About
Education
Discuss
TraitBank
Sign In
Sign Up
Language
Deutsch
English
Español
français
italiano
Nederlands
Piemontèis
Português do Brasil
suomi
Türkçe
Čeština
Ελληνικά
македонски
Українська
العربية
简体中文
繁體中文
names in breadcrumbs
vernacular
scientific
About
Education
Discuss
TraitBank
Sign In
Sign Up
en
Deutsch
English
Español
français
italiano
Nederlands
Piemontèis
Português do Brasil
suomi
Türkçe
Čeština
Ελληνικά
македонски
Українська
العربية
简体中文
繁體中文
names in breadcrumbs
vernacular
scientific
Creatures
»
…
»
Animal
»
…
»
Molluscs
»
Snails
»
…
»
Door Snails
Creatures
»
Cellular Organisms
»
Eukaryotes
»
Opisthokonts
»
Animal
»
Bilateria
»
Protostomes
»
Spiralians
»
Molluscs
»
Snails
»
Heterobranchia
»
Land Snails And Slugs
»
Clausilioidea
»
Door Snails
«
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
collect
overview
data
media
articles
names
Scientific Names
Preferred Names
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
Genus recognized by
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from EOL Mollusca Patch
Euxinella
Genus recognized by
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
China Species List
,
wikidata_hierarchy tar gz
,
wikipedia EN
,
Wikidata Common Names
, and
Wikimedia Commons
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
Genus recognized by
GBIF classification
,
Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024
,
Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3
, and
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4
Euxinella Moisséiev 1936
Genus recognized by
GBIF data coverage
Alternative Names
Euxinella
Harvest ancestor according to
GBIF national node type records Germany
and
Paleobiology Database
Common Names
There are no common names associated with this taxon.
Curated hierarchies for Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Mollusca
Gastropoda Cuvier 1795
Heterobranchia Burmeister 1837
Stylommatophora
Clausilioidea J. E. Gray 1855
Clausiliidae
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Acrotoma O. Boettger 1881
Alinda H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Alopia H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Ambiguella H. Nordsieck 2007
Andinia Poliński 1922
Armenica O. Boettger 1877
Baboria Cossmann 1898
Boettgeria Heynemann 1863
Bofilliella Ehrmann 1927
Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck 2005
Canalicia O. Boettger 1863
Carinigera Möllendorff 1873
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Charpentieria Stabile 1864
Clausilia Draparnaud 1805
Columbinia Poliński 1924
Constricta O. Boettger 1877
Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres 2017
Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck 1999
Dautzenbergiella Lindholm 1924
Delima W. Hartmann 1842
Dilataria Vest 1867
Disjunctaria O. Boettger 1877
Dobatia H. Nordsieck 1973
Ehrmanniella Zilch 1949
Emarginaria O. Boettger 1877
Erjavecia Brusina 1870
Eualopia O. Boettger 1877
Euphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Euxina O. Boettger 1877
Filosa O. Boettger 1877
Galeata O. Boettger 1877
Garnieria Bourguignat 1877
Gracilinenia Poliński 1922
Graecophaedusa Rähle 1982
Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Herilla H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Inchoatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Indonenia Ehrmann 1927
Inobseratella Lindholm 1924
Julica H. Nordsieck 1963
Laciniaria W. Hartmann 1842
Lampedusa O. Boettger 1877
Macedonica O. Boettger 1877
Macrogastra W. Hartmann 1841
Macroptychia O. Boettger 1877
Medora H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck 2007
Megalophaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Mentissoidea O. Boettger 1877
Micridyla H. Nordsieck 1973
Micropontica O. Boettger 1881
Monoptychia H. Nordsieck 1972
Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2018
Muticaria Lindholm 1925
Neniatracta Pilsbry 1926
Neniopsis Wenz 1920
Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres 1995
Olympicola P. Hesse 1916
Omanifera H. Nordsieck ex Harzhauser et al. 2016
Oospira W. T. Blanford 1872
Oospiroides Wenz 1920
Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres 1995
Papillifera W. Hartmann 1842
Parabalea Ancey 1882
Parafusulus H. Nordsieck 2007
Paranenia Rehder 1939
Pararillya H. Nordsieck 2002
Pfeifferiella Weyrauch 1957
Phrygica H. Nordsieck 1994
Polloneria Sacco 1886
Pontophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Protoherilla A. J. Wagner 1921
Pseudidyla O. Boettger 1877
Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck 1977
Ptychauchenia H. Nordsieck 2010
Regiclausilia H. Nordsieck 1981
