Akepas are songbirds that use vocalizations to communicate in most cases. Little is understood about the functions of akepa vocalizations, although these birds vocalize throughout all months of the year. The male call is a high-pitched, descending trill. Juvenile communication is used mainly as a means of obtaining the attention of the parents and maintaining contact with parents. Akepas are not known to make any nonvocal sounds.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The genus name Loxops comes from the Greek word Loxia, which means "to look like a crossbill", and is given to the akepa because of its asymmetrical bill shape. The species epithet coccineus comes from the Latin word coccinus, which means scarlet, in reference to the adult male plumage color. The common name, akepa, in Hawaiian means "lively" or "nimble" which describes their restless behavior. Also, the word "kepa" means "to cut obliquely" or "turn to one side", which could be a reference to the distinguishing asymmetrical bill shape.
Both extant subspecies of akepas are listed as endangered according to the IUCN Red List, the United States Endangered Species Act list, and the state of Hawai'i. The largest threat for the species is habitat destruction as a result of logging and forest clearing for animal grazing. Other reasons include predation of akepas by introduced species and declining numbers of ohia trees, in which akepas build their nests. Currently much of the lands akepas inhabit have become state or national parks, but more is needed to save their dwindling populations.
US Migratory Bird Act: no special status
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
Hawaiian akepas have no negative economic impact on humans.
Akepas are an important part of the native Hawai'ian avifauna and attract ecotourism.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism
Akepas may help to pollinate flowers when they eat nectar. They may also impact the populations of insects on which they prey.
The odd, asymmetrical bills of akepas help them to pry apart scales of buds in search of their prey. They feed on insects and spiders, though their main diet consists of caterpillars. They have been seen feeding on nectar to a lesser extent. They may take nectar incidentally while searching for insect prey but the brushy tip of the tongue and the capability to role it up into a tube suggest adaptations for nectar feeding.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: nectar
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods); herbivore (Nectarivore )
Akepas are found mainly on the island of Hawai'i. Hawai'ian populations are currently located mostly on the eastern slopes of Mauna Kea, the eastern and southern slopes of Mauna Loa, and the northern slope of Hualalai. There is one subspecies on the island of O'ahu and another one considered extinct on Maui. Akepas do not migrate.
Biogeographic Regions: oceanic islands (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Tagged females in the wild have lived for at least 10 years. No information on akepas living in captivity could be found. Little is known about the causes of mortality. Juveniles have a lower survivorship than adults, and most hypothesized causes of mortality relate to juveniles. Predation from introduced species is one of these possible causes, as well as diseases transported through mosquitos.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 10 (high) years.
Akepas range in body length from 10 to 13 centimeters, have a wingspan of 59 to 69 millimeters, and weigh anywhere from 10 to 12 grams. The males tend to be bright red-orange with brown wings and tails. Females, on the other hand, tend to be green or grey with yellow on the underside. Their yellow bills are known for their lateral asymmetry, which is an adaptation to help obtain food.
Range mass: 10 to 12 g.
Range length: 10 to 13 cm.
Range wingspan: 59 to 69 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful
Little is known about predation pressures on akepas. Introduced species, such as domestic cats (Felis silvestris), Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans), black or roof rats (Rattus rattus), brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), Indian mongooses (Herpestes javanicus), and common mynas (Acridotheres tristis), are believed to be potential predators. Natural predators are thought to be bird-eating owls, pueos (Asio flammeus sandwichensis), and Hawaiian hawks, or 'los (Buteo solitarius).
Known Predators:
Akepas inhabit closed canopied forest composed of native trees, including ohia (Metrosideros collina) or koa (Acacia koa) trees. The densest populations of Hawai'ian akepas tend to be found above 1,500 m. Little is known about the specific locations of the Maui akepa populations, but they are believed to live in montane areas as well.
Range elevation: 1,100 to 2,100 m.
Average elevation: 1,600 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest
Akepas search for a single partner, during which the male performs a mating ritual in order to attract a female. Akepas form monogamous pairs during July and August (the postbreeding flocking period) and bonds last several years. In a majority of observed pairs, the birds only obtained a new mate after the previous mate had disappeared.
Mating System: monogamous
In the prebreeding period, akepa males display their most aggressive behavior. Competitive groups have been seen in aerial displays that can reach up to 100 m off the ground. These males sometimes get into dogfights, in which two or more individuals will engage in twisting or circular chase fights. In addition, males engage in aggressive “song bouts”, where two or more individuals vigorously sing at the same time in close proximity to one another.
