For most of the last century, African warthogs were considered a single species, Phacochoerus aethiopicus. It was only in the last decade that desert warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) were recognized as two distinct species. This recognition was based mainly on genetic evidence. As a result there is little specific research that has been done on the behavior, ecology, and life history of desert warthogs. Nearly all available information on warthogs, especially from prior to 2001, may or may not be applicable to what is now known as Phacochoerus aethiopicus. However, the two species are similar in appearance, ecological impact, and behavior and much of the above information is based on a combination of studies on both species of African warthogs. Information may change as further scientific research is completed.
Smell is the most important and keen sense that desert warthogs have. Much of warthog communication is though scent marking, through tusk and preorbital glands and urination. Males use urination to temporarily mark a burrow as his own. Sound is also very important, as they have a variety of warning calls used to alert the group to the presence of a predator. Because they have comparatively weaker sight, smell and hearing are the main ways by which desert warthogs are alerted to danger. Sight can be important in various social displays to signify dominance, submissiveness, or an imminent attack. Desert warthogs have a "strutting" behavior, consisting of walking deliberately around a more submissive warthog with the crest of hair and tail fully erect. Submissive displays include lying flat against the ground or even rolling over to expose the belly. Male warthogs fight to establish dominance, including pushing with the snout and horizontal strikes with tusks.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The main predators of desert warthogs are large cats, including lions, leopards, and cheetahs. Hyaenas have also been known to hunt warthogs. Adult and juvenile warthogs run to the nearest burrow when threatened. All but the youngest individuals enter the hole tail-first, enabling them to use their tusks against the attacking predator. Though they can run at 55 km/hr, warthogs do not have the speed or endurance that many other prey animals have in sub-Saharan Africa, and so must get to a burrow as fast as possible. Lions pose an especially great threat to desert warthogs because they can dig warthogs out of their burrows. Desert warthogs have specific warning grunts and sounds that cause all members of a group to be on high alert. Juvenile warthogs, upon hearing a specific sound from the mother, will freeze in place then dash to the nearest burrow as fast as possible.
Known Predators:
At over 1 m long and generally more than 0.5 m tall at the shoulder, desert warthogs are large. They have a stocky build and a large, somewhat flattened head. There is significant sexual dimorphism, males are significantly larger than females. The characteristic "warts" that give Phacochoerus species their common name also differ between the sexes; males have much larger and more protrusive warts, which are paired masses of dense facial tissue. Males also have larger tusks (elongated canine teeth) than females. Juvenile desert warthogs are like adults, but smaller with much reduced "warts" and no tusks. Tusks gradually appear after the onset of puberty. Most desert warthogs are brown to dark brown with short and sparse hairs covering much of the body. A crest of much longer hair runs along the back of the neck of males and females. A portion of this crest is sometimes whitish in color.
The clearest morphological trait that separates desert warthogs from common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) is the lack of functional incisors. These two species are quite distinct genetically and common warthogs are usually slightly larger than desert warthogs. Desert warthogs are distinguishable from closely related bushpigs (Potamochoerus porcus) and giant hogs (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) by their distinctive facial warts and larger tusks.
Range mass: 45 to 130 kg.
Average mass: 75 kg.
Range length: 100 to 145 cm.
Average length: 125 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes shaped differently; ornamentation
Warthogs have an average lifespan between 7 and 18 years. However, no study on lifespan has been done specifically on desert warthogs. Among juveniles, warthog mortality in the wild is about 50% per year, with adult mortality dropping to around 15% per year. The main limit on longevity in the wild is predation. Boars often have higher mortality rates than females due to a tendency to sleep out in the open (not in a burrow), especially during and after the mating season.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 7 to 18 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 10 years.
Desert warthogs are primarily a savannah species, though they have higher tolerance for dry conditions than common warthogs, Phacochoerus africanus, and so can live in more arid and desert-like conditions. They generally stay away from heavily forested zones and areas with thick undergrowth. Most of their grazing area is at low elevations as they have a low tolerance to cold. Phacochoerus aethiopicus is currently a tropical species, though populations that are now extinct may have extended into temperate zones.
Range elevation: 0 to 1000 m.
Average elevation: 300 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; scrub forest
Desert warthogs are found in the Horn of Africa, in central and eastern Kenya, western Somalia, and southeastern Ethiopia. They were also known from South Africa, but are now extinct there.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Desert warthogs are not considered threatened, as they have a large distribution and are adaptable. However, populations are considered in decline and face continued threats through human persecution in the form of hunting and competition for foraging habitat with domestic livestock. In areas where human persecution is intense many populations have become somewhat nocturnal- a change from their normal diurnal lifestyle.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Warthogs can be agricultural pests, causing damage to bean, rice, or wheat fields. Their burrowing can cause problems for livestock or machinery. In the past warthog elimination campaigns were established to control warthogs as reservoirs for African swine fever, which can be transmitted to domesticated pigs. These campaigns are less common now as it is known that the disease is transmitted by ticks and thus removing the original wild host will do little to stop its spread. Rarely, and only when threatened, warthogs have attacked humans. This has lead to injury and, in a few cases, death.
Negative Impacts: crop pest; causes or carries domestic animal disease
Warthogs are herbivores which feed mainly on grasses and roots. Because of their harsh environments, desert warthogs are probably less picky eaters than common warthogs, which tend to feed only on select plants. Warthogs eat a variety of grasses and shrubs, and occasionally fruits and some insects in hard times. An important element in their diet is underground rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers, all of which are dug up with the tusks and snout. They sometimes eat their own dung and the dung of other animals. During times of little food, they have been known to eat carrion. Plants eaten by warthogs include Sporobolus pellucida, Microchloa kunthii, Brachiaria, Cynodon dactylon, Chrysochloa orientalis, Bothriochloa, Cenchrus, Panicum maximum, Eragrostis tenuifolia, Harpachne schimperi, and Digitaria macrobole. They eat the fruit of Balanites, Sclerocarya, and Ficus species.
Animal Foods: carrion ; insects
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; flowers
Other Foods: dung
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
All warthogs consume large amounts of grass and may influence plant communities through their foraging. Their ability to take and use the burrows of other animals (such as aardvarks) has a negative ecological impact on those species. Because they are a host for the tick Ornithodoros moubata, warthogs are a reservoir for African swine fever. They also serve as a preferred host for tsetse flies.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Warthogs are iconic animals of the African savanna, so they can contribute to ecotourism. They also can be hunted and used as a source of food.
Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism
During the mating period, female desert warthogs urinate quite frequently, up to 10 times more than males. Male warthogs can smell the urine from a significant distance and will investigate the urine to determine female reproductive state. During estrus females secrete a discharge from the vulva which changes the color of her hindquarters. The act of copulation lasts from 1 to 10 minutes, generally followed by the separation of the couple. Females and boars (males) mostly live in separate groups, but these groups interact more frequently and can even temporarily join in the mating season. Males and females may have several mates during a mating season, but females stop mating when they become pregnant.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
The timing of desert warthog mating is in part determined by climate. They inhabit areas with distinct dry and rainy seasons and tend to breed towards the end of the wet season (peaking around early April). Desert warthog females are polyestrous, with estrous periods lasting for about 72 hours and occurring once every 6 weeks (if her egg was not fertilized). Births occur between August and December, with most occurring in late September. Desert warthogs give birth to 2 to 3 offspring per year. Young emerge from the burrow to feed on grasses at about 3 weeks of age, though they are not fully weaned until they are about 6 months old. Offspring follow the mother wherever she goes, suckling as much as every 40 minutes, using her as shade from the hot sun, and sometimes using her feces as a food source. Desert warthogs are thought to become sexually mature slightly earlier than common warthogs, which mature at 1.5 years.
Breeding interval: Desert warthogs breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Desert warthogs breed from March to May, in general.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 8.
Average number of offspring: 2 to 3.
