Couma utilis ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Hundsgiftgewächse aus der Unterfamilie der Rauvolfioideae aus dem nördlichen Brasilien, Kolumbien und Venezuela.
Couma utilis wächst als meist halbimmergrüner Baum bis etwa 15–20 Meter hoch, oder seltener als kleiner Strauch. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht 60–80 Zentimeter. Die braune, dicke Borke ist relativ glatt. Der Baum führt einen Milchsaft.
Die einfachen, kurz gestielten, leicht ledrigen und kahlen Laubblätter sind gegenständig oder wirtelig, zu dritt bis viert. Der kurze Blattstiel ist bis 1 Zentimeter lang. Die ganzrandigen, elliptischen bis verkehrt-eiförmigen, abgerundeten bis rundspitzigen oder spitzen Blätter sind 6–12 Zentimeter lang und 3–6 Zentimeter breit. Die Blattbasis ist keilförmig und herablaufend. Die Nebenblätter fehlen.
Es werden achselständige, zymöse, doppeldoldige und langstielige Blütenstände gebildet. Bei der Dolde und den Döldchen sind Tragblätter ausgebildet. Die weiß-rosa oder -violetten und fünfzähligen, gestielten und zwittrigen Blüten besitzen eine doppelte Blütenhülle. Der Kelch ist klein und fünfzipflig. Die Krone ist stieltellerförmig verwachsen mit ausladenden, länglichen bis verkehrt-eilanzettlichen, bis 8 Millimeter langen Zipfeln. Es sind 5 fast sitzende Staubblätter, mit pfeilförmigen Antheren, in der oberen, 8 Millimeter langen, schmalen und grünlichen Kronröhre ausgebildet. Der einkammerige Fruchtknoten ist halboberständig, mit einem relativ kurzen Griffel mit einem kleinen Griffelkopf (Clavuncula) mit zwei Narbenästen.
Es werden rundliche bis 3–4,5 Zentimeter große, grüne und zur Reife bräunliche, weiche, vielsamige, ledrige, kahle Beeren (Panzerbeere) an langen Stielen gebildet. Die vielen, 4–6 Millimeter großen, elliptischen bis eiförmigen Samen in der gelblich-bräunlichen, cremigen Pulpe, sind weich und flach.
Die Erstbeschreibung des Basionyms Collophora utilis erfolgte 1830 durch Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Buchn. Rep. Pharm. 35: 186. Die Umteilung in die Gattung Couma erfolgte 1860 durch Johannes Müller Argoviensis in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 6(1): 19. Weitere Synonyme sind Couma dulcis Spruce ex Müll.Arg. und Couma multinervis Monach.
Die Früchte sind essbar, sie sind bekannt als Sorva oder Sorvinha. Die Früchte werden meist noch grün, unreif geerntet, dann sind sie noch fest.
Der süßliche Milchsaft wird als Kaugummi oder als Milchersatz sowie in Drinks oder zum Abdichten von Booten, Kanus verwendet. Er wird auch medizinisch verwendet.
Das wenig beständige, relativ leichte Holz wird für einige Anwendungen genutzt.
Couma utilis ist eine Pflanzenart in der Familie der Hundsgiftgewächse aus der Unterfamilie der Rauvolfioideae aus dem nördlichen Brasilien, Kolumbien und Venezuela.
