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Chicken Liver Sponge

Chondrilla nucula Schmidt 1862

Chondrilla nucula ( Afrikaans )

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Chondrilla nucula is 'n sponsspesie in die taksonomiese indeling van die Demospongiae (gewone sponse). Die liggaam van die spons bestaan uit kieselnaalde en sponginevesels en is in staat om baie water op te neem.

Die spons behoort tot die genus Chondrilla en tot die familie Chondrillidae. Die wetenskaplike naam van die spesie is die eerste keer geldig gepubliseer in 1862 deur Schmidt.

Bronne

  • Van Soest, R. (2011). Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862. In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, De Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Gebaseer op inligting uit die World Register of Marine Species, te vinde op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=134110.
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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Chondrilla nucula is 'n sponsspesie in die taksonomiese indeling van die Demospongiae (gewone sponse). Die liggaam van die spons bestaan uit kieselnaalde en sponginevesels en is in staat om baie water op te neem.

Die spons behoort tot die genus Chondrilla en tot die familie Chondrillidae. Die wetenskaplike naam van die spesie is die eerste keer geldig gepubliseer in 1862 deur Schmidt.

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Chondrilla nucula

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Chondrilla nucula, sometimes called the Caribbean chicken-liver sponge, is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Chondrillidae.

It is an amorphous shaped sponge that grows in flat, sometimes bulbous sheets in benthic communities. It is sometimes found in marginal, stressful systems such as caves. Such sponges are white, lacking access to sunlight, and photosymbionts. It is known to be preyed upon by the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata.[1]

This sponge has been found to contain strains of bacteria that contained antimicrobial properties. These properties have been shown to inhibit certain bacteria which are harmful to human including Staphylococcus aureus.[2]

References

  1. ^ Meylan, Anne (1988-01-12). "Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 239 (4838): 393–395. Bibcode:1988Sci...239..393M. doi:10.1126/science.239.4838.393. JSTOR 1700236. PMID 17836872. S2CID 22971831.
  2. ^ Chelossi, Elizabetta (2007). "Bacteria with Antimicrobial Properties Isolated from the Mediterranean Sponges Chondrilla Nucula and Petrosia Ficiformis". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 49 (2): 157–163. doi:10.3354/ame01134.
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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Chondrilla nucula, sometimes called the Caribbean chicken-liver sponge, is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Chondrillidae.

It is an amorphous shaped sponge that grows in flat, sometimes bulbous sheets in benthic communities. It is sometimes found in marginal, stressful systems such as caves. Such sponges are white, lacking access to sunlight, and photosymbionts. It is known to be preyed upon by the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata.

This sponge has been found to contain strains of bacteria that contained antimicrobial properties. These properties have been shown to inhibit certain bacteria which are harmful to human including Staphylococcus aureus.

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Chondrilla nucula ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chondrilla nucula es una especie de esponja de mar de la clase Demospongiae.

Descripción

Esponja lobulada y masiva. De color marrón claro o grisáceo (N60;(A30-50, M20-30)). La superficie es lisa. La consistencia es firme y es fácilmente compresible. Los diámetros de los ósculos varían entre 3 y 5 mm. En estado preservado tiñe de amarillo claro el alcohol.

Anatomía

El ectosoma está bien diferenciado y presenta poros microscópicos en su superficie. El endosoma es denso, semejante a un riñón, con canales internos llenos de mesoglea; su coloración es crema (N00;(A50, M30-50))

Presenta un solo tipo de espículas, microscleras. Se encuentran en el mesohilo distribuidas de manera regular. También es posible encontrar tilotes y rafidios, pero probablemente incorporados como material foráneo.

Distribución

Atlántica tropical americano: desde el estado de la Florida hasta Brasil; Bermudas; Bahamas; Antillas Mayores: Puerto Rico; Antillas Menores; desde Curaçao a Trinidad. Mediterráneo. África Occidental. Región Índo-Pacífica. Australia. Pacífico centro-occidental.

Referencias

  • Humberto Díaz, Marina Bevilacqua, David Bone, editorial Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana, "Esponjas en Manglares del Parque Nacional Morrocoy", Depósito Legal lf 84-350, año 1985.
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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chondrilla nucula es una especie de esponja de mar de la clase Demospongiae.

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Chondrilla nucula ( French )

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Chondrilla nucula est une espèce d'éponges qui s'avère être très toxique pour la plupart des spongivores. Elles forment de petits coussinets allongés ou arrondis, marron au brun, qui mesure jusqu'à 2 cm de large. Elles vivent toujours en colonie qui se développent à l'horizontale entre 6 et 8 mètre de fond. Leur reproduction est asexuée[1].

Elles sont consommées par les tortues imbriqués[2].

Voir aussi

Références externes

(fr+en) Référence ITIS : Chondrilla nucula

Notes

  1. (en) N. M. Carballeira et L. Maldonada, « Identification of 5,9-hexadecadienoic acid in the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula », Lipids, vol. 21, no 7,‎ 1986, p. 470-471 (résumé)
  2. (en) Anne Meylan, « Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass », Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, vol. 239, no 4838,‎ 19 janvier 1998, p. 393–395 (résumé)
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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary ( French )

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Chondrilla nucula est une espèce d'éponges qui s'avère être très toxique pour la plupart des spongivores. Elles forment de petits coussinets allongés ou arrondis, marron au brun, qui mesure jusqu'à 2 cm de large. Elles vivent toujours en colonie qui se développent à l'horizontale entre 6 et 8 mètre de fond. Leur reproduction est asexuée.

Elles sont consommées par les tortues imbriqués.