Range gestation period: 160 to 175 days.
Average gestation period: 170 days.
Range weaning age: 2.5 to 6 months.
Average weaning age: 3 months.
Range time to independence: 1.5 to 2 years.
Average time to independence: 2 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.0 to 1.5 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.0 to 1.5 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Because it takes desert warthog piglets over a year to fully mature, parental investment is significant. Males generally contribute very little to parenting as they more or less leave the group after mating season. Therefore, females must both provide food for the offspring as well as teach them how to find food and avoid predation. Also, because juveniles take so long to become independent, females may have two sets of young for a period of time, older young and newly born piglets. Birth takes place in a burrow, where females remain for long periods with newborns to nurse them for about a week. After that she will return often after short feeding periods for more nursing. Several months later, when offspring are ready for sustained excursions outside of burrows, the mother (along with other females in her group) must constantly be aware of predators and sound the alarm when one is spotted. Usually females will defend their young with great vigor, though there is a reported case of mothers standing idly by while a hyaena killed and ate a juvenile.
Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning
Fakoker an dezerzh (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) a zo ur bronneg eus kerentiad an hoc'heged.
Bevañ a ra e reter Afrika (Somalia, Kenya hag Etiopia). An isspesad a veve e Suafrika a zo aet da get.
War-dro 1 m eo e hirder ha gell teñval pe deñvaloc'h e gorf goloet amañ-ahont gant reun. Brasoc'h eo ar par eget ar barez. Brasoc'h eo ar gwenaennoù e divjod ar par ivez. Koulz ar par hag ar barez a zo dezho ur moue hag a red a-hed o c'hilpenn.
Ar re vihan a denn d'al loened gour nemet n'o deus stilhon ebet ha munut eo o gwenaennoù. Ar stilhonoù (dent-lagad hir anezho) a zeu war-wel pa dizhont o oad gour.
Bevañ a ra er savanennoù hag el lec'hioù krin. Gwelloc'h eo e c'halloudegezh da dalañ ouzh ar sec'hor eget hini ar fakoker boutin.
Da vare ar gouennañ e troazh ingal ar barez (10 gwech muioc'h eget ar par). C'hwezh an troazh a vez klevet eus pell gant ar par hag a c'hell gouzout evel-se e peseurt stad emañ ar barez a-fet gouennañ.
An aliesañ e klot mare ar gouennañ gant fin ar c'houlz-amzer gleb (war-dro miz Ebrel) ha ganet e vez ar re vihan (2 pe 3 bep bloaz) etre miz Eost ha miz Kerzu. D'an oad a deir sizhun ec'h a kuit an hini bihan eus an douarenn evit en em vagañ diwar geot met dizonet e vez da vat da 6 miz hepken.
Fakoker an dezerzh a dizhfe e oad gour un tammig abretoc'h eget ar fakoker boutin, kent 18 miz eta.
Toullañ a ra un douarenn, pe laerezh unan (diwar-goust loened all evel an hoc'h-douar), a servij da ziwall diouzh ar preizhataerien. P'emañ e dañjer ec'h a enni, e lost da gentañ, hag e talc'h penn ouzh an enebour gant e stilhonoù.
Implijout a ra betek 10 douarenn zisheñvel war e diriad (war-dro 3 km²) ha gwiriañ dalc'hmat ez eus unan nepell m'emañ en arvar.
Ar parezed hag o re vihan a vev a-stroll, gant pared a-wechoù, hag ec'h eont da heul ar barez vrasañ ha koshañ.
Ul loen oberiant diouzh an deiz eo. En deizioù tomm e tremen an darn vrasañ eus e amzer en disheol. Pe vez freskoc'h e vez o peuriñ pe o turiañ a-benn diskoachañ gwrizioù ha torzhelloù.
Geotdebrer eo fakoker an dezerzh hag en abeg d'e endro kriz n'eo ket ken figus hag ar fakoker boutin. En em vagañ a ra diwar geot, brousgwez hag, a-wechoù, frouezh hag amprevaned. Turiañ a ra an douar gant e stilhonoù hag e voj evit kavout torzhelloù, korzennoù-gwrizienn ha bulb.
E breizhataerien pennañ eo al leon, al loupard, ar c'hazh-ki hag ar bleiz-broc'h.
Fakoker an dezerzh (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) a zo ur bronneg eus kerentiad an hoc'heged.
Bevañ a ra e reter Afrika (Somalia, Kenya hag Etiopia). An isspesad a veve e Suafrika a zo aet da get.
El facoquer (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) és una espècie d'artiodàctil de la família dels suids. Viu a Kenya i Somàlia, també als Parcs de Tanzània i possiblement també a Djibouti, Eritrea i Etiòpia. Aquesta és la distribució de la subespècie vivent, coneguda vulgarment com a facoquer de Somàlia (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei). Una altra subespècie, coneguda vulgarment com a facoquer del Cap (Phacochoerus a. aethiopicus), està actualment extinta, però abans vivia a Sud-àfrica.
Els facoquers es caracteritzen per tenir cap gran, cos en forma de barril i la presència de berrugues a la cara, cosa que els val el seu nom en anglès, "warthog" ("senglar berrugós").
Les espècies Phacochoerus africanus i Phacochoerus aethiopicus habiten a l'Àfrica, al sud del Sàhara. Prefereixen les sabanes àrides i humides, evitant deserts, boscos i muntanyes. Al contrari que els altres suids, els Phacochoerus toleren bé l'aridesa i les temperatures elevades.
Els facoquers tenen un cap gran amb berrugues característiques, distribuïdes en parells. Els ulls situats a la part alta del cap serveixen per a vigilar els possibles depredadors, com el lleó o el lleopard. El musell és llarg, i està acompanyat de dos parells d'ullals, que s'usen per a excavar i per a defensar-se. El cos és gran i les potes curtes. Tot i això, és bon corredor. Té una cua raonablement llarga, que manté en posició erecta mentre trota. Un facoquer adult pesa entre 50 i 100 kg. L'alçada a la creu està al voltant dels 75 cm.
Els facoquers s'alimenten de pastura o d'arrels, bulbs i tubercles que excaven amb el musell, recolzats sobre els seus membres anteriors.
Els mascles es disputen les femelles en combats violents. La gestació dels facoquers és de 175 dies, després dels quals neixen usualment 4 garrins, que són deslletats als dos mesos. Les cries romanen al costat de la mare fins al part següent.
Com tots els porcs, utilitza el fang per a refrescar-se i protegir-se de paràsits i d'insectes. Viuen en petits nuclis familiars compostos per una femella i les seves cries. Els mascles viuen sols. Tot i ser bons caçadors, els facoquers no construeixen els seus propis caus: prefereixen viure en els que són abandonats per altres animals, com l'oricterop.
Un facoquer famós és en Pumba, personatge de la pel·lícula The Lion King de Walt Disney.
A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: FacoquerEl facoquer (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) és una espècie d'artiodàctil de la família dels suids. Viu a Kenya i Somàlia, també als Parcs de Tanzània i possiblement també a Djibouti, Eritrea i Etiòpia. Aquesta és la distribució de la subespècie vivent, coneguda vulgarment com a facoquer de Somàlia (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei). Una altra subespècie, coneguda vulgarment com a facoquer del Cap (Phacochoerus a. aethiopicus), està actualment extinta, però abans vivia a Sud-àfrica.
Els facoquers es caracteritzen per tenir cap gran, cos en forma de barril i la presència de berrugues a la cara, cosa que els val el seu nom en anglès, "warthog" ("senglar berrugós").
