «incluye: Ficha del sitio prioritario Los Molles Pichidangui». Archivado desde el original el 29 de diciembre de 2009. Consultado el 7 de junio de 2010.
  5. Lontra felina

Bibliografía

  • Reeves, R. R., Stewart, B. S., Clapham, P. J., and J. A. Powell. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 47-48.

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Lontra felina: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El chungungo, gato de mar, gato marino, chinguno, huallaque (pescadores de los ríos Majes y Ocoña de Arequipa) o chinchimén (Lontra felina) es una nutria que habita en las costas pacíficas de Sudamérica. Es la especie más pequeña del género Lontra, que incluye además varias especies fluviales americanas, y la única marina.

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Lontra felina ( Basque )

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Lontra felina Lontra generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Lutrinae azpifamilia eta Mustelidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Molina (1782) Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile 284. or..
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Lontra felina: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Lontra felina Lontra generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Lutrinae azpifamilia eta Mustelidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Loutre marine ( French )

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Lontra felina

La Loutre marine ou Loutre de mer méridionale[1] (Lontra felina) encore appelée chat de mer ou chungungo, est une espèce de Mustélidés qui se rencontre le long des côtes du Pérou et du Chili et de l'Argentine.

L'animal vit essentiellement sur les côtes rocheuses, et semble éviter les plages sableuses. Il peut ponctuellement pénétrer dans les estuaires et les rivières, mais son habitat dominant reste la zone côtière marine.

Il en reste un millier à ce jour, et ils ne font qu’un petit ou qu’une tentative de petit par année.[2]

Il ne faut pas confondre Lontra felina avec la loutre de mer (Enhydra lutris).

Comportement

La loutre marine est solitaire en dehors de la saison de reproduction.

Alimentation

Elle se nourrit principalement de crustacés, de mollusques et de poissons et occasionnellement d'oiseaux et de petits mammifères. Elle consomme parfois des fruits[3].

Reproduction

Cette espèce est monogame. La saison de reproduction a lieu entre décembre et janvier. La période de gestation est de 60 à 65 jours. La femelle donne naissance à deux à quatre petits entre janvier et mars. Les petits restent avec leurs parents pendant 10 mois[3].

Références

  1. (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  2. « Loutre marine (Lontra felina) », sur www.manimalworld.net (consulté le 21 mai 2017)
  3. a et b (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Lontra felina

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Loutre marine: Brief Summary ( French )

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Lontra felina

La Loutre marine ou Loutre de mer méridionale (Lontra felina) encore appelée chat de mer ou chungungo, est une espèce de Mustélidés qui se rencontre le long des côtes du Pérou et du Chili et de l'Argentine.

L'animal vit essentiellement sur les côtes rocheuses, et semble éviter les plages sableuses. Il peut ponctuellement pénétrer dans les estuaires et les rivières, mais son habitat dominant reste la zone côtière marine.

Il en reste un millier à ce jour, et ils ne font qu’un petit ou qu’une tentative de petit par année.

Il ne faut pas confondre Lontra felina avec la loutre de mer (Enhydra lutris).

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Dobhrán muirí ( Irish )

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Mamach neamhchoitianta, de theallach na n-easóg (Mustelidae), atá dúchasach do chóstaí thuaidh an Aigéin Chiúin is ea an dobhrán muirí. Maireann sé an chuid is mó den am san uisce. An fionnadh tiubh inslithe, an cholainn níos leithne ná dobhrán an uisce úir, na cosa tosaigh beag gan mhogaill. Itheann sé éisc shliogánacha. Snámhann sé ar a dhroim ar uachtar an uisce le cloch ar a chliabhrach, agus briseann a chreach ar an gcloch seo. Bhí sé gar do bheith imithe i léig, ach cosnaítear é in áiteanna áirithe anois.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Dobhrán muirí: Brief Summary ( Irish )

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Ainmhí Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Lontra felina ( Galician )

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Non confundir con Enhydra lutris.

Lontra felina é unha especie de londra que habita nas costas pacíficas de Suramérica. É a especie máis pequena e a única mariña do xénero Lontra, que inclúe ademais varias especies fluviais americanas. En Norteamérica vive outra londra mariña máis grande da especie Enhydra lutris.

Descrición

 src=
Un exemplar nadando.

Acada de 70 a 80 cm de longo, aos que hai que sumar outros 30 cm da cola, e chega a pesar uns 5 kg. A súa cor é parda escura cun pelame con pelos duns 20 mm que oculta uns pelos finos curtos de aproximadamente 12 mm con reflexos azulados. As patas son curtas e palmadas e con uñas fortes, e a súa palma é a única parte do corpo non cuberta por un pelame mesto. Ten 36 dentes e unha fórmula dental de 3.1.3-4.13.1.3.2. Os dentes están especializados en cortar e non en esmagar e crebar. Non presenta dimorfismo sexual.,[2][3][4][5]

Hábitat e distribución

Habitan maiormente en costas rochosas, moi rara vez se pode ver en praias. Na auga é unha gran mergulladora que logra nadar tranquilamente en mar tempestuoso. Porén, aínda sendo unha das londras mariñas, pasa gran parte do tempo fóra da auga.