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Chondrilla nucula ( Indonesian )

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Chondrilla nucula adalah spesies spons yang tergolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Chondrilla dan famili Chondrillidae. Nama ilmiah spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1862 oleh Schmidt.

Seperti spons pada umumnya, spesies ini memiliki tubuh yang berpori dan permukaan yang keras seperti batu. Selain itu, Chondrilla nucula juga dapat menyerap oksigen dari air melalui proses difusi.

Referensi

  • WoRMS Porifera: World Porifera Database. Soest R. van (ed), 22 Oktober 2008.


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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Chondrilla nucula adalah spesies spons yang tergolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari genus Chondrilla dan famili Chondrillidae. Nama ilmiah spesies ini pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1862 oleh Schmidt.

Seperti spons pada umumnya, spesies ini memiliki tubuh yang berpori dan permukaan yang keras seperti batu. Selain itu, Chondrilla nucula juga dapat menyerap oksigen dari air melalui proses difusi.

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Chondrilla nucula ( Italian )

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Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 è una spugna della famiglia Chondrillidae, comune nel mar Mediterraneo e nell'Atlantico.

Descrizione

I singoli individui hanno forma di cuscinetto tondeggiante o ovalare, lungo 1-3 cm, di colore bruno-verdastro, con anelli più chiari intorno agli osculi; formano colonie a sviluppo orizzontale che possono estendersi anche per alcuni metri quadri. La consistenza al tatto è morbida e viscida. Il loro endoscheletro è formato da spicole di ridotte dimensioni (microsclere), a forma di stella.[1]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie ha un areale atlantico-mediterraneo. Sporadiche segnalazioni nell'area indo-pacifica sono risultate attribuibili ad altre specie del genere Chondrilla.[2].

Nel Mediterraneo popola fondali rocciosi o ricoperti da Posidonia oceanica, ben illuminati, da 1 a 6 m di profondità.[1] Nei Caraibi è rinvenibile anche sulla barriera corallina e sulle radici delle mangrovie.[3]

Biologia

 src=
Riproduzione per gemmazione.

Possiede un apparato filtratore molto efficace che le consente di vivere anche in ambienti molto ricchi di materia organica in sospensione.[1]
La sua colorazione è legata alla presenza di cianobatteri simbionti.[1]
Altamente tossica per la maggior parte degli altri organismi marini, C. nucula rientra abitualmente nella dieta della tartaruga embricata (Eretmochelys imbricata).[4].

Riproduzione

Può riprodursi:

  • per via sessuata, con fecondazione degli ovociti che avviene all'interno della spugna medesima[5] e successivo rilascio di larve che, dopo un periodo di vita planctonica, si fissano al substrato.
  • per gemmazione[6], soprattutto quando le condizioni ambientali diventano avverse.

Usi

A causa del suo elevato potere filtratore C. nucula viene utilizzata come biofiltratore in acquacoltura.[7]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d Mojetta & Ghisolfi 2003, p. 25.
  2. ^ (EN) R.W.M. Van Soest et al., Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862, in World Porifera Database. URL consultato il 10 agosto 2010.
  3. ^ Swearingen DC and Pawlik JR, Variability in the chemical defense of the sponge Chondrilla nucula against predatory reef fishes, in Marine Biology 1998; 131(4): 619-627. URL consultato il 18 maggio 2021 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 aprile 2016).
  4. ^ Meylan A, Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles: A Diet of Glass, in Science 1998; 4838(239): 393–395.
  5. ^ Sidri M, Milanese M & Bümmer F, First observations on egg release in the oviparous sponge Chondrilla nucula (Demospongiae, Chondrosida, Chondrillidae) in the Mediterranean Sea, in Invertebrate Biology 2005; 124(2): 91–97.
  6. ^ The extent of asexual reproduction in sponges of the genus Chondrilla (Demospongiae: Chondrosida) from the Caribbean and the Brazilian coasts, in Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2006; 336(2): 211-220, DOI:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.05.010.
  7. ^ Milanese M, Chelossi E, Manconi R, Sarà A, Sidri M, Pronzato R, The marine sponge Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 as an elective candidate for bioremediation in integrated aquaculture, in Biomolecular Engineering 2003; 20: 363-368, DOI:10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00052-2.

Bibliografia

  • Boury-Esnault, N, Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985. Family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872., in Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 291-298.
  • Hooper, J.N.A.; Van Soest, R.W.M, Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of Sponges, New York, NY (USA), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002, ISBN 0-306-47260-0.
  • Mojetta A., Ghisotti A, Flora e Fauna del Mediterraneo, Mondadori, 2003, ISBN 88-04-38574-X.

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Chondrilla nucula: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862 è una spugna della famiglia Chondrillidae, comune nel mar Mediterraneo e nell'Atlantico.

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Chondrilla nucula ( Minangkabau )

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Chondrilla nucula ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Chondrilla nucula is een sponssoort in de taxonomische indeling van de gewone sponzen (Demospongiae). Het lichaam van de spons bestaat uit kiezelnaalden en sponginevezels, en is in staat om veel water op te nemen.

De spons behoort tot het geslacht Chondrilla en behoort tot de familie Chondrillidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1862 door Schmidt.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • van Soest, R. (2011). Chondrilla nucula Schmidt, 1862. In: Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K, de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J. (2011) World Porifera database. Gebaseerd op informatie uit het World Register of Marine Species, te vinden op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=134110.
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07-12-2011
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Chondrilla nucula ( Portuguese )

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Chondrilla nucula é uma esponja marinha do filo Porifera.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Records of the species outside the Mediterranean- NE Atlantic region concern different species of Chondrilla.
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