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Mussuranas ( German )

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Mussuranas (Clelia) sind eine Gattung der Nattern. Am besten beschrieben ist hierbei die Art Clelia clelia. Obwohl Mussuranas mittelgroße bis große Schlangen sind, werden sie in der Natur selten gefunden. Auch in Sammlungen ist die Gattung kaum vertreten.[1]

Systematik

Folgende sieben Arten dieser Gattung sind bekannt:[2][3]

Die folgenden, früher zu Clelia gerechneten Arten, wurden mittlerweile in eine eigene Gattung Mussurana ausgegliedert.

Clelia gehört zum Tribus Pseudoboini innerhalb der Unterfamilie Dipsadinae. In diesem ergibt sich nach Vidal et al. folgende Systematik:[5]

Pseudoboini




Pseudoboa



Boiruna


Clelia





Drepanoides


Mussurana




Phimophis



Oxyrhopus



Siphlophis



Dementsprechend wurden die Arten, die näher mit Drepanoides verwandt sind, in die Gattung Mussurana verschoben. Die Schwesterngattung von Clelia ist Boiruna.

Merkmale

Juvenile Mussuranas haben ein weißes Halsband, sind meist rötlich mit schwarzen Streifen. Sie färben sich um, sobald sie erwachsen werden; die meisten Arten sind dann dunkel gefärbt. Sie erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 57 bis 280 Zentimetern, wobei Clelia plumbea die größte Art ist. Weibchen werden generell größer als Männchen.[6] Paarungszeit ist vermutlich ganzjährig, ob dies auch für die in den kühleren Lebensräumen vorkommenden Arten wie C. rustica gilt, ist unbekannt. Clelia sind ovipar, also eierlegend. Die Anzahl der Eier hängt von der Größe des Weibchens ab, Gelegegrößen zwischen 4 und 30 Eiern wurden beobachtet.[1]

Verbreitung

Die Schlangen der Gattung Clelia kommen hauptsächlich in Südamerika vor. Clelia clelia hat das größte Verbreitungsgebiet, das im Norden bis Mexiko und im Süden bis Uruguay reicht. Clelia errabunda ist auf der Antilleninsel St. Lucia endemisch[3][1] und wahrscheinlich ausgestorben.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Lígia Pizzatto: Body size, reproductive biology and abundance of the rare pseudoboini snakes genera Clelia and Boiruna (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Brazil. In: Phyllomedusa. Band 4, Nr. 2, 2005, ISSN 1519-1397, S. 111–122, doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v4i2p111-122.
  2. Globaltwitcher@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.globaltwitcher.com (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
  3. a b Clelia In: The Reptile Database
  4. a b Francisco L. Franco, Otavio A. V. Marques, Giuseppe Puorto: Two New Species of Colubrid Snakes of the Genus Clelia from Brazil. In: Journal of Herpetology. Band 31, Nr. 4, 1997, S. 483–490, doi:10.2307/1565599.
  5. Nicolas Vidal, William R. Branch, Olivier S.G. Pauwels, S. Blair Hedges, Donald G. Broadley, Michael Wink, Corinne Cruaud, Ulrich Joger, Zoltán T. Nagy: Dissecting the major African snake radiation: a molecular phylogeny of the Lamprophiidae Fitzinger (Serpentes, Caenophidia). In: Zootaxa. Band 1945, Nr. 1, 2008, ISSN 1175-5326, S. 51–66, doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1945.1.3.
  6. Norman J. Scott Jr, Alejandro R. Giraudo, Gustavo Scrocchi, Aida Luz Aquino, Pier Cacciali, Martha Motte: The Genera Boiruna and Clelia (Serpentes: Pseudoboini) in Paraguay and Argentina. In: Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo). Band 46, Nr. 9, 2006, S. 77–105, doi:10.1590/S0031-10492006000900001.
  7. Extinct Reptiles
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Mussuranas: Brief Summary ( German )

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Mussuranas (Clelia) sind eine Gattung der Nattern. Am besten beschrieben ist hierbei die Art Clelia clelia. Obwohl Mussuranas mittelgroße bis große Schlangen sind, werden sie in der Natur selten gefunden. Auch in Sammlungen ist die Gattung kaum vertreten.

