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Koramalkimilər ( Azerbaijani )

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Koramalkimilər (lat. Anguimorpha) — Pulcuqlular dəstəsinə aid infradəstə.

Təsnifatı

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Koramalkimilər: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Koramalkimilər (lat. Anguimorpha) — Pulcuqlular dəstəsinə aid infradəstə.

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Schleichenartige ( German )

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Die Schleichenartigen (Anguimorpha) sind ein Taxon der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata), zu der fast 200 unterschiedliche Echsenarten[1] und so verschiedene Formen wie die heimische Blindschleiche (Anguis fragilis) und der große indonesische Komodowaran (Varanus komodoensis) gehören. Alle in Europa vorkommenden Schleichenartigen gehören zur Familie der Schleichen (Anguidae). Neben der (Westlichen) Blindschleiche sind das die Östliche Blindschleiche (Anguis colchica) in Osteuropa, die Griechische Blindschleiche (Anguis graeca), die Peloponnes-Blindschleiche (Anguis cephallonica), die Italienische Blindschleiche (Anguis veronensis) und der Scheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus) auf dem Balkan.[2]

Merkmale

Die meisten Schleichenartigen haben eine typische Echsengestalt. Es gibt aber auch langgestreckte Formen, deren Beine zu kleinen Stummeln verkümmert sind, und schlangenartige beinlose Arten. Alle Schleichenartigen haben feste, an der Basis nicht hohle Zähne. Neue Zähne wachsen alternierend, das heißt zwischen – und nicht unterhalb – der alten Zähne heran. Die Zunge der Schleichenartigen ist durch eine Falte in einen vorderen und hinteren Abschnitt geteilt. Der vordere Teil ist, wie bei den Schlangen, bei vielen Arten tief gespalten und kann in den hinteren Teil zurückgezogen werden.

Systematik

Das Taxon der Schleichenartigen wurde 1900 durch den deutschen Anatomen Max Fürbringer aufgestellt und umfasst heute acht rezente Familien echsenartiger Schuppenkriechtiere. Innerhalb der Schuppenkriechtiere gehören die Schleichenartigen zusammen mit den Leguanartigen (Iguania) und den Schlangen (Serpentes) zu den Toxicofera, die die Fähigkeit haben Toxine zu bilden. Dabei sind die Schleichenartigen und die Leguanartigen Schwestergruppen, die unbenannte, von beiden Taxa gebildete Klade, ist die Schwestergruppe der Schlangen. Toxine wurden bei den Schleichenartigen bisher jedoch nur bei den Krustenechsen und bei einigen Waranen nachgewiesen.

Innerhalb der Schleichenartigen lassen sich zwei Kladen unterscheiden, eine mit Schleichen, Ringelschleichen, Doppelzungenschleichen und den Höckerechsen, die in vielen Systematiken als Anguioidea oder Diploglossa bezeichnet wird, und die zweite mit Waranen, Taubwaran und den ausgestorbenen Mosasauriern, die die Namen Platynota oder Varanoidea erhielt. Untersuchungen auf molekulargenetischer Grundlage zeigen, dass auch die chinesische Krokodilschwanzechse, die früher zu den Höckerechsen gehörte, zu dieser Gruppe gehört. Die Position der Krustenechsen bleibt umstritten.

Stammesgeschichte

Die fossile Überlieferung der Schleichenartigen reicht 130 Millionen Jahre bis in die Unterkreide zurück und umfasst alle rezenten Familien sowie zahlreiche ausgestorbene Gruppen, darunter die riesigen marinen Mosasaurier aus der Oberkreide.[1]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Jack L. Conrad, Jennifer C. Ast, Shaena Montanari, Mark A. Norell: A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata). In: Cladistics. Bd. 27, Nr. 3, 2011, S. 230–277, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x.
  2. Dieter Glandt: Liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas und der angrenzenden Atlantischen Inseln (Memento des Originals vom 7. August 2016 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.karch.ch. Februar 2014. (PDF; 134,39 kB).
  3. a b Robert Alexander Pyron, Frank T. Burbrink, John J. Wiens: A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. Bd. 13, 2013, 93, doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
  4. S. Blair Hedges, Nicolas Vidal: Lizards, snakes and amphisbaenias (Squamata). In: S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar (Hrsg.): The Timetree of Live. Oxford University Press, Oxford u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3, S. 383–389, Digitalisat (PDF; 474,18 kB).
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Schleichenartige: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Schleichenartigen (Anguimorpha) sind ein Taxon der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata), zu der fast 200 unterschiedliche Echsenarten und so verschiedene Formen wie die heimische Blindschleiche (Anguis fragilis) und der große indonesische Komodowaran (Varanus komodoensis) gehören. Alle in Europa vorkommenden Schleichenartigen gehören zur Familie der Schleichen (Anguidae). Neben der (Westlichen) Blindschleiche sind das die Östliche Blindschleiche (Anguis colchica) in Osteuropa, die Griechische Blindschleiche (Anguis graeca), die Peloponnes-Blindschleiche (Anguis cephallonica), die Italienische Blindschleiche (Anguis veronensis) und der Scheltopusik (Pseudopus apodus) auf dem Balkan.

