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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Octopus tetricus Gould, 1852

DIAGNOSIS.—Animal medium-sized (˜p470 mm TL; 55 mm ML). Mantle elongate ovoid (MWI 56); head wide but narrower than mantle (HWI 35), demarked from mantle by moderate constriction; eyes small. Funnel short, bluntly tapered. Arms long (ALI 550–740), stout at base, tapering to narrow tips. Arm order II = III > IV > 1. Suckers large (SI 22). Web moderately deep (WDI 25), web formula probably C = D > B > A > E.

Integumental sculpture consists of pattern of closely set, coarse tubercles. Largest tubercles on dorsum of head and brachial crown; smaller and less prominent tubercles on ventral surface. Tubercles on mantle flattened and sometimes pitted at center, forming reticulate pattern. Longitudinal series of 3 papillae on dorsum between head and base of dorsal arms. Papillae present in ocular region, with 3 supraocular and 1 subocular papillae.

ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION.—Gould, 1852:474, pl. 47: fig. 588.

TYPE LOCALITY.—Australia, New South Wales, near Sydney (33°53′S, 151°13′E), no depth data.

TYPE.—Holotype: Not traced, ?female, ˜55 mm ML.

DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY.—Known with certainty from type locality only. Other published records require verification.
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bibliographic citation
Voss, N. A. and Sweeney, M. J. 1998. "Systematics and Biogeography of cephalopods. Volume II." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 277-599. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.586.277

Chobotnice sydneyská ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Chobotnice sydneyská (Octopus tetricus) je hlavonožec z čeledi chobotnicovití (Octopodidae).

Popis

Dospělci chobotnice sydneyské mají ramena dlouhá až 2 metry.

Chování

V roce 2009 bylo u východního pobřeží Austrálie objeveno místo, kde žije po hromadě 16 jedinců chobotnice sydneyské. Skládá se z několika doupat, které se nacházejí okolo člověkem vyrobeného předmětu. V roce 2017 bylo objeveno druhé podobné místo tvořené 13 obydlenými a několika prázdnými doupaty. Chobotnice zde projevují společenské chování jinak běžné u obratlovců.[1]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Samotářské chobotnice? Objev jejich „města” převrací dosavadní představy na hlavu. novinky.cz [online]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Chobotnice sydneyská: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Chobotnice sydneyská (Octopus tetricus) je hlavonožec z čeledi chobotnicovití (Octopodidae).

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Octopus tetricus

provided by wikipedia EN

Octopus tetricus, the gloomy octopus or the common Sydney octopus,[3] is a species of octopus from the subtropical waters of eastern Australia and New Zealand.[2] O. tetricus belongs to the Octopus vulgaris species group and is a commercially prized species. All species within the O. vulgaris group are similar in morphology.[4] The English translation of O. tetricus (Latin) is 'the gloomy octopus'.[5]

Distribution

Octopus tetricus was originally discovered in New South Wales and was also found along the eastern Australian coastline. It occurs from Lakes Entrance in Victoria [5] to Moreton Bay in southern Queensland.[6] Octopus tetricus is distributed in the subtropical seas of eastern Australia and northern New Zealand, including Lord Howe Island. A close relative, Octopus djinda, occurs at similar latitudes in Western Australia, from Shark Bay to Cape Le Grand,[5] and was considered to be conspecific with O. tetricus until 2021. It is one of the most common species of octopus found in New Zealand, alongside Pinnoctopus cordiformis and Macroctopus maorum.[7]

Anatomy and morphology

A gloomy octopus under a rock in Clovelly Pool, Sydney

Octopus tetricus is normally coloured grey to mottled brown with rufous arm faces that taper towards the tip. Their eyes are typically white in colour. The skin has many small irregularly shaped patches and large warty structures used to make it appear spiky when the octopus camouflages itself as seaweed.[3] The adults typically have a tentacle span of 2 metres (6.6 ft).[8]

Life cycle

Reproduction and growth

The reproductive cycle of females is tied to seasonal changes, similar to many other species. Females reach maturity around Australia's spring and summer seasons in order to mate and lay eggs.[9] During the mating process the male O. tetricus passes spermatophores to the female in two different ways. The male either wraps his arms and web around the female's mantle or reaches his mating arm from a distance and inserts it into the female's mantle. Spermatophores are released from the male's "terminal organ", moved by the male's oral suckers, and then the spermatophores are inserted into the female's oviduct.[10]

