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Biology

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Blue corals are hermatypic corals, and therefore have microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) living within their tissues. Through photosynthesis, these symbiotic algae produce energy-rich molecules that the coral polyps can use as nutrition (3). In return, the coral provides the zooxanthellae with protection, and access to sunlight. Blue corals reproduce sexually by brooding. Instead of releasing eggs and sperm into the water where the fertilised egg develops into larvae, like many corals do, the larvae of blue corals develop inside the polyps. Each polyp produces one or two larvae, which subsequently attach themselves onto the colony before release. This may allow the larvae to develop further, and thus when the mature larvae are released into the water column it is able to settle in quickly. This means that the larvae will settle in a habitat that is already proven to be suitable for adult growth and reproduction. The larvae of blue coral have not been observed to swim, and thus dispersal of this coral is determined by water movement (5).
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Conservation

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Blue corals are listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which means that trade in this species should be carefully regulated (1). Blue corals will form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas (MPAs), which offer coral reefs a degree of protection, and there are many calls from non-governmental organisations for larger MPAs to ensure the persistence of these unique and fascinating ecosystems (6).
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Description

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This unique species is the sole member of the order Helioporacea. Blue corals are thus named for their distinctive, permanently blue skeleton, which is generally hidden by greenish-grey or blue polyps (2). The coral polyp is basically an anemone-like animal that secretes a skeleton, at the base of which it is joined to other polyps to form a colony. The polyps of the blue coral each have eight tentacles (2), and the colonies form branching, plate-like or columnar colonies (3).
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Habitat

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Blue corals occur in tropical waters, on intertidal reef flats and upper reef slopes (3).
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Range

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Occurs in the Indo-Western Pacific, generally between 25°N and 25°S, where it is relatively uncommon (4).
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Status

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Listed on Appendix II of CITES (1).
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Threats

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Blue corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally. It is estimated that 20 percent of the world's coral reefs have already been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery, and 24 percent of the world's reefs are under imminent risk of collapse due to human pressures. These human impacts include poor land management practices that are releasing more sediment, nutrients and pollutants into the oceans and stressing the fragile reef ecosystem. Over fishing has 'knock-on' effects that results in the increase of macro-algae that can out-compete and smother corals, and fishing using destructive methods physically devastates the reef. A further potential threat is the increase of coral bleaching events, as a result of global climate change (6). Blue corals may also be threatened by over-harvesting for the coral trade, where it was one of the top ten genera of corals traded between 1985 and 1997 (7). It occurs primarily in the dead coral trade, as its beautiful skeleton makes it an attractive material for ornaments and jewellery, but they are also sometimes traded live for use in aquariums, where they do not usually survive more than a year (7).
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Corall blau ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El corall blau o Heliopora coerulea és un corall. És l'única espècie dins la família Helioporidae i l'únic Octocorallia conegut que produeix un esquelet massiu.[1] Aquest esquelet està format d'aragonita com els de scleractinia. Es troba en la zona indopacífica, on és comú.

Pel seu inusual color blau és resistent a les condicions ambientals i es fa servir en aquaris tropicals.

Referències

  1. Barnes, Robert D.. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International, 1982, p. 169. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
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Corall blau: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El corall blau o Heliopora coerulea és un corall. És l'única espècie dins la família Helioporidae i l'únic Octocorallia conegut que produeix un esquelet massiu. Aquest esquelet està format d'aragonita com els de scleractinia. Es troba en la zona indopacífica, on és comú.

Pel seu inusual color blau és resistent a les condicions ambientals i es fa servir en aquaris tropicals.

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Blaue Koralle ( German )

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Die Blaue Koralle (Heliopora coerulea) lebt in Korallenriffen des Indopazifik, sieht aus wie eine Steinkoralle, ist jedoch die letzte Überlebende einer Gruppe der Octocorallia, die zuerst nur fossil bekannt war. Sehr ähnliche Formen mit einem Alter von 100 Millionen Jahren sind seit der Kreide von den Küsten der Tethys aus Europa, Afrika und Indien bekannt. Sie ist eine von zwei Arten der Octocorallia, die ein massives Skelett aus Calciumcarbonat bildet. Die Blaue Koralle kommt im Indopazifik, nur in Regionen vor, die ständig eine Temperatur von 22 °C oder mehr haben.

