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Biology

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Adults feed on oak (1). The females lay their eggs in acorns; the long rostrum is used to bore through the thick wall of the nut (3) with jaws located at the tip of the rostrum. When it has almost reached the centre of the nut, the egg is inserted in the hole, which subsequently heals up (4). The larvae develop inside the acorns, burrowing out when they are fully-grown in order to pupate in the soil, leaving a small hole in the wall of the acorn (2).
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Conservation

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Not relevant.
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Description

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The most striking feature of the acorn weevil is its elongated snout, known as a 'rostrum', which is longer in females than males (2). Adults have a brownish and patterned body (1). The larvae are short, and cylindrical in shape, and move by means of ridges on the underside of the body (2).
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Habitat

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This species is found on oak trees (2).
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Range

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Found mainly in southern and central parts of Europe, becoming increasingly rare further north (2). In the UK, the acorn weevil has a wide distribution in the south (1).
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Status

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Common and widespread (3).
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Threats

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This species is not threatened at present.
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Associations

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Plant / associate
Curculio glandium is associated with Quercus

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Eichelbohrer ( German )

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Der Eichelbohrer oder Gewöhnliche Eichelbohrer (Curculio glandium) ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Rüsselkäfer (Curculionidae).

Merkmale

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Ansicht von oben
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Larve
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Eicheln mit Schlupflöchern, durch die die Larven sie zur Verpuppung verlassen haben.
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Vergleich der Fühler von Curculio glandium (links) und Curculio nucum (rechts)

Die Käfer werden 4 bis 7,5 Millimeter lang. Ihr Körper ist mit länglichen, gelbbraunen oder rotbraunen, anliegenden Schuppen bedeckt. Sie sehen den nah verwandten Arten der Gattung sehr ähnlich. Vom Haselnussbohrer (Curculio nucum) unterscheiden sie sich durch die Form der Fühlerglieder und deren Behaarung: Die Geißelglieder sind länger als breit und nur locker, fein anliegend statt abstehend behaart. Außerdem haben sie keinen Haarkamm an der Flügeldeckennaht. Die ebenfalls ähnlichen Arten Curculio venosus und Curculio pellitus unterscheiden sich durch ihr langgestrecktes Schildchen sowohl vom Eichel- als auch vom Haselnussbohrer. Der Rüssel der Männchen ist nur so lang wie die Deckflügel, der der Weibchen ist körperlang.[1]

Vorkommen

Die Tiere kommen in ganz Europa, Nordafrika und in der Türkei vor,[2] werden nach Norden hin aber seltener.[3] Sie leben in verschiedenen Lebensräumen mit Gehölzen, wie etwa Wäldern und große Hecken.

Lebensweise

Die Weibchen fressen mit ihrem Rüssel tiefe Löcher in unreife Eicheln, um dann ein oder zwei Eier in die Frucht zu legen. Nach etwa zwei Wochen schlüpfen die gelblich weißen, am Kopf rotbraunen, beinlosen Larven. Ihre Lebensweise ähnelt den Larven des Haselnussbohrers. Sie entwickeln sich innerhalb der Frucht und verlassen sie mit einer Körperlänge von 9 bis 10 Millimetern, um etwa 25 Zentimeter tief im Erdboden zu überwintern, bevor sie sich im Frühjahr des nächsten Jahres im Boden verpuppen. Die Imagines der neuen Generation schlüpfen im nächsten Mai oder Juni.

Gefährdung

Die Art gilt in Deutschland als ungefährdet.[4]

Belege

Einzelnachweise

  1. Lothar Dieckmann (1988): Beiträge zur Insektenfauna der DDR: Curculionidae (Curculioninae: Ellescini, Acalyptini, Tychiini, Anthonomini, Curculionini). Beiträge zur Entomologie 38 (2): 365–468, auf S. 456–457. online
  2. http://www.insektenbox.de/kaefer/eichbo.htm
  3. Harde, Severa: Der Kosmos Käferführer, Die mitteleuropäischen Käfer, S. 318 Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06959-1
  4. Sprick, P.; Behne, L. & Maus, C. (2021): Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Rüsselkäfer (i. e. S.) Deutschlands (Überfamilie Curculionoidea; exklusive Anthribidae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae). – In: Ries, M.; Balzer, S.; Gruttke, H.; Haupt, H.; Hofbauer, N.; Ludwig, G. & Matzke-Hajek, G. (Red.): Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands, Band 5: Wirbellose Tiere (Teil 3). – Münster (Landwirtschaftsverlag). – Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70 (5): 335-412