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Anguimorpha ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Anguimorpha san en onerorder faan a Skolepkrepdiarten (Squamata). Diar hiar son 200 slacher tu. Enkelten like slaanger.

Iindialang

Paleoanguimorpha

Familin: Shinisauridae - Lanthanotidae - Varanidae

Neoanguimorpha

Familin: Helodermatidae - Xenosauridae - Anniellidae - Anguidae

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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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Anguimorpha san en onerorder faan a Skolepkrepdiarten (Squamata). Diar hiar son 200 slacher tu. Enkelten like slaanger.

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Anguimorpha

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The Anguimorpha is a suborder of squamates. The group was named by Fürbringer in 1900 to include all autarchoglossans closer to Varanus and Anguis than Scincus. These lizards, along with iguanians and snakes, constitute the proposed "venom clade" Toxicofera of all venomous reptiles.[1]

Evolution

The oldest widely accepted member of Anguimorpha is Dorsetisaurus from the Late Jurassic of Europe and North America.[2] In 2022, the genus Cryptovaranoides was described from the latest Triassic (Rhaetian) of England. Cryptovaranoides was recovered in the study as a crown-group Anguimorph, and therefore the oldest crown group-squamate, 35 million years older than any previously known crown-group squamate.[3]

Families

Anguidae

There are 9 genera found within the Anguidae family. They are characterized by being heavily armored with non-overlapping scales, and almost all having well-developed ventrolateral folds (excluding Anguis). Anguidae members can, however, be somewhat difficult to identify in their family, as members can be limbed or limbless, and can be both viviparous and oviparous. Anguidae members have pterygoid teeth. Many members of this family have tail autotomy.

Anniellidae

There is only one genus within the Anniellidae family, comprising 6 species of American legless lizards. They are characterized as having no limbs, and can be found in California and Baja California. They have wedge-shaped heads and a countersunk jaw that allows them to bury themselves in sand or loose soil, which they can drink water from if the soil has a water quantity greater than 7%. They give live birth and usually have two offspring.

Diploglossidae

There are three genera in the Diploglossidae family. They are characterized by having very long, automatized tails, small and well-developed limbs, and no ventrolateral fold. They do have bicuspid posterior teeth. They give both live birth, and lay clutches, according to the genus.

Xenosauridae

There is only one genus, with 6 species, found in the Xenosauridae family. This family is both dorsally and ventrally covered in knob-like scales. Their tail is about 1.2 times the length of their body. They give live birth, with a litter usually consisting of two offspring, although they can have up to eight. Gestation takes eleven to twelve months. They are primarily insectivores.

Helodermatidae

The family Helodermatidae (beaded lizards) has only one genus with 5 species: the Gila monster (Heloderma Suspectum), Heloderma exasperatum, Heloderma horridum, Heloderma Alvarezi and Heloderma Charlesbogerti.[4] This family is the only known family of lizards that have well-developed venom glands. In addition, they have non-automated tails (short in Gila monsters, while considerably larger the rest of the genus) in which they store fat.[5] They have somewhat tubercular scales both dorsally and laterally, with their ventral scales being smooth, and being larger than the dorsal and lateral scales while much of their body is covered by osteoderms. They are oviparous, with clutch sizes averaging about 6 eggs per clutch. These lizards have a pectoral girdle, meaning that they must push their swallowed prey past it in order to eat. Despite this limitation, these lizards have been observed eating prey up to 33% of their body weight.

Shinisauridae

The family of Shinisauridae is only made up of one species, Shinisaurus crocodilurus, the Chinese crocodile lizard. This species is semiaquatic, found in forests along streams. These lizards can hold their breath underwater for up to thirty minutes at a time. . Found in southern China, this species is viviparous, with litters ranging from 2-7 individuals. This species has well-developed limbs and has a tail that is around 1.2 times the length of its body. Tail autonomy is not present in these lizards.