Merkmale

Die Kolonien können mächtige Blöcke mit plattenartigen Verzweigungen, einer Höhe von einem halben Meter und einem Durchmesser von sieben Metern bilden. Erreichen die Blöcke die Wasseroberfläche, so stirbt das trocken fallende Gewebe ab und es bilden sich Mikroatolle.

Außen sind die Kolonien von brauner Farbe, das Skelett ist aufgrund von verschiedenen Eisensalzen blau gefärbt. Die Polypen der Blauen Koralle sind klein, nur einen Millimeter groß und haben wie alle Octocorallia acht gefiederte Tentakel. Das Skelett wird nicht, wie bei anderen Octocorallia durch Sklerite gebildet, die dann miteinander verbunden werden, sondern durch Fasern aus Aragonit, die zu dünnen Plättchen verschmelzen. Die Polypen sitzen in Nischen im Skelett, sind durch Stolonen miteinander verbunden und kapseln die Nischen mit dem weiteren Skelettwachstum durch Querwände nach unten ab. Neben den Polypennischen gibt es noch kleinere, porenartige Nischen, in die das Stolonengewebe wurzelartig nach unten hineinwächst. Das lebende Gewebe bildet nur eine sehr dünne Schicht auf dem Aragonitskelett.

Die Blaue Koralle lebt in einer Symbiose mit Zooxanthellen, kleinen, einzelligen Algen aus der Gruppe der Dinoflagellaten, die die Koralle mit Nährstoffen versorgen.

Systematik

Traditionell wird die Blaue Koralle wegen ihrer Einzigartigkeit in eine eigene Ordnung, die Helioporacea gestellt. Phylogenetisch ist sie die Schwesterart einer Klade aus den Seefedern (Pennatulacea) und der Gorgonienfamilie Ellisellidae. Die von diesen drei Taxa gebildete Klade ist die Schwestergruppe der Calcaxonia, eine Unterordnung gorgonienähnlicher Korallen.[1] Im Januar 2019 wurde eine zweite rezente Heliopora-Art beschrieben. Heliopora hiberniana-Kolonien sind feiner verzweigt und haben ein weißes oder weißlich-blaues Skelett.[2]

Literatur

  • Volker Storch, Ulrich Welsch: Systematische Zoologie, Fischer, 1997, ISBN 3-437-25160-0
  • Gruner, H.-E., Hannemann, H.-J., Hartwich, G., Kilias, R.: Urania Tierreich, Wirbellose 1 (Protozoa bis Echiurida). Urania-Verlag, ISBN 3332005014
  • S. A. Fosså, & A. J. Nilsen: Korallenriff-Aquarium, Band 4, Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim, ISBN 3928819054

Einzelnachweise

  1. Catherine S. McFadden, Scott C. France u. a.: A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial protein-coding sequences. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41, 2006, S. 513, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.010.
  2. Zoe T. Richards, Nina Yasuda, Taisei Kikuchi, Taryn Foster, Chika Mitsuyuki, Michael Stat, Yoshihisa Suyama und Nerida G. Wilson. 2018. Integrated Evidence Reveals A New Species in the Ancient Blue Coral Genus Heliopora (Octocorallia). Scientific Reports. 8, 15875. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32969-z
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Blaue Koralle: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Blaue Koralle (Heliopora coerulea) lebt in Korallenriffen des Indopazifik, sieht aus wie eine Steinkoralle, ist jedoch die letzte Überlebende einer Gruppe der Octocorallia, die zuerst nur fossil bekannt war. Sehr ähnliche Formen mit einem Alter von 100 Millionen Jahren sind seit der Kreide von den Küsten der Tethys aus Europa, Afrika und Indien bekannt. Sie ist eine von zwei Arten der Octocorallia, die ein massives Skelett aus Calciumcarbonat bildet. Die Blaue Koralle kommt im Indopazifik, nur in Regionen vor, die ständig eine Temperatur von 22 °C oder mehr haben.