Octopus tetricus start out as eggs that are laid in large numbers in the octopus's nest. The eggs are normally glued to the rock or substrate at the top of the den created by the female octopus. The female usually lays her eggs over several nights in a string formation. The size and number of strings of eggs usually depends on how large the female is and can have between 60 and 200 egg strings. The female then guards the eggs until they hatch.[11] Female O. tetricus have also been known to store viable spermatozoa for up to 114 days. The amount of time embryonic development takes varies with water temperature, and newly hatched O. tetricus larvae are about 2.5 mm long and 1.1mm wide.[12] These larvae go through a stage called the paralarval stage where they are considered planktonic, or free floating, organisms before they settle to the bottom and grow large enough to hunt for their food. This stage may last around 35–60 days.[13] The females of O. tetricus have been known to cannibalise the males following mating.[3]

Temperature plays a key role in growth of this octopus species. With a good food supply, octopuses that reside in areas with a cooler water temperature tend to grow slower during the key growth phase and when they reach maturity they are generally larger than octopuses that are found in warmer water temperatures.[13]

Lifespan

Adult O. tetricus is observed to have a relatively small body size and a lifespan of approximately 11 months.[9] Female O. tetricus rarely eat or sleep during the protection of the nest and die shortly after the eggs hatch.[11] Females are found to mature at a slower rate and become larger than male O. tetricus.[9]

Habitat and behavioural ecology

Habitat

Octopus tetricus occurs in the intertidal zone along rocky shores and in the ocean and it has been suggested that this species is associated more commonly with rocky reefs during the breeding season, although they frequent areas of the sea bed with soft-sediments for much of their life.[3] O. tetricus alter their habitats by digging out dens and using remains from prey, including but not limited to shells. It is very common for scallop beds to be found in close proximity to the excavated dens. The scallops serve as a food source and their shells are part of the shell beds built. This species of octopus is considered to be an ecosystem engineer. This means that the way they create their habitats influences and builds an ecosystem around their dwellings. The shell beds that are created around the excavated dens attract hermit crabs and fish due to the various hiding places created. Small fish and other small prey species attract larger species and the cycle builds, creating an ecosystem.[14] A solid object can serve as a good den that can also be the start of a new settlement for O. tetricus.[15] Studies show that O. tetricus has higher populations in patch reef habitats than broken reef habitats, and were scarcely found on flat reefs. Adult O. tetricus were also found to occupy coastal reefs in the summer and then disappear around the second week of April, which is the second week of autumn in Australia.[16] Shelters serve a vital role in octopus ecology. The species is generally known to be solitary, but complex social behaviours have been observed by scientists.[17]

Social behaviour and mating

Scientists have observed many different behaviours exhibited by O. tetricus including, signalling, mating, mate defence, and aggression. Some have even observed an octopus evicting another from its den. Occasionally this aggressive behaviour led to physical altercations between octopuses.[17] It is a territorial species which sits out the day in a lair among rocks and rubble, the rubble being collected to create a defensible lair. The lairs of this species can be identified by the shells of the octopus's prey which it scatters around its home. They move about the rocks by crawling using their arms but they can use their siphon to propel themselves through the water by generating a jet of water or to move (throw) shells, silt, and algae.[3][18]

Observation of mating behaviours has revealed that O. tetricus females have a stronger precopulatory preference for males that have longer mating appendages, or ligulae. Both female and male octopuses mate multiple times throughout a mating season. Female octopuses are able to accept multiple spermatophores from males but they only produce one brood of eggs at the end of a mating season.[19]

Feeding and hunting

Octopus tetricus is primarily a nocturnal feeder which uses its sharp beak to feed on crustaceans and molluscs, for example sea snails and bivalves. It has also been recorded as being cannibalistic.[3]

Two areas in Jervis Bay where they congregate have been dubbed Octopolis and Octlantis,[15][17] containing a large area of discarded shells where ten or more octopuses den and mate.[20][21]

Fisheries

Octopus tetricus may be caught as bycatch in trawl and lobster-pot fisheries and is then sold for both human consumption and for use as bait.[3]