Lanthanotidae

The family Lanthanotidae consists of a single species, the earless monitor lizard (Lanthanotus borneensis). This species has thick skin, which is covered by small, rounded scales that appear in rows. The main defining feature that distinguishes this species from other monitors is its lack of a parietal eye and the lack of a hemibaculum. The species is presumed to be semiaquatic, but little is known about its wild habits, as most information and study comes from captive individuals. It is only found on a single island of off the coast of Singapore.

Varanidae

The Varanidae are a family of carnivorous and frugivorous monitor lizards, which contains one extant genus (Varanus) with 73 species, including the Komodo dragon. They can be characterized by their thick skin and small, rounded scales. The ventral scales are slightly larger than the dorsal scales. They have a parietal eye and a hemibaculum. This completely oviparous family has a clutch size that correlates with the body size. No members of this family exhibit parental care. They also have limbs that are relatively small for their body size. The family is also broken up into 9 distinct morphological subgroups. Some species of Varanidae, such as the Varanus komodoensis, or the Komodo Dragon, have been found to produce venom. Previous research has suggested that pathogenic bacteria may play an integral role in the predatory ecology of the Komodo Dragon, however, the inter-individual variability of oral flora in Komodo Dragons makes this unlikely. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a study in 2008 concluded that V. komodoensis have well-developed mandibular venom glands and that they use this venom to compensate for a weak bite force.[6]

Classification

The following cladogram is based on the optimal results found by Reeder et al. (2015) in the largest-scale morphological+molecular phylogenetic analysis of extant and fossil squamates as of that year:[7]

Anguimorpha Paleoanguimorpha

Shinisauridae

Gobiderma

Aiolosaurus

Estesia

Varanidae

Lanthanotus

Varanidae

Saniwa

Varanus Zoology of Egypt (1898) (Varanus exanthematicus).png

sensu Estes 1998 sensu Lee 1997 Neoanguimorpha Monstersauria

Heloderma Gila monster ncd 2012 white background.jpg

Diploglossa

Xenosauridae

Anguioidea

Glyptosauridae

Diploglossidae Ophiodes striatus (white background).jpg

Anniellidae

Anguidae Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (Pseudopus apodus).jpg

References

  1. ^ Fry BG, Vidal N, Norman JA, Vonk FJ, Scheib H, Ramjan SF, et al. (February 2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..584F. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. S2CID 4386245.
  2. ^ Daza JD, Bauer AM, Stanley EL, Bolet A, Dickson B, Losos JB (2018-11-01). "An Enigmatic Miniaturized and Attenuate Whole Lizard from the Mid-Cretaceous Amber of Myanmar". Breviora. 563 (1): 1. doi:10.3099/mcz49.1. ISSN 0006-9698. S2CID 91589111.
  3. ^ Whiteside, David I.; Chambi-Trowell, Sofía A. V.; Benton, Michael J. (2022-12-02). "A Triassic crown squamate". Science Advances. 8 (48): eabq8274. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq8274. ISSN 2375-2548. PMID 36459546. S2CID 254180027.
  4. ^ Reiserer RS, Schuett GW, Beck DD (2013). "Taxonomic reassessment and conservation status of the beaded lizard". Heloderma Horridum: 74–96.
  5. ^ Beck DD, Martin BE, Lowe CH (2005). Biology of Gila monsters and beaded lizards. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24357-6.
  6. ^ Fry BG, Wroe S, Teeuwisse W, van Osch MJ, Moreno K, Ingle J, et al. (June 2009). "A central role for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) and the extinct giant Varanus (Megalania) priscus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (22): 8969–74. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.8969F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810883106. PMC 2690028. PMID 19451641.
  7. ^ Tod W. Reeder; Ted M. Townsend; Daniel G. Mulcahy; Brice P. Noonan; Perry L. Wood, Jr.; Jack W. Sites, Jr.; John J. Wiens (2015). "Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa". PLOS One. 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199. PMC 4372529. PMID 25803280.
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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary

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The Anguimorpha is a suborder of squamates. The group was named by Fürbringer in 1900 to include all autarchoglossans closer to Varanus and Anguis than Scincus. These lizards, along with iguanians and snakes, constitute the proposed "venom clade" Toxicofera of all venomous reptiles.