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Blue coral

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Blue coral (Heliopora coerulea) is a species of colonial coral. It is the only octocoral known to produce a massive skeleton.[3] This skeleton is formed of aragonite, similar to that of scleractinia. Individual polyps live in tubes within the skeleton and are connected by a thin layer of tissue over the outside of the skeleton.

Description

The blue coral is the only extant octocoral with a massive skeleton,[3] which is composed of fibrocrystalline aragonite (calcium carbonate). It is a hermatypic zooxanthellaete species with either blue or grey-grey polyps located within its skeleton, which each contain eight tentacles. Its colonies are either columnar, plates or branched.[4][5] It is a tolerant species and is used in marine aquariums.

Iron salts give the skeleton of Heliopora coerulea its unique color, which allows for easy recognition in fossil outcrops.[6] As such, it is fairly abundant within paleontology, with fossils indicating the species has remained unchanged since the Cretaceous.[6]

Blue coral has shown a particular resistance to thermal changes in their environments and have actually grown more in warmer temperatures.[7]

Distribution

Despite being common in some areas and having a large range, the blue coral has been given the conservation status of a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Its population is unknown but it is believed to be decreasing in line with the global destruction of coral reefs; it is threatened by aquarium harvesting, bleaching, habitat destruction, the acidification of oceans, and climate change.[1] It is found in the eastern and western Indian Ocean, and the eastern central, western central, northwestern, and southwestern Pacific Ocean; its range includes the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. Its largest colony is believed to be located off Ishigaki Island in the Yaeyama Islands, southwestern Japan. It is found in reefs with depths below 2 m, or reefs exposed to waves, flats, intertidal regions, and sometimes in marginal habitats.[1] The blue coral is listed under Appendix II of CITES.[1]

The world's largest deposit of blue coral is in Shiraho, Japan.[8] This deposit however was threatened by the possible development of an airport in 1989.[8] The airport was to be placed over the coral bed and would have resulted in the destruction of these rare coral. Transnational organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature stepped in and with public support managed to prevent the construction. The organization also constructed a field research station at the site to further study the corals.[8] The airport was eventually built but at a location where it wouldn't harm the corals. The Fund then attempted to implement their typical procedures of creating protected areas for the coral. However, the prior support from the public disappeared. The residents of Shiraho were opposed to the creation of such areas.[8]

Conservationists thus took a different approach. They attempted to further connect the community of Shiraho with the sea, beyond just fishing, to try and inspire a desire to conserve the area. What resulted was the revitalization of sanizu.[8] It is a local celebration where the people give back to the sea gods. The tradition had decreased in prevalence over the years due to a variety of reasons including economic pressure and other local socioeconomic conditions.[8] The Fund was unable to initiate the celebration so instead they provided the tools and resources for it. This led to a large-scale sanizu celebration where both locals and conservationists connected with the sea.[8]

Taxonomy

Heliopora coerulea was described by Pallas in 1766.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Obura, D.; Fenner, D.; Hoeksema, B.; Devantier, L.; Sheppard, C. (2008). "Heliopora coerulea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T133193A3624060. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T133193A3624060.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 169. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  4. ^ "Heliopora coerulea". Arkive.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  5. ^ Leon P. Zann; Lesley Bolton (September 1985). "The distribution, abundance and ecology of the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (Pallas) in the Pacific". Coral Reefs. 4 (2): 125–134. doi:10.1007/BF00300871. S2CID 64814.
  6. ^ a b Gornitz, V (2009). Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Springer. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-1402045516.
  7. ^ Guzman, Christine; Atrigenio, Michael; Shinzato, Chuya; Aliño, Porfirio; Conaco, Cecilia (2019-09-27). "Warm seawater temperature promotes substrate colonization by the blue coral, Heliopora coerulea". PeerJ. 7: e7785. doi:10.7717/peerj.7785. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6768060. PMID 31579631.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Claus, C. A. 2020. Drawing the Sea Near: Satoumi and Coral Reef Conservation in Okinawa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
  9. ^ "Heliopora coerulea". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 August 2015.