Prase bradavičnaté (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) je divoké prase, které žije ve Východní Africe, např. v Keni, Somálsku, Ugandě a v Etiopii. Za své jméno vděčí třem párům bradavic v obličeji složených z chrupavčité a pojivové tkáně, jež dosahují u samců velikosti až 15 cm. Praseti bradavičnatému je podobné prase savanové (Phacochoerus africanus), které bylo dříve považováno za jeho poddruh.[2]
Prase bradavičnaté je sudokopytník s válcovitým tělem o délce 1 – 1,5 m, ocas (často vzpřímený, obzvláště při běhu) měří mezi 35 a 50 cm. Výška se pohybuje v rozmezí 65 – 85 cm. Samci váží okolo 150 kg, samice jsou zhruba o pětinu lehčí. Zbarvení je šedé až žlutohnědé, kůže je z větší části lysá, štětin je méně než u prasete savanového a jsou také řidší. Na hřbetě vytvářejí krátkou hřívu. Obě pohlaví mají vyvinuté dlouhé kly, které mohou u samců měřit více než 60 cm.Prasata bradavičnatá mají špatný zrak, ale velmi dobrý sluch a čich. Od podobného prasete savanového se liší nižšíma nohama, delšími tesáky, slabším ochlupením a poněkud klabonosým profilem hlavy.
V současnosti se vyskytuje především v aridních oblastech – polopouštích a křovinatém buši. Vyhrabává si nory, v kterých přespává, odpočívá a kde samice rodí mladé.
Živí se hlavně trávou, a to jak nadzemními částmi, tak i kořínky a oddenky. Živí se i dužnatými hlízami, které jsou pro něj v suchých oblastech vítaným zdrojem vody. V menší míře konzumuje i mršiny, bezobratlé živočichy a trus různých obratlovců.
Pohlavní zralosti dosahují mezi 18-24 měsíci. Samci se však poprvé páří až ve věku čtyřech let. Období říje je mezi čtvrtým až pátým měsícem po období dešťů. Samice mají při páření mnoho partnerů. Březost trvá přes šest měsíců, což je nejdéle ze všech druhů prasat. Samice rodí v noře nejčastěji tři až čtyři selata, někdy však až osm, která mají po narození hmotnost od 0,4 do 0,8 kg. Selata stráví v doupěti asi 6 až 7 týdnů. Ve čtvrtém měsíci života je matka přestává kojit. V příhodných letech rodí samice i dvakrát do roka, druhý vrh ale bývá menší. Samci o mláďata nepečují. Dospělosti se však nedožije ani polovina mláďat, vzhledem k četným predátorům, kteří selata loví. Prasata bradavičnatá se v přírodě mohou dožít patnácti let, v zajetí i více než dvaceti.
Vědci rozeznávají dva poddruhy prasete bradavičnatého, z nichž jeden byl již vyhuben.
Prase bradavičnaté (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) je divoké prase, které žije ve Východní Africe, např. v Keni, Somálsku, Ugandě a v Etiopii. Za své jméno vděčí třem párům bradavic v obličeji složených z chrupavčité a pojivové tkáně, jež dosahují u samců velikosti až 15 cm. Praseti bradavičnatému je podobné prase savanové (Phacochoerus africanus), které bylo dříve považováno za jeho poddruh.
Das Wüstenwarzenschwein (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Echten Schweine (Suidae). Es ist eng mit dem (Eigentlichen) Warzenschwein verwandt und wird manchmal in der gleichen Art geführt.
Wüstenwarzenschweine sind wie die Eigentlichen Warzenschweine durch den bizarr wirkenden Kopf charakterisiert. Sie haben wie diese sechs paarig angeordnete Warzen am Kopf, die vor allem bei den Männchen ausgeprägt sind. Die oberen Eckzähne sind stark verlängert und gebogen; diese Hauer werden bis zu 60 Zentimeter lang, die unteren Eckzähne sind kleiner, aber schärfer. Von den Eigentlichen Warzenschweinen unterscheiden sie sich in Details des Baus des Schädels und der Zähne, auch ist ihr Körper etwas kleiner. Über die Lebensweise der Wüstenwarzenschweine ist kaum etwas bekannt; vermutlich stimmt sie mit der der Eigentlichen Warzenschweine überein.
Es gab zwei Populationen in getrennten Verbreitungsgebieten: eine im südlichen und eine im östlichen Afrika.
Die südliche Unterart (Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus) ist ausgestorben. Sie war auf Südafrika beschränkt und kam nur in der Kapprovinz und in der Provinz Freistaat vor. Durch intensive Bejagung wurden die Bestände im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert stark dezimiert, durch den Ausbruch der Rinderpest sind die verbliebenen Tiere um das Jahr 1900 dahingerafft worden.
Die nördliche Unterart (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei) ist im südöstlichen Äthiopien, dem nordöstlichen Kenia und in Somalia beheimatet. Diese Unterart wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet geführt (least concern).
Das Wüstenwarzenschwein (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Echten Schweine (Suidae). Es ist eng mit dem (Eigentlichen) Warzenschwein verwandt und wird manchmal in der gleichen Art geführt.
Heutiges Verbreitungsgebiet des WüstenwarzenschweinsWüstenwarzenschweine sind wie die Eigentlichen Warzenschweine durch den bizarr wirkenden Kopf charakterisiert. Sie haben wie diese sechs paarig angeordnete Warzen am Kopf, die vor allem bei den Männchen ausgeprägt sind. Die oberen Eckzähne sind stark verlängert und gebogen; diese Hauer werden bis zu 60 Zentimeter lang, die unteren Eckzähne sind kleiner, aber schärfer. Von den Eigentlichen Warzenschweinen unterscheiden sie sich in Details des Baus des Schädels und der Zähne, auch ist ihr Körper etwas kleiner. Über die Lebensweise der Wüstenwarzenschweine ist kaum etwas bekannt; vermutlich stimmt sie mit der der Eigentlichen Warzenschweine überein.
Es gab zwei Populationen in getrennten Verbreitungsgebieten: eine im südlichen und eine im östlichen Afrika.
Die südliche Unterart (Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus) ist ausgestorben. Sie war auf Südafrika beschränkt und kam nur in der Kapprovinz und in der Provinz Freistaat vor. Durch intensive Bejagung wurden die Bestände im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert stark dezimiert, durch den Ausbruch der Rinderpest sind die verbliebenen Tiere um das Jahr 1900 dahingerafft worden.
Die nördliche Unterart (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei) ist im südöstlichen Äthiopien, dem nordöstlichen Kenia und in Somalia beheimatet. Diese Unterart wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet geführt (least concern).
Ο Φακόχοιρος της Ερήμου ή Φακόχοιρος ο Αιθιοπικός (Phacochoerus Aethiopicus) είναι Αρτιοδάκτυλο Θηλαστικό, που ανήκει στο γένος των Φακόχοιρων και στην οικογένεια των Συιδών. Στο ίδιο γένος ανήκει και ο Φακόχοιρος ο Κοινός.
Ο Φακόχοιρος της Ερήμου φτάνει σε μήκος τα 125 εκ. και βάρος τα 75 κιλά. Έχει πεπλατυσμένο κεφάλι με δύο μεγάλους χαυλιόδοντες που είναι μεγαλύτεροι στα αρσενικά. Το σώμα είναι αραιά καλυμμένο με σκληρές τρίχες ενώ πιο πυκνές αναπτύσσονται κατά μήκος της σπονδυλικής στήλης και σχηματίζουν ένα λοφίο. Η ουρά είναι μακριά και λεπτή και καταλήγει σε μια μικρή φούντα. Γενικά το χρώμα τους είναι σκούρο καφέ αλλά στην κορυφή μερικές φορές είναι υπόλευκο. Ο Φακόχοιρος της Ερήμου διαφέρει από τον Ποταμόχοιρο τον Θάμνων και τον Γιγάντιο Υλόχοιρο επειδή έχει κονδυλώματα στο πρόσωπο και μεγαλύτερους χαυλιόδοντες.
