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Light Red Meranti

Shorea leprosula Miq.

Biology

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The light red meranti flowers only once every two to five years, with nearly all the light red merantis in a region flowering at the same time (3) (5). The small flowers, which each bear both male and female reproductive parts, open in the evening and are visited by common flower thrips (Thrips and Megalurothrips species), which are attracted to the flower's strong scent (5). Following flowering and pollination by the thrips, the fruit is produced. The winged fruit is dispersed by the wind, but due to the structure of the wings, they spin fairly quickly to the ground, and are rarely carried more than 50 metres away from the parent tree (3) (5). The light red meranti is said to grow fast for the first twenty years (2), but is does not reach reproductive maturity until an age of 25 (5). Like all dipterocarp trees, the light red meranti produces an oily aromatic resin, known locally as dammar, which is thought to help protect the tree against attacks by bacteria, fungi and animals. The leaves also contain tannins, a bitter-tasting substance which makes this tree unappealing to any leaf-eating animal such as the orang-utan and proboscis monkey (3).
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Conservation

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The light red meranti is known to occur in some forest reserves (1).
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Description

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This tall tree, which has a copper-coloured crown and shallowly ridged, greyish-brown bark, is one of the many dipterocarp species that dominant the forests of Asia (2) (3) (4). The trunk, which is buttressed to a height of about 1.5 metres, rises up to a cauliflower-shaped crown of leaves that appears pale coppery, yellow-brown from below. The individual leaves are leathery and measure up to 14.5 centimetres long. The upper surface may be smooth or with a sparse covering of grey brown hairs on the surface, and is reddish-brown, purplish-brown or brown when dry. The lower surface of the leaf is a dull greyish-brown or yellowish-brown, rough to the touch, and densely covered with short yellow-brown hairs. The flowers of the light red meranti are small with yellow petals (2). The fruit is a single-seeded nut enveloped in a covering bearing three long and two shorter wings (2) (3).
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Habitat

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The light red meranti inhabits dipterocarp forest on lower hill slopes and valleys, primarily below 700 metres (2). It grows on a range of soils, but does not tolerate waterlogged areas (4).
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Range

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Distributed from southern Thailand, through Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, to Borneo (2) (5).
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Status

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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Light red meranti has been heavily exploited for its valuable timber, leaving populations of this threatened tree drastically reduced (1).
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Shorea leprosula

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Shorea leprosula (called, along with some other species in the genus Shorea, light red meranti) is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is native to Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and Thailand.[1]

Description

Crown
Bark

Trees reach up to 60 meter tall and 100 cm in diameter. Bark is greyish brown, shallowly fissured, and V-shaped. Outer bark is dull purple brown, hard, brittle. Inner bark is fibrous, dull brown or yellowish brown grading to pale at the cambium. Sapwood is pale or cream, resinous, while heartwood is dark red or light red brown. Its leaves are elliptic to ovate, 8–14 cm long, 3.5 to 5.5 cm wide. They are cream scaly, thinly leathery. Leaf base is obtuse or broadly cuneate, apex is acuminate, up to 8 mm long. Secondary vein comes in 12–15 pairs, and are slender, curved towards margin, set at 40 to 550. Tertiary veins are densely ladder-like, slender and obscure except in young trees. Stipules are 10 mm long, 35 mm wide, with short scars. They are horizontal, obscure, oblong to broadly hastate, obtuse, fugacious, and fall off early/ Fruit pedicel reaches 2 mm long. Calyx is sparsely pubescent, with 3 longer lobes up to 10 cm long, approximately 2 cm wide. They are spatulate, obtuse, approximate 5 mm broad above the 8 by 6 mm thickened elliptic, shallowly saccate base. Two shorter lobes are up to 5.5 cm long, approximately 0.3 cm wide, unequal, and similarly saccate at base.[2][3][4]

Distribution

They inhabit the Southeast Asia rain forest; from Peninsular Thailand throughout the Malay Peninsula (excluding the seasonal area), Sumatera, Bangka, Belitung, and Borneo.

Ecology

Shorea leprosula plantation in Samboja Lestari area

Shorea leprosula is one of the fastest growing Dipterocarp species up to about its twentieth year, when it is surpassed by other Dipterocarps. S. leprosula can grow in a variety of site conditions with flat topography. It is found throughout hilly areas, frequently on well-drained soil, on deep clay soils or swampy soil in the mixed Dipterocarp forest of lowlands and hill up to 700 meter above sea level, but it is a strongly light-demanding species.[5][6][7][8]

One of the key successes for S. leprosula is light control. Light control should correspond to the light requirements of a species during its growing stages. Planting methods should reflect site conditions and growth characteristics of the species. S. leprosula is a light-demanding species at the early stage, 60 to 73% (relative light intensity) for seedlings and 74 to 100% for saplings.[5][9]

Vernacular names

The trade name for S. leprosula is known as red meranti or meranti merah. In Brunai and Sawarak: it is called meranti tembaga, perawan lop. In Malaya and Sumatra it is known as meranti betul, meranti bunga, meranti lempong, meranti tamak, meranti hijau, meranti sabut, merati kait, meranti sepang (Palembang). In Kutai it is called lampong, banti, barit, bekunsu, belaitok, belito, or damar. On Sampit: lentang. On Dayang Benuag: Mengkorau.[10]

Propagation

Seedlings in nursery Samboja

S. leprosula can be propagated by seeds, cuttings and wildlings.

Fruit

Uses

Material herbarium

The wood is used for construction.

