About
Education
Discuss
TraitBank
Sign In
Sign Up
Language
Deutsch
English
Español
français
italiano
Nederlands
Piemontèis
Português do Brasil
suomi
Türkçe
Čeština
Ελληνικά
македонски
Українська
العربية
简体中文
繁體中文
names in breadcrumbs
vernacular
scientific
About
Education
Discuss
TraitBank
Sign In
Sign Up
en
Deutsch
English
Español
français
italiano
Nederlands
Piemontèis
Português do Brasil
suomi
Türkçe
Čeština
Ελληνικά
македонски
Українська
العربية
简体中文
繁體中文
names in breadcrumbs
vernacular
scientific
Creatures
»
…
»
Animal
»
…
»
Arthropods
»
…
»
Typical Crustaceans
»
Copepods
»
…
»
Acartiidae
Creatures
»
Cellular Organisms
»
Eukaryotes
»
Opisthokonts
»
Animal
»
Bilateria
»
Protostomes
»
Ecdysozoans
»
Arthropods
»
Pancrustacea
»
Typical Crustaceans
»
Copepods
»
Neocopepoda
»
Gymnoplea
»
Calanoid Copepods
»
Acartiidae
«
Acartia Dana 1846
collect
overview
data
media
articles
maps
names
Scientific Names
Preferred Names
Acartia Dana 1846
Genus recognized by
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from World Register of Marine Species
Acartia
Genus recognized by
wikipedia 中文维基百科
,
Record et al, 2018
,
wikipedia NL
,
wikipedia NO
,
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
,
Australia Species List
,
Brazil Species List
,
Canada Species List
,
Chile Species List
,
China Species List
,
Croatia Species List
,
Denmark Species List
,
Ecuador Species List
,
Estonia Species List
,
France Species List
,
French Polynesia Species List
,
Germany Species List
,
Ghana Species List
,
India Species List
,
Madagascar Species List
,
New Zealand Species List
,
Norway Species List
,
Panama Species List
,
Philippines Species List
,
Portugal Species List
,
Russia Species List
,
Seychelles Species List
,
Spain Species List
,
Sweden Species List
,
Thailand Species List
,
The Bahamas Species List
,
The Netherlands Species List
,
United Kingdom Species List
,
Japan Species List
,
Indonesia Species List
,
Mexico Species List
,
Alboran Sea Species List
,
Arabian Sea Species List
,
Arafura Sea Species List
,
Arctic Ocean Species List
,
Barents Sea Species List
,
Bay of Biscay Species List
,
Bay of Bengal Species List
,
Bay of Fundy Species List
,
Beaufort Sea Species List
,
Bering Sea Species List
,
Bass Strait Species List
,
Bristol Channel Species List
,
Caribbean Sea Species List
,
Celtic Sea Species List
,
Chukchi Sea Species List
,
Coral Sea Species List
,
Eastern China Sea Species List
,
English Channel Species List
,
Gulf of Aden Species List
,
Gulf of Alaska Species List
,
Gulf of Boni Species List
,
Gulf of Finland Species List
,
Gulf of Guinea Species List
,
Gulf of Mexico Species List
,
Gulf of Riga Species List
,
Gulf of St Lawrence Species List
,
Gulf of Thailand Species List
,
Indian Ocean Species List
,
Irish Sea Species List
,
Kara Sea Species List
,
Labrador Sea Species List
,
Laptev Sea Species List
,
Kattegat Species List
,
Malacca Strait Species List
,
Mozambique Channel Species List
,
North Atlantic Species List
,
North Pacific Species List
,
Norwegian Sea Species List
,
North Sea Species List
,
Persian Gulf Species List
,
Red Sea Species List
,
Sea of Japan Species List
,
Philippine Sea Species List
,
Seto Inland Sea Species List
,
South China Sea Species List
,
White Sea Species List
,
Yellow Sea Species List
,
Sulu Sea Species List
,
Tasman Sea Species List
,
South Atlantic Species List
,
South Pacific Species List
,
NCBI
,
GBIF classification
,
Adriatic Sea Species List
,
United States Species List
,
wikidata_hierarchy tar gz
,
wikipedia FR
,
wikipedia EN
,
Wikidata Common Names
,
Wikimedia Commons
,
Barcode of Life Data Systems
,
Global Biotic Interactions
,
Global Biotic Interactions
,
Global Biotic Interactions
,
iNaturalist data coverage
,
Wikipedia (inferred records)
, and
GGBN data coverage
Acartia