Ο Φακόχοιρος της Ερήμου ζει στην Βορειοανατολική Αφρική σε ανοιχτή άνυδρη ύπαιθρο με χαμηλή βλάστηση αλλά και σε ορεινές περιοχές. Επειδή χρειάζεται τακτική πρόσβαση σε νερόλακκους τον συναντάμε συχνά σε χωριά αλλά και σε περιοχές με τρεχούμενο νερό.
Οι Φακόχοιροι της Ερήμου ζουν σε ομάδες που ονομάζονται σειρήνες, που αποτελούνται συνήθως από τα θηλυκά και τα μικρά τους,ενώ τα αρσενικά ζουν σε απομόνωση. Μία σειρήνα καταλαμβάνει μια περιοχή περίπου 10 τετραγωνικά χιλιόμετρα η οποία έχει ως κέντρο της μία υδάτινη περιοχή. Σκάβουν λαγούμια και κυρίως είναι φυτοφάγα. Αναπαράγονται μετά το τέλος της εποχής των βροχών και γεννούν από 2 έως 8 χοιρίδια. Τα νεαρά άτομα βγαίνουν μετά από 3 εβδομάδες από το λαγούμι τους αλλά απογαλακτίζονται σε περισσότερους από 3 μήνες αλλά εξακολουθούν να εξαρτώνται από την μητέρα τους για αρκετούς μήνες καθώς τα προστατεύει από τα αρπακτικά ζώα. Εκτός από τους χαυλιόδοντες βασίζονται και στην ταχύτητά τους που φτάνει τα 55 χιλιόμετρα την ώρα.
Ο Φακόχοιρος της Ερήμου ή Φακόχοιρος ο Αιθιοπικός (Phacochoerus Aethiopicus) είναι Αρτιοδάκτυλο Θηλαστικό, που ανήκει στο γένος των Φακόχοιρων και στην οικογένεια των Συιδών. Στο ίδιο γένος ανήκει και ο Φακόχοιρος ο Κοινός.
The desert warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the pig family (Suidae),[2] found in northern Kenya and Somalia, and possibly Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. This is the range of the extant subspecies, commonly known as the Somali warthog (P. a. delamerei). Another subspecies, commonly known as the Cape warthog (P. a. aethiopicus), became extinct around 1865, but formerly occurred in South Africa.[1]
Fossils have been found from the Holocene epoch showing that two divergent lines of warthogs (Phacochoerus spp.) were in existence thousands of years ago. The ancestors of the present day common warthog (P. africanus) had a different number of incisors than the ancestors of the desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) line. During the late nineteenth century, P. aethiopicus became extinct in South Africa. Subsequently, study of mDNA as well as morphological analysis has shown that the East African population of warthogs, previously thought to be a variant of the common warthog, are in fact surviving members of the putatively extinct P. aethiopicus.[3]
The desert warthog is a stockily-built animal growing to an average length of 125 centimetres (49 in) and weight of 75 kilograms (165 lb) with males being larger than females. It has a rather flattened head with distinctive facial paired protuberances ("warts") and large curving canine teeth that protrude as tusks. These are not present in juveniles but grow over the course of a few years. They are larger in males than in females. The body is sparsely covered with bristly hairs and a more dense region of hairs runs along the spine and forms a crest. The tail is long and thin and is tipped with a small brush of coarse hair. The general colour is mid to dark brown but the crest is sometimes whitish. The desert warthog differs from the bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus) and the giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) in having facial warts and proportionately larger tusks.[4]
Desert warthogs can be differentiated from the common warthog by their distinctive facial features, including curled back tips at the end of the ears, lack of incisors, and generally larger snout. The suborbital areas in desert warthogs are swollen in the form of pouches that often extend to the base of the genal warts; these same areas in common warthogs have no such pronounced swelling. The species also has more strongly hook-shaped "warts", a more egg-shaped head, thickened zygomatic arches, and enlarged sphenoidal pits. [5]
The desert warthog is native to the Horn of Africa. Its current range extends from southeastern Ethiopia through western Somalia to eastern and Central Kenya. The subspecies P. a. aethiopicus, commonly known as the Cape warthog, used to occur in the southeastern parts of Cape Province and the adjacent parts of Natal Province but became extinct around 1871. The habitat of the desert warthog is open arid countryside including thin woodland with scattered trees, xerophytic scrubland and sandy plains, but not upland areas. It needs regular access to waterholes and so may occur near villages and places where water seeps to the surface in otherwise dry areas.[1]
Desert warthogs live in social groups called "sounders" consisting mostly of females and their offspring while males tend to live in solitude or form bachelor groups. A sounder occupies a home range of about 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) which is usually centred on a water hole. The warthogs dig a number of burrows, or take over holes excavated by other animals, and move from one to another. Where the ranges of two different groups overlap, each may use the same burrow on different occasions. The groups do not interact to any great extent.[4]
Desert warthogs are diurnal and are largely herbivorous. One of the older females leads the group and they forage for grasses, leafy plants, flowers and fruit. They dig up rhizomes, edible tubers and bulbs with their snouts and tusks and will eat insects when food is scarce, and even carrion. They sometimes eat dung, including their own, and will tear bark from trees.[4]
Females come into oestrus every six weeks in the breeding season, which usually coincides with the end of the rainy season between March and May. Their frequent urination leaves scent markers that inform males of their receptive state. The gestation period is about 170 days and a litter of usually two or three piglets is born in one of the burrows. The young begin to emerge from the burrow for short periods when about three weeks old and as they get bigger they follow their mother closely. They are weaned at three or more months but remain dependent on their mother for several more months after that. She defends them from predators such as lions, leopards, cheetahs and hyaenas. The desert warthog has specific warning grunts that alert the rest of the group to danger. They may freeze initially but then rely on their speed to escape. They can travel for short distances at 55 kilometres (34 mi) per hour as they run to the safety of one of their burrows. The young dive in head first but the older animals reverse direction and back in so that they can defend themselves with their tusks. The juveniles become sexually mature at one to one and a half years and life expectancy is ten or more years.[4]
Desert warthogs were experimentally infected with the virus that causes African swine fever. It was found that the warthogs showed no external signs of the infection but that they remained infective to domestic pigs for at least 33 days, this being the date on which the experiment terminated.[6] To reduce the risk of their animals being infected with this disease, farmers used to shoot desert warthogs. It is now realised that the disease is actually transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros moubata, and that elimination of warthogs in order to try to protect domestic swine serves no useful purpose.[4]
The desert warthog is an important host of the tsetse fly,[7][8] and in some parts of its range efforts are being made to reduce warthog numbers because of this.[8] Specifically, P. aethiopicus was the preferred host for Glossina swynnertoni and G. pallidipes in a study by Weitz 1963. These resulted in variously 16% or 12% (depending on sample) of P. aethiopicus infected with trypanosomes. The trypanosomes found included Trypanosoma brucei by Geigy et al 1967 and T. congolense by Baker 1968. In cases of per-acute infection, Ashcroft 1959 and Geigy found P. aethiopicus to be suffering widespread haemorrhaging of serous membranes of their vital organs, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and body fat atrophy. Torr 1994 found that the presence of P. aethiopicus may be more or less of a problem, depending on whether their associated Glossina can be controlled, which varies widely with the availability of specific attractants.[7]
Warthogs are prolific breeders and research is being performed into their breeding and recruitment patterns as a means of deciding how best to control them.[8]
In its Red List of Endangered Species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the desert warthog as being of "Least Concern". This is because it is common in some parts of its range and the population is thought to be stable. It occurs in a number of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries and it faces no significant threats although it may locally be hunted for bushmeat. It also faces competition at waterholes and for grazing with domestic livestock.[1]
The desert warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the pig family (Suidae), found in northern Kenya and Somalia, and possibly Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. This is the range of the extant subspecies, commonly known as the Somali warthog (P. a. delamerei). Another subspecies, commonly known as the Cape warthog (P. a. aethiopicus), became extinct around 1865, but formerly occurred in South Africa.