Rillya Munier-Chalmas ex Fischer 1883
Rillyarex H. Nordsieck 1985
Rillyella H. Nordsieck 2002
Scrobifera O. Boettger 1877
Selenophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2001
Serrulastra H. Nordsieck 1981
Serrulina Mousson 1873
Serruluna H. Nordsieck 1981
Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck 1975
Symptychiella H. Nordsieck 1999
Synprosphyma A. J. Wagner 1920
Temesa H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Triloba Vest 1867
Tropidauchenia Lindholm 1924
Truciella H. Nordsieck 1978
Tsoukatosia E. Gittenberger 2000
Vallatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Vestia P. Hesse 1916
Zaptyx Pilsbry 1900
Zilchiella Weyrauch 1957
74 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the
resource file
for a full list.
Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024
Biota
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda Cuvier 1795
Heterobranchia Burmeister 1837
Euthyneura
Tectipleura
Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber 1990
Stylommatophora A. Schmidt 1855
Helicina Rafinesque 1815
Clausilioidei
Clausilioidea J. E. Gray 1855
Clausiliidae J. E. Gray 1855
Clausiliinae Gray 1855
Euxinellini Neubert 2002
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Acrotoma O. Boettger 1881
Alinda H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Alopia H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Ambiguella H. Nordsieck 2007
Andinia Poliński 1922
Armenica O. Boettger 1877
Baboria Cossmann 1898
Boettgeria Heynemann 1863
Bofilliella Ehrmann 1927
Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck 2005
Canalicia O. Boettger 1863
Carinigera Möllendorff 1873
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Charpentieria Stabile 1864
Clausilia Draparnaud 1805
Columbinia Poliński 1924
Constricta O. Boettger 1877
Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres 2017
Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck 1999
Dautzenbergiella Lindholm 1924
Delima W. Hartmann 1842
Dilataria Vest 1867
Disjunctaria O. Boettger 1877
Dobatia H. Nordsieck 1973
Ehrmanniella Zilch 1949
Emarginaria O. Boettger 1877
Erjavecia Brusina 1870
Eualopia O. Boettger 1877
Euphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Euxina O. Boettger 1877
Filosa O. Boettger 1877
Galeata O. Boettger 1877
Garnieria Bourguignat 1877
Gracilinenia Poliński 1922
Graecophaedusa Rähle 1982
Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Herilla H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Inchoatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Indonenia Ehrmann 1927
Inobseratella Lindholm 1924
Julica H. Nordsieck 1963
Laciniaria W. Hartmann 1842
Lampedusa O. Boettger 1877
Macedonica O. Boettger 1877
Macrogastra W. Hartmann 1841
Macroptychia O. Boettger 1877
Medora H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck 2007
Megalophaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Mentissoidea O. Boettger 1877
Micridyla H. Nordsieck 1973
Micropontica O. Boettger 1881
Monoptychia H. Nordsieck 1972
Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2018
Muticaria Lindholm 1925
Neniatracta Pilsbry 1926
Neniopsis Wenz 1920
Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres 1995
Olympicola P. Hesse 1916
Omanifera H. Nordsieck ex Harzhauser et al. 2016
Oospira W. T. Blanford 1872
Oospiroides Wenz 1920
Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres 1995
Papillifera W. Hartmann 1842
Parabalea Ancey 1882
Parafusulus H. Nordsieck 2007
Paranenia Rehder 1939
Pararillya H. Nordsieck 2002
Pfeifferiella Weyrauch 1957
Phrygica H. Nordsieck 1994
Polloneria Sacco 1886
Pontophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Protoherilla A. J. Wagner 1921
Pseudidyla O. Boettger 1877
Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck 1977
Ptychauchenia H. Nordsieck 2010
Regiclausilia H. Nordsieck 1981
Rillya Munier-Chalmas ex Fischer 1883
Rillyarex H. Nordsieck 1985
Rillyella H. Nordsieck 2002
Scrobifera O. Boettger 1877
Selenophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2001
Serrulastra H. Nordsieck 1981
Serrulina Mousson 1873
Serruluna H. Nordsieck 1981
Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck 1975
Symptychiella H. Nordsieck 1999
Synprosphyma A. J. Wagner 1920
Temesa H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Triloba Vest 1867
Tropidauchenia Lindholm 1924
Truciella H. Nordsieck 1978
Tsoukatosia E. Gittenberger 2000
Vallatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Vestia P. Hesse 1916
Zaptyx Pilsbry 1900
Zilchiella Weyrauch 1957
74 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the
resource file
for a full list.
