dcsimg

Diagnostic Description

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This species is distinguished by the following characters: 6 median predorsal scales; 3 scale rows on cheek 1(5-7), 2(5-7), 3(1-3); pectoral-fin rays 14-16 (usually 15); conical teeth on side, 0-1 on upper dental plate of female, 1-3 on terminal male; lips mainly covering half or more of dental plates; terminal male with angular snout profile; caudal fin slightly emarginate in female, lunate with prolonged lobes in terminal male. Colour of male with distinct bicolour pattern, brownish to dark green on head and anterior body and lighter green on posterior portion; female reddish brown to grey with small black spots and irregular black lines and white flakes on body (Ref. 9793, 90102).
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Recorder
Estelita Emily Capuli
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Life Cycle

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Oviparous, distinct pairing during breeding (Ref. 205). Sex change occurs at 37.4 cm TL and 13 years of age (Ref. 55367).
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Susan M. Luna
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 9
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Trophic Strategy

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Occurs in seaward reefs. Usually over rocky or coral substrates, at boulder-strewn slopes at the base of high-island cliffs where it may occur in large schools. Large adult usually on upper parts of deep slopes, but seen to about 35 m depth (Ref. 48636). Roving herbivore, that feeds on detritus, turf algae and macroalgae (Ref. 30573, 57615).Was observed to feed in an oblique head-down position, scraping the surface of the turf-covered substratum. Each bite produced a pair of narrow paralle scarpes marked by dislodged algae; scarring of the substartum occurred only occasionally. The bite rate was approximately 15-20 bites per minute, with most bites being grouped in short feeding bouts. Once ingested, all algae were finely triturated by the action of the pharyngeal apparatus. Only a few filaments remained intact (Ref. 34014).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology

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Occurs solitary or in pairs in seaward reefs (Ref. 90102). Usually over rocky or coral substrates, at boulder-strewn slopes at the base of high-island cliffs where it may occur in large schools. Large adult usually on upper parts of deep slopes, but seen to about 35 m depth (Ref. 48636). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Feeds on benthic algae (Ref. 30573). A protogynous hermaphrodite (Ref. 55367). An uncommon species (Ref. 9338).
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Importance

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fisheries: commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Scarops rubroviolaceus (Bleeker)

Scarus rubroviolaceus Bleeker, 1849, p. 52.

Callyodon rubroviolaceus.—Smith, 1956, p. 11, pl. 43J.

Scarops rubroviolaceus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 21, pls. 3D, 6A.—Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 830 [New Guinea].

Callyodon (Scarops) rubroviolaceus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 270, 278, pl. 43J.

Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins, 1900, p. 63, fig. 21.

Scarops jordani.—Schultz, 1958, p. 21, fig. 2, pls. 2C, 6B.—Hobson, 1965, p. 295.—Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 831 [New Guinea].

Callyodon africanus Smith, 1955, p. 19, fig. 26, pl. 3: fig. 26.

Margaritodon africanus.—Smith, 1956, p. 15, pl. 42A.

Callyodon (Margaritodon) africanus.—Smith, 1959, pp. 272, 280, pl. 42A.

Scarus africanus.—Schultz, 1958, p. 75, pls. 18E, 19E.

Scarus paluca Gosline and Brock, 1960, p. 237 [Hawaiian Islands].

See Schultz (1958, p. 21) for other synonyms.

Characterized by having 5 to 7 predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 2 scales in ventral row, ii,13 pectoral rays, teeth white in young and females, blue or green in adult males; upper pharyngeal with a single enlarged row of teeth, rarely with a rudimentary row present.

Coloration of adult males: Edge of upper lip orange or red extending to below eye, then blue or green shading into brown above; edge of lower lip blue or green, thence a red or orange cross band, followed posteriorly by a blue or green cross band; lower part of head orange, usually with another blue or green blotch; edge of pelvic green; dorsal edge of pectoral green, and upper half purplish brown; distal edge of dorsal blue or green, remaining four-fifths of dorsal orange; distal half of anal blue or green, basal half orange or pink; outer edges of caudal fin green or blue; dorsal part of body orange to purplish, ventrally green or blue.

Coloration of adult females: Bright purplish red or dark brownish red, fins red, except pectoral, which is bluish with red streak dorsally, and dorsal fin is margined with dark blue distally. Nearly each scale dorso-laterally has one or more short blackish or brownish lengthwise streaks that remain visible on scales after many years of alcoholic preservation.

Juveniles reddish brown.