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Anguimorpha ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src=
Chometokadmon fitzingeri

Los anguimorfos son los miembros del suborden Anguimorpha que incluyen a los ánguidos (lagartos caimanes, lagartos de cristal, Celestus y los lagartos sin patas). El suborden fue nombrado por Fürbringer en 1900 para incluir a todos autarcoglosos más cercanos a Varanus y Anguis que a Scincus. Estos lagartos, junto con los iguanianos y serpientes, constituyen un "clado venenoso" propuesto denominado como Toxicofera, para todos los reptiles venenosos.[1]

Taxonomía

Filogenia

Las relaciones filogenéticas podrían ser las siguientes:[2][3][4]

Anguimorpha Paleoanguimorpha Shinisauria

Shinisauridae

Varanoidea

Lanthanotidae

   

Varanidae

      Neoanguimorpha Helodermatoidea

Helodermatidae

Diploglossa Xenosauroidea

Xenosauridae

Anguiloidea

Diploglossidae

     

Anniellidae

   

Anguidae

           

Referencias

  1. Fry, B. et al. (febrero de 2006). «Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes» (PDF). Nature 439 (7076): 584-588. PMID 16292255. doi:10.1038/nature04328.
  2. Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. (2015). «Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa». PLOS ONE 10 (3): e0118199. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. PMC 4372529. PMID 25803280. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199.
  3. Wiens, J. J.; Hutter, C. R.; Mulcahy, D. G.; Noonan, B. P.; Townsend, T. M.; Sites, J. W.; Reeder, T. W. (2012). «Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species». Biology Letters 8 (6): 1043-1046. PMC 3497141. PMID 22993238. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703.
  4. Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (2016). «Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94 (Pt B): 537-547. PMID 26475614. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009.
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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src= Chometokadmon fitzingeri

Los anguimorfos son los miembros del suborden Anguimorpha que incluyen a los ánguidos (lagartos caimanes, lagartos de cristal, Celestus y los lagartos sin patas). El suborden fue nombrado por Fürbringer en 1900 para incluir a todos autarcoglosos más cercanos a Varanus y Anguis que a Scincus. Estos lagartos, junto con los iguanianos y serpientes, constituyen un "clado venenoso" propuesto denominado como Toxicofera, para todos los reptiles venenosos.​

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Vaskitsamaiset ( Finnish )

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Vaskitsamaiset[1] (Anguimorpha) on liskojen osalahko kladissa Scleroglossa. Se on monimuotoinen sekä raajattomia että raajallisia liskoja sisältävä ryhmä, jonka fossiiliaineistoa on tavattu kaikilta mantereilta.[2]

Vaskitsamaisiin luetaan viisi nykyistä heimoa: Anguidae, Helodermatidae, Lanthanotidae, Varanidae ja Xenosauridae.[2]

Lähteet

  1. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 3. Lepakot–Perhoset, s. 970. Helsinki: Otava, 1974. ISBN 951-1-01530-3.
  2. a b Conrad, J.L. & Ast, J.C. & Montanari, S.; Norell, M.A.: A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata). Cladistics, 2010, 27. vsk, nro 3, s. 230-277. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x. (englanniksi)
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Vaskitsamaiset: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Vaskitsamaiset (Anguimorpha) on liskojen osalahko kladissa Scleroglossa. Se on monimuotoinen sekä raajattomia että raajallisia liskoja sisältävä ryhmä, jonka fossiiliaineistoa on tavattu kaikilta mantereilta.

Vaskitsamaisiin luetaan viisi nykyistä heimoa: Anguidae, Helodermatidae, Lanthanotidae, Varanidae ja Xenosauridae.

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Anguimorpha ( Latin )

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Anguimorpha sunt infraordo Squamatorum corpore oblongo anguino, inter quae Varanidae maxima lacertilia, Helodermatidae dente venenifero, Anguidae simillima Serpentibus.

Nomen mixtura ambarum linguarum classicarum est, scilicet Latini anguis et Graeci morphos 'forma'.

Cladogramma

─o Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005 ├── Pythonomorpha Cope, 1869Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 └─┬── Iguania Cope, 1864 └─o Anguimorpha Fürbringer, 1900 ├─o Paleoanguimorpha │ ├── Shinisauridae │ └─o Varanoidea │ ├── Lanthanotidae │ └── Varanidae Merrem, 1820 └─o Neoanguimorpha ├── Xenosauridae ├── Helodermatidae Wiegmann, 1829 └─o Anguioidea sive Diploglossa ├── Anguidae Gray, 1825 ├── Anniellidae └── Diploglossidae 
Avis Haec stipula ad reptile spectat. Amplifica, si potes!
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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Anguimorpha sunt infraordo Squamatorum corpore oblongo anguino, inter quae Varanidae maxima lacertilia, Helodermatidae dente venenifero, Anguidae simillima Serpentibus.

Nomen mixtura ambarum linguarum classicarum est, scilicet Latini anguis et Graeci morphos 'forma'.