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Blue coral: Brief Summary

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Blue coral (Heliopora coerulea) is a species of colonial coral. It is the only octocoral known to produce a massive skeleton. This skeleton is formed of aragonite, similar to that of scleractinia. Individual polyps live in tubes within the skeleton and are connected by a thin layer of tissue over the outside of the skeleton.

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Heliopora coerulea ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El coral azul (Heliopora coerulea) es la única especie de coral existente actualmente en su orden Helioporacea, de la clase Anthozoa.

Pertenece al grupo de los corales hermatípicos. Su esqueleto es macizo y está compuesto de carbonato cálcico. Tras la muerte del coral, su esqueleto contribuye a la generación de nuevos arrecifes en la naturaleza.

Morfología

El esqueleto colonial, o corallum, es azul, lo que le distingue del resto de los corales. Es de tipo masivo y adquiere formas laminares, ramificadas, columnares o incrustantes.[3]​ En el interior del esqueleto hay cristales de un pigmento azul oscuro, tipo biliverdina. Para producir este pigmento, el coral tiene la habilidad de extraer del agua hierro y oxidarlo, convirtiéndolo en una sal azul que se fija en el esqueleto.

Los pólipos autozoides son bastante largos y delgados y habitan en un sistema de tubos canalizado por todo el esqueleto. Sus ocho tentáculos presentan unas células urticantes denominadas nematocistos, empleadas en la caza de presas microscópicas de plancton. Al igual que los corales de fuego del género Millepora, posee pólipos dactilozoides, que son defensivos y, al tiempo, su principal herramienta para captar alimento; tienen entre 0,1 y 0,3 mm de diámetro, permanecen en cavidades bajo la superficie del coral y emergen por la noche a través de los poros. Poseen tentáculos finos, como pelos, que presentan nematocistos.[4]

H. coerulea presenta el tejido común de la colonia, o cenénquima, en tonos marrón claro o gris verdoso. Los pólipos autozoides son de color azul, blanco o gris verdoso.[5]​ Las colonias alcanzan los 2 m de altura.

Alimentación

Los pólipos contienen algas simbióticas; mutualistas (ambos organismos se benefician de la relación) llamadas zooxantelas. Las algas realizan la fotosíntesis produciendo oxígeno y azúcares, que son aprovechados por los pólipos, y se alimentan de los catabolitos del coral (especialmente fósforo y nitrógeno).[6]​ Esto les proporciona entre el 75 y el 95% de sus necesidades alimenticias. El resto lo obtienen atrapando plancton microscópico y materia orgánica disuelta en el agua.

Reproducción

Se reproducen asexualmente mediante gemación y sexualmente mediante fertilización interna, desarrollando una larva. Las larvas maduras, una vez en el exterior, están más preparadas para fijarse rápidamente al sustrato. De hecho, se ha comprobado que las larvas de H. coerulea no nadan, por lo que se adhieren alrededor de la colonia madre, garantizando de este modo que crecerán en condiciones favorables. Una vez adheridas, evolucionan a pólipo y comienzan su vida sésil, secretando un esqueleto de aragonita, y formando la colonia mediante la división de los pólipos por gemación.

Galería

Hábitat

Suelen vivir en arrecifes de coral, en zonas poco profundas, bien iluminadas y cercanas a las costas, entre 0 y 9 m, usualmente por encima de 2 m, no obstante, se localizan hasta los 51 m de profundidad, y en un rango de temperatura entre 26.47 y 28.95ºC.[7]​ Aunque también se encuentran en zonas intermareales, lagunas y zonas protegidas del arrecife, donde desarrollan formas ramificadas, mayoritariamente se dan en zonas expuestas con fuerte oleaje, en cuyo lugar conforman estructuras más robustas.

Distribución geográfica

Se distribuyen por todo el océano Indo-Pacífico, más frecuentemente en zonas ecuatoriales de aguas cálidas cerca de 29°C.

