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Figures 24–31.Habitus images of Zapotecanillus species. 24 Zapotecanillus oaxacanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National), paratype 25 Zapotecanillus nanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National), paratype 26 Zapotecanillus ixtlanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 37mi S Valle National), paratype 27 Zapotecanillus iviei (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 2mi S Cerro Pelon), paratype 28 Zapotecanillus kavanaughi (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 14km N San Juan), paratype 29 Zapotecanillus montanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 52mi N Oaxaca), paratype 30 Zapotecanillus pecki (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 3.5mi S Suchixtepec), paratype 31 Zapotecanillus longinoi (MEXICO, Chiapas, Sierra Morena), paratype. Scale bar = 0.5mm.
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Figures 48–59.Illustrations of male aedeagus of Zapotecanillus species. Zapotecanillus montanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 52mi N Oaxaca) 48 median lobe, right lateral aspect 49 left paramere, left lateral aspect 50 right paramere, right lateral aspect. Zapotecanillus pecki (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 3.5mi S Suchixtepec) 51 median lobe, right lateral aspect 52 left paramere, left lateral aspect 53 right paramere, right lateral aspect. Zapotecanillus kavanaughi (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 14km N San Juan) 54 median lobe, right lateral aspect 55 left paramere, left lateral aspect 56 right paramere, right lateral aspect. Zapotecanillus longinoi (MEXICO, Chiapas, Sierra Morena) 57 median lobe, right lateral aspect 58 left paramere, left lateral aspect 59 right paramere, right lateral aspect. dp1 – dorsal plate 1; dp2 – dorsal plate 2; vsc – ventral sclerites. Scale bar = 0.05mm.
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Figures 60–67.Illustrations of ring sclerite of Zapotecanillus species, male genitalia, dorsal aspect. 60 Zapotecanillus oaxacanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National) 61 Zapotecanillus nanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National) 62 Zapotecanillus ixtlanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 37mi S Valle National) 63 Zapotecanillus iviei (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 2mi S Cerro Pelon) 64 Zapotecanillus pecki (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 3.5mi S Suchixtepec) 65 Zapotecanillus montanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 52mi N Oaxaca) 66 Zapotecanillus kavanaughi (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 14km N San Juan) 67 Zapotecanillus longinoi (MEXICO, Chiapas, Sierra Morena). hd – handle of ring sclerite. Scale bar = 0.1mm.
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Figures 68–71.Illustrations of ovipositor sclerites of Zapotecanillus species. 68 Zapotecanillus oaxacanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National) 69 Zapotecanillus nanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 15.1mi N Valle National) 70 Zapotecanillus kavanaughi (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 14km N San Juan) 71 Zapotecanillus longinoi (MEXICO, Chiapas, Sierra Morena). b – base of gonocoxite 2, bl – blade of gonocoxite 2, es – ensiform seta; gc1 – gonocoxite 1; gc 2 – gonocoxite 2; lt – laterotergite; ns – nematiform seta. Scale bar = 0.05mm.
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Figures 72–76.Illustrations of spermatheca, spermathecal duct, and spermathecal gland of Zapotecanillus species. 72 Zapotecanillus oaxacanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 18.7mi N Valle National) 73 Zapotecanillus nanus (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 15.1mi N Valle National) 74 Zapotecanillus iviei (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 2mi S Cerro Pelon) 75 Zapotecanillus kavanaughi (MEXICO, Oaxaca, 14km N San Juan) 76 Zapotecanillus longinoi (MEXICO, Chiapas, Sierra Morena). sd – spermathecal duct; sg – spermathecal gland; sp – spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.05mm.
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Figure 77.Map of southern Mexico and adjacent part of Guatemala, showing positions of locality records for the species of Zapotecanillus. Zapotecanillus oaxacanus – black quadrangle; Zapotecanillus nanus – white triangles; Zapotecanillus ixtlanus – white circle; Zapotecanillus iviei – black star; Zapotecanillus kavanaughi – black circle; Zapotecanillus montanus – white quadrangle; Zapotecanillus pecki – black flower; Zapotecanillus longinoi – black triangles; Zapotecanillus sp. – white star. Brown stars – range of Geocharidius species (original data). 1 – Sierra Madre de Oaxaca; 2 – Sierra Madre del Sur; 3 – Sierra Madre de Chiapas. White dots – the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
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Figures 90–94.Cladistic relationships and main events of the natural history of Zapotecanillus species, inferred from the cladogram. 90 75%-majority rule cladogram from the parsimony analysis: character states are shown only for nodes, forward changes as filled circles, and reversals as open circles; numbers under internal branches – indicate bootstrap/Bremer support indices; the letters B, C, and D above the nodes correspond to the maps 91, 92 and 93 below, illustrating evolutionary trends at the appropriate node; bar abbreviations, SMO – Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, SMS – Sierra Madre del Sur, SMC – Sierra Madre de Chiapas 91 syntopic miniaturization, blue bars – Zapotecanillus oaxacanus, black bars – Zapotecanillus nanus 92 altitudinal expansion, blue dots – Zapotecanillus ixtlanus, black dots – Zapotecanillus oaxacanus + Zapotecanillus nanus 93 regional dispersal, SMO – Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, SMS – Sierra Madre del Sur, SMC – Sierra Madre de Chiapas 94 modern distribution of species, Zapotecanillus oaxacanus – black quadrangle; Zapotecanillus nanus – white triangles; Zapotecanillus ixtlanus – white circle; Zapotecanillus iviei – black star; Zapotecanillus kavanaughi – black circle; Zapotecanillus montanus – white quadrangle; Zapotecanillus pecki – black flower; Zapotecanillus longinoi – black triangles.