The breeding period of akepas begins in March and ends by September. The male and female search for nesting sites after pairing. Females are responsible for nest construction. Once the clutch is laid the female incubates the eggs. After hatching, little is known about the young. Both parents feed the chicks, which develop their juvenile plumage by day 12. Young akepas are often dependent on parental care well after leaving the nest, and both parents participate in this stage of care.
Some females have been observed to breed successfully in their second year, although it is more common for females to commence breeding in the third year. Males have not been observed to breed successfully in their second year. Akepa juvenile plumage looks much like the female adult plumage: green or gray with a gray underside. Males usually do not obtain their full adult plumage until their fourth year. Nonetheless, some third year males successfully mate before they obtain full adult plumage. The delayed acquisition of adult male plumage in monogamous, non-territorial birds in which males perform parental care is highly unusual and only known in akepas. Researchers have hypothesized that it may be a result of the highly competitive and complicated mating rituals the males perform. These factors could have selected for males with delayed maturation because younger males are not capable of competing with the older males for a mate.
Breeding interval: Akepas usually breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Akepas breed from March until September.
Range eggs per season: 1 to 3.
Range time to hatching: 14 to 16 days.
Range fledging age: 16 to 20 months.
Range time to independence: 10 (high) weeks.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 4 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Once the clutch is laid, typically with one or two eggs and in rare cases with three, the eggs are incubated for 14 to 16 days by the female. Throughout this period the males sometimes feed the females, although females also forage for themselves. After hatching little is known about the young. Females brood the hatchlings for up to 8 days. Males, in return, feed females until after the brooding period. Both males and females will feed the young after this stage of development. Young akepas leave the nest around 16 to 20 days after hatching. They remain near the parents during this period, following their parents and vocalizing to beg for food. They may remain dependent on their parents for up to ten weeks after hatching.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)
Loxops coccineus (ʻAkepa en hawaià) és una espècie d'ocell de la família Fringillidae i del gènere Loxops. És endèmica de Hawaii, i està en perill d'extinció.
És una au molt petita, d'uns 10 cm de llarg. Com les altres espècies del gènere Loxops té lleugerament creuades les mandíbules, encara que és una característica poc evident. Té el bec de color groc palla.
És una espècie amb un gran dimorfisme sexual. El mascle és d'un vermell brillant amb les ales i la cua negres. La femella té un plomatge molt més apagat, de color verd-grisàcia. És més fosca en les seves parts superiors i amb matisos vermell-ataronjats en el pit.
Habita els boscos humits de l'estatge montà, entre 1.100 i 2.100 metres, d'acàcia i Metrosideros polymorpha de l'illa de Hawaii. Prefereix els boscos vells, amb arbres grans. La seva població s'estima en uns 14.000 exemplars, repartits en tres poblacions.[1] A les zones perifèriques de la seva àrea de distribució les poblacions semblen estar disminuint, i en les centrals es mantenen estables; i la tendència demogràfica general és decreixent.
Loxops coccineus (ʻAkepa en hawaià) és una espècie d'ocell de la família Fringillidae i del gènere Loxops. És endèmica de Hawaii, i està en perill d'extinció.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Acepa (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: acepaod) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Loxops coccineus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Akepa. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. coccineus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r acepa yn perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae). Dyma aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Acepa Loxops coccineus Aderyn pigbraff Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Acepa (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: acepaod) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Loxops coccineus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Akepa. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. coccineus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Der Hawaii-Akepakleidervogel (Loxops coccineus) ist eine sehr seltene, möglicherweise bereits ausgestorbene Art aus der Gattung der Kleidervögel.
Der zehn bis zwölf Zentimeter große Vogel hat einen kurzen grauen, kegelförmigen Schnabel. Das Gefieder der Männchen ist an Bauchunterseite und am Kopf rot gefärbt. Der Rücken und die Beine sind braun. Die Weibchen verfügen über ein mattes graugrünes Gefieder mit einer leichten gelborangen Tönung im Brustbereich.
Er bewohnt die Gebirgswälder der Insel Hawaii. Dort sucht er an alten Bäumen nach Insekten und Spinnen, aber auch Pflanzennektar verschmäht er nicht.
Das Nest, in welches das Weibchen bis zu drei Eier legt, wird in einer Höhle in alten morschen Bäumen der Inselvegetation gebaut. Die Brutdauer der Art beträgt 14–16 Tage, danach verbringen die Jungen noch bis drei Wochen im Nest. Beide Elterntiere versorgen die Brut, vor allem mit Insekten.