De forma natural encóntranse desde Chimbote en Perú cara ao sur, ao longo de toda a costa de Chile, ata o arquipélago de Terra do Fogo, incluíndo o sector arxentino. Tamén hai algúns exemplares nas illas Malvinas, onde se naturalizaron despois de que fosen introducidas con intención de crialas. Aínda que nunca se afastan moito da costa, poden ascender corrente arriba polos ríos, e téñense atopado nos ríos Majes e Ocoña de Arequipa.

É un animal escaso, con poboacións moi localizadas e considerado en perigro de extinción.

Un lugar de fácil acceso onde segue sendo posible observalas é o sector de Los Molles, un dos Sitios Prioritarios de Conservación da Biodiversidade da rexión de Valparaíso.[6][7]

Alimentación

Aliméntase de pequenos animais que captura mergullándose ata o fondo en augas pouco fondas. Come as presas pequenas sobre o seu peito mentres aboia boca arriba, a mesma postura coa que transporta ata a beira do mar as presas maiores (aves mariñas). Tamén se pode ver ás veces consumindo os froitos das bromeliáceas.

Reprodución

Parece que habitualmente teñen un comportamento monógamo. As crías nacen entre xaneiro e marzo e son coidadas por ambos os proxenitores durante uns 10 meses. Na auga, as crías son transportadas sobre o ventre dos seus maiores, igual que os alimentos.

Conservación

Son escasas e están protexidas pola lei en Perú, Chile e Arxentina. No pasado foron intensamente cazadas pola súa pel e porque se pensaba que prexudicaban as pesquerías, polo que foron case erradicadas de Arxentina e as Malvinas. Aínda segue habendo furtivismo. A IUCN considéraa "en perigo" de extinción. Están na lista de CITES Appendix I desde 1976. A ONG OBC Chinchimen dedicouse á súa protección en Chile; os seus numerosos esforzos fixeron que as poboacións desta especie aumentasen.[8]

Notas

  1. Valqui, J. & Rheingantz, M. L. "{{{taxon}}}". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza.
  2. "The Hunt: Race Against Time (Coasts)". BBC. Consultado o 2015-12-06.
  3. "Chilean marine otter: Meet the sea cat". BBC Wildlife. Immediate Media Company. 30 March 2011. Consultado o 31 May 2018.
  4. Jefferson, Thomas A.; Webber, Marc A.; Pitman, Robert L. (2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification (en inglés). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 539–541. ISBN 0124095925.
  5. "Marine Otter - Lontra felina". Encyclopedia of Life. n.d. Consultado o 31 May 2018.
  6. "COREMA Aprobó Estrategia Regional de Conservación de la Biodiversidad". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 08 de agosto de 2016. Consultado o 18 de maio de 2019.
  7. "inclúe: Ficha do sitio prioritario Los Molles Pichidangui" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 29 de decembro de 2009. Consultado o 18 de maio de 2019.
  8. Lontra felina

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Reeves, R. R., Stewart, B. S., Clapham, P. J., and J. A. Powell. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 47-48.

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Lontra felina: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Non confundir con Enhydra lutris.

Lontra felina é unha especie de londra que habita nas costas pacíficas de Suramérica. É a especie máis pequena e a única mariña do xénero Lontra, que inclúe ademais varias especies fluviais americanas. En Norteamérica vive outra londra mariña máis grande da especie Enhydra lutris.

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Obalna vidra ( Croatian )

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Obalna vidra (Lontra felina) rijedak je i slabo poznat morski sisavac, pripadnik porodice kuna (Mustelidae). Jedina su vrsta morskih vidri u Južnoj Americi, i rijetko zalaze u slatke vode ili estuarije. Njeno latinsko ime znači "vidra mačka", dok na španjolskom jeziku, obalnu vidru često se naziva "gato marino" – morska mačka.

Obilježja

Obalne vidre maleni su sisavci, rijetko dostižući duljinu veću od jednog metra i 4.5 kilograma težine. Krzno obalne vidre tamnosmeđe je boje na leđima, dok je trbušni dio prekriven svijetlosmeđim krznom. Zaštitne dlake prekrivaju kratko izolacijsko krzno sivkastog tona. Krzno je grublje i kruće od krzna morske vidre. Mnogi smatraju kako je to posljedica njihovog obitavanja u zoni zapljuskivanja valova gdje ih val lako može nanijeti na stijene.

Njihove prednje i stražnje šape imaju plivaće kožice, a njihov je rep kratak. Donja čeljust obalne vidre sadrži osam pari zubiju, dok gornja čeljust sadrži osam do devet pari. Zubi su prilagođeniji sječenju nego drobljenju. U ove vrste ne postoji seksualnog dimorfizma, i ženke imaju četiri bradavice.

Obalne vidre žive u samotno ili u manjim skupinama do tri jedinke. Teško ih je opaziti, plivaju nisko ispod vode, izlažući samo glavu i rep. Nije poznato jesu li teritorijalne ili ne, pošto su viđene borbe mužjaka, no i borbe parova tijekom sezone parenja. Borba zauzima mjesto na stijenama iznad morske površine koje su korištene za odmaranje, hranjenje i njegovanje krzna. Obalne vidre također su promatrane tijekom grupnog hvatanja velikih riba, no nije poznato koliko je česta ta navika.

Obalne su vidre dnevne životinje, prvenstveno aktivne tijekom dana.