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Glodeņveidīgie ( Latvian )

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Glodeņveidīgie (Anguimorpha) ir viena no zvīņrāpuļu kārtas (Squamata) infrakārtām. Šai infrakārtai pastāv vairākas alternatīvas sistemātikas pēdējo gadu jaunākajās klasifikācijās un tā ir mainīta tikpat bieži kā visa zvīņrāpuļu kārta.[1][2] Katra zinātnieku un sistemātiķu grupa, izmantojot jaunākos ģenētiskos pētījumus, piedāvā savu versiju. Piemēram, 2004. gada sistemātikā (Townsend et al, 2004) glodeņveidīgo infrakārta tiek iedalīta 5 dzimtās,[1] bet pēc citu zinātnieku grupas 2005. gada sistemātikā (Vidal & Hedges, 2005) tā dalās 3 dzimtās.[2] Toties saskaņā ar vēl citu zinātnieku grupu 2012. gada sistemātikā (Hutchinson, Skinner & Lee, 2012) šī infrakārta ir vispār likvidēta.[2] Pieminētās sitemātikas ir tikai daži piemēri no informācijas avotos pieejamām sistemātikām.

Sistemātikas diskusijas

Zvīņrāpuļu kārtas klasifikācija ir joprojām neatrisināta un zinātnieki nav pieņēmuši vienotu sistemātiku. Pastāv vairākas alternatīvas sistemātikas, kurām visām informācijas avotos ir samērā grūti izsekot. Pēdējo gadu ģenētiskie pētījumi un atklājumi ir "sagriezuši ar kājām gaisā" klasifikācijas, kas kalpojušas gadiem ilgi. Klasiskajā sistemātikā zvīņrāpuļi iedalījās 3 apakškārtās: amfisbēni (Amphisbaenia), čūskas (Serpentes) un ķirzakas (Lacertilia), kurai piederēja arī glodeņveidīgo infrakārta. Jaunākajās sistemātikās ķirzaku apakškārta vairs netiek lietota un zinātnieki samērā vienprātīgi ir likvidējuši šo taksonomisko vienību,[2] iesakot vārdu ķirzakas lietot tikai, lai apzīmētu zvīņrāpuļu grupu, kuras nav čūskas un amfisbēni.[1]

Klasiskā sistemātika

1998. gada sistemātika (Estes et al., 1998)

2004. gada sistemātika (Townsend et al, 2004)

2005. gada sistemātika (Vidal & Hedges, 2005)

Atsauces

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Glodeņveidīgie: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Glodeņveidīgie (Anguimorpha) ir viena no zvīņrāpuļu kārtas (Squamata) infrakārtām. Šai infrakārtai pastāv vairākas alternatīvas sistemātikas pēdējo gadu jaunākajās klasifikācijās un tā ir mainīta tikpat bieži kā visa zvīņrāpuļu kārta. Katra zinātnieku un sistemātiķu grupa, izmantojot jaunākos ģenētiskos pētījumus, piedāvā savu versiju. Piemēram, 2004. gada sistemātikā (Townsend et al, 2004) glodeņveidīgo infrakārta tiek iedalīta 5 dzimtās, bet pēc citu zinātnieku grupas 2005. gada sistemātikā (Vidal & Hedges, 2005) tā dalās 3 dzimtās. Toties saskaņā ar vēl citu zinātnieku grupu 2012. gada sistemātikā (Hutchinson, Skinner & Lee, 2012) šī infrakārta ir vispār likvidēta. Pieminētās sitemātikas ir tikai daži piemēri no informācijas avotos pieejamām sistemātikām.

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Anguimorpha ( Norwegian )

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Anguimorpha er en gruppe skjellkrypdyr som blant annet omfatter vår hjemlige stålorm og den største av alle øgler, komodovaranen. Utbredelsen omfatter nesten hele verden, og kroppsbygning og levevis varierer mye.

En trodde tidligere at giftøglene var de eneste øglene som kunne produsere gift, men giftkjertler er nå også påvist blant annet hos varaner.[1] Noen systematikere plasserer derfor Anguimorpha sammen med Iguania og slanger i gruppen Toxicofera.[2]

Systematikk og evolusjon

Følgende kladogram bygger på en morfologisk studie av nålevende og utdødde arter publisert av Jack L. Conrad i 2008.[3] Bare et utvalg av utdødde taksoner fra studien er tatt med, og er da merket med et kors (†). Nålevende taksoner er vist ned til slektsnivå, unntatt stålormene der en bare viser familien. Conrad antar at aigialosaurene er en parafyletisk gruppe, og hans Mosasauria omfatter blant annet Dolichosaurus, aigialosaurer og mosasaurer. Det er usikkert om Mosasauriformes hører til Goannasauria, eller om de er utenfor Varanoidea.

