Largescale Tonguesole

Eyed side uniform brown, with a dark patch on gill cover, blind side white. Body elongate, its depth 20 to 26% SL. Eyes with a small scaly interorbital space. Snout obtusely pointed. Rostral hook short. Corner of mouth reaching posteriorly to or beyond lower of eye, about midway between gill opening and tip of snout. Caudal-fin rays usually 10. Midlateral-line scales 56 to 70. Scales large, ctenoid on eyed side of body. Cycloid (smooth) on blind side. Scale rows between lateral lines on eyed side of body 7 to 9 (Ref 9895).

Dujardinascaris Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Heterotyphlum Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Procamallanus Disease 2. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Paraquimperia Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Ergasilus Disease 5. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 116 - 130; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 85 - 98; Vertebrae: 50 - 57

Inhabits muddy and sandy bottoms of the continental shelf down to 125 m. Enters estuaries and tidal rivers (Ref. 1479). Feeds predominantly on bottom-living invertebrates. Marketed mostly fresh and frozen; also dried-salted (Ref. 9895).

fisheries: commercial

Cynoglossus arel (Schneider)

Pleuronectes arel Schneider, 1801:159 [type-locality: Tranquebar, east coast of Madras].

Cynoglossus arel.—Norman, 1928:201.—De Silva, 1956:199 [Palk Bay, Ceylon].—Saramma, 1963:76 [Kerala coast].

Cynoglossus melampetala Richardson, 1846:281 [China].—Whitehead, 1969:218, pl. 29a.

Cynoglossus melampetalus.—Günther, 1862:496.—Bleeker, 1873:131 [Canton].—Günther, 1880:55 [Hong Kong].—Sauvage, 1881:107 [Swatow].—Wu, 1932:148.—Fowler, 1934b:221. —Chu, 1963:540, fig. 406.—Shen, 1967:216.

Plagusia grandisquamis Cantor, 1850:1214 [type-locality: seas of Penang].

Trulla grandisquamis.—Kaup, 1858:109.

Cynoglossus grandisquamis.—Günther, 1862:503.—Duncker, 1904:169.—Weber and de Beaufort, 1929:208.

Plagusia potous [not potous Cuvier].—Cantor, 1850:1217 [type-locality: seas of Malay Peninsula and islands].

Plagusia macrolepidota Bleeker, 1851a:415 [type-locality: Batavia]; 1852:25.

Arelia macrolepidota.—Bleeker, 1859:184.

Cynoglossus macrolepidolus.—Günther, 1862:496.—Bleeker, 1875:34, pl. 242: fig. 2.—Day, 1877:434, pl. 96: fig. 3; 1889:455.—Alcock, 1889:288.—Rutter. 1897:89.—Seale, 1910:288.—Jenkins, 1910a:30.—Norman, 1928:202, fig. 18.—Weber and de Beaufort, 1929:205.—Herre, 1933:5 [Sandakan].—Fowler, 1934b:219; 1937:87.—Okada and Matsubara, 1938:437 [Formosa, Java. Banka].—Herre, 1941:392 [Andaman Is.].—Suvatti, 1950:327.—Herre, 1953:190.—Munro, 1955:265, pl. 51: fig. 770.—Fowler, 1956:186, fig. 101.—De Silva, 1956:197.—Scott, 1959:43.—Kuronuma, 1961:32.—Saramma, 1963:76.—Punpoka, 1964:64.—Pradhan, 1964:458. —Chen and Weng, 1965:95, fig. 66.—Shen, 1967:215.

Plagusia cantoris Bleeker, 1853a: 153 [“Hindustan and Archipelagus, Indicum” based on 2 stuffed specimen] of Cantor’s P. potus from Singapore].—Günther, 1862:502.—Bleeker, 1875:33.

Plagusia oligolepis Bleeker, 1854b:445.

Arelio olegolepis.—Bleeker, 1859:185.

Cynoglossus oligolepis.—Günther, 1862:496.—Bleeker, 1875:34, pl. 242: fig. 3.—Steindachner, 1867:587 [Ning-Pou].—Bleeker, 1873:134 [Ning Pou].—Day, 1877:433, pl. 95: fig. 4; 1889:455.—Alcock, 1887:280.—Johnstone, 1904:209.—Weber, 1913b:441.