Rasprostranjenost

Obalne vidre obitavaju na litoralnim područjima jugozapadne Amerike. Pronalazi ih se na obalama međuplimnih područja južnog Perua, čitave obale Čilea i najdaljih južnih dosega Argentine. Povremeno ih se viđa na Falklandskim Otocima.

Stanište i prehrana

Obalne vidre većinom nastanjuju kamenite obale s obiljem kelpa i morske trave i rijetko posjećuju estuarije i slatke vode. Prednost daju staništima sa snažnim vjetrovima i valovima, ne nalik većini drugih vrsta vidra, koje prednost daju mirnijim vodama. Pećine i pukotine u kamenitim obalama pružaju im skrovište, a jazbina često neće imati pristup s kopna nakon plime. Obalne vidre izbjegavaju pjeskovite plaže.

Prehrana obalnih vidri slabo je poznata, no vjeruje se kako njihovu prvenstvenu prehranu uključuju rakovi, morskim račićima, mekušci i ribe.

Razmnožavanje

Obalne vidre monogamne su ili poligamne, a parenje se odvija u prosincu ili siječnju. Kote dvoje do petoro mladunčadi nakon gestacije koja traje od 60 do 70 dana, u siječnju, veljači ili ožujku. Mladunčad ostaje uz majku sljedećih 10 mjeseci, i ponekad mogu biti viđeni na majčinom trbuhu dok ona pliva leđno, na način kao što to čine morske vidre. Roditelji hrane mladunčad i uče ih kako loviti.

Drugi projekti Wikimedije

Wikispecies-logo.svgWikivrste imaju podatke o: obalnoj vidri
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Obalna vidra: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Obalna vidra (Lontra felina) rijedak je i slabo poznat morski sisavac, pripadnik porodice kuna (Mustelidae). Jedina su vrsta morskih vidri u Južnoj Americi, i rijetko zalaze u slatke vode ili estuarije. Njeno latinsko ime znači "vidra mačka", dok na španjolskom jeziku, obalnu vidru često se naziva "gato marino" – morska mačka.

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Lontra felina ( Italian )

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La lontra costiera (Lontra felina (G. I. Molina, 1782)), nota anche come lontra del Cile o chungungo, è un raro mustelide appartenente al genere delle lontre del Nuovo Mondo.

Descrizione

La lontra costiera è la più piccola tra le lontre del Sudamerica. Presenta una lunghezza testa-tronco di 53,3-78,7 cm, ha una coda lunga 30-36 cm e pesa 3,2-5,8 kg. La pelliccia è di colore marrone scuro nella parte superiore, grigia sul collo e sulla gola[2] e beige-marrone nella parte inferiore. I peli di guardia che ricoprono il sottopelo corto e isolante hanno una sfumatura grigiastra. La pelliccia è più ruvida e grossolana di quella della lontra marina. Le zampe anteriori e posteriori, dotate di artigli, presentano membrane interdigitali pronunciate[2]. Il cranio è largo e piatto. La mascella inferiore ha otto paia di denti e quella superiore da otto a nove paia. I denti sono più adatti a tagliare il cibo che a macinarlo. Non c'è dimorfismo sessuale e le femmine hanno quattro capezzoli.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Lontra costiera che nuota.

Originariamente il suo areale comprendeva le regioni costiere del Pacifico dal Perù meridionale al Cile e l'estremità meridionale dell'Argentina, dove raggiungeva la costa atlantica. La popolazione più numerosa si trova ora sull'isola cilena di Chiloé. In Argentina si incontra dalla Terra del Fuoco a Capo Horn, dove non si osservava dal 1968. Una popolazione introdotta vive nelle isole Falkland.

Biologia

Alimentazione

Oltre alla lontra marina, la lontra costiera è l'unica specie di mustelide che vive in riva al mare. Predilige le zone riparate dalle onde che arrivano dal mare aperto. I suoi terreni di caccia sono le foreste di kelp e di alghe nelle acque costiere. È diurna e si nutre principalmente di pesci, molluschi, crostacei e altri piccoli animali. Ogni tanto mangia anche uccelli, piccoli mammiferi o frutta. Uno studio effettuato sulla costa cilena ha rilevato che la dieta della popolazione locale è composta prevalentemente da granchi (69,8%) e pesce (19,9%); gamberi (6,4%) e molluschi (3,9%) ricoprono un ruolo molto minore nella dieta. A Valdivia la dieta delle lontre era composta per il 52% da crostacei, per il 40% da pesce e per l'8% da molluschi. In tutto erano 25 le specie animali che facevano parte del loro regime alimentare. Durante la ricerca del cibo, questi animali si immergono per un periodo che va da 6 a 64 secondi. Le prede piccole vengono mangiate in acqua, quelle più grandi vengono prima trascinate a terra. La preda viene trasportata in bocca o sul ventre mentre l'animale nuota sul dorso. I granchi vengono catturati principalmente sulla spiaggia. A differenza della lontra marina, quella costiera non utilizza le pietre per aprire le cozze o altri animali ricoperti da un rivestimento duro[2]. A terra la si può trovare solamente sulle coste rocciose; evita le spiagge sabbiose. Queste lontre sono solitarie o vivono in gruppi composti al massimo da tre individui. Non è noto se siano territoriali, ma sono stati osservati esemplari che lottavano tra loro.