Literatur

  • Karl Wilhelm Harde, Frantisek Severa und Edwin Möhn: Der Kosmos Käferführer: Die mitteleuropäischen Käfer. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co KG, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-06959-1.
  • Georg Möller, Reiner Grube, Ekkehard Wachmann: Der Fauna Käferführer I – Käfer im und am Wald Fauna-Verlag, Nottuln 2006, ISBN 3-935980-25-6.
  • Jiři Zahradnik, Irmgard Jung, Dieter Jung et al.: Käfer Mittel- und Nordwesteuropas. Parey, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-490-27118-1.

Weblinks

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Eichelbohrer: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Eichelbohrer oder Gewöhnliche Eichelbohrer (Curculio glandium) ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Rüsselkäfer (Curculionidae).

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Curculio glandium

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Adult

Curculio glandium is a species of European carpophagus weevil in the genus Curculio, the acorn and nut weevils.[1] It eats by a rostrum, an elongated snout, that is used for piercing.

Description

Curculio glandium is a member of the genus Curculio, which comprises seed beetles. All members of Curculio have characteristically long rostrums and ovipositors, an adaptation that specifically developed by their reliance on seeds for food and reproduction.[2]

Male/female differentiation can be determined using the rostrum as the female's is longer.[3] The larvae are short, and cylindrical in shape, and move by means of ridges on the underside of the body. Adults can reach a length of 4 to 8 mm (0.16 to 0.31 in).[4]

Life cycle

Curculio glandium eggs are deposited in acorns by the adult weevil chewing channels into the fruit. The eggs are then released using an ovipositor, a long, narrow organ featured in female weevils.[2] These do not reach the acorn's embryo and are healed by the plant, sealing the holes and protecting the eggs from parasites. Upon hatching, either one or two larvae consume the fruit. While they may eat the entirety of the acorn, the larvae typically do not consume the embryo itself.[5] Curculio glandium live throughout winter in the larval stage. The larvae are freeze avoidant, preventing their internal body fluids from freezing during the winter.[6][7]

Ecology

Curculio glandium can pose a large risk to acorn-bearing tree populations. They are highly effective at infecting acorns which can cause a widespread number of seeds to be incapable of germination, with a potential of rendering 70–90% of seeds incapable of germination.[1][5]

References

  1. ^ a b CSÓKA, György. "Direct Effects of Carpophagous Insects on the Germination Ability and Early Abscission of Oak Acorns". Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Mátrafüred, Hungary.
  2. ^ a b Hughes, Joseph; Vogler, Alfried P. (2004-08-01). "The phylogeny of acorn weevils (genus Curculio) from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences: the problem of incomplete data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (2): 601–615. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15223041.
  3. ^ "Acorn Weevil | NatureSpot". www.naturespot.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  4. ^ "Acorn weevil videos, photos and facts - Curculio glandium - ARKive". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-26.
  5. ^ a b Oltean, I.; Stana, A. (2007). "Curculio Glandum, a Pest Which Reduces the Quality of the Seed at Qercus Petraea in Hilly Tree From O.S. Almaş, D.S. Zalău". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture. 63: 123–126.
  6. ^ Udaka, Hiroko; Sinclair, Brent J. (2014-08-01). "The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario". Journal of Thermal Biology. 44: 103–109. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.019. ISSN 0306-4565. PMID 25086980.
  7. ^ "Freeze Avoidance – The Storey Lab". www.kenstoreylab.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
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Curculio glandium: Brief Summary

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Adult

Curculio glandium is a species of European carpophagus weevil in the genus Curculio, the acorn and nut weevils. It eats by a rostrum, an elongated snout, that is used for piercing.

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Curculio glandium ( French )

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Curculio glandium, le charançon du chêne ou balanin du chêne, est une espèce d’insectes coléoptères de la famille des Curculionidae.