Die Art ist aufgrund der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraumes, durch Stechmücken übertragene Krankheiten, durch eingeführte Wildschweine, Mungos, Wespen, Ameisen sowie Konkurrenz durch den Japan-Brillenvogel (Zosterops japonicus) bedroht. Der Gesamtbestand wurde im Jahr 2000 auf ca. 14.000 Individuen geschätzt. Zum Schutz der Art werden die Neobiota stark bejagt, Wiederanpflanzungen einheimischer Arten wie der Koa-Akazie sowie das Aufstellen von Nistkästen unternommen. Zwei Unterarten sind ausgestorben: L. coccineus wolstenholmei von Oʻahu, letzte Sichtung 1930 und L. coccineus ochraceus von Maui, zuletzt gesichtet 1988.
Der Hawaii-Akepakleidervogel (Loxops coccineus) ist eine sehr seltene, möglicherweise bereits ausgestorbene Art aus der Gattung der Kleidervögel.
The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa (Loxops coccineus) is an endangered ʻakepa native to Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. All three of the ʻakepa were considered monotypic before being split by the NACC of the AOU in 2015. The Hawaii ʻakepa was first collected by western science during Captain James Cook's third voyage around the world. Several specimens were collected, as well as feather leis (necklaces resembling strings of flowers) constructed by Hawaiian artisans. The specimens were classified when brought back to England several years later. The Latin name of the bird, Loxops coccineus, means "crossed" (Loxops) and "red" (coccineus).
It is a four-inch (10 cm) long bird of a dusty green color. Males are bright orange. It has a small cross bill just like the other Loxops species. Its call is a slight quivering whistle ending with a long trill.
The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa survives only in two or three locations, all on the island of Hawaii: one population in Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge (on the Hamakua Coast of Mauna Kea), one in the upper forest areas of Kau (in the southern part of the island), and one on the northern slope of Hualālai (perhaps extirpated). As of 2000, about 14,000 Hawaiʻi ʻakepa remained. They were listed as an endangered species in 1975.
It eats spiders and other invertebrates and drinks the nectar of several flowers including the nectar of the ʻōhiʻa, the naio and the lobelia.
These birds have a breeding season in spring. The Hawaii ʻakepa is the only obligate cavity-nester in Hawaii. There are no cavity-making birds in Hawaii (another honeycreeper, the ʻakiapolaʻau, drills small holes and excavates bark, but does not make holes large enough for ʻakepa nests). Thus, the ʻakepa must find naturally occurring cavities in the trunks and branches. Such cavities are generally found only in very large, old trees, making the ʻakepa an old-growth obligate. Large courtship groups have been observed during the breeding season, which is curious because this species makes permanent bonds. Another anomaly is the fact that for such a small bird, it does not lay many eggs—usually one or two, instead of the three to five of other similarly sized species.
Surviving ʻakepa live only in old growth forest above 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) elevation. This is a sign that avian malaria and avian pox have played a role in killing off populations of ʻakepa at lower elevations. These introduced diseases are implicated in more than 20 bird extinctions in Hawaii since 1826, when the first mosquito (Anopheles species) was introduced to the islands. Disease continues to be a threat, and could result in extinction of the ʻakepa if Hawaiian climate continues to warm (or if new bird diseases or mosquito species are allowed to invade the islands).
Due to their need for tree cavities, ʻakepa rely on old-growth ʻōhiʻa and koa forests for nesting. Although the largest populations of ʻakepa live within protected lands, large trees appear to be falling faster than they are replaced. It is unclear how management can deal with this in the medium-term, except by use of artificial nest boxes. Past experiments with nest boxes (Freed et al., 1987) have shown that birds will occasionally use them, with high nesting success. There is no ongoing research or use of nest boxes for ʻakepa as of 2010.
The Hawaiʻi ʻakepa (Loxops coccineus) is an endangered ʻakepa native to Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Islands. All three of the ʻakepa were considered monotypic before being split by the NACC of the AOU in 2015. The Hawaii ʻakepa was first collected by western science during Captain James Cook's third voyage around the world. Several specimens were collected, as well as feather leis (necklaces resembling strings of flowers) constructed by Hawaiian artisans. The specimens were classified when brought back to England several years later. The Latin name of the bird, Loxops coccineus, means "crossed" (Loxops) and "red" (coccineus).
El akepa de Hawái (Loxops coccineus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae endémica de Hawái. Está en peligro de extinción.