Recognized by
Furui 2020
Acartia Dana 1846
Genus recognized by
GBIF classification
,
Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024
,
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Hierarchy
,
World Register of Marine Species
,
GBIF data coverage
,
Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3
, and
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4
Acartia subgen. Acartia
Recognized by
OBIS environmental data records
Alternative Names
Dias Lilljeborg 1853
Not accepted according to
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Reference taxon from World Register of Marine Species
Acartia eremeevi
Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Doubtful according to
GBIF classification
Acartia ioannae
Unal, Shmeleva & Kideys 2002
Doubtful according to
GBIF classification
Acartia pacifica
Giesbrecht 1888
Doubtful according to
GBIF classification
(Possible variant of Acartia pacifica Steuer, 1915)
Dias bifilosus
Giesbrecht 1881
Homotypic synonym according to
GBIF classification
Dias discaudatus
Giesbrecht 1881
Homotypic synonym according to
GBIF classification
Acartia
Harvest ancestor according to
Arctic Register of Marine Species
,
GBIF national node type records UK
,
Anguilla Species List
,
GBIF national node type records Germany
,
NMNH type specimens
, and
Global Biotic Interactions
Dias Lilljeborg 1853
Not accepted according to
Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3
and
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4
Common Names
Chinese
纺锤水蚤属
preferred
Recognized by
Wikidata Common Names
Japanese
アカルチア属
preferred
Recognized by
Furui 2020
,
Wikidata Common Names
, and
World Register of Marine Species
Zh Cn
纺锤水蚤属
preferred
Recognized by
Wikidata Common Names
Zh Tw
紡錘水溞屬
preferred
Recognized by
Wikidata Common Names
show one more language
hide one language
Curated hierarchies for Acartia Dana 1846
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy April 2022
Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda
Pancrustacea
Multicrustacea
Copepoda Milne Edwards 1840
Neocopepoda Huys & Boxshall 1991
Gymnoplea Giesbrecht 1882
Calanoida Sars G. O. 1903
Acartiidae Sars G. O. 1903
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia eremeevi Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartia subgen. Acanthacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Acartia
Acartia subgen. Acartiura Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Euacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Hypoacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Odontacartia Steuer 1915
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
Catalogue of Life 26 March 2024
Biota
Animalia
Arthropoda
Copepoda
Neocopepoda Huys & Boxshall 1991
Gymnoplea Giesbrecht 1882
Calanoida Sars G. O. 1903
Acartiidae Sars G. O. 1903
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia (Acanthacartia) bifilosa (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana 1849
Acartia (Acartiura) clausi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Acartiura) discaudata (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia (Acartiura) longiremis (Lilljeborg 1853)
Acartia arbruta Smith, Galbraith, Young, Perry, Sastri & Nelson 2021
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartia subgen. Acanthacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Acartia
Acartia subgen. Acartiura Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Euacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Hypoacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Odontacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Planktacartia Steuer 1915
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.3