Espèces proches

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Curculio glandium: Brief Summary ( French )

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Curculio glandium, le charançon du chêne ou balanin du chêne, est une espèce d’insectes coléoptères de la famille des Curculionidae.

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Hrastov žižak ( Croatian )

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Hrastov žižak (žirotoč; Curculio glandium), vrsta štetnog kukca iz porodice pipa (Curculionidae) kojega karakterizira dugo tanko rilo 'rostrum', koje je duže kod ženke, nego kod mužjaka.

Živi po hrastovim šumama a larva se razvija u žiru raznih vrsta hrastova. Ova vrsta najštetnija je među žirotočima i često unište do 70% žira. Jaja u žir polažu početkom srpnja. Ličinka uništava sadržaj žira, a nakon izlaska brzo se zavlače u zemlju gdje se zakukulje. Razvoj do spolno zrelog kukca traje dvije godine.

Hrastov žižak naraste od 4 - 8 mm. Odrasle jedinke se mogu videti od kraja travnja do kraja rujna.

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Izvori

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Curculio glandium ( Portuguese )

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Curculio glandium é uma espécie de insetos coleópteros polífagos pertencente à família Curculionidae.[1] A autoridade científica da espécie é Marsham, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1802.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.

Referências

  1. «Curculio glandium». Fauna Europaea (em inglês). Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2019

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Curculio glandium: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Curculio glandium é uma espécie de insetos coleópteros polífagos pertencente à família Curculionidae. A autoridade científica da espécie é Marsham, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1802.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.

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Hrastov semenar ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Hrastov semenar (znanstveno ime Curculio glandium) je vrsta pravih rilčkarjev, ki velja za škodljivca v hrastovih gozdovih.[1] Izvira iz Severne Amerike.[2]

Opis in biologija

Odrasli hrošči dosežejo dolžino od 4 do 8 mm.[3] Značilnost hrastovega semenarja je dolg rilček, ki se pri samicah daljši kot pri samcih [4] in lahko doseže dolžino do 5 mm.[5] Samica na mlade želode odloži eno ali dve jajčeci,[6] iz katerih se izleže valjasta ličinka, ki se nato hrani v notranjosti želoda, vendar običajno ne poje kalčka.[7] Zimo preživijo ličinke znotraj želodov.[8][9]

Reference

  1. CSÓKA, György. "Direct Effects of Carpophagous Insects on the Germination Ability and Early Abscission of Oak Acorns". Department of Forest Protection, Forest Research Institute, Mátrafüred, Hungary.
  2. Udaka, Hiroko and Sinclair, Brent J, "The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario." (2014). Biology Publications. 65. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/biologypub/65
  3. http://www.arkive.org/acorn-weevil/curculio-glandium/
  4. "Acorn Weevil | NatureSpot". www.naturespot.org.uk (angleščina). Pridobljeno dne 2018-04-01.
  5. "Hrastov semenar". Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije. Pridobljeno dne 3. julija 2018.
  6. "The phylogeny of acorn weevils (genus Curculio) from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences: the problem of incomplete data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (angleščina) 32 (2): 601–615. 2004-08-01. ISSN 1055-7903. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.007.
  7. Oltean, I (March 2018). "CURCULIO GLANDUM, A PEST WHICH REDUCES THE QUALITY OF THE SEED AT QERCUS PETRAEA IN HILLY TREE FROM O.S. ALMAŞ, D.S. ZALĂU". University Of Agricultural Sciences And Veterinary Medicine.
  8. "The overwintering biology of the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium in southwestern Ontario". Journal of Thermal Biology (angleščina) 44: 103–109. 2014-08-01. ISSN 0306-4565. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.02.019.
  9. "Freeze Avoidance – The Storey Lab". www.kenstoreylab.com (angleščina). Pridobljeno dne 2018-03-29.
Wikivrste vsebujejo še več podatkov o temi: Hrastov semenar
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Hrastov semenar: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Hrastov semenar (znanstveno ime Curculio glandium) je vrsta pravih rilčkarjev, ki velja za škodljivca v hrastovih gozdovih. Izvira iz Severne Amerike.

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