Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 8.2 years (wild)
- license
- cc-by-3.0
- copyright
- Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
- editor
- de Magalhaes, J. P.
Diagnostic Description
provided by Fishbase
Snout short and bluntly pointed; disc angular (Ref. 5578). Upper surface prickly only in young, nearly smooth in adults, underside smooth (Ref. 3167). Upper surface ochre to reddish-brown with scattered dark spots, underside white (Ref. 3167); two bright blue eyespots centered on the pectoral bases (Ref. 5578); may have a small dark spot on tip of snout (Ref. 2708).
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Life Cycle
provided by Fishbase
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). With egg-cases laid from spring to summer (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Morphology
provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Trophic Strategy
provided by Fishbase
Found over soft bottoms of the shelf and the uppermost slope (Ref. 5578). Depth range from 17-300 m, and up to depth of 462 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feeds on fish, squids, benthic organisms, all kinds of benthic animals and fish offal (Ref. 5578).
Biology
provided by Fishbase
Found over soft bottoms of the shelf and the uppermost slope (Ref. 5578). Depth range from 17-300 m, and up to depth of 462 m in the eastern Ionian Sea (Ref. 56504). Feed on all kinds of benthic animals, also on fish offal (Ref. 5578). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 4.2-4.6 cm long and 2.7-2.9 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40-72 eggs are lain by an individual in a year (Ref. 41250). Caught by ski-boat anglers (Ref. 5578).
Importance
provided by Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
Description
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Found in shallow waters. Feeds on all kinds of benthic animals. Oviparous with egg-cases laid from spring to summer.
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).
- license
- cc-by-4.0
- copyright
- WoRMS Editorial Board