References

  1. ^ "ITIS standard report - Octopus tetricus (Gould, 1852)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Octopus tetricus Gould, 1852". World Register of Marine Species. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Common Sydney Octopus – Octopus tetricus". Australian Museum. 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  4. ^ Amor, Michael D.; Norman, Mark D.; Roura, Alvaro; Leite, Tatiana S.; Gleadall, Ian G.; Reid, Amanda; Perales-Raya, Catalina; Lu, Chung-Cheng; Silvey, Colin J.; Vidal, Erica A. G.; Hochberg, Frederick G. (2017). "Morphological assessment of the Octopus vulgaris species complex evaluated in light of molecular-based phylogenetic inferences". Zoologica Scripta. 46 (3): 275–288. doi:10.1111/zsc.12207. hdl:11343/291747. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 88706796.
  5. ^ a b c Amor, Michael D.; Hart, Anthony M. (2021-11-03). "Octopus djinda (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): a new member of the Octopus vulgaris group from southwest Australia". Zootaxa. 5061 (1): 145–156. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5061.1.7. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 34810636. S2CID 243468570.
  6. ^ Amor MD; Norman MD; Cameron HE; Strugnell JM (2014-06-25). "Allopatric speciation within a cryptic species complex of Australasian octopuses". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e98982. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998982A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098982. PMC 4070898. PMID 24964133.
  7. ^ Vennell, Robert (5 October 2022). Secrets of the Sea: The Story of New Zealand's Native Sea Creatures. HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. pp. 118–125. ISBN 978-1-77554-179-0. Wikidata Q114871191.
  8. ^ "Atlas of Living Australia - Octopus tetricus (Gould, 1852)". Atlas of Living Australia. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  9. ^ a b c Ramos Castillejos JE (2015). Life-history and population dynamics of the range extending Octopus tetricus (Gould, 1852) in south-eastern Australia (Ph.D. thesis). University of Tasmania.
  10. ^ Huffard CL; Godfrey-Smith P (2010). "Field observations of mating in Octopus tetricus Gould, 1852 and Amphioctopus marginatus (Taki, 1964) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)". Molluscan Research. 30: 81–86 – via ResearchGate.
  11. ^ a b Spreitzenbarth, Stefan; Jeffs, Andrew (2020-09-15). "Egg survival and morphometric development of a merobenthic octopus, Octopus tetricus, embryos in an artificial octopus egg rearing system". Aquaculture. 526: 735389. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735389. ISSN 0044-8486. S2CID 219088008.
  12. ^ Joll LM (1976). "Mating, egg-laying and hatching of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the laboratory". Marine Biology. 36 (4): 327–333. doi:10.1007/bf00389194. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 83838409.
  13. ^ a b Ramos JE; Pecl GT; Moltschaniwskyj NA; et al. (2014). "Body size, growth and life span: implications for the polewards range shift of Octopus tetricus in south-eastern Australia". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e103480. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3480R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103480. PMC 4121162. PMID 25090250.
  14. ^ Scheel D; Godfrey-Smith P; Lawrence M (2014-12-30). "Octopus tetricus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) as an ecosystem engineer". Scientia Marina. 78 (4): 521–528. doi:10.3989/scimar.04073.15A. ISSN 1886-8134.
  15. ^ a b Godfrey-Smith P; Lawrence M (2012-07-01). "Long-term high-density occupation of a site by Octopus tetricus and possible site modification due to foraging behavior". Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 45 (4): 1–8. doi:10.1080/10236244.2012.727617. ISSN 1023-6244. S2CID 83893501.
  16. ^ Anderson TJ (April 30, 1997). "Habitat selection and shelter use by Octopus tetricus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 150: 137–48. Bibcode:1997MEPS..150..137A. doi:10.3354/meps150137.
  17. ^ a b c Scheel D; Chancellor S; Hing M; et al. (2017-07-04). "A second site occupied by Octopus tetricus at high densities, with notes on their ecology and behavior". Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 50 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1080/10236244.2017.1369851. ISSN 1023-6244. S2CID 89738642.
  18. ^ Godfrey-Smith P; Scheel D; Chancellor S; et al. (2021). "In the Line of Fire: Debris Throwing by Wild Octopuses". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.08.18.456805. S2CID 237261895.
  19. ^ Morse P (2008). Female Mating Preference, Polyandry, and Paternity Bias in Octopus tetricus (Honors Thesis). University of Western Australia, Perth. pp. 1–97.
  20. ^ Main D (28 January 2016). "Octopuses More Social Than Thought, Denizens of 'Octopolis' Prove". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  21. ^ Stokstad E (13 September 2017). "Scientists discover an underwater city full of gloomy octopuses". Sciencemag. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
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Octopus tetricus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Octopus tetricus, the gloomy octopus or the common Sydney octopus, is a species of octopus from the subtropical waters of eastern Australia and New Zealand. O. tetricus belongs to the Octopus vulgaris species group and is a commercially prized species. All species within the O. vulgaris group are similar in morphology. The English translation of O. tetricus (Latin) is 'the gloomy octopus'.