Riproduzione

La lontra costiera si accoppia da dicembre a gennaio. Dopo un periodo di gestazione di 60-65 giorni, nascono da due a quattro piccoli in gennaio, febbraio o marzo. I piccoli nascono in cavità nella roccia che si trovano sopra la superficie dell'acqua anche quando la marea è alta e spesso hanno un ingresso situato sotto il livello dell'acqua. I giovani rimangono con la madre e godono delle cure dei genitori per quasi dieci mesi. Possono essere visti sdraiati sulla pancia della madre mentre questa galleggia sulla schiena. Durante questo periodo, entrambi i genitori forniscono loro cibo e insegnano loro a cacciare[2].

Conservazione

Il forte declino della lontra costiera ebbe inizio ai primi del XX secolo, quando 38.000 pelli di lontra furono esportate dal Cile a 20 dollari ciascuna tra il 1910 e il 1954. Oggi la pesca eccessiva di granchi e molluschi e l'inquinamento delle acque ne mettono in pericolo l'esistenza. Nel 2011 la popolazione è stata stimata sui 1000 esemplari[1], di cui 200-300 in Perù. Oggi la specie è protetta in Cile, Argentina e Perù. Tuttavia, rimane minacciata dall'inquinamento delle acque costiere e dalla caccia illegale[2].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Valqui, J. & Rheingantz, M.L. 2015, Lontra felina, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Serge Larivière e Andrew P. Jennings, Family Mustelidae (Weasels and relatives), in Don E. Wilson e Russell A. Mittermeier (a cura di), Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 1 Carnivores, Lynx Editions, 2009, p. 643, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.

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Lontra felina: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La lontra costiera (Lontra felina (G. I. Molina, 1782)), nota anche come lontra del Cile o chungungo, è un raro mustelide appartenente al genere delle lontre del Nuovo Mondo.

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Jūrasūdrs ( Latvian )

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Jūrasūdrs (Lontra felina) ir sermuļu dzimtas (Mustelidae) sālsūdenī dzīvojošs ūdrs, kas pieder Amerikas ūdru ģintij (Lontra). Tā ir ļoti reti sastopama un maz pētīta ūdru suga. Nevajadzētu sajaukt ar kalānu jeb Pacifika jūrasūdru, kuru sarunvalodā arī sauc par jūrasūdru.

Jūrasūdra zinātniskais nosaukums Lontra felina nozīmē "ūdru kaķis". Spāņu valodā viens no jūrasūdra nosaukumiem ir "jūras kaķis" (spāņu: Gato Marino).

Izplatība

Jūrasūdrs dzīvo Dienvidamerikas dienvidrietumu jūru piekrastēs; Peru, Čīles krastos un arī Argentīnas pašos dienvidos. Reizēm to var novērot Folklenda salās.[1]

Izskats

Jūrasūdrs ir neliela auguma ūdrs, reti pārsniedzot 1 metra garumu un tā svars vidēji ir 4,5 kg. Tā ķermeņa garums kopā ar asti variē 83—115 cm, astes garums 30—36 cm, svars 3,2—5,8 kg.[2] Tas ir mazākais ūdrs Amerikas ūdru ģintī.[3] Abi dzimumi jūrasūdram ir vienādā augumā. Salīdzinot ar citiem ūdriem, jūrasūdram ir īsa aste un biezas ūsas, tādēļ to sauc par jūras kaķi.[4]

Jūrasūdra kažoks ir tumši brūns ķermeņa augšpusē, bet gaiši brūns ķermeņa apakšējā daļā. Akotspalvai ir pelēcīgs tonis. Kažoks ir ļoti biezs un izturīgs. Pavilnas apmatojuma garums ir 12 mm, bet akotspalvas garums 20 mm.[3] Apmatojums jūrasūdram ir rupjāks un stingrāks kā kalānam. Pastāv uzskats, ka jūrasūdra apmatojums ir visstingrākais pret mehāniskiem bojājumiem no visiem ūdriem. Jūrasūdrs dzīvo klinšainās piekrastēs, un jūras viļņi to bieži svaida pret krasta akmeņiem. Atšķirībā no citiem ūdriem, kas priekšroku dod mierīgiem ūdeņiem, tie ir izcili piemērojušies lieliem un spēcīgiem jūras viļņiem un asiem vējiem. Klinšainā piekraste jūrasūdru nodrošina ar daudzām, dabīgām slēptuvēm, alām un pārkarēm.[5] Bieži pieeja alām ir tikai no jūras. Jūrasūdrs no smilšainām pludmalēm izvairās. Jūrasūdra ķepām ir peldplēves, un tam ir asi zobi, kas labāk piemēroti miesas sagriešanai, nekā upura salaušanai.[4]

Barība

Jūrasūdrs dzīvo klinšainajās jūras piekrastēs, kas ir bagātīgas ar jūraszālēm. Reizēm jūrasūdrs apmeklē saldūdens upju grīvas. Piekrastes ūdeņos jūrasūdrs medī krabjus, garneles, moluskus un zivis.