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Clelia (snake genus)

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Clelia is a genus of snakes, one of three genera with species with the common name mussurana or musurana (Portuguese: muçurana) It is a genus of large snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to Central America and South America, and species of Clelia are found from southern Mexico to Brazil. They specialize in ophiophagy, i.e., they attack and eat other snakes. Currently seven species are recognized as being valid.[1] They have other popular names in various countries, such as zopilota in Central America and cribo on some Caribbean islands (though they are not related to Drymarchon).

Species

The genus Clelia contains the following species which are currently recognized:[1][2]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Clelia.

Etymology

The specific name, hussami, is in honor Brazilian herpetologist Hussam Zaher.[3]

The specific name, langeri, is in honor of German-born Dominican friar Brother Andres Langer, who is a missionary in Pampagrande, Bolivia.[3]

Description

Mussuranas have an average total length (including tail) of about 1.5 m (4.9 ft), but may grow up to about 2.5 m (8.2 ft). When young, the dorsal color is light pink, which becomes lead-blue when adult. The ventral color is whitish yellow. They have 10 to 15 teeth at the front of the upper jaw, which are followed, after a space, by two enlarged grooved teeth at the back of the mouth (opisthoglyphous teeth) which they use to grasp the head of the attacked snake and push it into the gullet. Then they coil around the prey, killing it by constriction (this is the reason these species are called pseudoboas). Ingestion of the whole body follows. The long body of the ingested snake is compressed as a wave in order to fit into the mussuranas' gastrointestinal system.

Reproduction

Mussaranas are oviparous.

Venom

Although mussuranas are rear-fanged and produce a mild venom, these snakes pose no danger to humans. Even when handled they usually do not bite. Very few envenomations have been reported and they were not fatal. [1] Mussuranas are immune to the venom of the snakes they feed upon, particularly the smaller Central and South American pit vipers of the genus Bothrops. They are not immune to the venom of the coral snake, though. In the absence of other snakes, mussuranas can feed also on small mammals. It has been reported that at least some captive specimens will accept only live snakes as prey.

Habitat and behavior

The preferred habitat of mussuranas is dense ground-level vegetation. They are diurnal.

Conservation

In some regions, farmers keep mussuranas as pets in order to keep their living environment clear of pit vipers, which claim annually a large number of deaths of domestic animals, like cattle. In the 1930s a Brazilian plan to breed and release large numbers of mussuranas for the control of pit vipers was tried but did not work. The Butantan Institute in São Paulo, which specializes in the production of antivenins, erected a statue of Clelia clelia as its symbol and a tribute to its usefulness in combating venomous snake bites. Mussuranas' immunity to bothropic venom was studied by the Brazilian scientist Vital Brazil in the 1920s. Mussuranas are increasingly rare due to the disappearance of their prey and have disappeared in many habitats.

References

  1. ^ a b "Clelia ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  2. ^ "Clelia ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Clelia hussami, p. 127; C. langeri, p. 150).
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Clelia (snake genus): Brief Summary

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Clelia is a genus of snakes, one of three genera with species with the common name mussurana or musurana (Portuguese: muçurana) It is a genus of large snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to Central America and South America, and species of Clelia are found from southern Mexico to Brazil. They specialize in ophiophagy, i.e., they attack and eat other snakes. Currently seven species are recognized as being valid. They have other popular names in various countries, such as zopilota in Central America and cribo on some Caribbean islands (though they are not related to Drymarchon).