Es especie nativa de Arabia Saudí; Australia; Baréin; Bangladés; Birmania; Camboya; Isla de Navidad; Islas Cocos; Comoros; Egipto; Emiratos Árabes Unidos; Eritrea; Filipinas; Fiyi; India; Indonesia; Irán; Irak; Israel; Japón; Jordania; Kenia; Kiribati; Kuwait; Madagascar; Malasia; Maldivas; Islas Marshall; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia; Mozambique; Nauru; Nueva Caledonia; Niue; Omán; Pakistán; Palaos; Papúa Nueva Guinea; Qatar; Reunión; Samoa; Samoa Americana; Seychelles; Singapur; Islas Salomón; Somalia; Sudáfrica; Sri Lanka; Sudán; Taiwán, Provincia de China; Tanzania; Tailandia; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; Wallis y Futuna, Yemen y Yibuti.[8]

Conservación

Aunque es una especie común en algunas zonas, H. coerulea está incluida en los Apéndices I y II de CITES, lo que significa que en los países firmantes de este tratado se requiere un permiso tanto para su recolección, como para su comercio.[9]

Debido al color de su esqueleto, se recolecta para el comercio orientado al turismo y a la joyería.

Su estado de conservación según la IUCN es "especie vulnerable". Categoría para especies que han mostrado una fuerte caída, de entre un 37%, de su población en los últimos 30 años o tres generaciones, fluctuaciones, disminución o fragmentación en su rango de distribución geográfica.

Debido a su ubicación a poca profundidad, es muy sensible, tanto a su fácil recolección, como a daños por el cambio climático.

En Banda Aceh, Indonesia, gigantéscas formaciones de Heliopora que se extienden a lo largo de 10 km, fueron la especie más dañada de todos los corales por el terremoto del océano Índico que provocó el tsunami de 2004.[10]

Referencias

  1. Obura, D., Fenner, D., Hoeksema, B., Devantier, L. & Sheppard, C. (2008). «Heliopora coerulea». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el el 10 de marzo de 2014..
  2. van Ofwegen, L. (2012). Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=210725 on 2013-01-12
  3. Borneman, Eric H. (2001-2009) Aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history (en inglés) Microcosm. T.F.H. Pág.113-114.
  4. http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-11/eb/ Eric Borneman (2008) Venomous Corals: The Fire Corals. Reefkeeping Magazine™ Reef Central.
  5. «Copia archivada». Archivado desde el original el 5 de septiembre de 2015. Consultado el 13 de enero de 2013.
  6. Debelius, Helmut y Baensch, Hans A. (1998) Atlas Marino. Mergus.
  7. http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=452228 Sistema Integrado de Información Biogeográfica Oceánica.
  8. Obura, D., Fenner, D., Hoeksema, B., Devantier, L. & Sheppard, C. (2008) Heliopora coerulea. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas. Consultado el 12 de junio de 2013.
  9. http://www.cites.org
  10. Foster, R., Hagan, A., Perera, N., Gunawan, C.A., Silaban, I., Yaha, Y., Manuputty,Y., Hazam, I. and Hodgson, G. (2006) (en inglés) Tsunami and Earthquake Damage to Coral Reefs of Aceh, Indonesia. In: Reef Check Foundation (ed.). Pacific Palisades, California, USA

Bibliografía

  • Zann, L.P., and Bolton, L. (1985) (en inglés) The distribution, abundance and ecology of the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (Pallas) in the Pacific. Coral Reefs 4(2): 125-134.
  • Wilkinson, C. (2004) (en inglés) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
  • Debelius, Helmut y Baensch, Hans A. (1998-2006). Atlas Marino. Mergus.
  • Borneman, Eric H. (2001-2009). Aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history (en inglés). Microcosm. T.F.H.
  • Gosliner, Behrens & Williams. (1996) (en inglés) Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. Sea Challengers Publishers.
  • Veron, J.E.N. (1986) (en inglés) Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Angus & Robertson Publishers.

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Heliopora coerulea: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El coral azul (Heliopora coerulea) es la única especie de coral existente actualmente en su orden Helioporacea, de la clase Anthozoa.

Pertenece al grupo de los corales hermatípicos. Su esqueleto es macizo y está compuesto de carbonato cálcico. Tras la muerte del coral, su esqueleto contribuye a la generación de nuevos arrecifes en la naturaleza.

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Heliopora coerulea ( Estonian )

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Blaue Koralle 4.jpg

Nahkkoralliline Heliopora coerulea on koralliliik ainuõõssete hõimkonna õisloomade klassi nahkkoralliliste alamklassi seltsist Helioporacea, sugukonna Helioporidae ning perekonna Heliopora ainus retsentne liik.