Tidligere systematikere har samlet alle arter som ikke tilhører Platynota, i den parafyletiske gruppen Diploglossa. Ofte blir Anniella og den utdødde Apodosauriscus plassert i en egen familie, Annielidae, men Anniella står morfologisk svært nær stålormslekten Anguis.[4] Kinesisk krokodilleøgle (Shinisaurus) blir ofte plassert i Xenosauridae, men både morfologiske og molekylære data[5] viser at den må regnes til Platynota. Den øreløse varanen (Lanthanotus) har hatt en usikker posisjon, men det er nå vist at den er søsterarten til varanene.

Anguimorpha ├─Eolacerta † └─Anguiformes ├─┐ │ ├─Carusioidea │ │ ├─Carusia † │ │ └─xenosaurier (Xenosauridae) │ │ ├─Restes † │ │ └─┐ │ │ ├─Xenosaurus │ │ └─Exostinus † │ └─stålormer (Anguidae) └─Platynota ├─Shinisauria │ └─Shinisauridae │ ├─Bahndwivici ammoskius † │ └─kinesisk krokodilleøgle └─Varanoidea ├─Monstersauria │ ├─Gobiderma pulchrum † │ └─giftøgler (Helodermatidae) │ ├─Eurheloderma gallicum † │ └─Heloderma ├─Goannasauria │ └─Varaniformes │ ├─Telmasaurus grangeri † │ └─varanfamilien (Varanidae) │ ├─Lanthanotinae │ │ ├─øreløs varan │ │ └─┐ │ │ ├─Cherminotus † │ │ └─Aiolosaurus † │ └─Varaninae │ ├─Saniwa ensidens † │ └─varaner (Varanus) └─? Mosasauriformes † ├─Eosaniwa † └─┐ ├─Paravaranus † └─Mosasauria † 

Referanser

  1. ^ B.G. Fry m.fl. (2006). «Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes» (PDF). Nature (439): 584–588. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/nature04328.
  2. ^ N. Vidal og S.B. Hedges (2005). «The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes» (PDF). C. R. Biologies (328): 1000–1008. ISSN 1631-0691. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001. Arkivert fra originalen (PDF) 30. juli 2009.
  3. ^ J.L. Conrad (2008). «Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology». Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (310): 1–182. ISSN 0003-0090.
  4. ^ Gao Keqin og Mark A. Norell (1998). «Taxonomic revision of Carusia (Reptilia, Squamata) from the late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and phylogenetic relationships of anguimorphan lizards». American Museum Novitates (3230): 1–51. ISSN 0003-0082.
  5. ^ J.R. Macey m.fl. (1999). «Molecular phylogenetics, tRNA evolution, and historical biogeography in anguid lizards and related taxonomic families». Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 12 (3): 250–272. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 10413621.

Videre lesning

  • Bernd Eidenmueller og Hans-Dieter Philippen (2008). Varanoid Lizards / Warane und Krustenechsen. Frankfurt: Edition Chimaira. ISBN 978-3899733563. [engelsk og tysk parallelltekst]

Eksterne lenker

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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Anguimorpha er en gruppe skjellkrypdyr som blant annet omfatter vår hjemlige stålorm og den største av alle øgler, komodovaranen. Utbredelsen omfatter nesten hele verden, og kroppsbygning og levevis varierer mye.

En trodde tidligere at giftøglene var de eneste øglene som kunne produsere gift, men giftkjertler er nå også påvist blant annet hos varaner. Noen systematikere plasserer derfor Anguimorpha sammen med Iguania og slanger i gruppen Toxicofera.

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Autarchoglossa ( Polish )

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Autarchoglossa[1] Wagler, 1830 Podarcis lilfordi
Podarcis lilfordi Systematyka Domena eukarionty Królestwo zwierzęta Typ strunowce Podtyp kręgowce Gromada gady Rząd łuskonośne Podrząd Autarchoglossa

Autarchoglossa – podrząd gadów łuskonośnych. Definiowany przez Estesa, de Queiroza i Gauthiera (1988) jako klad obejmujący ostatniego wspólnego przodka grup Scincomorpha i Anguimorpha oraz wszystkich jego potomków[2]; Conrad (2008) zdefiniował Autarchoglossa jako klad obejmujący gatunki Lacerta viridis, Scincus scincus i Anguis fragilis oraz wszystkich innych potomków ich ostatniego wspólnego przodka[3]. Tak definiowany klad Autarchoglossa obejmuje rodziny:

Dodatkowo w obrębie kladu Scleroglossa niepewna jest pozycja filogenetyczna węży i amfisben – niewykluczone, że aby Autarchoglossa były grupą monofiletyczną, należałoby zaliczyć do niej również wspomniane dwa klady.