El facóquero oriental (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Suidae. Es una de las dos especies de Phacochoerus existentes. Solo se da en las sabanas y parajes semidesérticos del Cuerno de África, y mantiene costumbres similares a su pariente, el facóquero común.
Este animal constituido tiene una longitud media de 125 centímetros y un peso de 75 kilogramos siendo los machos más grandes que las hembras. Tiene una cabeza aplanada con protuberancias faciales emparejadas ("verrugas") y grandes colmillos curvos que le sobresalen. Estos no están presentes en los jóvenes, pero les crecen en el transcurso de unos pocos años. Son más grandes en los machos que en las hembras. El cuerpo está escasamente cubierto de pelos erizados y una región más densa corre a lo largo de la columna vertebral y se forma una cresta. La cola es larga y delgada. El color general es de marrón oscuro, pero la cresta es a veces blanquecina. Este jabalí se diferencia del (Potamochoerus porcus) y del cerdo gigante del bosque (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) en que tiene verrugas faciales y colmillos proporcionalmente mayores.[3]
Es nativo de la región del Cuerno de África. Su área de distribución actual se extiende desde el sureste de Etiopía a través de Somalia occidental a Kenia oriental y Central. La subespecie nominal (P. a. aethiopicus), conocido comúnmente como el jabalí del Cabo, solía habitar en la parte sureste de la Provincia del Cabo y las partes adyacentes, pero se extinguió alrededor de 1871. El hábitat de este animal son paisajes áridos y abiertos incluyendo bosques con árboles dispersos, matorrales y llanuras de arena, pero no las zonas de montaña.[1]
Se reconocen las siguientes:[2]
El facóquero oriental (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Suidae. Es una de las dos especies de Phacochoerus existentes. Solo se da en las sabanas y parajes semidesérticos del Cuerno de África, y mantiene costumbres similares a su pariente, el facóquero común.
Fakokero (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) Phacochoerus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Suinae azpifamilia eta Suidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Iparraldeko Kenyan eta Somalian bizi da, eta ziur asko baita Djibutin, Eritrean eta Etiopian ere. Bi azpiespezie ditu:
Fakokero (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) Phacochoerus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Suinae azpifamilia eta Suidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Iparraldeko Kenyan eta Somalian bizi da, eta ziur asko baita Djibutin, Eritrean eta Etiopian ere. Bi azpiespezie ditu:
Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus, 1865 inguruan Hegoafrikan iraungitua.Phacochère de Somalie
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, le Phacochère de Somalie, est une espèce de Phacochères que l'on rencontre au sud-est de l'Éthiopie, à l'ouest de la Somalie, et dans le centre et à l'est du Kenya.
Il existait une sous-espèce, le Phacochère du Cap (Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus) qui évoluait au sud-est de l'ancienne province du Cap et dans les parties adjacentes du KwaZulu-Natal. Elle est considérée comme éteinte depuis les années 1870.
Il est abondant dans son milieu naturel.
Ses prédateurs sont les lions, les léopards, les guépards et les hyènes[1]. Il est aussi chassé pour la viande de brousse.
Selon BioLib[1], CatalogueOfLife[2] et MSW[3] les sous-espèces suivantes sont reconnues :
Phacochère de Somalie
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, le Phacochère de Somalie, est une espèce de Phacochères que l'on rencontre au sud-est de l'Éthiopie, à l'ouest de la Somalie, et dans le centre et à l'est du Kenya.
Il existait une sous-espèce, le Phacochère du Cap (Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus) qui évoluait au sud-est de l'ancienne province du Cap et dans les parties adjacentes du KwaZulu-Natal. Elle est considérée comme éteinte depuis les années 1870.
Il facocero del deserto (Phacochoerus aethiopicus, (Pallas 1766)) è un mammifero appartenente alla famiglia Suidae che vive in Africa orientale.
Il facocero del deserto è piuttosto simile al facocero comune, tuttavia presenta alcune differenze, di seguito elencate:
Ne sono note due sottospecie:
(EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Il facocero del deserto (Phacochoerus aethiopicus, (Pallas 1766)) è un mammifero appartenente alla famiglia Suidae che vive in Africa orientale.
Karpotis (lot. Phacochoerus aethiopicus, angl. Warthog, vok. Warzenschwein) – kiaulinių (Suidae) šeimos žinduolis. Jo masė iki 150 kg. Turi milžiniškas iltis ir kietas odos karpas galvos šonuose.
Tuksneša kārpcūka (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) ir cūku dzimtas (Suidae) pārnadzis.[1] Tas sastopamas Kenijā un Somālijā, kā arī, iespējams, Džibutijā, Eritrejā un Etiopijā.[2] Tuksneša kārpcūkai ir divas pasugas, no kurām viena — Kāpas kārpcūka (P. a. aethiopicus) — ir izmirusi. Tā mājoja Austrumkāpā, Dienvidāfrikā, un izmira ap 1865. gadu.[2]
Vecākās kārpcūku fosilijas saglabājušās no holocēna laika, norādot uz divu sugu ļoti senu līdzās pastāvēšanu (parastajai kārpcūkai (P. africanus) un tuksneša kārpcūkai ir atšķirīgi vēsturiskie priekšteči). Šo divu seno kārpcūku līniju priekštečiem ir atšķirīgs priekšzobu skaits. 19. gadsimtā, kad Dienvidāfrikā izmira tuksneša kārpcūkas, uzskatīja, ka šī suga dzīvnieku pasaulei ir zudusi. Tikai 21. gadsimta DNS un morfoloģijas analīžu pētījumi atklāja, ka Austrumāfrikā dzīvojošā kārpcūka ir nevis parastās kārpcūkas pasuga, bet gan, ka tā ir Dienvidāfrikā izmirušās kārpcūkas radiniece.[3][4]
Tuksneša kārpcūka ir masīvi veidota cūka, kurai raksturīgs dzimumu dimorfisms: tēviņi ir ievērojami lielāki nekā mātītes, kā arī sugai raksturīgās kārpas (ādas sabiezinājumi) uz sejas ir daudz lielākas un izteiksmīgākas tēviņiem, arī ilkņi tēviņiem ir garāki un masīvāki. Ķermeņa garums ir 100—145 cm, augstums skaustā apmēram 50 cm, svars 45—130 kg.[5] Kārpcūkai ir masīva, liela un nedaudz saplacinātas formas galva. Jaunās kārpcūkas ir līdzīgas pieaugušajiem īpatņiem, bet to kārpas ir mazākas un tām nav ilkņu, kuri sāk lēnām augt tikai pēc dzimumbrieduma sasniegšanas.[5] Lielākā daļa tuksneša kārpcūku ir brūnas (gan tumšākas, gan gaišākas) ar īsu, asu, reti augošu matojumu. Garāks matojums jeb krēpes (abiem dzimumiem) aug uz muguras un kakla aizmugures. Reizēm krēpes ir gaišākas nekā pārējais ķermenis.[5]