Margaritodon africanus Smith, 1956 (p. 15, pl. 42A), has an almost identical color pattern with that of the following specimens: USNM 202638 and 202641 (IIOE, FT–5, 20 November 1964, Latham Island, SE of Zanzibar, 2 spec., 400–490 mm). An examination of the upper pharyngeals of one of these specimens has revealed a single enlarged row of teeth as in Scarops. A comparison of the color pattern of Smith’s Plate 42A with the description of a mature male of jordani furnished by Dr. Rosenblatt in Schultz (1958, p. 22) indicates almost identical color patterns. Tentatively, in the absence of a description of the upper pharyngeals of africanus by Smith, I consider africanus as a junior synonym of jordani.

Briggs (1964, p. 707) reports Scarops rubroviolaceus from Cocos Island in the eastern Pacific, and Schultz (1958, p. 22) recorded S. jordani from Cocos Island also, as well as from Socorra Island and Roqueto Island. Schultz reports S. rubroviolaceus from the Hawaiian Islands, central and western Pacific Ocean, and Smith (1956, 1959) records it from the western Indian Ocean. The range, habitat, color patterns, and pharyngeal teeth indicate that only one species should be recognized and that rubroviolaceus is the female and jordani the mature male.

Mr. Howard Choat independently reached this same conclusion, which he stated in a letter to me dated 6 December 1965. Dr. John Randall, University of Hawaii, expressed the same opinion during a recent visit with me.

RANGE.—Hawaiian Islands, eastern, central, and western Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean.

Bolbometopon J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 8 [type-species: Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes]; 1959, p. 269.

Cetoscarus J. L. B. Smith, 1956, p. 16 [type-species: Scarus pulchellus Rüppell] 1959, p. 274.

Smith (1959, p. 272) has shown that I incorrectly identified Scarus gibbus Rüppell, 1828, type-species of Chlorurus Swainson, 1839, from the Red Sea. It is S. microrhinos Bleeker. This important discovery places the genus Chlorurus as a synonym of the genus Scarus, which left two species of parrotfishes (Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, and Scarus bicolor Rüppell=Scarus pulchellus Rüppell) that formed a natural group without a generic name. Smith (1956, pp. 8, 16) established two new generic names, Bolbometopon and Cetoscarus, for them and, in 1959, he again recognized both genera as valid.

An analysis of the characters that Smith used to distinguish the two genera shows that the number of predorsal scales overlap as follows: muricatus has 4 or 5, bicolor 5 to 7; muricatus has ii,13 or ii,14 (usually ii,14) pectoral fin rays, whereas bicolor usually has ii,12 rarely ii,13 pectoral fin rays. These species have 3 series of scales on the cheek and according to Smith the ventral row in bicolor varies from 1 to 6, normally 3 to 6, whereas my counts range from 2 to 8 and that for muricatus 2 or 3.

Since the three characters (i.e., the number of predorsal scales, the pectoral fin rays, and the cheek scales) overlap, much like that for several species in the genus Scarus, I do not consider them as valid characters to distinguish genera; however, the pharyngeal mill (not mentioned by Smith, 1956 or 1959) distinguishes the two species in this relationship from all other species of parrotfishes as follows:

The upper pharyngeal bones bear 3 rows of teeth on each side: 2 inner rows of large teeth and an outer row of rudimentary teeth next to middle row; the lower pharyngeal plate has a concave dental surface as broad as long or a little longer than broad. No other parrotfish in the subfamily Scarinae has 3 rows of teeth; instead, they have only 1 or 2 rows of teeth on the upper pharyngeals, whereas all species of parrotfishes in the subfamily Sparisomatinae have 3 rows of teeth. I conclude, therefore, that Bolbometopon, with page priority, should be recognized as the valid genus for this relationship, and that Cetoscarus is a junior synonym.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.

Bolbometopon muricatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes)

Scarus muricatus Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1839, p. 208, pl. 402.

Pseudoscarus muricatus.—Bleeker, 1862, p. 26, pl. 7: fig. 3.

Bolbometopon muricatus.—Smith, 1956, p. 8, pls. 42H, 45A-D; 1959, pp. 269, 278, pls. 42H, 45.—Munro, 1967, p. 437, fig. 829 [New Guinea].

Pseudoscarus frontalis [not Cuvier and Valenciennes].—Macleay, 1883, p. 590.

Callyodon macleayi Jordan and Seale, 1906, p. 331.

Callyodon shimoniensis Smith, 1953, p. 622, pls. 15, 16.