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Clelia (animal) ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Las musuranas, zopilotas, chontas o cazadoras negras (Clelia) son un género de serpientes Dipsadidae ovíparas que agrupa a siete especies distribuidas desde el sur de México y Guatemala hasta Argentina. Las Clelias se especializan en ofiofagia, es decir se alimentan de otras serpientes. Su nombre común puede variar de país a país, tales como zopilota en América Central y cribo en algunas de las Antillas.

Especies

Se distinguen las siguientes especies:

Descripción

La culebra musurana tiene una longitud que puede ir desde los 1,50 metros a los 2,50 metros. En las especies se presentan cambios ontogénicos marcados en su coloración, siendo en estado juvenil rojas o anaranjadas con una banda occipital blanca, amarilla o naranja claro, y cambiando a un color gris oscuro o negro en estado adulto.[cita requerida] Después continúa la ingestión del cuerpo completo de la víctima. El largo cuerpo de la serpiente ingerida es comprimido como una onda para ajustarlo al sistema gastrointestinal de la musurana.

Aunque los colmillos de la musurana contienen veneno, estas culebras no son peligro alguno para los humanos. Aun cuando son manipuladas usualmente no muerden. Muy pocos casos de envenenamiento se han reportado y no fueron fatales.[cita requerida] No obstante, un reporte informa de pronunciadas manifestaciones locales de envenenamiento tras la mordida de Clelia Clelia. Los investigadores sugieren más estudios por considerar peligrosas las mordidas de esta especie.[1]

Esta culebra es inmune al veneno de las serpientes de las que se alimenta, particularmente las más pequeñas Crotalinae del género Bothrops de América Central y del Sur. No es inmune al veneno de la serpiente de coral, sin embargo.[cita requerida] En ausencia de otras serpientes, la musurana puede también alimentarse de pequeños mamíferos. Prefiere hábitats terrestres con vegetación densa y es de hábitos diurnos.[cita requerida] La inmunidad de la musurana al veneno de Bothrops fue estudiado por el científico brasileño Vital Brazil en la década de 1920. [cita requerida]

Referencias

  1. SANTOS-COSTA, M.C.; OUTEIRAL, A.B.; D’AGOSTINI, F.M. & CAPPELLARI, L.H. - Envenomation by the Neotropical Colubrid Boiruna maculata (Boulenger, 1896): a case report. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo, 42 (5): 283-286, 2000.

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Clelia (animal): Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Las musuranas, zopilotas, chontas o cazadoras negras (Clelia) son un género de serpientes Dipsadidae ovíparas que agrupa a siete especies distribuidas desde el sur de México y Guatemala hasta Argentina. Las Clelias se especializan en ofiofagia, es decir se alimentan de otras serpientes. Su nombre común puede variar de país a país, tales como zopilota en América Central y cribo en algunas de las Antillas.

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Clelia ( Estonian )

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Clelia on maoperekond.

Klassifikatsioon

Perekonda Clelia klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[2]:

Levila

Neid võib kohata Mehhikos ja Argentinas.

Viited

  1. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, [1] Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 05.04.2014) (inglise keeles)
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Clelia Roomajate andmebaas veebiversioon (vaadatud 05.04.2014) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Clelia (genre) seisuga 05.04.2014.

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Clelia: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Clelia on maoperekond.

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Clelia (generoa) ( Basque )

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Clelia Dipsadidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Mexikotik Argentinara bizi dira.

Espezieak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Clelia (generoa): Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Clelia Dipsadidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Mexikotik Argentinara bizi dira.

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Clelia (genre) ( French )

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Clelia est un genre de serpents de la famille des Dipsadidae[1].

Répartition

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent du Mexique à l'Argentine[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (28 août 2013)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Fitzinger, 1826 : Neue classification der reptilien nach ihren natürlichen verwandtschaften. Nebst einer verwandtschafts-tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien-sammlung des K. K. zoologischen museum's zu Wien, p. 1-67 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Clelia (genre): Brief Summary ( French )

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Clelia est un genre de serpents de la famille des Dipsadidae.