Vidal & Hedges (2005)[4] stwierdzili, że Iguania, dotąd uznawane za grupę siostrzaną do kladu Scleroglossa, w rzeczywistości są bardzo bliskimi krewnymi węży i kladu Anguimorpha (obejmującego warany, helodermy i rodzinę Anguidae); Vidal i Hedges zaproponowali dla kladu obejmującego Iguania, Anguimorpha i węże (prawie 60% wszystkich znanych gatunków gadów łuskonośnych) nazwę Toxicofera. Jednocześnie opowiedzieli się za całkowitą rezygnacją z dalszego wyróżniania kladów Autarchoglossa i Scleroglossa, jako parafiletycznych. Dokładna systematyka gadów łuskonośnych (a więc i status Autarchoglossa) jest jeszcze przedmiotem sporu wśród herpetologów.

Przypisy

  1. Autarchoglossa, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 31 października 2008]
  2. Richard Estes, Kevin de Queiroz i Jacques Gauthier: Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata. W: Richard Estes, Gregory Pregill (red.): The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1988, s. 119–281. ISBN 978-0-8047-1435-8. (ang.)
  3. Jack L. Conrad. Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology. „Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History”. 310, s. 1–182, 2008. DOI: 10.1206/310.1 (ang.).
  4. Vidal, N & Hedges, S. B. (2005) "A phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes." Comptes Rendus Biologies Vol. 328, issues 10-11. Pp. 1000-1008. DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001
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Autarchoglossa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Autarchoglossa – podrząd gadów łuskonośnych. Definiowany przez Estesa, de Queiroza i Gauthiera (1988) jako klad obejmujący ostatniego wspólnego przodka grup Scincomorpha i Anguimorpha oraz wszystkich jego potomków; Conrad (2008) zdefiniował Autarchoglossa jako klad obejmujący gatunki Lacerta viridis, Scincus scincus i Anguis fragilis oraz wszystkich innych potomków ich ostatniego wspólnego przodka. Tak definiowany klad Autarchoglossa obejmuje rodziny:

Anguidaepadalcowate Anniellidaejaszczurki pierścieniowate Cordylidaeszyszkowcowate, jaszczurki kolczaste Gerrhosauridaetarczowcowate, jaszczurki tarczowate Gymnophthalmidaeokularkowate, jaszczurki okularowe Helodermatidaehelodermowate Lacertidaejaszczurkowate, jaszczurki właściwe LanthanotidaeLanthanotus borneensis Scincidaescynkowate Shinisauridaejaszczurka krokodylowata Teiidaetejowate, teidy Varanidaewaranowate Xantusiidaenocówkowate, jaszczurki nocne Xenosauridaeguzowcowate, jaszczurki guzowate

Dodatkowo w obrębie kladu Scleroglossa niepewna jest pozycja filogenetyczna węży i amfisben – niewykluczone, że aby Autarchoglossa były grupą monofiletyczną, należałoby zaliczyć do niej również wspomniane dwa klady.

Vidal & Hedges (2005) stwierdzili, że Iguania, dotąd uznawane za grupę siostrzaną do kladu Scleroglossa, w rzeczywistości są bardzo bliskimi krewnymi węży i kladu Anguimorpha (obejmującego warany, helodermy i rodzinę Anguidae); Vidal i Hedges zaproponowali dla kladu obejmującego Iguania, Anguimorpha i węże (prawie 60% wszystkich znanych gatunków gadów łuskonośnych) nazwę Toxicofera. Jednocześnie opowiedzieli się za całkowitą rezygnacją z dalszego wyróżniania kladów Autarchoglossa i Scleroglossa, jako parafiletycznych. Dokładna systematyka gadów łuskonośnych (a więc i status Autarchoglossa) jest jeszcze przedmiotem sporu wśród herpetologów.

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Anguimorpha ( Portuguese )

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Anguimorpha é uma infraordem de lagartos do clado Scleroglossa. É um grupo diverso de lagartos com e sem membros, e possui registro fóssil em todos os continentes.[1]

Anguimorpha inclui cinco famílias recentes: Anguidae, Helodermatidae, Lanthanotidae, Varanidae e Xenosauridae.[1]

Referências

  1. a b CONRAD, J.L.; AST, J.C.; MONTANARI, S.; NORELL, M.A. (2010). «A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata)». Cladistics. 27 (3): 230-277. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x
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Anguimorpha: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Anguimorpha é uma infraordem de lagartos do clado Scleroglossa. É um grupo diverso de lagartos com e sem membros, e possui registro fóssil em todos os continentes.