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Octopus tetricus ( French )

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Octopus tetricus est une espèce d'octopodes de la famille des Octopodidae.

Comme d'autres espèces de pieuvre cette espèce chasse la nuit (homards, crabes...) et elle fuit la lumière le jour et se retire dans des anfractuosité. Dans les récifs rocheux australiens on a montré qu'elle peut aménager sa tanière en la recouvrant avec des roches.

Description et caractéristiques

Habitat et répartition

Cette espèce est présente dans les eaux de l'est de l'océan Indien, à l'ouest de l'océan Pacifique et au large de la Nouvelle-Zélande[3].

Gloomy Octopus-Octopus tetricus (8379576666).jpg

Éthologie, cas de comportements sociaux élaborés

En 2012, à partir d'une population étudiée dans la baie de Jervis en Australie, des biologistes marins ont découvert que cette espèce est très sociale, et qu'elle pourrait être dans une certaine mesure une espèce-ingénieur en aménageant son environnement[4]. Ils ont trouvé jusqu'à 16 pieuvres sombres dans les trous de roches entourés d'un amas coquiller (qu'ils ont baptisées Octopolis). Ces animaux étaient actifs durant la journée, s'accouplant et se battant.

En 2017, une seconde étude décrit une autre groupe social trouvé à quelques centaines de mètres du premier dans une sorte de petit village subaquatique que les chercheurs ont baptisé Octlantis ; là 23 "habitations" sont regroupés dans trois petites zones rocheuses, toutes également entourées de monticules de coquilles qui semblent avoir été accumulées là par les pieuvres. Une caméra sous-marine les a filmées durant 8 jours, montrant jusqu'à 15 pieuvres souvent en interaction avec d'autres ; s'accouplant ou semblant se disputer, se signalant, défendant des compagnons, cherchant à évincer des pieuvres de certaines tanières et tendant de susciter l'exclusion de certains individus du site[5]… en oubliant même de se cacher de prédateurs comme un requin de passage. Les auteurs se demandent si cette promiscuité présente des avantages ou des inconvénients, et si oui lesquels[6].

Notes et références

  1. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK, consulté le 4 décembre 2018
  2. a b et c BioLib, consulté le 10 mai 2016
  3. a et b World Register of Marine Species, consulté le 10 mai 2016
  4. (en) Peter Godfrey-Smith et Matthew Lawrence, « Long-term high-density occupation of a site by Octopus tetricus and possible site modification due to foraging behavior », Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, vol. 45, no 4,‎ 2012, p. 1-8 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) David Scheel, Stephanie Chancellor, Martin Hing, Matthew Lawrence, Stefan Linquist et Peter Godfrey-Smith, « A second site occupied by Octopus tetricus at high densities, with notes on their ecology and behavior », Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, vol. 50, no 4,‎ 2017, p. 285-291 (lire en ligne)
  6. (en) Erik Stokstad, « Scientists discover an underwater city full of gloomy octopuses », Science Mag,‎ 13 septembre 2017 (lire en ligne)

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Octopus tetricus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Octopus tetricus est une espèce d'octopodes de la famille des Octopodidae.

Comme d'autres espèces de pieuvre cette espèce chasse la nuit (homards, crabes...) et elle fuit la lumière le jour et se retire dans des anfractuosité. Dans les récifs rocheux australiens on a montré qu'elle peut aménager sa tanière en la recouvrant avec des roches.