Es un ave muy pequeña, de unos 10 cm de largo. Como las otras especies del género Loxops tiene ligeramente cruzadas las mandíbulas, aunque es una característica poco evidente. Tiene el pico de color amarillo paja.
Es una especie con un gran dimorfismo sexual. El macho es de un rojo brillante con las alas y la cola negras. La hembra tiene un plumaje mucho más apagado, de color verde-grisáceo. Es más oscura en sus partes superiores y con matices rojo-anaranjados en el pecho. Los machos inmaduros al principio son parecidos a las hembras, y poco a poco, según crecen, su plumaje se torna más naranja.
Su canto es un trino lento y desabrido al que cambia de tono y velocidad. Su reclamo es un "cheedle-ee".
Se alimenta de arañas y pequeños insectos, como orugas.
Hace su nido en agujeros y oquedades de los árboles.
Tiene tres subespecies descritas, de las que solo la nominal no está extinta:[1]
Habita los bosques montanos húmedos, entre 1100 y 2100 metros, de Acacia koa y Metrosideros polymorpha de la isla de Hawái. Prefiere los bosques viejos, con árboles grandes.
Su población se estima en unos 14.000 ejemplares, repartidos en tres poblaciones. En las zonas periféricas de su área de distribución las poblaciones parecen estar disminuyendo, y en las centrales se mantienen estables; y la tendencia demográfica general es decreciente.
La principal causa de que haya llegado a estar en peligro de extinción es la pérdida de hábitat. Ésta ha sido causada tanto por la industria maderera, como por la agricultura y la ganadería. Además de esto la introducción de especies alóctonas al ecosistema la han perjudicado, ya sea por competencia directa con algunas especies de aves, como por predacción por mamíferos introducidos, o como vectores de enfermedades que es el caso de algunos mosquitos y aves alóctonas.
El akepa de Hawái (Loxops coccineus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae endémica de Hawái. Está en peligro de extinción.
Loxops coccineus Loxops generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Fringillidae familian sailkatua dago.
Loxops coccineus Loxops generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Fringillidae familian sailkatua dago.
Akepa (Loxops coccineus)[2] on peippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Akepaa tavataan Havaijisaarilla. Akepan nimialalajin (Loxops coccineus coccineus) populaatioksi Havaijin saarella on arvioitu 14 000 yksilöä, ja sen kaksi muuta alalajia on kuollut sukupuuttoon. Akepa on luokiteltu erittäin uhanalaiseksi, koska sen levinneisyysalue on hyvin pieni ja sirpaloitunut.[1]
Akepa (Loxops coccineus) on peippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Loxops coccineus
Le Loxopse des Hawaï (Loxops coccineus), aussi appelé ʻākepa en hawaïen, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Fringillidae.
Cette espèce est endémique d'Hawaï.
Trois sous-espèces sont reconnues[1] :
Loxops coccineus
Le Loxopse des Hawaï (Loxops coccineus), aussi appelé ʻākepa en hawaïen, est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Fringillidae.
L'akepa di Hawaii, o più correttamente ‘akepa di Hawai‘i (Loxops coccineus (Gmelin, 1789)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Fringillidae[2].
Il nome scientifico della specie, coccineus, deriva dal colore rosso cupo del piumaggio dei maschi, che ricorda la tintura di cocciniglia: il nome comune di questi uccelli, invece in hawaiiano è sinonimo di agilità e deriva a sua volta dalla parola kepa, che significa "tagliare obliquamente" o "curvo su un lato", in riferimento alla caratteristica forma del becco[3].
Maschio impagliato.
Femmina impagliata.
Misura circa 10 cm di lunghezza, per un peso di 9-13 g[4].
L'aspetto è quello tipico dei fringillidi, massiccio, con testa squadrata e becco conico e dalle punte leggermente incrociate, in maniera simile a quanto osservabile fra i crocieri: nel caso dell'akepa di Hawaii, è la mascella ad essere incurvata verso sinistra[3].
Il piumaggio presenta forte dimorfismo sessuale: mentre le femmine presentano zone dorsali grigio-verdastre e testa e area ventrale giallina, i maschi tendono invece ad essere di colore rosso-arancio (da cui il nome scientifico della specie) su tutto il corpo meno che su ali e coda, che sono invece di colore bruno-nerastro. In ambedue i sessi il becco è giallino, gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro e le zampe sono nerastre.
Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini essenzialmente diurne, che passano la giornata muovendosi in coppie o in gruppetti solitamente a composizione familiare, ma all'infuori del periodo riproduttivo comprendenti anche membri di più nuclei riproduttivi o anche individui solitari, talvolta anche mescolandosi con altre specie (il congenere rampichino di Hawaii, gli amakihi del genere Hemignathus, l'akiapoolau[5]): a ridosso del periodo di cova, invece, le coppie si isolano e i maschi possono mostrare aggressività intraspecifica fra loro. Gli akepa di Hawaii sono perlopiù stanziali e generalmente non si stabiliscono a più di 250 m dal proprio nido natale (distanze che possono essere più ampie nel caso di appartenenza a stormi formati da più specie), tuttavia i giovani o gli adulti alla ricerca della prole possono spostarsi anche di 5 km dalla propria zona di residenza[5].
L'akepa di Hawaii è un uccellino dalla dieta in massima parte insettivora, che si serve del caratteristico becco lievemente incrociato per sondare e aprire i boccioli dei fiori alla ricerca delle proprie prede, rappresentate perlopiù da bruchi, psille e ragni: la dieta di questi uccelli potrebbe essere costituita anche da nettare, come intuibile dalla conformazione della lingua (che presenta punta setolosa), tuttavia non esistono osservazioni in merito e la percentuale di questo alimento nella loro dieta è ancora ignota.
Si tratta di uccelli monogami, il cui periodo riproduttivo si estende da marzo a giugno.
Le coppie si formano in luglio-agosto, subito dopo il periodo degli amori: per attirare le femmine, i maschi volano fino a 100 m di quota e ingaggiano dei combattimenti rituali in volo, inseguendosi in cerchio, scacciandosi l'un l'altro o indirizzandosi fra loro dei trilli di minaccia[4].
Una volta formatesi, le coppie durano per tutta la vita, sebbene alla morte di uno dei componenti l'altro tenda a cercarsi un nuovo partner nella maggior parte dei casi. La costruzione del nido è a carico della sola femmina, che spesso si serve di materiale sottratto da altri nidi per costruire il proprio[5]: esso viene ubicato all'interno della cavità del tronco di un vecchio albero (il che rende l'akepa di Hawaii l'unica specie originaria dell'arcipelago a nidificare in tali siti[6]) e viene rimaneggiato e riutilizzato nel corso degli anni.
All'interno del nido, la femmina depone 2-3 uova, che essa stessa (talvolta nutrita dal maschio) provvede a covare per 14-16 giorni: i pulli, ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa, vengono accuditi da ambedue i genitori, col maschio che non li nutre direttamente per la prima settimana di vita ma porge il nutrimento alla sola femmina. Essi sviluppano le piume a otto giorni di vita e sono in grado d'involarsi attorno ai due mesi e mezzo dalla schiusa: tuttavia, essi tendono a rimanere coi genitori fino alla successiva stagione riproduttiva e anche oltre.
Le femmine sono in grado di riprodursi attorno ai 2-3 anni di vita, mentre i maschi difficilmente riescono a trovare una compagna prima del compimento del quarto anno, quando viene ultimata la muta ed ottenuto il piumaggio adulto[7]: la speranza di vita di questi uccelli in natura è di circa 10 anni.
Come intuibile dal nome comune, l'akepa di Hawaii è endemico dell'omonima isola nell'omonimo arcipelago, della quale occupa il versante orientale del Mauna Kea, quelli orientale e meridionale del Mauna Loa e quello settentrionale dell'Hualālai, nella porzione sud-orientale dell'isola.
L'habitat di questi uccelli è costituito dalla foresta primaria nativa con predominanza di vecchi alberi di ohia lehua e koa, fra i 1100 e i 2100 m di quota[4].
Scoperti già durante il terzo viaggio di James Cook e classificati alla fine di tale viaggio a partire da esemplari e manufatti di piume (principalmente lei) riportati, questi uccelli presentano un areale estremamente limitato e vulnerabile, in quanto a causa delle abitudini riproduttive essi necessitano di foreste molto mature e ricche di vecchi alberi, ormai divenute estremamente rare alle Hawaii: a ciò, bisogna aggiungere l'arrivo sulle isole di specie invasive che competono con quelle autoctone per il cibo o che le predano attivamente, oltre che la presenza di malattie (malaria aviaria e vaiolo aviario su tutte) alle quali le specie autoctone non erano immunizzate e che le hanno numericamente decimate. Attualmente, la specie è osservabile in due o tre siti sull'isola di Hawaii (una nella foresta di Hakalau, una a Kau e una terza, forse estinta, sull'Hualālai), con una consistenza numerica stimata in circa 14.000 esemplari nel 2000: per questi motivi, l'akepa di Hawaii viene considerato una in pericolo fin dal 1975[1].