Chlorurus gibbus [not Rüppell].—Schultz, 1958, p. 26, pls. 1A, 7.

Characterized by having 4 or 5 median predorsal scales, 3 rows of scales on cheek, with 1 or 2 scales in ventral row; ii,14 pectoral fin rays, occasionally ii,13; lips not covering white teeth; snout with a nearly straight dorsal profile that bends abruptly over eyes; snout longer than postorbital length of head.

Coloration: Uniform brown; young and half-grown specimens with several white scales on sides; large adults have a fleshy knob on forehead over eyes.

RANGE.—Central and western Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.
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bibliographic citation
Schultz, Leonard P. 1969. "The taxonomic status of the controversial genera and species of parrotfishes with a descriptive list (family Scardiae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-49. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.17

分布

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分布於印度-泛太平洋區,由東非南至南非的德爾班,東至土木土群島,北至琉球與夏威夷群島,南至西澳大利亞的鯊魚灣,與大堡礁的南方。東太平洋:加州灣到加拉巴哥群島。台灣各地海域及各離島均有分布。
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利用

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主要捕獲的漁法是延繩釣、一支釣、流刺網及籠具等,而本種魚亦是潛水鏢魚的對象以及水族館展示魚種。全年均有產,以夏季為盛產。中大體型的食用魚類,相當常見。
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描述

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體延長而略側扁。初期頭部輪廓呈平滑的弧型,隨著成長其前額突出,使吻之背側呈陡直狀。後鼻孔並不明顯的大於前鼻孔。齒板之外表面平滑,上齒板幾被上唇所覆蓋;齒板具0-3犬齒;每一上咽骨具1列臼齒狀之咽頭齒。背鰭前中線鱗約6;頰鱗3列,上列為5-6鱗;中列為6-7鱗;下列為1-3鱗。胸鰭具14-15軟條。初期階段(IP, Initial phase)之尾鰭為截形而稍凹,終期階段(TP, Terminal phase)則為新月形,上下葉十分延長。IP期之體色為紅褐色,背部色澤較深,而腹部較淺些;鱗片之中間位置具1或2條棕色條紋;頭部、胸鰭、腹鰭及尾鰭為紅棕色,背鰭及臀鰭為淺紅棕色,背鰭並有深色之外緣。TP期之體色為藍綠色,背部之鱗片一半為黃色,一半為綠色,胸部為黃綠色,並延伸至尾柄部;眼下緣以上之頭部為深橄欖色;鰓蓋為橙色,並混有綠色;背鰭為淡橙色,並具藍綠色,外緣色澤較淺;腹鰭為橙色,外緣為藍色;尾鰭為黃綠色,上端及下端為藍綠色,背緣處並有藍色小點呈垂直分佈。
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棲地

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主要棲息於岩礁底質水域,尤其是圓石斜坡,或珊瑚底部。常在較陡峭的礁岸發現它們成群的游動,大的成魚通常在較深處的斜坡上部上。以藻類及底棲生物為食物。
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Ember parrotfish

provided by wikipedia EN

The ember parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is also known as the bicolor parrotfish[3] and the redlip parrotfish.[1]

Distribution

The ember parrotfish is widespread and abundant. It has been found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with its range including Japan, eastern Africa, and the Hawaiian islands.[1]

Description

The species is sexually dimorphic, with the males possessing a bright, greenish-blue color while the females are a duller brown.[4]

Habitat and behavior

Diet includes aquatic plants and benthic algae, which they scrape off rocks using their beak.

Importance to humans

The ember parrotfish is commercially fished, and can be kept in saltwater aquariums.[3]

Etymology

The genus name, Scarus, comes from the Greek word "skaros", meaning "parrotfish".[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c Choat, J.H.; Myers, R.; Clements, K.D.; Russell, B.; Rocha, L.A.; Lazuardi, M.E.; Muljadi, A.; Pardede, S.; Rahardjo, P. (2012). "Scarus rubroviolaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T190731A17781477. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190731A17781477.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Scarus rubroviolaceus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 27 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Scarus rubroviolaceus" in FishBase. December 2006 version.
  4. ^ "Redlip Parrotfish, Scarus rubroviolaceus".

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Ember parrotfish: Brief Summary

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The ember parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is also known as the bicolor parrotfish and the redlip parrotfish.

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Description

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Occurs in seaward reefs at 1 to over 30 m depth. Usually over rocky or coral substrates, at boulder-strewn slopes at the base of high-island cliffs where it may occur in large schools. An uncommon species (Ref. 9338).

Reference

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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