Cantoria pinangenensis Kaup, 1858:106 [based on Plagusia cantoris Bleeker].

Arelia kaupii Bleeker, 1860a:73.

Cynoglossus kaupii.—Günther, 1862:497.—Bleeker, 1875:32, pl. 244: fig. 4.—Weber and de Beaufort, 1929:196.

Cynoglossus elongatus Günther, 1862:501 [type-locality: East Indian seas].—Bleeker, 1875:34.

DESCRIPTION.—Based on 26 specimens, 150.0–330.0 mm SL, including the holotype of C. macrolepidotus and C. oligolepis.

Depth of body 19.94–25.81 (M = 22.73), length of head 19.69–28.39 (M = 23.99) percent of standard length. Diameter of eye 6.61–10.85 (M = 8.48), interorbital width 1.75–5.21 (M = 3.43) percent of length of head. Two nostrils on eyed side, the anterior one tubular in front of lower eye, posterior simple in the anterior half of the interorbital space. Snout obtusely pointed, 20.66–41.89 (M = 35.87) percent of length of head, rostral hook short, extending to front of the anterior nostril. Maxillary extending to beyond the fixed eye; angle of mouth extending to below vertical from hind border of fixed eye or little beyond, more or less midway between tip of snout and branchial opening; tip of snout to angle of mouth 46.25–55.10 (M = 50.71), angle of mouth to branchial opening 46.49–53.49 (M = 49.33) percent of length of head.

Scales: Ctenoid on ocular side, including scales on lateral line, those on head rather weakly serrated; scales on blind side cycloid.

Lateral-Line System: Two lateral lines on eyed side, median lateral line with 56–70 scales, 7–9 scales between them. No lateral line on blind side.

Interlinear scale rows 7 8 9

Frequencies 20 43 10

Fins: Dorsal with 116–130 (M=125) rays, anal with 85–98 (M = 95) rays, caudal 10 in 42 specimens (radiographs).

Vertebrae: 50–57 comprising 9 abdominal and 41–48 caudal elements in 42 specimens (radiographs).

Coloration: Upper side more or less uniformly brownish, lower whitish in preserved material.

Size: Largest specimen examined, 365.0 mm SL, from Madras, India.

DISTRIBUTION.—From Malay Archipelago, through seas of India to Persian Gulf and through South China Sea to Philippines and Taiwan; recorded from a depth of 5–45 fms.

DIAGNOSIS AND

分布於印度-西太平洋區，由波斯灣至印尼、泰國、日本及韓國等。台灣西部及北部海域有產。

中大型魚類，通常以底拖網捕獲，以煎食、紅燒或加工製品食之，具食用經濟價值。

體長舌形，極側扁；兩眼均位於左側。口小，下位，口裂弧形；眼側無齒，盲側具細小絨毛狀齒；鋤骨與腭骨無齒。鼻孔兩個。眼側唇緣無觸鬚或穗狀物。鰓膜與峽部分離。眼側被櫛鱗，盲側被圓鱗；僅眼側具側線二條，側線鱗數61-65；兩側線間鱗數7-9。背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭相連；無胸鰭；腹鰭與臀鰭相連；尾鰭尖形；背鰭軟條數 116-130；臀鰭軟條數 85-98；腹鰭軟條數 4；尾鰭軟條數 10；脊椎骨數 50-57。眼側一致褐色，鰓蓋處具一暗色區域；盲側體白色。與粗體舌鰨(/Cynoglossus robustus類似/)，但體型較長，吻較短，鱗片較小，側線間鱗片列數較少。

棲息於近海大陸棚泥沙底質海域，可進入河口域或受潮差影響之河段。以底棲之無脊椎動物為食。

Cynoglossus arel, commonly known as the largescale tonguesole, is a species of tonguefish. The eyed side of the fish is uniform brown, with a dark patch on the gill cover, and its blind side is white. They are harmless to humans and predominantly feed on bottom-living invertebrates.