Liiki kirjeldas Peter Simon Pallas 1766.

Ta sarnaneb välimuselt korallidega seltsist Scleractinia.

Ta on haruldane ning elab India ja Vaikses ookeanis ekvaatori piirkonnas. Tema eluks on vajalik, et veetemperatuur oleks alaliselt vähemalt 22 °C (teistel andmetel 24 °C).

Väga sarnased vormid on teada Tethyse ookeanist kriidiajastust.

Heliopora coerulea'l on massiivne kaltsiumkarbonaadist toes.

Kolooniad võivad moodustada suuri plokke plaaditaoliste harudega. Väljastpoolt on nad pruunid, toes on mitmesuguste rauasoolade tõttu sinine.

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Heliopora coerulea ( French )

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Heliopora coerulea[3] est une espèce de coraux octocoralliaires, communément appelée corail bleu. C'est l'unique espèce de la famille des Helioporidae et du genre Heliopora.

Description

L'exosquelette calcaire de H. coerulea se développe en branches verticales ; les spécimens vivant dans des eaux calmes sont plus fins que ceux vivant dans des eaux agitées. Il s'agit de la seule espèce connue de la sous-classe Octocorallia à produire un squelette aussi imposant[4]. Le corail adopte une teinte bleue quand il est propre mais l'épithélium lui donne une teinte brune. Les polypes sont petits et munis de 8 bras ; ils semblent légèrement poilus[5].

L'absence de corallites, l'allure de certaines colonies et les crêtes claires les font souvent confondre avec les coraux de feu (genre Millepora).

Répartition et habitat

L'espèce est présente dans une vaste partie de l'Indo-Pacifique. Elle est répertoriée de la mer Rouge jusqu'au sud de l'Afrique, et du Japon jusque la Polynésie et les Samoa. Le plus grand récif de H. coerulea connu à ce jour est situé au large de l'île Ishigaki, au sud-ouest du Japon. Le corail s'organise en récifs d'une taille généralement inférieure à 2 m. Son habitat principal est compris dans la zone intertidale[2].

Statut de conservation

La couleur bleue que peut prendre le corail est attrait pour la bijouterie et l'aquariophilie. Cependant, le réchauffement climatique entraîne un blanchissement des coraux qui deviennent plus sensibles aux maladies. L'acidification des océans est une autre menace qui pèse sur l'espèce. En possession de ces données et puisque la population générale est en déclin, l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) place H. coerulea dans la catégorie des espèces « Vulnérables »[2].

Notes et références

  1. a b et c World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 25 juillet 2014
  2. a b et c (en) « Heliopora coerulea », sur iucnredlist.org, 2008 (consulté en février 2015)
  3. Muséum Aquarium de Nancy, « Heliopora », sur especeaquatique.museumaquariumdenancy.eu (consulté le 12 février 2021)
  4. (en) Barnes, Robert D., Invertebrate Zoology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanie, Holt-Saunders International, 1982 (ISBN 0-03-056747-5), p. 169
  5. (en) « Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766) », sur marinespecies.org (consulté en février 2015)
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Heliopora coerulea: Brief Summary ( French )

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Heliopora coerulea est une espèce de coraux octocoralliaires, communément appelée corail bleu. C'est l'unique espèce de la famille des Helioporidae et du genre Heliopora.

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Heliopora coerulea ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Heliopora coerulea is een Helioporaceasoort uit de familie van de Helioporidae.[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Pallas. De soort komt voor in de Rode Zee en langs de kusten van Oost-Afrika tot in de zeeën rondom Zuidoost-Azië en Polynesië. Verder komt de soort ook voor bij Zuid-Japan, Australië en in de Koraalzee tot aan Amerikaans-Samoa. De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN geklasseerd als 'kwetsbaar'.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Heliopora coerulea op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. van Ofwegen, L. (2012). Heliopora coerulea (Pallas, 1766). Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=210725
Geplaatst op:
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Heliopora coerulea ( Ukrainian )

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Heliopora coerulea: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Heliopora coerulea ( Vietnamese )

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Heliopora coerulea là một loài san hô trong họ Helioporidae. Loài này được Pallas mô tả khoa học năm 1766. Đây là loài duy nhất trong họ Helioporidae và là loài Octocoral duy nhất được biết là tạo ra khung xương khổng lồ.[2] Khu xương của nó được cấu tạo từ aragonit, tương tự như khung xương của scleractinia. Các polyp riêng biệt sống trong các ống bên trong khung xương và được kết nối với nhau bằng một lớp mô mỏng bao bọc bên ngoài khung xương.