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia eremeevi Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartia subgen. Acanthacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Acartia
Acartia subgen. Acartiura Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Euacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Hypoacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Odontacartia Steuer 1915
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy 1.1
Life
Cellular Organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Panarthropoda
Arthropoda
Pancrustacea
Multicrustacea
Hexanauplia
Copepoda
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia
(this page)
Acartia (Acanthacartia) bacorehuiensis Zamora-Sanchez & Gomez-Aguirre 1985
Acartia (Acanthacartia) bifilosa (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia (Acanthacartia) bilobata Abraham 1970
Acartia (Acanthacartia) californiensis Trinast 1976
Acartia (Acanthacartia) chilkaensis Sewell 1919
Acartia (Acanthacartia) dweepi Haridas & Madhupratap 1978
Acartia (Acanthacartia) fossae Gurney 1927
Acartia (Acanthacartia) italica Steuer 1910
Acartia (Acanthacartia) levequei Grice 1964
Acartia (Acanthacartia) pietschmani Pesta 1912
Acartia (Acanthacartia) plumosa Scott T. 1894
Acartia (Acanthacartia) sinjiensis Mori 1940
Acartia (Acanthacartia) spinata Esterly 1911
Acartia (Acanthacartia) steueri Smirnov 1936
Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana 1849
Acartia (Acanthacartia) tropica Ueda & Hiromi 1987
Acartia (Acanthacartia) tsuensis Ito 1956
Acartia (Acanthacartia) tumida Willey 1920
Acartia (Acartia) danae Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Acartia) forcipata Thompson I. C. & Scott A. 1897 ex Thompson & Scott
Acartia (Acartia) longisetosa Brady 1914
Acartia (Acartia) nana Brady 1914
Acartia (Acartia) negligens Dana 1849
Acartia (Acartiura) bermudensis Esterly 1911
Acartia (Acartiura) clausi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Acartiura) discaudata (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia (Acartiura) ensifera Brady 1899
Acartia (Acartiura) enzoi Crisafi 1974
Acartia (Acartiura) fancetti Mc Kinnon, Kimmerer & Benzie 1992
Acartia (Acartiura) floridana Davis 1948
Acartia (Acartiura) hongi Soh & Suh 2000
Acartia (Acartiura) hudsonica Pinhey 1926
Acartia (Acartiura) jilletti Bradford 1976
Acartia (Acartiura) lefevreae Bradford 1976
Acartia (Acartiura) longiremis (Lilljeborg 1853)
Acartia (Acartiura) margalefi Alcaraz 1976
Acartia (Acartiura) omorii Bradford 1976
Acartia (Acartiura) simplex Sars G. O. 1905
Acartia (Acartiura) teclae Bradford 1976
Acartia (Acartiura) tranteri Bradford 1976
Acartia (Euacartia) forticrusa Soh, Moon, Park, Bun & Venmathi Maran 2013
Acartia (Euacartia) sarojus Madhupratap & Haridas 1994
Acartia (Euacartia) southwelli Sewell 1914
Acartia (Hypoacartia) adriatica Steuer 1910
Acartia (Hypoacartia) macropus Cleve 1900
Acartia (Odontacartia) amboinensis Carl 1907
Acartia (Odontacartia) australis Farran 1936
Acartia (Odontacartia) bispinosa Carl 1907
Acartia (Odontacartia) bowmani Abraham 1976
Acartia (Odontacartia) centrura Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Odontacartia) erythraea Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Odontacartia) japonica Mori 1940
Acartia (Odontacartia) laxa Dana 1849
Acartia (Odontacartia) lilljeborgi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia (Odontacartia) ohtsukai Ueda & Bucklin 2006
Acartia (Odontacartia) pacifica Steuer 1915
Acartia (Odontacartia) spinicauda Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartiella
Paracartia
Paralabidocera
Pteriacartia
EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Version 2.2.4
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia eremeevi Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartia subgen. Acanthacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Acartia