Galvenā morfoloģiskā iezīme, kas atšķir tuksneša kārpcūku no parastās kārpcūkas, ir priekšzobu iztrūkums tuksneša kārpcūkai: augšžoklī priekšzobu nav vispār, apakšžoklī priekšzobu nav vai arī to skaits ir samazināts (2—4 zobi).[6] Parastā kārpcūka ir arī nedaudz lielāka nekā tuksneša kārpcūka, un tās ilkņi ir saliektāki.[6] Līdzīgas kārpcūkām ir arī tuvu radniecīgās krūmu cūkas (Potamochoerus) un milzu mežacūkas (Hylochoerus), tomēr tuksneša kārpcūkai kārpas uz sejas un ilkņi ir lielāki un izteiksmīgāki.[5]
Tuksneša kārpcūka galvenokārt uzturas savannā, lai gan spēj izturēt sausākus un karstākus apstākļus nekā parastā kārpcūka, tādēļ sastopama arī pustuksnesī. Kopumā tuksneša kārpcūkas izvairās no mežiem un biezi aizaugušām teritorijām. Tās nepanes aukstumu, tādēļ uzturas tikai ielejās.[5] Kārpcūkas ir aktīvas tikai gaišajā dienas laikā. Ļoti karstās dienās tās galvenokārt uzturas ēnā, bet vēsākā dienā aktīvi ganās un barojas, rokot augu saknes un dzinumus.[5] Kopumā tuksneša kārpcūkas ir samērā mazkustīgas un dienas laikā barojas 3—4 km plašā teritorijā, reizēm tās noiet 7 km dienā.[5]
Tuksneša kārpcūkas, atkarībā no dzimuma, dzīvo vai nu barā (mātītes un to mazuļi), vai ir vienpatņi (pieauguši tēviņi). Bars pakļaujas vecākajai un lielākajai mātītei, tai pakļaujas arī pieauguši tēviņi, ja tādi ir barā.[5] Baram ir teritorija, apmēram 10 km² liela, kas parasti atrodas ūdenstilpes tuvumā. Kārpcūkas rok dziļas alas vai pārņem citu dzīvnieku izraktās alas. Tās ik pa laikam tiek nomainītas, un kopumā vienā teritorijā ir apmēram 10 alu vietas. Alās kārpcūkas slēpjas no ienaidniekiem, īpaši tās pasargā no plēsējiem jaunās cūkas un mazuļus. Ganoties un meklējot barību, kārpcūkas vienmēr atrodas kādas alas tuvumā.[5] Reizēm divu baru teritorijas pārklājas un katrs bars izmanto vienas un tās pašas alas atšķirīgos laikos. Bariem satiekoties, tie neizrāda agresiju viens pret otru, piemēram, ja alas jau ir aizņemtas, atnākušais bars dodas tālāk, meklēt citas alas.[5]
Tuksneša kārpcūka ir zālēdāja un galvenokārt barojas ar zāli, augu saknēm un krūmu dzinumiem. Salīdzinot ar parasto kārpcūku, tā ir mazāk izvēlīga un barojas ar visdažādākajiem augiem, kas aug tās teritorijā. Kārpcūka ik pa laikam, kad grūti atrast citu barību, barojas arī ar augļiem, kukaiņiem. Nozīmīgs barības resurss ir augu saknes, gumi un sīpoli, kurus dzīvnieks izrok ar saviem ilkņiem un šņukuru. Retos gadījumos tā apēd savus ekskrementus un citu dzīvnieku ekskrementus, bada laikos tiek ēsta arī maita.[5]
Pārošanās sezona parasti sākas lietus sezonas beigās, maksimumu sasniedzot aprīlī. Šajā laikā, lai piesaistītu tēviņus, mātītes, kas meklējas, sāk ļoti bieži urinēt, apmēram 10 reizes biežāk nekā tēviņi. Tēviņi tādējādi jau no liela attāluma atrod mātītes. Reizēm tēviņi paliek kopā ar mātīšu baru, līdz visām mātītēm ir beigusies meklēšanās. Mazuļi dzimst laikā no augusta līdz decembrim, maksimumu sasniedzot septembrī. Grūsnības periods ilgst 160—175 dienas.[5] Par mazuļiem rūpējas tikai māte, un tēviņš pēc sapārošanās mātīti atstāj.
Parasti piedzimst 2—3 sivēni (var būt 1—8 sivēni), kas tiek dzemdēti un paslēpti alā. Ārpus alas mazuļi iznāk apmēram 3 nedēļu vecumā un sāk sekot savai mātei visur, kur vien viņa iet. Māte tos zīda ar pienu līdz apmēram 6 mēnešu vecumam. Dzimumbriedumu tuksneša kārpcūkas sasniedz 1,5—2 gadu vecumā. Tā kā jaunās kārpcūkas nobriest lēnām, mātītei ir divas mazuļu grupas, kurām ir atšķirīgs vecums (tekošā gada sivēni un iepriekšējā gada mazuļi). Mātītes ir ļoti agresīvas un bezbailīgas, aizstāvot savus mazuļus.[5] Tuksneša kārpcūkas savvaļā dzīvo 7—18 gadus. Vislielākā mirstība ir jaunajām kārpcūkām, izdzīvo tikai 50% no mazuļiem. Tie parasti kļūst par medījumu dažādiem lielajiem plēsējiem, piemēram, lauvām, leopardiem, gepardiem un hiēnām.[5]
Tuksneša kārpcūkai ir 2 pasugas:
Tuksneša kārpcūka (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) ir cūku dzimtas (Suidae) pārnadzis. Tas sastopamas Kenijā un Somālijā, kā arī, iespējams, Džibutijā, Eritrejā un Etiopijā. Tuksneša kārpcūkai ir divas pasugas, no kurām viena — Kāpas kārpcūka (P. a. aethiopicus) — ir izmirusi. Tā mājoja Austrumkāpā, Dienvidāfrikā, un izmira ap 1865. gadu.
Het woestijnknobbelzwijn (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is een zwijn uit de familie der varkens (Suidae).
Het woestijnknobbelzwijn heeft een kop-romplengte van 100 tot 150 cm, een staartlengte van 35 tot 45 cm, een schofthoogte van 50 tot 75 cm en een gewicht van 45 tot 100 kilo. Het lijkt veel op het gewone knobbelzwijn (P. africanus), maar is erg gespecialiseerd naar een drogere omgeving. Het is ook iets kleiner.
De twee ondersoorten van het woestijnknobbelzwijn, die op grote afstand van elkaar voorkomen of voorkwamen, waren waarschijnlijk in het laatste glaciaal, zo'n 20 000 jaar geleden, verbonden door een "woestijncorridor". Tegenwoordig overleeft P. a. delamarei in een veel drogere habitat dan die waarin het gewone knobbelzwijn kan leven.
Woestijnknobbelzwijnen grazen en graven wortels en knollen op met hun harde, scherp gepunte lippen. Ze komen voor in open, droge gebieden, met als plantengemeenschappen: xerofiel struikgewas, savanne en woestijnachtige steppe. Ze vermijden heuvelachtige gebieden en geven gewoonlijk de voorkeur aan zandgronden, waar ze vrij makkelijk kunnen graven. Wel hebben ze oppervlaktewater en schaduw nodig. Plaatselijk komen ze veel voor, vooral rond afgelegen dorpjes en andere plaatsen waar altijd water beschikbaar is, soms in kuddes tot dertig dieren. Waar de omstandigheden minder gunstig zijn leven ze in kleine familiegroepjes.
Woestijnknobbelzwijnen zijn bijzonder schuw en rond hun leefwijze zijn veel vraagtekens.
De ondersoort van Zuid-Afrika, P. a. aethiopicus, is omstreeks 1871 uitgestorven.
De ondersoort P. a. delamarei heeft een aaneengesloten verspreidingsgebied, dat delen van Ethiopië, Somalië en Kenia omvat. In Kenia en de zuidelijke helft van Somalië leeft het dier van zeeniveau aan de kust tot een hoogte van 1400 meter aan de oostkant van de Grote Slenk. Aan de zuidkant van het Turkanameer komt het ook voor ten westen van de slenk, waar het klimaattype geschikt is en het terrein betrekkelijk vlak. Aansluitend aan dit zuidelijk leefgebied komen ze in elk geval voor in een noord-zuid lopende droge strook ten oosten van de Grote Slenk en de Danakildepressie. Deze strook van enkele honderden kilometers breed loopt door Ethiopië heen naar de Somalische noordkust.
Het dier leeft op zanderige bodem en de klimaattypes zijn warm woestijnklimaat, warm steppeklimaat en tropisch savanneklimaat.