Jūrasūdri iepeld jūrā līdz 500 m no krasta līnijas, nirstot tie pārmeklē krasta zemūdens klintis un akmeņus, un jūraszāļu biezokņus. Jūrasūdrs var ienirst 30—50 m dziļumā, un tas var atrasties zem ūdens līdz 30 sekundēm. Mazus ieguvumus jūrasūdrs apēd turpat jūrā, guļot uz muguras ūdenī, bet lielāku medījumu tas iznes krastā, arī peldot uz muguras un ieguvumu nesot uz vēdera. 60—70% no sava aktīvā laika jūrasūdrs velta medībām.[4]

Uvedība un vairošanās

 src=
Jūrasūdrs priekšroku dod klinšainām piekrastēm nevis smilšainām pludmalēm

Jūrasūdrus visbiežāk var novērot pa vienam vai nelielās grupās, kurās nav vairāk par 3 indivīdiem.[4] Tā kā jūrasūdru ķermenis peldot ir zem ūdens, un virs ūdens ir tikai galva un daļa muguras, to ir grūti pamanīt. Nav zināms, vai jūrasūdri ir teritoriāli vai nav, bet reizēm var novērot, ka tēviņi savā starpā kaujas, kā arī ir novērotas cīņas starp mātīti un tēviņu pārošanās laikā. Cīņas notiek uz sauszemes, uz klinšu pārkarēm, turpat, kur jūrasūdri atpūšas, barojas un sakopj sevu kažoku. Ir novērots, ka jūrasūdri kooperējas, lai medītu lielākas zivis, bet nav zināms, cik bieži to jūrasūdri dara. Jūrasūdri ir aktīvi visu diennakti, bet pamatā dienas laikā.

Jūrasūdri veido gan monogāmus, gan poligāmus pārus. Riesta laiks jūrasūdriem ir no decembra līdz janvārim. Grūsnības periods ilgst 60—70 dienas. Parasti piedzimst 2—5 mazuļi. Mazuļi paliek kopā ar savu māti pirmos 10 mēnešus. Reizēm ir novērots, ka mazuļi novietojas uz mātes vēdera, kamēr tā peld uz muguras, tāpat kā to dara kalāni.

Jūrasūdru aizsardzība

Jūrasūdri ir reti sastopami dzīvnieki, un mūsdienās tos aizsargā Peru, Čīles un Argentīnas likumi. Pagātnē jūrasūdrus medīja, lai iegūtu to kažokādu un lai mazinātu konkurenci vietējiem zvejniekiem. Tomēr malumedniecība joprojām ir aktuāla problēma. Neviens nav veicis jūrasūdru pētījumus un skaitīšanu, tādēļ nav zināms, cik jūrasūdru šobrīd dzīvo savvaļā, kā arī nav zināms, kas būtu jādara dabas aizsardzībā, lai vairotu jūrasūdru populāciju. Ir pieņemts, ka savvaļā ir saglabājušies apmēram 1000 indivīdu.[4]

Atsauces

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Jūrasūdrs: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Jūrasūdrs (Lontra felina) ir sermuļu dzimtas (Mustelidae) sālsūdenī dzīvojošs ūdrs, kas pieder Amerikas ūdru ģintij (Lontra). Tā ir ļoti reti sastopama un maz pētīta ūdru suga. Nevajadzētu sajaukt ar kalānu jeb Pacifika jūrasūdru, kuru sarunvalodā arī sauc par jūrasūdru.

Jūrasūdra zinātniskais nosaukums Lontra felina nozīmē "ūdru kaķis". Spāņu valodā viens no jūrasūdra nosaukumiem ir "jūras kaķis" (spāņu: Gato Marino).

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Kustotter ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De mariene otter ofwel kustotter (Lontra felina) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de marterachtigen (Mustelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Molina in 1782.

Leefomgeving

De soort komt voor in het zuidelijkste puntje van het Zuid-Amerikaanse continent, in Argentinië en Chili[2].

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Kustotter op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Kruuk, H. 2006. Otters: Ecology, behaviour and conservation. Tweede druk. Oxford University Press.
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Kustotter: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De mariene otter ofwel kustotter (Lontra felina) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de marterachtigen (Mustelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Molina in 1782.

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Chugungo ( Portuguese )

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A Lontra felina, popularmente conhecida como lontra-do-mar, gato-do-mar ou chugungo, vive no litoral do Peru e do Chile.[1] Antigamente, vivia em partes da Argentina, mas foi extinto deste país.

O chugungo vive principalmente nas costas rochosas, e pode penetrar em rios, mas isso não ocorre com muita frequência, e parece evitar as praias arenosas. Alimenta-se de peixes, crustáceos e moluscos.

O comprimento do corpo desta espécie de lontra varia entre 0,87m e 1,15m.

Este tipo de lontra não deve ser confundido com a lontra-marinha, outro tipo de lontra que também vive em água salgada, mas no litoral da América do Norte e do norte da Ásia.

Referências

  1. a b Valqui, J. & Rheingantz, M.L. (2021). Lontra felina (em inglês). IUCN 2021. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2021 Versão e.T12303A95970132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T12303A95970132.en Página visitada em 28 de outubro de 2021.
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Chugungo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

A Lontra felina, popularmente conhecida como lontra-do-mar, gato-do-mar ou chugungo, vive no litoral do Peru e do Chile. Antigamente, vivia em partes da Argentina, mas foi extinto deste país.

O chugungo vive principalmente nas costas rochosas, e pode penetrar em rios, mas isso não ocorre com muita frequência, e parece evitar as praias arenosas. Alimenta-se de peixes, crustáceos e moluscos.

O comprimento do corpo desta espécie de lontra varia entre 0,87m e 1,15m.

Este tipo de lontra não deve ser confundido com a lontra-marinha, outro tipo de lontra que também vive em água salgada, mas no litoral da América do Norte e do norte da Ásia.