Anguimorpha inclui cinco famílias recentes: Anguidae, Helodermatidae, Lanthanotidae, Varanidae e Xenosauridae.

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Slepúchy ( Slovak )

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Slepúchy (lat. Anguimorpha alebo zriedkavo Anguiformia) sú taxón radu jašterotvaré.

Systematika

Podľa Evans, Raia & Barbera, 2006 a Pepin, 199?, Caldwell, 1999, Lee & Caldwell, 2000 and Balsai, 2001 [1]:


Podľa Conrad 2006 [2]:


Podľa Rieppell, 1994, Evans & Barbadillo, 1998, Caldwell, 1999:

Referencie

  1. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Anguimorpha – Anguis-like lizards
  2. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Anguimorpha – Anguis-like lizards
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Slepúchy: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Slepúchy (lat. Anguimorpha alebo zriedkavo Anguiformia) sú taxón radu jašterotvaré.

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蛇蜥亚目 ( Chinese )

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蛇蜥亚目学名Anguimorpha)有时分类层级为蛇蜥下目,属于爬行纲有鳞目的一个演化支,包含:蛇蜥科蛇蜥無腳蜥蜴)、巨蜥科滄龍類、以及毒蜥科希拉毒蜥連珠蜥蜴)。蛇蜥亚目是由Max Fürbringer在1900年建立,包含Autarchoglossa之中,所有接近巨蜥與蛇蜥,而離石龍子較遠的物種。蛇蜥下目與鬣蜥類共同組成Toxicofera演化支,是一群具有毒性的爬行動物[1]

分類

本亚目属于有鳞目有毒类,有些学说则将本分类以下目的层级归类于硬舌亚目

本亚目的内部分类如下:

  • 蛇蜥亚目 Anguimorpha
    • Eolacerta robusta
    • Paravaranus angustifrons

參考資料

  1. ^ Fry, B.; 等. Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes (PDF). Nature. February 2006, 439: 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. 引文格式1维护:显式使用等标签 (link)
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蛇蜥亚目: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

蛇蜥亚目(学名:Anguimorpha)有时分类层级为蛇蜥下目,属于爬行纲有鳞目的一个演化支,包含:蛇蜥科蛇蜥無腳蜥蜴)、巨蜥科滄龍類、以及毒蜥科希拉毒蜥連珠蜥蜴)。蛇蜥亚目是由Max Fürbringer在1900年建立,包含Autarchoglossa之中,所有接近巨蜥與蛇蜥,而離石龍子較遠的物種。蛇蜥下目與鬣蜥類共同組成Toxicofera演化支,是一群具有毒性的爬行動物

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무족도마뱀류 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

무족도마뱀류(Anguimorpha)는 뱀목에 속하는 파충류 분류군이다.[1] 악어도마뱀과무족도마뱀과 등을 포함한다.[2]

하위 분류

7개 과로 이루어져 있다.[1]

계통 분류

다음은 2013년 피론(Pyron, R.A.) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[1]

인룡상목    

옛도마뱀과

    뱀목

장님도마뱀과

unnamed
도마뱀붙이하목 뱀붙이도마뱀군  

돌도마뱀붙이과

     

뱀붙이도마뱀과

   

눈그늘도마뱀붙이과

      도마뱀붙이군  

표범도마뱀붙이과

도마뱀붙이상과

땅딸이도마뱀붙이과

     

잎가락도마뱀붙이과

   

도마뱀붙이과

         
unnamed
도마뱀상과    

밤도마뱀과

     

장갑도마뱀과

   

갑옷도마뱀과

       

도마뱀과

    Episquamata 장지뱀상과    

채찍꼬리도마뱀과

   

안경도마뱀과

      지렁이도마뱀류

플로리다지렁이도마뱀과

     

멕시코지렁이도마뱀과

     

지중해지렁이도마뱀과

     

쿠바지렁이도마뱀과

     

트로고노피스과

   

지렁이도마뱀과

             

장지뱀과

      Toxicofera    

무족도마뱀류

   

이구아나류

     

뱀아목

             

각주

  1. Pyron, R.A.; Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens 2013. “A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.”. 《BMC Evol Biol 13: 93》.
  2. Fry, B.; 외. (February 2006). “Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes” (PDF). 《Nature》 439 (7076): 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255.
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