Woestijnknobbelzwijnen zijn gangbaar over grote delen van de Ogaden en komen verder voor in de woestijnen van de Hoorn van Afrika. Toch toont hun verspreidingspatroon grote gaten. Door hun schuwheid zijn ze moeilijk te vinden en kunnen de aantallen en verspreidingsgebieden groter zijn dan bekend is.
De IUCN beschouwt de soort als niet bedreigd en taxeert de aantallen als stabiel. Het dier wordt bejaagd voor handel in bushmeat. Overbegrazing door vee kan plaatselijk habitatverlies veroorzaken en concurrentie om water met de mens en zijn kuddes kan een rol spelen. Het is vooralsnog onduidelijk hoe belangrijk deze factoren zijn.
Er bestaan twee ondersoorten:
Het woestijnknobbelzwijn (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is een zwijn uit de familie der varkens (Suidae).
Ørkenvortesvin (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) er en art i svinefamilien som er hjemmehørende i Afrika og finnes blant annet i Eritrea, Djibouti, Etiopia, Somalia.
Ekte vortesvin har en nær sylindrisk kropp med et meget stort hode og to par med ansiktsvorter, som er mest iøynefallende hos hannene. Hannene har støttannlignende hjørnetenner som vokser ut av munnen. Kroppslengden er omkring 100-150 cm, skulderhøyden omkring 50-70 cm, halen 35-45 cm, og vekten 40-110 kg. Vortesvinene holder gjerne halen rett opp når de løper.
Vortesvinet trives på både åpne og bevokste savanner, gressbevokste stepper og i semi-ørken. Rundt Kilimanjaro finner man vortesvin i høyder på opp mot 3 000 moh.
Ørkenvortesvin (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) er en art i svinefamilien som er hjemmehørende i Afrika og finnes blant annet i Eritrea, Djibouti, Etiopia, Somalia.
Ekte vortesvin har en nær sylindrisk kropp med et meget stort hode og to par med ansiktsvorter, som er mest iøynefallende hos hannene. Hannene har støttannlignende hjørnetenner som vokser ut av munnen. Kroppslengden er omkring 100-150 cm, skulderhøyden omkring 50-70 cm, halen 35-45 cm, og vekten 40-110 kg. Vortesvinene holder gjerne halen rett opp når de løper.
Vortesvinet trives på både åpne og bevokste savanner, gressbevokste stepper og i semi-ørken. Rundt Kilimanjaro finner man vortesvin i høyder på opp mot 3 000 moh.
Guziec pustynny, fakoszer (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) – gatunek afrykańskiej świni, zwierzę łowne. Zamieszkuje stepy Afryki. Jeden z dwóch gatunków rodzaju Phacochoerus[3].
W polskiej literaturze zoologicznej dla oznaczenia gatunku używana była nazwa zwyczajowa „guziec”[4][5]. Jednak w wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” gatunkowi przypisano oznaczenie guziec pustynny, rezerwując nazwę guziec dla rodzaju Phacochoerus[3].
Długość około 1 m, rogowe wyrostki na głowie, czarna grzywa na karku, dolne i górne kły wielkie, zakrzywione ku górze.
Guziec pustynny, fakoszer (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) – gatunek afrykańskiej świni, zwierzę łowne. Zamieszkuje stepy Afryki. Jeden z dwóch gatunków rodzaju Phacochoerus.
W polskiej literaturze zoologicznej dla oznaczenia gatunku używana była nazwa zwyczajowa „guziec”. Jednak w wydanej w 2015 roku przez Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk publikacji „Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata” gatunkowi przypisano oznaczenie guziec pustynny, rezerwując nazwę guziec dla rodzaju Phacochoerus.
Długość około 1 m, rogowe wyrostki na głowie, czarna grzywa na karku, dolne i górne kły wielkie, zakrzywione ku górze.
O facocero-do-deserto (nome científico: Phacochoerus aethiopicus) é uma espécie de suídeo do gênero Phacochoerus.[1][2] Também chamado de facochero ou javali-africano-do-deserto (apesar de não pertencer a espécie Sus scrofa), ocorre na África oriental, principalmente na região do Chifre da África, mas também mais ao sul, chegando até Moçambique. Assim como a espécie mais comum de facocero (o Phacochoerus africanus), a espécie P. aethiopicus é um mamífero artiodátilo da família dos suídeos (que inclui porcos, javalis e o babirussa), é onívoro e pode pesar até 100 quilos.[3][4]
O facocero da espécie P. aethiopicus vive em três países da África: Etiópia, Somália e Quênia. Assim como o facocero mais comum (o P. africanus), o P. aethiopicus prefere savanas áridas e úmidas. Como a maioria dos animais africanos, tolera o clima quente e seco.
O facocero da espécie P. aethiopicus não é muito diferente de outros suínos selvagens,possui uma cabeça grande com verrugas características, espalhadas aos pares. Os olhos no alto da cabeça servem para vigiar possíveis predadores, como o leão ou o leopardo. O focinho é longo, acompanhado de dois pares de presas, usadas para escavar e para defesa. O corpo é grande e as pernas curtas. Apesar disso, é um bom corredor. Possui um cauda razoavelmente longa, que mantem em posição ereta enquanto trota. Um facocero adulto pesa entre 50 e 100 kg. A altura da cernelha é em torno de 75 cm.
O facocero da espécie P. aethiopicus, assim como a maioria dos suínos, é onívoro - alimenta-se de insetos, lagartos, minhocas, ovos, frutas, folhas e grama.
Os machos disputam as fêmeas em combates violentos. A gestação da fêmea é de 175 dias, ao fim dos quais nascem em média quatro leitõezinhos, que são desmamados aos 2 meses. Os filhotes permanecem junto à mãe até o próximo parto.
Como todos os porcos, usa a lama para se refrescar e se proteger de parasitas e insetos. Eles vivem em pequenos núcleos familiares compostos por uma fêmea e seus filhotes. Os machos vivem sozinhos. Apesar de bons cavadores, os facoceros não constroem suas tocas. Preferem viver em tocas abandonadas de outros animais como os ursos-formigueiros (orictéropos). Os facoceros têm hábitos noturnos.
«Phacochoerus aethiopicus» (em inglês). Red List. Consultado em 26 de dezembro de 2012
O facocero-do-deserto (nome científico: Phacochoerus aethiopicus) é uma espécie de suídeo do gênero Phacochoerus. Também chamado de facochero ou javali-africano-do-deserto (apesar de não pertencer a espécie Sus scrofa), ocorre na África oriental, principalmente na região do Chifre da África, mas também mais ao sul, chegando até Moçambique. Assim como a espécie mais comum de facocero (o Phacochoerus africanus), a espécie P. aethiopicus é um mamífero artiodátilo da família dos suídeos (que inclui porcos, javalis e o babirussa), é onívoro e pode pesar até 100 quilos.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, cunoscut și sub denumirile de porc cu negi de deșert (în engleză desert warthog) sau facocer (în franceză phacochère), este un membru paricopitat a familiei de porci Suidae, răspândit în Kenya de nord, Somalia, Etiopia de est și posibil Djibouti și Eritreea. Aceasta este aria de răspândire a speciilor extante, cunoscute sub denumirea de porc cu negi somalezi (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei). O altă subspecie denumită porcul cu negi al Capului (P. a. aethiopicus), a dispărut din Africa de Sud în jurul anului 1865.
Porcul cu negi de deșert este asemănător porcului alergător, dar prezintă câteva diferențe, enumerate mai jos:[2]
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, cunoscut și sub denumirile de porc cu negi de deșert (în engleză desert warthog) sau facocer (în franceză phacochère), este un membru paricopitat a familiei de porci Suidae, răspândit în Kenya de nord, Somalia, Etiopia de est și posibil Djibouti și Eritreea. Aceasta este aria de răspândire a speciilor extante, cunoscute sub denumirea de porc cu negi somalezi (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei). O altă subspecie denumită porcul cu negi al Capului (P. a. aethiopicus), a dispărut din Africa de Sud în jurul anului 1865.