Đây là loài phân bố phổ biến trong các rạn san hô nông và được tìm thấy trong khắp khu vực Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương bao gồm quần đảo Ryukyu phía nam Nhật Bản, biển San hô miền bắc Úc và American Samoa. Quần xã san hô lam lớn nhất trên thế giới được cho là sinh sống ngoài khơi đảo Ishigaki của quần đảo Yaeyama tây nam Nhật Bản.

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Obura, D., Fenner, D., Hoeksema, B., Devantier, L. & Sheppard, C. (2008). Heliopora coerulea. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2010.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 7 năm 2010.
  2. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. tr. 169. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Lớp San hô này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Heliopora coerulea: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Heliopora coerulea là một loài san hô trong họ Helioporidae. Loài này được Pallas mô tả khoa học năm 1766. Đây là loài duy nhất trong họ Helioporidae và là loài Octocoral duy nhất được biết là tạo ra khung xương khổng lồ. Khu xương của nó được cấu tạo từ aragonit, tương tự như khung xương của scleractinia. Các polyp riêng biệt sống trong các ống bên trong khung xương và được kết nối với nhau bằng một lớp mô mỏng bao bọc bên ngoài khung xương.

Đây là loài phân bố phổ biến trong các rạn san hô nông và được tìm thấy trong khắp khu vực Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương bao gồm quần đảo Ryukyu phía nam Nhật Bản, biển San hô miền bắc Úc và American Samoa. Quần xã san hô lam lớn nhất trên thế giới được cho là sinh sống ngoài khơi đảo Ishigaki của quần đảo Yaeyama tây nam Nhật Bản.

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Голубой коралл ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Heliopora coerulea.jpg

Голубые кораллы — колониальные организмы, тело которых распластано по выделяемому ими известковому скелету[3][4]. При этом толщина живой части колонии не превышает нескольких миллиметров, тогда как размер наружного скелета может доходить до полуметра[3][4]. В пределах колонии миниатюрные зооиды располагаются на некотором расстоянии друг от друга в особых чашевидных образованиях на поверхности скелета — кораллитах. Кишечники зооидов соединены между собой сетью пронизывающих общее тело колонии каналов — солений[3][4].

В клетках эпидермиса голубых кораллов обитают зооксантеллы — водоросли-симбионты, участвующие в образовании кристаллов арагонита, идущего на построение скелета[4]. Для увеличения скорости роста скелетных структур, прилежащая к скелету поверхность тела колонии значительно увеличена в площади благодаря образованию многочисленных тонких пальцевидных выростов — дивертикулов[3][4].

Примечания

  1. Вид Heliopora coerulea (англ.) в Мировом реестре морских видов (World Register of Marine Species). (Проверено 19 августа 2011)
  2. 1 2 Daly, M., Brugler, M. R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A. G., Dawson, M. N., Fautin, D. G., France, S. C., McFadden, C. S., Opresko, D. M., Rodrigues, E., Romanos, S. L., Stakes, J. L. (2007). The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus, 127–182. In: Zhang, Z.-Q., Shear, W. A. (eds.) (2007). Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668: 1–766. Текст (англ.) (Проверено 19 августа 2011)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Вестхайде В., Ригер Р. От простейших до моллюсков и артропод // Зоология беспозвоночных. = Spezielle Zoology. Teil 1: Einzeller und Wirbellose Tiere / пер. с нем. О. Н. Бёллинг, С. М. Ляпкова, А. В. Михеев, О. Г. Манылов, А. А. Оскольский, А. В. Филиппова, А. В. Чесунов; под ред. А. В. Чесунова. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2008. — Т. 1. — С. 167. — iv+512+iv с. — 1000 экз.ISBN 978-5-87317-491-1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Рупперт Э. Э., Фокс Р. С., Барнс Р. Д. Протисты и низшие многоклеточные // Зоология беспозвоночных. Функциональные и эволюционные аспекты = Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach / пер. с англ. Т. А. Ганф, Н. В. Ленцман, Е. В. Сабанеевой; под ред. А. А. Добровольского и А. И. Грановича. — 7-е издание. — М.: Академия, 2008. — Т. 1. — 496 с. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-7695-3493-5.
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Голубой коралл: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Heliopora coerulea.jpg