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Krabbutter ( Swedish )

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Krabbutter eller marin utter[2] (Lontra felina) är en art i underfamiljen uttrar som förekommer vid Sydamerikas kustlinjer. Den är jämte havsuttern den enda arten i familjen mårddjur som lever i havet.

Andra svenska trivialnamn är magellanutter och chingungo.[2]

Kännetecken

Krabbuttern når en kroppslängd mellan 57 och 60 cm och därtill kommer en cirka 33 cm lång svans. Vikten ligger mellan 3 och 5 kg. På så sätt är djuret den minsta arten av uttrar i nya världen.[3]

Pälsen är på ovansidan mörkbrun och på undersidan något ljusare brun. Morrhåren är liksom hos andra uttrar påfallande långa. Mellan tårna på både fram- och bakfötterna finns simhud och alla är utrustade med klor. Angående storlek och utseende finns ingen könsdimorfism, honor har fyra spenar.[3]

Utbredning och habitat

Arten förekommer i Stilla havet längs Sydamerikas kustlinje från södra Peru till Eldslandet. Den största populationen finns på ön Chiloé. Den var tidigare vanlig längs Argentinas Atlantkust men inga observationer har gjorts där sedan 1968. Enda undantaget är en inplanterad population på Falklandsöarna.[1]

Den vistas främst i grunda havsområden med kelp eller tång. Ibland, särskild för att uppfostra ungarna, vistas uttern på klippiga stränder.[3]

Levnadssätt

Krabbuttern är aktiv på dagen och livnär sig främst av fiskar, bläckfiskar och kräftdjur. På land kan den i sällsynta fall ta fåglar och smådäggdjur som byten. Den söker upp till 70 % av sin tid efter föda och dyker till 40 meters djup. I motsats till havsuttern använder den inga verktyg. Djuret lever antingen ensam eller i små grupper med upp till tre individer. När två individer gör anspråk på samma byte förekommer ofta ilskna läten och i vissa fall biter de varandra.[3]

Fortplantning

Krabbuttrar lever främst monogama och parningen sker främst under sydsommaren (december-januari). Dräktigheten varar i upp till 65 dagar och sedan föder honan vanligen två ungar men upp till fyra förekommer. Ungdjuren föds på land och göms i en enkel lya eller bland buskar. Båda föräldrar deltar i uppfostringen och när de börjar simma bärs ungarna i munnen eller på buken medan det vuxna djuret simmar på rygg.[3]

Hot

Artens naturliga fiender utgörs av späckhuggare, hajar och rovfåglar som dödar ungar på land. En rad andra djur som sydamerikanskt sjölejon, olika delfiner och pingviner utgör konkurrenter om samma föda.[4]

Under början av 1900-talet jagades ett stort antal krabbuttrar för pälsens skull. Idag hotas arten främst av habitatförlust, överfiske och vattnets förorening. Populationen uppskattas mindre än 1 000 individer och därför listas arten av IUCN som stark hotad (endangered).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 2 februari 2011.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Lontra felinaIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G. 2008, läst 2 februari 2011.
  2. ^ [a b] Kommissionens förordning (EU) 2017/160 om skyddet av vilda djur (PDF), Europeiska unionen, sid.16, läst 2018-09-01.
  3. ^ [a b c d e] Savage, M. 2000 Lontra felina på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 2 februari 2011.
  4. ^ Otterjoy - Marine Otter (engelska) på archive.org

Externa länkar

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Krabbutter: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Krabbutter eller marin utter (Lontra felina) är en art i underfamiljen uttrar som förekommer vid Sydamerikas kustlinjer. Den är jämte havsuttern den enda arten i familjen mårddjur som lever i havet.

Andra svenska trivialnamn är magellanutter och chingungo.

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Lontra felina ( Ukrainian )

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Назва

Feline походить від лат. felineus — «котячий».

Поширення

Країни поширення: Аргентина, Чилі, Перу. Це єдиний вид роду Lontra, що мешкає виключно в морському середовищі проживання (лише іноді вони можуть запливати в прісноводні річки в пошуках здобичі).

Морфологія

L. felina є найменшим представником роду і найбільше відрізняється від інших видів. Хвіст короткий, пальці лап перетинчасті, їх вентральна поверхня частково вкрита волоссям. Шерсть темна на спині і з боків і трохи світліша знизу, особливо на горлі. Неповнолітні трохи темніші, ніж дорослі. Над верхньою губою і під кутом рота довгі вібриси. Зубна формула: I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3-4/3, M 1/2 = 36. L. felina не проявляє статевого диморфізму в розмірах. Маса тіла морських видр варіює від 3,2 до 5,8 кг. Самиці мають чотири молочні залози. 2n=38.

Поведінка

Здобиччю L. felina в основному є безхребетні, у тому числі ракоподібні (десятиноги, креветки, краби) і молюски (двостулкові молюски та черевоногі молюски) і хребетний видобуток, у тому числі риби з родин Blennidae, Cheilodactylidae, Gobiesocidae і Pomacentridae, а іноді й птахи та дрібних ссавці. Найнебезпечнішим природним хижаком L. felina є косатка, але дорослих також можуть вбити акули і хижі птахи можуть схопити молодь, коли та знаходиться на землі.