References

  1. ^ a b c Pooma, R.; Newman, M.F. (2017). "Shorea leprosula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T33123A2833148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33123A2833148.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ Keβler, P.J.A. and Sadiyasa, K., 1994. Trees of the Balikpapan-Samarinda Area, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. A manual to 280 selected species. Tropenbos series 7. The Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen, the Netherlands. 446.pp
  3. ^ Ashton, P.S., 1982. Diptrocarpaceae. In: Flora Malesiana Series I (sec. Mutica) Vol. 9 (2), 540–541
  4. ^ Newman, M.F, Burgess, P.F., Whitmore, T.C., 2000. Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters: Borneo island light hardwoods. CIFOR and Royal Botanical Garden Eidinburgh. 275 pp.
  5. ^ a b Aldrianto, P., 2002. Dipterocarpaceae: Forest Fire and Forest Recovery. Thesis Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 214 pp
  6. ^ Meijer, W. and Wood, G.H.S., 1964. Dipterocarps of Sabah. Pp. 110-112. Sabah Forest Record No. 5. Forest Departement Sabah. Sandakan. 344.pp
  7. ^ Yasman, I., 1995. Dipterocarpaceae: Tree-Mycorrhizae-Seedling connection. PhD thesis, Wageningen Agriculture University, the Netherlands. 193 pp
  8. ^ Omon, R.M., 2002. Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea leprosula Miq. Cuttings, Mycorrhizae and Nutrients. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. 144 pp
  9. ^ Ishak Yassir dan Yuniar Mytikauji. 2008. Pengaruh Penyiapan Lahan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Shorea Leprosula Miq., dan Shorea balangeran (Korth) Burck pada Lahan alang-alang di Samboja, Kalimantan Timur (Effect of land preparation on the growth of Shorea leprosula Miq., and Shorea balangeran (Korth) Burck on alang-alang areas in Samboja - East Kalimantan). Jurnal Penelitian Dipterokarpa. Balai Besar Diptercarpaceae Samarinda. Vol.I No. 1
  10. ^ Ashton, P.S., 1982. Diptrocarpaceae. In: Flora Malesiana Series I (sec. Mutica) Vol. 9 (2), 540-541
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Shorea leprosula: Brief Summary

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Shorea leprosula (called, along with some other species in the genus Shorea, light red meranti) is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is native to Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and Thailand.

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Shorea leprosula ( French )

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Shorea leprosula est un arbre tropical de la famille des Dipterocarpaceae.

Synonymes

Hopea maranti Miq., Shorea maranti Burck, Shorea astrostricta Scort. Ex. Foxw

Son nom commun en Malaisie est meranti tembaga, et en anglais light red meranti.

Description

Cet arbre tropical peut atteindre 60 m de hauteur.

Biologie

Il ne fleurit que tous les 2 à 5 ans. Tous les arbres de la même région fleurissant en même temps. La pollinisation se faisant par des guêpes des genres Thrips ou Megalurothrips)

Répartition

On le trouve dans les forêts des vallées ou des collines d'Indonesie, Malaisie, Singapour, et Thailande, à une altitude inférieure à 700m.

Notes et références

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Shorea leprosula: Brief Summary ( French )

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Shorea leprosula est un arbre tropical de la famille des Dipterocarpaceae.

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Meranti bunga ( Indonesian )