Ökenvårtsvin (Phacochoerus aethiopicus[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peter Simon Pallas 1766. Phacochoerus aethiopicus ingår i släktet Phacochoerus och familjen äkta svin.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Med en genomsnittlig kroppslängd av 125 cm är arten lite mindre än det vanliga vårtsvinet. Hannar är tydlig större än honor och vissa hannar blir 145 cm långa. Arten har en mankhöjd av cirka 50 cm och vikten varierar mellan 45 och 130 kg. Hannar har även betydlig större vårtor i ansiktet och större hörntänder (betar) än honor. I motsats till vanligt vårtsvin saknar ökenvårtsvinet de övre framtänderna. När nedre framtänder finns är de bara små stubbar. Kroppen är huvudsakligen täckt av kort brunaktig päls. Vid halsen och på främre delen av ryggens topp finns ofta längre hår som är ljusare till vitaktiga. Ungarna har samma pälsfärg som de vuxna djuren.[7]
Artens utbredningsområde sträcker sig över östra Etiopien, nordvästra och södra Somalia och norra Kenya. En isolerad population finns i södra Kenya. Ökenvårtsvinet vistas främst i låglandet och når sällan högre regioner än 1400 meter över havet. Habitatet är inga riktiga öknar utan torra stäpper, buskmarker och öppna skogar där individerna hittar vatten och skugga.[1]
Ökenvårtsvinet gräver jordhålor eller övertar underjordiska bon från andra djur. Några honor och deras ungar bildar en flock. Utanför parningstiden besöks flocken av olika hannar. Annars bildar hannar egna ungkarlsflockar. Bland honorna etableras en hierarki och vanligen är den äldsta och största honan flockens ledare. De har upp till 10 bon i reviret som är 2 till 4 km² stort. Territorierna av olika flockar kan överlappa varandra. Flocken är aktiv på dagen med undantag av de varmaste timmarna. I områden där individerna störs av människan kan ökenvårtsvin vara nattaktiva.[7]
Arten markerar reviret med körtelvätska och urin. Dessutom finns olika varningsrop. Ökenvårtsvinet äter huvudsakligen växtdelar som gräs, rötter, frukter, blad och bark. Födan kompletteras med insekter och ibland äter individerna avföring eller kadaver.[7]
Parningen sker under regntiden mellan mars och maj. Under tiden kan en individ para sig med olika hannar respektive honor. Dräktigheten varar 160 till 175 dagar och sedan föds mellan augusti och december 2 eller 3 ungar, sällan upp till 8 ungar. Efter cirka tre veckor syns ungarna för första gången utanför boet och de börjar med fast föda. Efter ungefär 6 månader slutar modern med digivning. Ökenmarsvinet blir könsmoget efter cirka 1,5 år och vissa honor kan föda ytterligare en kull innan ungarna från förra kullen är självständiga.[7]
Ungefär hälften av ungarna dör under det första levnadsåret. Troligen blir ökenvårtsvinet lika gammalt som det vanliga vårtsvinet, alltså 7 till 10 år.[7]
Arten jagas av olika rovdjur som lejon, leopard, gepard och fläckig hyena. Ökenvårtsvinet kan nå en hastighet av 55 km/h under flykten. Hastigheten kan bara upprätthållas över korta sträckor och därför måste det alltid finnas en jordhåla i närheten.[7]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.[3]
Den första underarten, Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus, levde i Sydafrika och dog ut under 1870-talet. Den nu levande populationen tillhör underarten Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei.[1]
Ökenvårtsvin (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Peter Simon Pallas 1766. Phacochoerus aethiopicus ingår i släktet Phacochoerus och familjen äkta svin. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Lợn u mắt sa mạc (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Suidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.[2] Nó được tìm thấy ở bắc Kenya, Somalia, và có lẽ có ở Djibouti, Eritrea và Ethiopia. Đây là phạm vi sinh sống của phân loài Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei (tên tiếng Anh: lợn u mắt Somali). Một phân loài khác được gọi là lợn u mắt Cape (P. a. aethiopicus), đã tuyệt chủng khoảng năm 1865, nhưng phân loài thứ hai này đã từng sinh sống ở Nam Phi.[1]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Phacochoerus aethiopicus tại Wikimedia Commons
Dữ liệu liên quan tới Phacochoerus aethiopicus tại Wikispecies
Lợn u mắt sa mạc (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Suidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766. Nó được tìm thấy ở bắc Kenya, Somalia, và có lẽ có ở Djibouti, Eritrea và Ethiopia. Đây là phạm vi sinh sống của phân loài Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei (tên tiếng Anh: lợn u mắt Somali). Một phân loài khác được gọi là lợn u mắt Cape (P. a. aethiopicus), đã tuyệt chủng khoảng năm 1865, nhưng phân loài thứ hai này đã từng sinh sống ở Nam Phi.
Пустынный бородавочник[источник не указан 725 дней] (лат. Phacochoerus aethiopicus) — один из видов бородавочников.[1]
Ареал — преимущественно пустынные территории Африканского Рога к востоку от Великой Рифтовой долины: Сомали, восток Кении и Эфиопии.
Ранее подвид пустынного бородавочника обитал и на юге Африки, но был истреблён местным населением.[2]
Особи вида напоминают европейского кабана с длиной тела более метра и с высотой в холке около 50 см. Кожа из-за жаркого климата более тонкая. От наиболее близкого вида, африканского бородавочника, пустынный отличается отсутствием функциональных резцов и меньшими размерами тела.
У вида хорошо выражен половой диморфизм, самцы заметно крупнее самок. Бородавки и клыки также больше у самцов.
Обычно самки пустынных бородавочников с потомством живут небольшими группами с крупным самцом. Остальные самцы часто живут в одиночку, реже образуеют небольшие группы холостяков.[3]
Охранный статус — LC.[4] Несмотря на небольшой ареал, обитает вид в малонаселённой территории, что снижает риск истребления. Кроме того, местное население практически полностью исповедует ислам, запрещающий употреблять свинину. Хищники также редко встречаются в пустынных районах Африканского рога.
Пустынный бородавочник[источник не указан 725 дней] (лат. Phacochoerus aethiopicus) — один из видов бородавочников.
荒漠疣猪(Phacochoerus aethiopicus),亦稱沙漠疣豬,是一种生活在非洲的哺乳动物,属于猪科疣猪属的一种。荒漠疣猪主要分布在肯尼亚北部、索马里,吉布提、厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚也可能存在。
荒漠疣猪(Phacochoerus aethiopicus),亦稱沙漠疣豬,是一种生活在非洲的哺乳动物,属于猪科疣猪属的一种。荒漠疣猪主要分布在肯尼亚北部、索马里,吉布提、厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚也可能存在。
사막혹멧돼지(desert warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus)는 멧돼지과에 속하는 우제류의 일종이다.[2] 케냐 북부 지역과 소말리아에서 발견되며, 지부티와 에리트레아 그리고 에티오피아에서 서식하는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 현존하는 종의 분포 지역은 흔히 소말리아사막혹멧돼지(P. a. delamerei)로 알려져 있는 아종의 분포 지역이다. 다른 아종으로 케이프사막혹멧돼지(P. a. aethiopicus)가 있지만 1865년 경에 멸종했으며, 남아프리카공화국에서 서식했다.[1]
사막혹멧돼지(desert warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus)는 멧돼지과에 속하는 우제류의 일종이다. 케냐 북부 지역과 소말리아에서 발견되며, 지부티와 에리트레아 그리고 에티오피아에서 서식하는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 현존하는 종의 분포 지역은 흔히 소말리아사막혹멧돼지(P. a. delamerei)로 알려져 있는 아종의 분포 지역이다. 다른 아종으로 케이프사막혹멧돼지(P. a. aethiopicus)가 있지만 1865년 경에 멸종했으며, 남아프리카공화국에서 서식했다.