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Stylommatophora
Clausilioidea
Clausiliidae
Euxinella
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Acrotoma
Alinda
Alopia
Ambiguella
Andinia
Armenica
Baboria
Boettgeria
Bofilliella
Brevinenia
Canalicia
Carinigera
Caspiophaedusa
Changphaedusa
Charpentieria
Clausilia
Columbinia
Constricta
Cotyorica
Cyclonenia
Dautzenbergiella
Delima
Dilataria
Disjunctaria
Distortiphaedusa
Dobatia
Ehrmanniella
Emarginaria
Erjavecia
Eualopia
Euphaedusa
Euxina
Filosa
Galeata
Garnieria
Gracilinenia
Graecophaedusa
Hemiphaedusa
Herilla
Inchoatia
Indonenia
Inobseratella
Julica
Laciniaria
Lampedusa
Macedonica
Macrogastra
Macroptychia
Megalauchenia
Megalophaedusa
Mentissoidea
Micridyla
Micropontica
Monoptychia
Musaphaedusa
Muticaria
Neniatracta
Neniopsis
Nothoserrulina
Olympicola
Omanifera
Oospira
Oospiroides
Pamphylica
Papillifera
Parabalea
Parafusulus
Paranenia
Pararillya
Pfeifferiella
Phrygica
Polloneria
Pontophaedusa
Protoherilla
Pseudidyla
Pseudofusulus
Ptychauchenia
Regiclausilia
Rillya
Rillyarex
Rillyella
Scrobifera
Selenophaedusa
Serriphaedusa
Serrulastra
Serrulina
Serruluna
Solitariphaedusa
Strigileuxina
Symptychiella
Synprosphyma
Temesa
Triloba
Tropidauchenia
Truciella
Tsoukatosia
Vallatia
Vestia
Zaptyx
Zilchiella
70 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the
resource file
for a full list.
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Brachiopoda
Rhynchonellata
Rhynchonellida
Wellerelloidea
Wellerellidae
Euxinella
(this page)
Euxinella anatolica (Vadasz 1913)
Euxinella batangensis Sun & Shi 1985
Euxinella cubanica Dagys 1963
Euxinella latirgvartaensis Moisseiev 1936
Euxinella levantina (Bittner 1891)
Euxinella pamirensis Dagys 1963
Euxinella robinsoni Moisseiev 1936
Euxinella subglobulina (Liao & Sun 1974)
Anchorhynchia
Calcirhynchia
Cenorhynchia
Chaeniorhynchus
Cirpa
Glyptorhynchia
Holosia
Madarosia
Moisseievia
Myopugnax
Nipponirhynchia
Phrenophoria
Plekonella
Robinsonella
Salgirella
Saubachia
Strigirhynchia
Tautosia
Tricoria
Trophisina
Uncinunellina
Vincentirhynchia
Wellerella
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Acrotoma O. Boettger 1881
Alinda H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Alopia H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Ambiguella H. Nordsieck 2007
Andinia Poliński 1922
Armenica O. Boettger 1877
Baboria Cossmann 1898
Boettgeria Heynemann 1863
Bofilliella Ehrmann 1927
Brevinenia Neubert & H. Nordsieck 2005
Canalicia O. Boettger 1863
Carinigera Möllendorff 1873
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Changphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Charpentieria Stabile 1864
Clausilia Draparnaud 1805
Columbinia Poliński 1924
Constricta O. Boettger 1877
Cotyorica Grego & Szekeres 2017
Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck 1999
Dautzenbergiella Lindholm 1924
Delima W. Hartmann 1842
Dilataria Vest 1867
Disjunctaria O. Boettger 1877
Dobatia H. Nordsieck 1973
Ehrmanniella Zilch 1949
Emarginaria O. Boettger 1877
Erjavecia Brusina 1870
Eualopia O. Boettger 1877
Euphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Euxina O. Boettger 1877
Filosa O. Boettger 1877
Galeata O. Boettger 1877
Garnieria Bourguignat 1877
Gracilinenia Poliński 1922
Graecophaedusa Rähle 1982
Hemiphaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Herilla H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Inchoatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Indonenia Ehrmann 1927
Inobseratella Lindholm 1924
Julica H. Nordsieck 1963
Laciniaria W. Hartmann 1842
Lampedusa O. Boettger 1877
Macedonica O. Boettger 1877
Macrogastra W. Hartmann 1841
Macroptychia O. Boettger 1877
Medora H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Megalauchenia H. Nordsieck 2007
Megalophaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Mentissoidea O. Boettger 1877
Micridyla H. Nordsieck 1973
Micropontica O. Boettger 1881
Monoptychia H. Nordsieck 1972
Musaphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2018
Muticaria Lindholm 1925
Neniatracta Pilsbry 1926
Neniopsis Wenz 1920
Nothoserrulina Németh & Szekeres 1995
Olympicola P. Hesse 1916
Omanifera H. Nordsieck in Harzhauser et al. 2016
Oospira W. T. Blanford 1872
Oospiroides Wenz 1920
Pamphylica Németh & Szekeres 1995
Papillifera W. Hartmann 1842
Parabalea Ancey 1882
Parafusulus H. Nordsieck 2007
Paranenia Rehder 1939
Pararillya H. Nordsieck 2002
Pfeifferiella Weyrauch 1957
Phrygica H. Nordsieck 1994
Polloneria Sacco 1886
Pontophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Protoherilla A. J. Wagner 1921
Pseudidyla O. Boettger 1877
Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck 1977
Ptychauchenia H. Nordsieck 2010
Regiclausilia H. Nordsieck 1981
Rillya Munier-Chalmas in Fischer 1883
Rillyarex H. Nordsieck 1985
Rillyella H. Nordsieck 2002
Scrobifera O. Boettger 1877
Selenophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Serriphaedusa H. Nordsieck 2001
Serrulastra H. Nordsieck 1981
Serrulina Mousson 1873
Serruluna H. Nordsieck 1981
Solitariphaedusa Motochin & Ueshima 2017
Strigileuxina H. Nordsieck 1975
Symptychiella H. Nordsieck 1999
Synprosphyma A. J. Wagner 1920
Temesa H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Triloba Vest 1867
Tropidauchenia Lindholm 1924
Truciella H. Nordsieck 1978
Tsoukatosia E. Gittenberger 2000
Vallatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Vestia P. Hesse 1916
Zaptyx Pilsbry 1900
Zilchiella Weyrauch 1957
74 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the
resource file
for a full list.