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Meranti Bunga (Lat.: Shorea leprosula Miq.) adalah nama yang umum di Sumatra dan Kalimantan.[1] Jenis tanaman ini termasuk suku miranti-mirantian (Lat.: Dipterocarpaceae).[2] Dalam perdagangan jenis ini digolongkan dalam kelompok meranti merah.[1][2] Meranti bunga berupa pohon yang dapat mencapai tinggi 70 meter dan diameter 110 cm, dengan tajuk tipis dan lebar, berbentuk payung dan berwarna merah tembaga pucat.[1] Batangnya tinggi, tegak, bulat torak dan lurus, berbanir, berwarna coklat keabu-abuan, sering mengeluarkan damar yang bila kering berwarna kuning.[1] Daunnya tunggal, berbentuk bundar telur sampai jorong,[2] berwarna kuning coklat pada permukaan bawah yang berubah merah tembaga pucat bila kering.[1] Perbungaan berbentuk malai,[2] berbulu dan berwarna coklat muda, terdapat pada ujung ranting atau ketiak daun.[1] Buahnya berbentuk bulat telur, berbulu, bersayap lima yang berbentuk sodet; tiga sayapnya besar, dan dua sayap lainnya kecil.[2] Meranti bunga terdapat di Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei dan Sabah, di daerah beriklim basah di dekat pantai sampai ketinggian 750 m dpl. Di Sumatra dan Kalimantan jenis ini banyak sekali dan tersebarluas di hutan Dipterocarpaceae tanah rendah dan bukit.[1] Biasanya meranti bunga tumbuh di tanah liat atau tanah berpasir, bahkan di tanah rawa dan tanah gambut.[2] Jenis ini tumbuh baik ditempat terbuka dan mempunyai kecepatan tumbuh yang tinggi.[1] Meranti bunga sudah berhasil dicoba dibudidayakan dalam sekala yang relatif besar.[1] Perbanyakan dilakukan dengan biji, semai atau tunggul anakan yang dapat ditanam di belukar, bahkan tanah miskin, asal curah hujan cukup tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 190 mm per bulan.[1] Dalam hutan tanaman, jenis ini berbunga pada bulan November-Januari dan berbuah pada bulan Desember-Februari, setiap 4-5 tahun sekali, sedangkan dalam hutan alam masa berbunga dan berbuah beragam, bergantung pada tempat.[1] Biji jenis ini daya hidupnya pendek, hanya dapat disimpan selama satu bulan.[1] Kayunya terdiri atas kayu gubal putih dan kayu teras yang berwarna coklat muda sampai agak merah, termasuk kelas keawetan IV - III dan kelas kekuatan III - IV, dengan berat jenis 0.52,[2] mempunyai permukaan dengan rupa yang indah.[1] Kayu jenis ini mudah dikerjakan, tidak melengkung dan mengerut terlalu banyak.[1] Kayu meranti bunga baik untuk pembuatan perabot rumah tangga, kayu lapis, kertas dan papan, bangunan, lantai.[1] Kulit kayu menghasilkan juga damar yang berwarna kuning sampai coklat, yang dalam perdagangan dikenal sebagai damar batu.[1][2]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p (Indonesia) "Jenis-jenis Kayu Indonesia" (PDF). Meranti Bunga (Shorea leprosula Miq.). Diakses tanggal 13 Juni 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h (Indonesia) Hassan Shadily Ensiklopedi Indonesia Jilid ke-4. 1984. Jakarta: Ictiar Baru- Van Hoeve dan Elsevier Publishing Projects. hal 2207.
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Meranti bunga: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Meranti Bunga (Lat.: Shorea leprosula Miq.) adalah nama yang umum di Sumatra dan Kalimantan. Jenis tanaman ini termasuk suku miranti-mirantian (Lat.: Dipterocarpaceae). Dalam perdagangan jenis ini digolongkan dalam kelompok meranti merah. Meranti bunga berupa pohon yang dapat mencapai tinggi 70 meter dan diameter 110 cm, dengan tajuk tipis dan lebar, berbentuk payung dan berwarna merah tembaga pucat. Batangnya tinggi, tegak, bulat torak dan lurus, berbanir, berwarna coklat keabu-abuan, sering mengeluarkan damar yang bila kering berwarna kuning. Daunnya tunggal, berbentuk bundar telur sampai jorong, berwarna kuning coklat pada permukaan bawah yang berubah merah tembaga pucat bila kering. Perbungaan berbentuk malai, berbulu dan berwarna coklat muda, terdapat pada ujung ranting atau ketiak daun. Buahnya berbentuk bulat telur, berbulu, bersayap lima yang berbentuk sodet; tiga sayapnya besar, dan dua sayap lainnya kecil. Meranti bunga terdapat di Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sarawak, Brunei dan Sabah, di daerah beriklim basah di dekat pantai sampai ketinggian 750 m dpl. Di Sumatra dan Kalimantan jenis ini banyak sekali dan tersebarluas di hutan Dipterocarpaceae tanah rendah dan bukit. Biasanya meranti bunga tumbuh di tanah liat atau tanah berpasir, bahkan di tanah rawa dan tanah gambut. Jenis ini tumbuh baik ditempat terbuka dan mempunyai kecepatan tumbuh yang tinggi. Meranti bunga sudah berhasil dicoba dibudidayakan dalam sekala yang relatif besar. Perbanyakan dilakukan dengan biji, semai atau tunggul anakan yang dapat ditanam di belukar, bahkan tanah miskin, asal curah hujan cukup tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 190 mm per bulan. Dalam hutan tanaman, jenis ini berbunga pada bulan November-Januari dan berbuah pada bulan Desember-Februari, setiap 4-5 tahun sekali, sedangkan dalam hutan alam masa berbunga dan berbuah beragam, bergantung pada tempat. Biji jenis ini daya hidupnya pendek, hanya dapat disimpan selama satu bulan. Kayunya terdiri atas kayu gubal putih dan kayu teras yang berwarna coklat muda sampai agak merah, termasuk kelas keawetan IV - III dan kelas kekuatan III - IV, dengan berat jenis 0.52, mempunyai permukaan dengan rupa yang indah. Kayu jenis ini mudah dikerjakan, tidak melengkung dan mengerut terlalu banyak. Kayu meranti bunga baik untuk pembuatan perabot rumah tangga, kayu lapis, kertas dan papan, bangunan, lantai. Kulit kayu menghasilkan juga damar yang berwarna kuning sampai coklat, yang dalam perdagangan dikenal sebagai damar batu.

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