Acartia subgen. Acartiura Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Euacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Hypoacartia Steuer 1915
Acartia subgen. Odontacartia Steuer 1915
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
GBIF classification
Animalia
Arthropoda
Hexanauplia
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia adriatica Steuer 1910
Acartia amboinensis Carl 1907
Acartia australis Farran 1936
Acartia bacorehuiensis Zamora-Sanchez & Gomez-Aguirre 1985
Acartia bermudensis Esterly 1911
Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia bilobata Abraham 1970
Acartia bispinosa Carl 1907
Acartia bowmani Abraham 1976
Acartia californiensis Trinast 1976
Acartia centrula Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia centrura Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia chilkaensis Sewell 1919
Acartia clausi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia danae Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia denticornis Brady 1883
Acartia discaudata (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia dweepi Haridas & Madhupratap 1978
Acartia edentata Srinui, Ohtsuka & Metillo 2019
Acartia ensifera Brady 1899
Acartia enzoi Crisafi 1974
Acartia erythraea Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia fancetti Mc Kinnon, Kimmerer & Benzie 1992
Acartia floridana Davis 1948
Acartia forcipata Thompson I. C. & Scott A. 1897
Acartia forticrusa Soh, Moon, Park, Bun & Venmathi Maran 2013
Acartia fossae Gurney 1927
Acartia hongi Soh & Suh 2000
Acartia hudsonica Pinhey 1926
Acartia italica Steuer 1910
Acartia japonica Mori 1940
Acartia jilletti Bradford 1976
Acartia laxa Dana 1849
Acartia lefevreae Bradford 1976
Acartia levequei Grice 1964
Acartia lilljeborgi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia limpida Dana 1849
Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg 1853)
Acartia longisetosa Brady 1914
Acartia macropus Cleve 1900
Acartia margalefi Alcaraz 1976
Acartia mediterranea Pesta 1909
Acartia mollicula Pavlova & Shmeleva 2010
Acartia mossi (Norman 1878)
Acartia nana Brady 1914
Acartia negligens Dana 1849
Acartia ohtsukai Ueda & Bucklin 2006
Acartia omorii Bradford 1976
Acartia pacifica Steuer 1915
Acartia pietschmani Pesta 1912
Acartia plumosa Scott T. 1894
Acartia ponteloides (Krichagin 1873)
Acartia remivagantis Oliveira 1946
Acartia sarojus Madhupratap & Haridas 1994
Acartia seshaiyai Subbaraju 1968
Acartia simplex Sars G. O. 1905
Acartia sinjiensis Mori 1940
Acartia southwelli Sewell 1914
Acartia spinata Esterly 1911
Acartia spinicauda Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia steueri Smirnov 1936
Acartia teclae Bradford 1976
Acartia tonsa Dana 1849
Acartia tranteri Bradford 1976
Acartia tropica Ueda & Hiromi 1987
Acartia tsuensis Ito 1956
Acartia tumida Willey 1920
Acartia
Acartia
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
GBIF classification
Animalia
Arthropoda
Hexanauplia
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia
(this page)
Acartia
Acartia Dana 1846
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Taxonomic Hierarchy
Animalia
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda
Crustacea Brünnich 1772
Maxillopoda Dahl 1956
Copepoda Milne-Edwards 1840
Neocopepoda Huys & Boxshall 1991
Gymnoplea Giesbrecht 1882
Calanoida G. O. Sars 1903
Acartiidae Sars 1900
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia bermudensis Esterly 1911
Acartia bifilosa (Giesbrecht 1881)
Acartia californiensis Trinast 1976
Acartia centrula Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia clausi Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia danae Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia discaudata (Giesbrecht 1882)