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Octopus tetricus ( Italian )

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Il polpo tetro (Octopus tetricus, Gould, 1852), noto anche con il nome di polpo di Sydney, è un mollusco cefalopode della famiglia Octopodidae, diffuso nelle coste dell'Australia orientale e della Nuova Zelanda.

 src=
Un piccolo esemplare di O. tetricus in un bicchiere usato come riparo
 src=
O. tetricus al riparo tra le rocce
 src=
Dettaglio dell'occhio e del sifone

Distribuzione e habitat

O. tetricus è distribuito nei mari subtropicali dell'Australia orientale e della Nuova Zelanda settentrionale, inclusa l'isola di Lord Howe. L'areale australiano va dal Nuovo Galles del Sud, dove è stato originariamente scoperto, a Moreton Bay nel sud del Queensland; viene anche chiamato "polpo di Sydney", dove è molto comune. A latitudini simili nell'Australia occidentale si trova una specie (o sottospecie) strettamente correlata, il "polpo di Perth", indicata come "Octopus (cfr) tetricus".

Il polpo tetro vive nei porti (come nel porto di Sydney, dove è abbondante), in coste rocciose, su fondali sabbiosi e nei letti di alghe, dalla superficie a pochi metri di profondità.

Biologia

Cromatofori

I cromatofori, nel caso dei cefalopodi, sono organi neuromuscolari che contengono pigmenti e funzionano in modo diverso rispetto alla maggior parte degli altri animali. I cromatofori reagiscono agli stimoli e facilitano l'interazione con l'ambiente. Ogni organo contiene un sacco elastico contenente un pigmento che è attaccato al muscolo radiale del polpo. Quando il polpo si eccita, i muscoli radiali si contraggono e dilatano i cromatofori. Al contrario, quando il polpo è in uno stato rilassato, i cromatofori si ritrarranno nel sacco elastico.

Poiché questi cromatofori interagiscono con l'ambiente, consentono al polpo di selezionare, in qualsiasi momento, un particolare modello corporeo: possono per esempio decidere di modificare la loro pelle, da liscia a rugosa. Ciò gli consente, ad esempio, di mimetizzarsi e nascondersi dai loro predatori. Un'altra funzione dei cromatofori è la comunicazione intraspecifica che facilita la comunicazione tra individui.

Anche i polpi appena nati hanno dei cromatofori, detti "cromatofori fondatori", organi simili a sacche che contengono pigmenti nella loro pelle. I cromatofori fondatori sono ben visibili nei giovani e diventano più piccoli e poco visibili quando il polpo si avvicina all'età adulta.

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Octopus tetricus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il polpo tetro (Octopus tetricus, Gould, 1852), noto anche con il nome di polpo di Sydney, è un mollusco cefalopode della famiglia Octopodidae, diffuso nelle coste dell'Australia orientale e della Nuova Zelanda.

 src= Un piccolo esemplare di O. tetricus in un bicchiere usato come riparo  src= O. tetricus al riparo tra le rocce  src= Dettaglio dell'occhio e del sifone
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Octopus tetricus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Octopus tetricus is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.

De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Octopus en behoort tot de familie Octopodidae. Octopus tetricus werd in 1852 beschreven door Gould.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. World Register of Marine Species, Octopus tetricus. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 3 oktober 2011.
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Octopus tetricus ( Polish )

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Octopus tetricus – gatunek głowonoga z rzędu ośmiornic.

W polskich tekstach popularyzatorskich bywa nazywana ponurą ośmiornicą, co jest tłumaczeniem angielskiej nazwy zwyczajowej gloomy octopus[3]. Notowana w Oceanie Indyjskim i południowo-zachodnim Oceanie Spokojnym[2].

Żyją około 11 miesięcy. Rozwój zarodkowy trwa kilkadziesiąt dni – dłużej lub krócej, w zależności od temperatury wody, prawdopodobnie również kilkadziesiąt dni trwa stadium paralarwy, czyli meroplanktonicznego osobnika młodocianego nieco tylko odmiennego od dorosłego (przeobrażenie niezupełne). Dorosłe osobniki żyją jako element bentosu i są stosunkowo nieduże, mając rozpiętość ramion bliską 2 metrom. Unoszenie prądem postaci młodocianych jest sposobem dyspersji[4].

Zachowania godowe obserwowane są przez większą część roku bez wyraźnej sezonowości[5].

