Eggs of Mastigias papua hatch into tiny, oval-shaped, flat planula larvae that swim around until they find a suitable substrate to settle. This process takes a few hours to a few days, during which the mouthless larvae does not feed. Once on a substrate, M. papua attaches by its anterior end and morphs into a sessile polyp. Polyps feed on prey that floats by until they grow large enough to reproduce. At this point, they can either create motile buds asexually, or go through monodisk strobilation, forming yellow-green ephyrae. Ephyrae mature into free swimming medusa with symbiotic zooxanthellae and sensory organs.
Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis
The lagoon jellyfish has many subspecies that grow more dissimilar as they age. There are considerable morphological differences among subspecies that live in different environments, gather in different populations, and even between the individual jellyfish themselves. Four main morphological differences are used to differentiate between these subspecies: the number and shape of the velar lappets (flaps), the length of the mouth arms relative to bell radius, the length of the terminal clubs relative to bell radius, and color. The following summarizes the features that are considered characteristic of the traditional lagoon jellyfish.
The translucent bell of Mastigias papua is usually hemispherical, with a diameter ranging from 30 to 80 mm. This species has 8 frilled oral arms, rather than tentacles, whose total length is approximately equal to the bell-radius. The mouth arms are divided into two sections: a simple upper part, which tends to be about 1.5 times as long as the 3 winged lower part of the arm. These arms end in a club-like filament that has a triangular cross section, though this is absent in some species. Each oral arm has mouths on the club, as well as along the length towards the bell.
Significant color variation exists within Mastigias papua, though the bell is usually greenish blue to olive green with yellow, white, and/or brown oval, granular spots across the rim (over the exumbrella). This coloring can be attributed to the zooxanthallae that reside symbiotically within the lagoon jellyfish (mostly in the mesoglea).
Range length: 30 to 80 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; radial symmetry ; polymorphic ; venomous
The records of Mastigias papua being raised in captivity are slim, the most specific of which states that lagoon jellyfish can live more than three months in captivity. No records were found indicating how long they live in the wild.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: more than 3 (high) months.
The lagoon jellyfish is found in the ocean, where it tends to dwell within the top 2.5 m of the water during the day to allow its symbiotic zooxanthellae access to light. Sunlight governs its life, especially in the Palau lakes, and this species follows the sun from west to east until it reaches the shadows near the shore. When the sun is setting, the lagoon jellyfish sinks to lower levels of its habitat. Mastigias papua requires specific temperature, salinity, and exogenous cues for proper strobilation (transverse fission). They also respond evolutionarily to their specific habitats, as demonstrated by the endemic speciation of M. papua in the Palau lakes.
Average elevation: 131 m.
Range depth: 1 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; coastal
Mastigias papua is widely distributed through the Indian Ocean, China Sea to Japan, and outward over the Pacific to the Fiji Islands. Found as far west as the Indo-West Pacific, M. papua has the greatest morphological diversity in Palau. In Palau, a radiation of forms has resulted in the recognition of many subspecies of M. papua that are morphologically distinct.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
Mastigias papua primarily derives energy from the carbon fixed by its symbiotic zooxanthallae. This energy can be absorbed from these algae directly, since they dwell within the jellyfish's tissues. Thirty percent of the jellyfish's energy is obtained from collecting zooplankton, phytoplankton, tiny invertebrates, and microbes within the oral arms' mouths. Unlike other jellies, which need to collect food with their tentacles and bring them to a central mouth under the bell, Mastigias papua engulfs its food through its mouths on the oral arms and sends it to the body via canals along these arms.
Animal Foods: aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton
Plant Foods: phytoplankton
Other Foods: detritus ; microbes
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Eats other marine invertebrates); planktivore
Mastigias papua hosts symbiotic zooxanthallae, and large swarms of lagoon jellyfish could be detrimental to populations of zooplankton and other small prey. Small fish have lived inside the bell of M. papua for protection until the fish reach maturity.
Mutualist Species:
Mastigias papua have been displayed in aquariums to showcase jellies. The Palau lake M. papua also serve as a large tourist attraction. The fragile existence of this species helps to demonstrate the importance of maintaining our ecosystem.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism ; research and education
Humans exposed to a swarm of Mastigias papua may emerge with painful rashes, nausea, and vomiting. Otherwise, there are no known adverse effects of M. papua on humans.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
No evaluations on the conservation status of Mastigias papua have been made. However, during the 1997-98 El Niño, Palau lake water temperature and saltiness increased, causing a massive drop in jelly populations. Since hardy polyps survived the event, even though many medusa died, populations were on the rise in 2000.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
These jellyfish have a nerve net along the bell as well as marginal sensory organs that determine the contractions which propel the medusa. All Scyphozoa have receptors that detect a variety of stimuli, including light (ocelli), smell, and touch (sensory lappets) as well as a statocyst, which coordinates balance. These are found in the triangular clubs (rhopalia), which in turn also allow control of stimulation of the statocyst so that the jellyfish can adjust the direction it is swimming.
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Mastigias papua utilizes the nematocysts that decorate its oral arms to deter predators, and to help with capturing food. When a predator (or passerby human) applies pressure, these venomous cells inject toxins. Mammals as large as a human experience many adverse effects such as rashes, severe itching, nausea, and vomiting. The only creature that has been confirmed to prey on Mastigias papua is a sea anemone, Entacmaea medusivora.