GBIF classification
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Stylommatophora
Clausiliidae
Euxinella H. Nordsieck 1973
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella Dedov 2012
Euxinella anatolica (Vadasz 1913)
Euxinella batangensis Sun & Shi 1985
Euxinella cubanica Dagys 1963
Euxinella latirgvartaensis Moisseiev 1936
Euxinella levantina (Bittner 1891)
Euxinella pamirensis Dagys 1963
Euxinella radikae H. Nordsieck 1973
Euxinella robinsoni Moisseiev 1936
Euxinella subaii Dedov & Neubert 2009
Euxinella subglobulina (Liao & Sun 1974)
Acrotoma Boettger 1881
Agathylla H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Albinaria Vest 1867
Alinda H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Alopia H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Andinia Poliński 1922
Andiniella Weyrauch 1958
Armenica O. Boettger 1877
Atractophaedusa Ehrmann 1927
Baboria Cossmann 1898
Balea Gray 1824
Bathyptychia Lindholm 1925
Boettgeria Heynemann 1863
Bofilliella Ehrmann 1927
Carinigera Möllendorff 1873
Caspiophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Charpentieria Stabile 1864
Cirrobasis Conrad 1874
Clausilia Draparnaud 1805
Cochlodina de Férussac 1821
Constricta O. Boettger 1877
Cyclonenia H. Nordsieck 1999
Cylindronenia Ehrmann 1949
Dautzenbergiella Lindholm 1924
Delima Hartmann 1842
Dilataria Vest 1867
Dobatia H. Nordsieck 1973
Ehrmanniella Zilch 1949
Elia H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Emarginaria O. Boettger 1877
Erjavecia Brusina 1870
Euxina Boettger 1877
Euxinastra O. Boettger 1888
Formosana O. Boettger 1877
Fuchsiana Gredler 1887
Fusulus Fitzinger 1833
Garnieria Bourguignat 1877
Graciliaria Bielz 1867
Gracilinenia Polinski 1922
Graecophaedusa Rähle 1982
Hemicena Pilsbry 1949
Incaglaia Pilsbry 1949
Incania Poliński 1922
Inchoatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Inobseratella Lindholm 1924
Isabellaria Vest 1867
Julica H. Nordsieck 1963
Lampedusa O. Boettger 1877
Leptacme Ehrmann 1927
Leucostigma A. J. Wagner 1919
Lindholmiella Ehrmann 1927
Liparophaedusa Lindholm 1924
Macedonica O. Boettger 1877
Macrogastra Hartmann 1841
Medora H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Mentissa H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Mentissella H. Nordsieck 1973
Mentissoidea O. Boettger 1877
Micridyla H. Nordsieck 1973
Micropontica O. Boettger 1881
Monoptychia H. Nordsieck 1972
Montenegrina Boettger 1877
Mucronaria O. Boettger 1877
Muticaria Lindholm 1925
Neniatlanta Bourguignat 1876
Neniatracta Pilsbry 1926
Neniauchenia H. Nordsieck 2002
Neniopsis Wenz 1920
Nenisca Rehder 1939
Olympicola P. Hesse 1916
Oospira Blanford 1872
Papillifera W. Hartmann 1842
Paranenia Rehder 1939
Pfeifferiella Weyrauch 1957
Phaedusa Adams & Adams 1858
Pinguiphaedusa
Pravispira Lindholm 1924
Protoherilla A. J. Wagner 1921
Pseudofusulus H. Nordsieck 1977
Reinia Kobelt 1876
Rillyopsis H. Nordsieck 1985
Roseniella Thiele 1931
Ruthenica Lindholm 1924
Sciocochlea C. R. Boettger 1935
Serrulina Mousson 1873
Sinigena Lindholm 1925
Sprattia O. Boettger 1883
Steeriana Jousseaume 1900
Stereophaedusa O. Boettger 1877
Strigilodelima A. J. Wagner 1924
Strumosa O. Boettger 1877
Temesa H. Adams & A. Adams 1855
Tosaphaedusa Ehrmann 1929
Triloba Vest 1867
Trolliella H. Nordsieck 1981
Tsoukatosia E. Gittenberger 2000
Vallatia E. Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd 2006
Vestia P. Hesse 1916
Zaptyx Pilsbry 1900
Zilchiella Weyrauch 1957
106 additional siblings truncated for brevity.
See the
resource file
for a full list.
wikidata_hierarchy tar gz
Biota
Eukaryota
Unikonta
Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Filozoa
Apoikozoa
Animalia
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Heterobranchia
Euthyneura
Tectipleura
Eupulmonata
Stylommatophora
Helicina
Clausilioidei
Clausilioidea
Clausiliidae
Mentissoideinae
Euxinellini
Euxinella
(this page)
Euxinella alpinella
Euxinella radikae