L'akepa di Hawaii, o più correttamente ‘akepa di Hawai‘i (Loxops coccineus (Gmelin, 1789)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Fringillidae.
De hawaii-akepa (Loxops coccineus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Fringillidae (vinkachtigen). Het is een bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort op Hawaï.
De vogel is 10 cm lang. Het is een kleine, vinkachtige vogel met een snavel waarvan de snavelpunten elkaar kruisen, maar dat is niet in het veld te zien. Volwassen mannetjes zijn schitterend rood (afbeelding van Keulemans is waarschijnlijk gemaakt van verkleurde balgen). De vleugels en de staart zijn donker. Het vrouwtje is grijsgroen, donkerder van boven en heeft een waas van geel en oranje op de borst. Onvolwassen mannetjes lijken eerst op het (onvolwassen) vrouwtje en worden geleidelijk rood.[2]
Deze soort is endemisch op Hawaï en telt drie ondersoorten:
Het leefgebied bestaat uit oorspronkelijk, montaan bos tussen de 1100 en 2100 m boven zeeniveau op het grootste eiland Hawaï van de archipel, grotendeels alleen nog in natuurreservaten gelegen.[2]
De hawaii-akepa heeft een beperkt verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2000 geschat op 9300 volwassen individuen en de populatie-aantallen nemen af door habitatverlies. Het leefgebied wordt aangetast door ontbossing en de introductie van steekmuggen die voor inheemse vogelsoorten schadelijke ziekten overdragen. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe hawaii-akepa (Loxops coccineus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Fringillidae (vinkachtigen). Het is een bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort op Hawaï.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Hawajka pąsowa[4] (Loxops coccineus) – gatunek małego ptaka z rodziny łuszczakowatych (Fringillidae). Endemiczna dla Hawajów, jak inni przedstawiciele jej podrodziny.
Hawajka pąsowa (Loxops coccineus) – gatunek małego ptaka z rodziny łuszczakowatych (Fringillidae). Endemiczna dla Hawajów, jak inni przedstawiciele jej podrodziny.
Hawaii-akepa[2] (Loxops coccineus) är en fågel i familjen finkar inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Den förekommer enbart i bergsbelägna ohia- och konaskogar på ön Hawaii i Hawaiiöarna.[3] IUCN kategoriserar den som starkt hotad.[1] Fram tills nyligen betraktades hawaii-akepa som samma art som oahu-akepa (L. wolstenholmei) och maui-akepa (L. ochraceus), båda troligen utdöda.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör hawaii-akepa.
Wikispecies har information om Loxops coccineus.
Hawaii-akepa (Loxops coccineus) är en fågel i familjen finkar inom ordningen tättingar. Den förekommer enbart i bergsbelägna ohia- och konaskogar på ön Hawaii i Hawaiiöarna. IUCN kategoriserar den som starkt hotad. Fram tills nyligen betraktades hawaii-akepa som samma art som oahu-akepa (L. wolstenholmei) och maui-akepa (L. ochraceus), båda troligen utdöda.
Loxops coccineus là một loài chim trong họ Fringillidae.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Sẻ thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Loxops coccineus là một loài chim trong họ Fringillidae.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 亜目 : スズメ亜目 Oscines 科 : ハワイミツスイ科 Drepanididae 属 : Loxops 種 : コバシハワイミツスイコバシハワイミツスイ（Loxops coccineus）は、スズメ目ハワイミツスイ科に分類される鳥類。
アメリカ合衆国（マウイ島）固有亜種（絶滅？）
アメリカ合衆国（オアフ島）固有亜種
全長10cm。
オスは全身が赤い羽毛で覆われる。翼や尾羽の羽毛は黒く、羽縁は赤い。メスは全身が赤褐色の羽毛で覆われる。
オスは全身が緑がかった黄褐色の羽毛で覆われる。翼や尾羽の羽毛は黒褐色で、羽縁は黄色い。メスは全身が緑褐色の羽毛で覆われる。
アケキを本種の亜種とする説もある。
森林に生息する。小規模な群れを形成し生活する。
樹冠部で採食を行う。
開発による生息地の破壊などにより生息数は激減している。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。 
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