Голубые кораллы — колониальные организмы, тело которых распластано по выделяемому ими известковому скелету. При этом толщина живой части колонии не превышает нескольких миллиметров, тогда как размер наружного скелета может доходить до полуметра. В пределах колонии миниатюрные зооиды располагаются на некотором расстоянии друг от друга в особых чашевидных образованиях на поверхности скелета — кораллитах. Кишечники зооидов соединены между собой сетью пронизывающих общее тело колонии каналов — солений.

В клетках эпидермиса голубых кораллов обитают зооксантеллы — водоросли-симбионты, участвующие в образовании кристаллов арагонита, идущего на построение скелета. Для увеличения скорости роста скелетных структур, прилежащая к скелету поверхность тела колонии значительно увеличена в площади благодаря образованию многочисленных тонких пальцевидных выростов — дивертикулов.

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藍珊瑚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Heliopora coerulea
Pallas, 1766

藍珊瑚学名Heliopora coerulea),又名蒼珊瑚,是蒼珊瑚目下的唯一一種珊瑚,也是八放珊瑚亞綱中唯一會長出大型骨骼的珊瑚。它們的骨骼是由霰石所組成,與石珊瑚目的相似。珊瑚蟲在骨骼內的筒子中生活,由一層骨骼外的薄組織連結。它們廣泛分佈在印度洋太平洋,組成淺水的珊瑚礁

藍珊瑚呈藍色,色彩特別,加上它們較能抵禦不同的環境,故經常是熱帶水族館內的展品。

東南亞地區及義大利會從藍珊瑚抽取一種糖漿,加在珍珠奶茶中飲用。

為CITES附錄II物種[2]

參考

  1. ^ (英文) Obura, D., Fenner, D., Hoeksema, B., Devantier, L. & Sheppard, C. (2008). Heliopora coerulea. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2009. 撷取於2009-08-31.
  2. ^ Helioporidae spp.(Includes only the species Heliopora coerulea. Fossils are not subject to the provisions of the Convention)CITES Appendices I, II and III valid from 14 September 2014*

外部連結

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:藍珊瑚  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:藍珊瑚
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藍珊瑚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

藍珊瑚(学名:Heliopora coerulea),又名蒼珊瑚,是蒼珊瑚目下的唯一一種珊瑚,也是八放珊瑚亞綱中唯一會長出大型骨骼的珊瑚。它們的骨骼是由霰石所組成,與石珊瑚目的相似。珊瑚蟲在骨骼內的筒子中生活,由一層骨骼外的薄組織連結。它們廣泛分佈在印度洋太平洋,組成淺水的珊瑚礁

藍珊瑚呈藍色,色彩特別,加上它們較能抵禦不同的環境,故經常是熱帶水族館內的展品。

東南亞地區及義大利會從藍珊瑚抽取一種糖漿,加在珍珠奶茶中飲用。

為CITES附錄II物種

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Biology

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zooxanthellate

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Description

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Blue coral. This is not a true coral, but produces a limestone skeleton. Its skeleton is bright blue when cleaned. Its growth form is a series of vertical keels or branches, slender in very calm water, stout in more turbulent areas. When living, it looks brown, because of the covering of living tissue. Polyps are minute, usually giving a slightly furry appearance. Distribution: species extends across most of the Indian Ocean. (Sheppard, 1998 )

Reference

Roux, J.P. (2001) Conspectus of Southern African Pteridophyta. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report 13 Page 118 (Includes a picture).

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Habitat

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shallow water

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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