Known Predators:
Full-fledged medusas are dioecious and can be identified by sampling a part of their reproductive tissue and observing it under a dissecting microscope. Females also have characteristic brood filaments on their oral arms and disk. Medusa males release sperm that swim to eggs either within the brood filaments of the female or inside of her. A sexual generation (medusa) alternates with an asexual generation (polyp). There are no data on mate selection.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Asexual reproduction by budding can occur year round, though strobilation can only occur with cooler water temperatures since water that is too warm causes the symbiotic zooxanthallae to fail. Loss of the zooxanthellae would eliminate seventy percent of the lagoon jellyfish's food source. Other than this, the only specific observation made on how Mastigias papua breeds in the wild is that ephyrae do not seem to emerge unless the sea water temperature is around 22 degrees C. Mastigias papua polyps can reproduce asexually year-round by budding off, while medusa formation via strobilation requires lower temperatures because high temperatures kill the zooxanthellae needed for medusae to survive.
Breeding interval: Mastigias papua breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding season is from May to June.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; asexual ; fertilization (External , Internal ); ovoviviparous
Mastigias papua may brood the young in their brood filaments until they hatch, whereupon the young planulae larva will swim away and find a place to attach. No other parental investment has been identified.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female)
Bell:Spotted jellies have rounded bells.(Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2008)
Arms: strange clumps of oral arms bear clublike appendages that hang down below. Instead of a single mouth, they have many small mouth openings on their oral-arms, which capture small zooplankton.(Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2008)
Color: each jelly grows a crop of algae, which gives them a greenish-brown color. They harvest some of their food directly from the algae.(Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2008)
Spotted jellies swim in large swarms to stay in the direct rays of the sun. Sunlight fuels the growth of the symbiotic algae the jellies thrive on. At night, spotted jellies descend to deeper waters, to an anoxic (oxygen-deficient) layer that's high in concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. There, the jellies absorb ammonium, which fertilizes the algae.(Monterey Bay Aquarium, 2008)
The spotted jelly (Mastigias papua), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Mastigias papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga.[2]
They have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early autumn.[3]
Five subspecies have been described, inhabiting separate marine lakes in the Palau group.[4]
The spotted jelly is so named because of the little dots that garnish its jelly. It usually measures between 3 and 10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in length and between 2 and 7 cm (0.8–2.8 in) in diameter but some individuals can reach 30 cm (12 in) long. Contrary to most medusozoans, Mastigias papua does not have stinging tentacles. However, some individuals may contain some rare cnidocytes spread on the arms of the animal but they are inoffensive because they have lost their stinging power.[5]
Like all medusozoans, Mastigias papua is 95% composed of water. This water similar density enables it to easily float.
Jellyfishes with stinging tentacles are usually hunters. Cnidocyte cells enable them to catch their preys before eating them. The spotted jelly has developed another way to feed itself; it lives in symbiosis with a unicellular photosynthetic organism called zooxanthellae. This unicellular organism settles in the tissue of jellyfishes. It provides products of photosynthesis to the jellyfish, and in return, the jellyfish provides it minerals and nutrients from the soil and the sea water.[6]
In addition to this symbiosis, the spotted jelly has several small mouths used to grab animal plankton. These mouths are disposed all along its oral arms.
Spotted jellies have been recorded many times in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, between Japan and Australia. They live in shallow waters, and for this reason they are usually found in coastal and lagoonal waters, but also in marine lakes.
This species of jellyfish is well known for living in huge groups, forming aggregates (called "smacks"). This atypical behaviour becomes a tourist attraction.[7] The most famous spot to admire these organisms is the Ongeim’l Tketau Lake in Palau. This lake has been formed 15,000 years ago. Like many other lakes of this region, it was initially joined to the Pacific Ocean, and because of geological movements, the lake has progressively become separated from the rest of the ocean. Mastigias papua has therefore been isolated in this closed lake, with other species of medusa. Out of reach of predators, it has progressively lost its cnidocyte cells, and is therefore now totally harmless to scuba divers. The lake of Palau now counts around 10 million individuals of this species.
The spotted jelly lives in trophic mutualism with a unicellular organism capable of photosynthesis: zooxanthella. This mutualism is based on a life cycle which permits an exchange of energy between the two species.
Mastigias papua has two different ways of life through 24 hours. During the day, it stays at the surface of the water, in the photic zone. The photic zone is located between the surface of the sea and approximately 100 meters deep. It corresponds to the zone where photosynthetic organisms can use sunlight as an energy source. The jelly swims almost 2 kilometres a day, following the sun, therefore allowing zooxanthellae living in its tissue to optimize their photosynthetic activity. Organic matter produced from this biochemical process is shared between the algae and its host. When the sun goes down, Mastigias papua gains deeper areas and zooxanthellae stop their photosynthetic activity. The jelly takes over the role of energy provider. It absorbs nutrients in the soil and stores them in its tissues. When the sun rises again, the jelly returns to the photic zone of and makes the absorbed nutrients available to the zooxanthellae.[8]
The spotted jelly (Mastigias papua), lagoon jelly, golden medusa, or Papuan jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific oceans. Like corals, sea anemones, and other sea jellies, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria. Mastigias papua is one of the numerous marine animals living in symbiosis with zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga.
They have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early autumn.