Acartia erythraea Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia floridana Davis 1948
Acartia forcipata I. C. Thompson & A. Scott 1898
Acartia grani (G. O. Sars 1904)
Acartia hamata Mori 1937
Acartia hudsonica Pinhey 1926
Acartia latisetosa (Kricagin 1873)
Acartia lefevreae Bradford 1976
Acartia lilljeborgii Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia longiremis (Lilljeborg 1853)
Acartia negligens Dana 1849
Acartia pacifica Steuer 1915
Acartia spinata Esterly 1911
Acartia spinicauda Giesbrecht 1889
Acartia tonsa Dana 1849
Acartia tumida Willey 1920
Acartiella Sewell 1914
NCBI
root
cellular organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Panarthropoda
Arthropoda
Mandibulata
Pancrustacea
Crustacea
Multicrustacea
Hexanauplia
Copepoda
Neocopepoda
Gymnoplea
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia
(this page)
Acartia amboinensis
Acartia bifilosa
Acartia bilobata
Acartia bispinosa
Acartia californiensis
Acartia clausii
Acartia danae
Acartia discaudata
Acartia ensifera
Acartia erythraea
Acartia forticrusa
Acartia fossae
Acartia hongi
Acartia hudsonica
Acartia japonica
Acartia jilletti
Acartia levequei
Acartia lilljeborgii
Acartia longiremis
Acartia margalefi
Acartia nadiensis
Acartia negligens
Acartia ohtsukai
Acartia omorii
Acartia pacifica
Acartia southwelli
Acartia spinicauda
Acartia steueri
Acartia tonsa
Acartia tsuensis
unclassified Acartia
Acartiella
Paracartia
Paralabidocera
Pteriacartia
unclassified Acartiidae
wikidata_hierarchy tar gz
Biota
Eukaryota
Unikonta
Opisthokonta
Holozoa
Filozoa
Apoikozoa
Animalia
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Arthropoda
Crustacea
Maxillopoda
Copepoda
Gymnoplea
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia
(this page)
Acanthacartia
Acartia
Acartia adriatica
Acartia africana
Acartia amboinensis
Acartia asymmetrica
Acartia australis
Acartia bacorehuisensis
Acartia baylyi
Acartia bermudensis
Acartia bifilosa
Acartia bilobata
Acartia bispinosa
Acartia bowmani
Acartia californiensis
Acartia centrula
Acartia centrura
Acartia chilkaensis
Acartia clausi
Acartia danae
Acartia denticornis
Acartia discaudata
Acartia dubia
Acartia dweepi
Acartia ensifera
Acartia enzoi
Acartia eremeevi
Acartia erythraea
Acartia fancetti
Acartia faoensis
Acartia fariai
Acartia floridana
Acartia forcipata
Acartia forticrusa
Acartia fossae
Acartia giesbrechti
Acartia gracilis
Acartia grani
Acartia gravelyi
Acartia hamata
Acartia hasanii
Acartia hongi
Acartia hudsonica
Acartia iseana
Acartia italica
Acartia janetae
Acartia japonica
Acartia jilletti
Acartia josephinae
Acartia kempi
Acartia keralensis
Acartia latisetosa
Acartia laxa
Acartia lefevreae
Acartia levequei
Acartia limpida
Acartia longipatella
Acartia longiremis
Acartia longisetosa
Acartia macropus
Acartia major
Acartia margalefi
Acartia mediterranea
Acartia minor
Acartia mollicula
Acartia mossi
Acartia nana
Acartia natalensis
Acartia negligens
Acartia ohtsukai
Acartia omorii
Acartia pacifica
Acartia pietschmani
Acartia pietschmanni
Acartia plumosa
Acartia ponteloides
Acartia ransoni
Acartia remivagantis
Acartia sarojus
Acartia seshaiyai
Acartia sewelli
Acartia simplex
Acartia sinjiensis
Acartia southwelli
Acartia steueri
Acartia teclae
Acartia tokiokai
Acartia tonsa
Acartia tortaniformis
Acartia tranteri
Acartia tropica
Acartia tsuensis
Acartia tumida
Acartia verrucosa
Acartia vivesei
Acartia zaitsevi
Acartiella
Acartiura
Euacartia
Hypoacartia
Odontacartia
Acartiella
Hypoacartia
Paracartia
Pteriacartia
World Register of Marine Species
Animalia
Arthropoda
Copepoda
Calanoida
Acartiidae
Acartia Dana 1846
(this page)
Acartia
Acartiella
Acartiella Sewell 1914
Paracartia
Paracartia Scott T. 1894
Paralabidocera
Paralabidocera Wolfenden 1908
Pteriacartia
Pteriacartia Belmonte 1998