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Clelia ( Portuguese )

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Clelia é um gênero de serpentes da família Dipsadidae encontradas na América Central e do Sul, da Guatemala ao Brasil, e são conhecidas popularmente por muçurana ou cobra-do-bem. São especialistas em ofiofagia, atacando e comendo outras cobras. São reconhecidas 6 espécies.[1]

Espécies

São reconhecidas seis espécies:[1]

Referências

  1. a b «Clelia» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2017
  2. Clelia. Catalogue of Life.

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Clelia: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Clelia é um gênero de serpentes da família Dipsadidae encontradas na América Central e do Sul, da Guatemala ao Brasil, e são conhecidas popularmente por muçurana ou cobra-do-bem. São especialistas em ofiofagia, atacando e comendo outras cobras. São reconhecidas 6 espécies.

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Clelia ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Clelia[1] este un gen de șerpi din familia Colubridae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Clelia

Clelia bicolor



Clelia clelia



Clelia equatoriana



Clelia errabunda



Clelia hussami



Clelia langeri



Clelia montana



Clelia plumbea



Clelia quimi



Clelia rustica



Clelia scytalina



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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Clelia (chi rắn) ( Vietnamese )

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Mmussurana hay musurana (tiếng Bồ Đào Nha muçurana) là một chi (Clelia) thuộc họ rắn Colubridae được tìm thấy ở Trung MỹNam Mỹ, từ Guatemala đến Brazil. Chúng chuyên ăn thịt các loài rắn khác. Chi này hiện có 6 loài được công nhận.[1] Mussurana có chiều dài 1,5 đến 1,6 m, nhưng nó có thể có chiều dài lên đến 2,4 m. Khi còn trẻ, màu lưng của nó là màu hồng nhạt, và trở nên màu xanh biển chì khi nó trưởng thành. Bụng màu vàng hơi trắng. Nó có 10 đến 15 răng mạnh mẽ ở phía sau của miệng nó sử dụng để giữ đầu con rắn bị tấn công và đẩy nó vào thực quản của mình. Sau đó, nó cuộn cơ thể của nó xung quanh nạn nhân, giết chết nó bằng cách co thắt. Nó được miễn nhiễm với nọc độc của các con rắn độc bị nó ăn.

Các loài

Các loài hiện được công nhận:[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

  • Ditmars, R.L. 1936. The Reptiles of North America. Doubleday and Co., New York, NY, 476 pp., 135 plates. Notes: Trimorphodon, Leptodeira capable of poisonous bites; mentions boomslang, possibly mussurana, dangerous.
  • Roosevelt, Theodore 1914. Through the Brazilian Wilderness. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 410 pp. Notes: Throughout the book, the snake is commonly referred to as the "mussurama".

Liên kết ngoài

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Clelia (chi rắn): Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Mmussurana hay musurana (tiếng Bồ Đào Nha muçurana) là một chi (Clelia) thuộc họ rắn Colubridae được tìm thấy ở Trung MỹNam Mỹ, từ Guatemala đến Brazil. Chúng chuyên ăn thịt các loài rắn khác. Chi này hiện có 6 loài được công nhận. Mussurana có chiều dài 1,5 đến 1,6 m, nhưng nó có thể có chiều dài lên đến 2,4 m. Khi còn trẻ, màu lưng của nó là màu hồng nhạt, và trở nên màu xanh biển chì khi nó trưởng thành. Bụng màu vàng hơi trắng. Nó có 10 đến 15 răng mạnh mẽ ở phía sau của miệng nó sử dụng để giữ đầu con rắn bị tấn công và đẩy nó vào thực quản của mình. Sau đó, nó cuộn cơ thể của nó xung quanh nạn nhân, giết chết nó bằng cách co thắt. Nó được miễn nhiễm với nọc độc của các con rắn độc bị nó ăn.

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