L. felina — швидше за все, моногамний вид. Парування зазвичай відбувається протягом грудня і січня. Вагітність триває 60-65 днів. Пологи зазвичай відбувається в період з січня по березень. Це відбувається в норі чи прихистку між скелястими виходами і рослинністю. Величина приплоду варіює від двох до чотирьох, найчастіше народжується два маля. Молодь залишаються зі своїми батьками протягом приблизно десяти місяців. Дорослі транспортують свою молодь, несучи їх в роті по березі і дають відпочивати на череві, коли вони плавають на спині. Обоє дорослих в моногамній парі приносять видобуток назад у лігво, щоб погодувати своє потомство. Поза сезоном розмноження L. felina в основному живуть поодинці. Вид, як правило, денний з піками активності в ранній ранок, полудень і вечір. L. felina набагато прудкіші у воді, ніж на суші. Може пірнати углиб на 30—40 і аж до 50 метрів.

Посилання


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Rái cá biển Nam Mỹ ( Vietnamese )

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Rái cá biển Nam Mỹ (Lontra felina) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chồn, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Molina mô tả năm 1782.[2] Loài rái cá này sinh sống ở bờ biển nhiều đá ở Tây Nam Mỹ.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G. (2008). Lontra felina. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Lontra felina”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Rái cá biển Nam Mỹ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Rái cá biển Nam Mỹ (Lontra felina) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Chồn, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Molina mô tả năm 1782. Loài rái cá này sinh sống ở bờ biển nhiều đá ở Tây Nam Mỹ.

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Кошачья выдра ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Хищные
Подотряд: Собакообразные
Семейство: Куньи
Подсемейство: Выдровые
Род: Lontra
Вид: Кошачья выдра
Международное научное название

Lontra felina (Molina, 1782)

Синонимы
  • Lutra felina
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
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ITIS 621913NCBI 76718EOL 311559FW 157468

Кошачья вы́дра[1] (лат. Lontra felina) — редкое и малоизученное хищное морское млекопитающее семейства куньих.

Ареал

Кошачьи выдры встречаются в литоральных зонах юго-запада Южной Америки — на побережье Чили, Перу, Аргентины[2].

Описание

Кошачьи выдры — небольшие животные, редко превышающие в длину 1 м и весом 3-6 килограммов, что делает их самым маленьким видом рода Lontra[3]. Самки и самцы практически не отличаются размерами[4].

Полная зубная формула кошачьей выдры: i 3 3 c 1 1 p m 3 − 4 3 m 1 2 = 36 {displaystyle i {frac {3}{3}} c {frac {1}{1}} pm {frac {3-4}{3}} m {frac {1}{2}}=36} {displaystyle i {frac {3}{3}} c {frac {1}{1}} pm {frac {3-4}{3}} m {frac {1}{2}}=36}[3].

Охранный статус

Кошачьи выдры — редкие животные, охраняемые законами Перу, Чили и Аргентины. В прошлом на кошачьих выдр велась охота из-за их меха, а также из-за конкуренции с рыбаками. Кошачьи выдры внесены в приложение I CITES в 1976 году, а также объявлены угрожаемым видом U.S. Department of the Interior.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 99. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Lontra felina (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  3. 1 2 Thomas A. Jefferson, Marc A. Webber, Robert L. Pitman, Brett Jarrett. Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification. — Academic Press, 2008. — P. 462-464. — 573 p. — ISBN 0123838533.
  4. Hans Kruuk. Otters: ecology, behaviour, and conservation. — Oxford University Press, 2006. — P. 17. — 265 p. — ISBN 0198565879.
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Кошачья выдра: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Кошачья вы́дра (лат. Lontra felina) — редкое и малоизученное хищное морское млекопитающее семейства куньих.

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秘魯水獺 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Lontra felina
(Molina, 1782)

秘魯水獺Lontra felina),又名貓獺,是一種很稀少的水獺。牠們是南美洲中最多棲於海上的水獺,甚至很少到淡水或海口的地方。

分佈

秘魯水獺分佈在南美洲西南部的濱海帶秘魯南部、智利沿海及阿根廷的最南端是牠們棲息最近岸的地方。[1]牠們最遠可達福克蘭群島

特徵

秘魯水獺長約1米及重4.5公斤。背部呈深褐色,腹部呈淺褐色。護毛灰色,覆蓋著保溫的毛皮。牠們的毛較海獺粗糙,估計是因牠們棲息的環境有很多岩石的緣故。牠們的前後肢都有蹼,尾巴很短。

秘魯水獺的下顎有8對牙齒,上顎有8-9對牙齒。牠們的牙齒是用來撕開食物,而多於磨碎食物。

秘魯水獺並不是兩性異形的,雌獺有4個乳頭

習性及食性

秘魯水獺棲息在長滿海草海藻的石灘,很少會到海口及河流。牠們喜歡巨浪及強風的環境,並不像其他水獺般喜歡平靜的水面。牠們有時會躲在洞穴內,其巢穴很多時會築在沒有陸地通道的地方。牠們也會避開沙灘。

秘魯水獺的食物不詳,但相信主要吃軟體動物魚類

行為及繁殖

秘魯水獺是日間活動的,很多時是單獨或以小群3隻出沒。牠們會在水面浮潛,只有頭部及背部露出水面,所以很難觀察到牠們。牠們是否有領地的不得而知,有時雄獺會打鬥,但交配的一對也有時會打鬥。牠們會在海岸線上顯眼的岩石上打鬥,牠們也會在這裡休息、進食及吼叫。牠們曾有試過合作捕獵較大的魚類,但似乎不是普遍的習性。