W interakcjach międzyosobniczych posługują się znakami wizualnymi. Wyrazem dominacji jest unoszenie płaszcza i ustawianie się wyżej (podnoszenie głowy na ramionach, ustawianie się na wyniesieniu podłoża), jak również ciemniejszy kolor ciała. Im kolor ciemniejszy, tym większa skłonność do agresji. W starciach rzadko dochodzi do bezpośredniej walki, czyli zapasów lub w ogóle dotykania. Najczęściej zdarza się to między osobnikami o podobnym odcieniu, podczas gdy w spotkaniach osobnika wyraźnie ciemniejszego i bladszego, ten drugi zwykle ustępuje bez walki. Częstym kontaktem jest wysuwanie macki w kierunku drugiego osobnika, bez bezpośredniego dotyku. Najczęściej w takiej sytuacji ramię wysuwa osobnik zajmujący jamę[5].

Podobnie jak inne ośmiornice, uważane są za zwierzęta samotnicze. W warunkach niedoboru siedlisk tworzą jednak skupiska. W XXI wieku odkryto kilka takich skupisk, jedno utworzone na zatopionym wytworze ludzkim, drugie na siedlisku naturalnym. Siedliska te ośmiornice przekształciły, gromadząc muszle małży. Zostały one nazwane odpowiednio Octopolis i Octlantis[3].

Przypisy

  1. Octopus tetricus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Octopus tetricus Gould, 1852 (ang.). World Register of Marine Species. [dostęp 2017-10-09].
  3. a b Naukowcy odkryli Octlantis - miasto ośmiornic. Tam łączą się w pary, a czasem eksmitują (pol.). gazeta.pl, 30.09.2017. [dostęp 2017-10-09].
  4. Jorge E. Ramos, Gretta T. Pecl, Natalie A. Moltschaniwskyj, Jan M. Strugnell, Rafael I. León, Jayson M. Semmens. Body size, growth and life span: implications for the polewards range shift of Octopus tetricus in south-eastern Australia. „PLoS ONE”. 9 (8), s. e103480, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103480 (ang.).
  5. a b David Scheel, Peter Godfrey-Smith, Matthew Lawrence. Signal Use by Octopuses in Agonistic Interactions. „Current Biology”. 26 (3), s. 377-382, 2016. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.033 (ang.).
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Octopus tetricus: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Octopus tetricus – gatunek głowonoga z rzędu ośmiornic.

W polskich tekstach popularyzatorskich bywa nazywana ponurą ośmiornicą, co jest tłumaczeniem angielskiej nazwy zwyczajowej gloomy octopus. Notowana w Oceanie Indyjskim i południowo-zachodnim Oceanie Spokojnym.

Żyją około 11 miesięcy. Rozwój zarodkowy trwa kilkadziesiąt dni – dłużej lub krócej, w zależności od temperatury wody, prawdopodobnie również kilkadziesiąt dni trwa stadium paralarwy, czyli meroplanktonicznego osobnika młodocianego nieco tylko odmiennego od dorosłego (przeobrażenie niezupełne). Dorosłe osobniki żyją jako element bentosu i są stosunkowo nieduże, mając rozpiętość ramion bliską 2 metrom. Unoszenie prądem postaci młodocianych jest sposobem dyspersji.

Zachowania godowe obserwowane są przez większą część roku bez wyraźnej sezonowości.

W interakcjach międzyosobniczych posługują się znakami wizualnymi. Wyrazem dominacji jest unoszenie płaszcza i ustawianie się wyżej (podnoszenie głowy na ramionach, ustawianie się na wyniesieniu podłoża), jak również ciemniejszy kolor ciała. Im kolor ciemniejszy, tym większa skłonność do agresji. W starciach rzadko dochodzi do bezpośredniej walki, czyli zapasów lub w ogóle dotykania. Najczęściej zdarza się to między osobnikami o podobnym odcieniu, podczas gdy w spotkaniach osobnika wyraźnie ciemniejszego i bladszego, ten drugi zwykle ustępuje bez walki. Częstym kontaktem jest wysuwanie macki w kierunku drugiego osobnika, bez bezpośredniego dotyku. Najczęściej w takiej sytuacji ramię wysuwa osobnik zajmujący jamę.

Podobnie jak inne ośmiornice, uważane są za zwierzęta samotnicze. W warunkach niedoboru siedlisk tworzą jednak skupiska. W XXI wieku odkryto kilka takich skupisk, jedno utworzone na zatopionym wytworze ludzkim, drugie na siedlisku naturalnym. Siedliska te ośmiornice przekształciły, gromadząc muszle małży. Zostały one nazwane odpowiednio Octopolis i Octlantis.

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Habitat

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Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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