Couma utilis, called the milk tree, sorvinha, sorveira, sorva (a name it shares with its larger relative Couma macrocarpa), and sorva-pequena, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae, native to the Orinoco and Amazon basins of South America.[2][3] It is thought that C. utilis was on the verge of being domesticated by indigenous Amazonian peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World.[4]
Couma utilis is usually a tree 5 to 15 m (20 to 50 ft) tall, and occasionally a bush reaching only 2 m (7 ft). Its bark is smooth and dark brown. When cut it exudes large quantities of white latex. Its root system usually consists of a taproot reaching down 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft), more in softer soils, and superficial roots that extend far beyond the dripline.[5]
Its simple, entire leaves are oppositely arranged, with three leaves at branch termini. Leaf blades are elliptic, 2 to 4 cm (0.8 to 2 in) wide and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long, with rounded to subobtuse apices. Leaf bases are cuneate and extend decurrently onto the petiole. They have no stipules, and their petioles are 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The prominent leaf veins run parallel, and the leaves themselves are coriaceous and glabrous, colored dark green adaxially and light green abaxially.[5]
C. utilis has corymbose, axillary inflorescences with 1 to 3 flowers that are 2 to 4 cm (0.8 to 2 in) in total length. The cupped calyxes are about 3 mm (0.1 in) long with five obtuse 2 mm (0.08 in) long lobes. Corollas form tubes about 8 mm (0.3 in) long, each with four or five 5 mm (0.2 in) long lobes. The flowers are pink to purple, with five stamens inserted into the tube. Ovaries have numerous ovules. Flowering season is April through June.[5]
The fruits mature in August through September, with some coming out of season. The fruits are globose berries, 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 2 in) in diameter and averaging 15.4 g (0.54 oz).[6] They hang in bunches of one to five from long peduncles. Unripe fruit are typically dark green turning brown and soft when ripe. They are often harvested unripe. Once fully ripe they are quite soft, with a leathery, 1 mm (0.04 in) thick exocarp. There are numerous soft, flattened, 3 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) diameter seeds distributed evenly in the fleshy, sweet mesocarp.[5]
C. utilis grows well in the nutrient poor oxisols of the Amazon rainforest, preferring wet but unflooded areas between sea level and 500 m (1,600 ft) elevation.[5] It also grows in anthropogenically disturbed soils, unlike its wilder congeners C. macrocarpa and C. guianensis.[7] In cultivation in the central Amazon, a tree produces almost 40 kg (88 lb) of fruit per year, a yield of about 15 t/ha (6.0 long ton/acre; 6.7 short ton/acre).[6]
As its specific epithet implies, Couma utilis has many uses. Its fruits are delectable and available in market towns such as Manaus and Belém. Sometimes the pulp is used as flavor for ice cream.[6] Its latex has many uses, including as a base (commercially called pendare[8]) for chewing gum, for boat-caulking and for whitewashing houses.[7][6] The raw latex is sweet and is used as a milk substitute by people in areas where dairy milk is not readily available.[9] Its wood is occasionally used for construction and cabinetry. It is planted as an ornamental tree for its profusion of attractive pink to light purple flowers.[5][10]
Couma utilis, called the milk tree, sorvinha, sorveira, sorva (a name it shares with its larger relative Couma macrocarpa), and sorva-pequena, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae, native to the Orinoco and Amazon basins of South America. It is thought that C. utilis was on the verge of being domesticated by indigenous Amazonian peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans in the New World.
Couma utilis, popularmente conhecido como sorvinha[1], sorva-pequena e sorveira, é uma árvore da família das apocináceas. Habita a floresta densa. Os frutos, chamados "sorvas", são bagas comestíveis do tamanho de cerejas, de cor castanha quando maduros. O látex é doce, podendo ser bebido e ser usado na produção de uma espécie de plástico natural chamado também "sorva".[2]
"Sorva" é originário do latim sorba.[3]
Couma utilis, popularmente conhecido como sorvinha, sorva-pequena e sorveira, é uma árvore da família das apocináceas. Habita a floresta densa. Os frutos, chamados "sorvas", são bagas comestíveis do tamanho de cerejas, de cor castanha quando maduros. O látex é doce, podendo ser bebido e ser usado na produção de uma espécie de plástico natural chamado também "sorva".
Couma utilis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được (Mart.) Müll.Arg. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1860.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến phân họ Ba gạc này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Couma utilis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được (Mart.) Müll.Arg. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1860.