秘魯水獺可能是一夫一妻制一妻多夫制一夫多妻制的。牠們會於12月至1月間繁殖,妊娠期為60-70日,每胎約產2-5隻幼獺。幼獺頭10個月會待在母獺身邊。父母會餵養牠們,並教牠們獵食的技巧。

保育狀況

由於秘魯水獺很稀有,在秘魯智利阿根廷都受到保護。牠們以往被大量獵殺,目的是其毛皮或阻礙漁獲,在阿根廷及福克蘭群島大部份地方都看不見牠們的蹤影。現時野外的數目未明,而保護甚麼棲息地也不明。秘魯水獺於1976年列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄一的物種,在美國被列為瀕危

參考

  • Reeves, R. R., Stewart, B. S., Clapham, P. J., and J. A. Powell. 2002. National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 47-48.
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秘魯水獺: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

秘魯水獺(Lontra felina),又名貓獺,是一種很稀少的水獺。牠們是南美洲中最多棲於海上的水獺,甚至很少到淡水或海口的地方。

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ミナミウミカワウソ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ミナミウミカワウソ ミナミウミカワウソ
ミナミウミカワウソ Lutra felina
保全状況評価[a 1][a 2] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svgワシントン条約附属書I 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目 Carnivora : イタチ科 Mustelidae 亜科 : カワウソ亜科 Lutrinae : カワウソ属 Lutra : ミナミウミカワウソ L. felina 学名 Lutra felina Molina, 1782 和名 ミナミウミカワウソ 英名 Chingungo
Marine otter
Sea cat

ミナミウミカワウソLutra felina)は、イタチ科カワウソ属に分類される食肉類

分布[編集]

チリペルー[1][2][3][4][a 2]

絶滅した分布域[編集]

アルゼンチン[2][3]

形態[編集]

体長50-60cm[4]。尾長30-37cm[4]体重3.2-5.8kg[1][4]。背面の毛衣は濃褐色で[2]、上毛の先端は明色[1][3][4]。腹面の毛衣は淡黄褐色や灰褐色で[2][4]、頬や顎、喉は明色[1][3]

吻端にある体毛が無く露出した板状の皮膚(鼻鏡)の上縁は直線的[4]か丸みを帯びる[1][3]。水かきの下面には体毛が点在する[1][3]

生態[編集]

岩礁海岸などに生息する[1][4]昼行性だが[4]、午前中は陸上で休む[1]。単独もしくは3頭までの家族群[1]を形成し生活する[4]

食性は動物食で、主に甲殻類を食べるが貝類魚類も食べると考えられている[1][3][4]。水中で獲物を捕食する[1]

繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は60-120日[4]。岩の割れ目などで、チリの個体群は9-10月に1回に2頭[3]の幼獣を産む[1][4]

人間との関係[編集]

生息地では食用とされたり、毛皮が利用される事もあった[2]

海洋汚染、毛皮目的の乱獲[1][3]、漁業による混獲などにより生息数は減少している[4]。生息地では法的に保護の対象とされているが、密猟・密輸される事もある[4]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにミナミウミカワウソに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 今泉忠明 『絶滅野生動物の事典 4版』、東京堂出版2003年、33-34頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e 今泉吉典監修 D.W.マクドナルド編『動物大百科1 食肉類』、平凡社1986年、139、145頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i 今泉吉典監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育2 (食肉目)』、東京動物園協会、1991年、51頁。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ3 中央・南アメリカ』、講談社2001年、32、154頁。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ CITES homepage
  2. ^ a b The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • Alvarez, R. & Medina-Vogel, G. 2008. Lontra felina. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

ミナミウミカワウソ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ミナミウミカワウソ(Lutra felina)は、イタチ科カワウソ属に分類される食肉類

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wikipedia 日本語

바다수달 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

바다수달(Lontra felina)은 족제비과에 속하며 남아메리카 대륙에서 발견되는 희귀 포유류의 일종이다.[2] "바다고양이"라고도 불린다. 바다수달은 많은 시간을 바다에서 보내고 민물이나 강어귀 서식지에서 드물게 생활하지만, 태평양 동북부 지역에 서식하는 거의 완전한 수생 수달인 해달과 기타 대부분의 수달 종들과 다른 종이다.

계통 분류

다음은 수달아과의 계통 분류이다.[2][3]

수달아과

큰수달

    아메리카수달속

북아메리카수달

       

바다수달

   

남아메리카수달

     

긴꼬리수달

         

해달

   

얼룩목수달

    수달속

수달

   

수마트라수달

   

일본수달

       

아프리카민발톱수달

     

작은발톱수달

   

비단수달

             

각주

  1. “Lontra felina”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 2일에 확인함.
  2. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Deere, K.A.; Slater, G.J.; Begg, C.; Begg, K.; Grassman, L.; Lucherini, M.; Veron, G.; Wayne, R.K. (February 2008). “Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. 《BMC Biology》 6: 10. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10. PMC 2276185. PMID 18275614.
  3. Bininda-Emonds OR; Gittleman JL; Purvis A (1999). “Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia)”. 《Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc》 74 (2): 143–75. doi:10.1017/S0006323199005307. PMID 10396181.
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