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Cereal Leaf Beetle

Oulema (Oulema) melanopus (Linnaeus 1758)

Rothalsiges Getreidehähnchen ( German )

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Abb. 1: Larve
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Abb. 2: Halsschild
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Abb. 3: Aedeagus Oulema melanopus
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Abb. 4: Aedeagus Oulema duftschmidi

Das Rothalsige Getreidehähnchen (Oulema melanopus, auch Großes Getreidehähnchen oder Grashähnchen genannt) ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Blattkäfer (Chrysomelidae).

Merkmale

Die Käfer werden 4 bis 4,5 Millimeter lang. Ihr Halsschild ist rot, die Deckflügel sind metallblau, blaugrün, grün oder selten auch schwarz gefärbt. Der Halsschild ist oben nur wenig, an den Seiten und basal sehr fein und dicht punktförmig strukturiert (Abb. 2). Die Fühler sind dunkel, die Beine gelborange. Lediglich die Enden der Schienen (Tibien) und Tarsen sind dunkel gefärbt. Das zweite Fühlerglied hat eine quadratische Form, das dritte und vierte sind doppelt so lang wie breit, das fünfte ist mehr als doppelt so lang wie breit. Die Arten kann von Oulema duftschmidi nur anhand von genitalmorphologischen Merkmalen unterschieden werden. Der Aedeagus von Oulema melanopus (Abb. 3) ist stärker zugespitzt und stärker abgewinkelt als der Aedeagus von Oulem duftschmidi (Abb. 4). Am deutlichsten ist der Unterschied in der Ausbildung des Flagellums (letzter Abschnitt des Samentransportsystems, liegt innerhalb des Aedeagus). Das Flagellum von Oulema melanopus ist kurz und untersetzt, weniger als fünf mal so breit wie lang (in Abb. 3 links oben). Das Flagellum von Oulema duftschmidi dagegen ist fast doppelt so lang und extrem schlank, etwa 40 mal länger als breit.[1] Die Art kann auch mit Oulema rufocyanea verwechselt werden, dessen Deckflügel gröber punktiert sind und dessen zweites Fühlerglied doppelt so lang wie breit ist. Das fünfte Glied ist nur eineinhalb Mal so lang wie breit.

Vorkommen

Die Art tritt in der Paläarktis auf und ist in Europa nördlich bis in den Süden Norwegens, Zentralschwedens und -finnlands vertreten. Sie ist auf den Britischen Inseln häufig anzutreffen und wurde in Nordamerika eingeschleppt. Sie besiedelt Waldränder, Trockenhänge, Felder und Wiesen sowie Ufer von Bach- und Flussläufen und tritt auch in Städten auf. Pro Jahr wird eine Generation ausgebildet. Die Flugzeit erstreckt sich von April bis Juni. Die neue Generation tritt ab Juli/August auf und überwintert.

Lebensweise

Die Weibchen legen ihre bis zu 200 Eier einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen bevorzugt auf Getreideblättern wie Hafer, Gerste und Weizen, aber auch auf Gräsern wie Knäuelgras ab. Die Larven schlüpfen nach ca. einer Woche. Sie sind mit einem dunklen Schleim überzogen. Die Verpuppung findet 2 bis 5 Zentimeter tief im Erdboden statt.

Natürliche Feinde

Zu den natürlichen Feinden des Rothalsigen Getreidehähnchens gehört der Ei-Larven-Parasitoid Tetrastichus julis aus der Familie Eulophidae.

Belege

Literatur

  • Georg Möller, Reiner Grube, Ekkehard Wachmann: Der Fauna Käferführer I – Käfer im und am Wald. Fauna-Verlag, Nottuln 2006, ISBN 3-935980-25-6.
  • Jiři Zahradnik, Irmgard Jung, Dieter Jung et al.: Käfer Mittel- und Nordwesteuropas. Parey, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-490-27118-1.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Bild auf zookeys.pensoft.net
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Rothalsiges Getreidehähnchen: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Abb. 1: Larve  src= Abb. 2: Halsschild  src= Abb. 3: Aedeagus Oulema melanopus  src= Abb. 4: Aedeagus Oulema duftschmidi

Das Rothalsige Getreidehähnchen (Oulema melanopus, auch Großes Getreidehähnchen oder Grashähnchen genannt) ist ein Käfer aus der Familie der Blattkäfer (Chrysomelidae).

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Cereal leaf beetle

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The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) is a significant crop pest, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

Life history

One generation of this beetle is produced a year. Adults feed before winter and spend most of their overwintering time in protected areas such as wind rows, crop stubble, and tree bark crevices.[1][2][3] Adults mate once the temperature warms to above 9–10 degrees Celsius (or 44.6 degrees F) [1][4] and females have a relatively long laying period (about 45–60 days), when they deposit eggs on the undersides of leaves.[1][2] The larvae hatch in 7–15 days,[3] and start the most damaging eating of the entire lifecycle. These larvae mature in 12–20 days.[3] Larvae are the greatest threat to crops, as they eat the superficial layer of leaves, hindering the leaves' photosynthetic potential.[2][5] According to Kon, Zabik, Webster, and Leavitt, a chemical factor attracts the beetles to leaves, and that chemical factor is directly related to hydrophobicity.[2][6] Pupation occurs in soil, with the adults emerging in 20–25 days,[3][7] ready to start the cycle again.[3][8]

Eggs are cylindrical and round, about 0.9 mm long and 0.4 mm wide. Eggs are often laid along the midvein on the undersides of leaves. They are bright yellow at first and darken over time, and are partially black when the larvae emerge.[1][2][9][10][11]

The larva appears white or yellow, is hump-backed, and has a black head and six small legs. It has a defense mechanism in which it smears excrement on its body to mask its vibrant color and deter predators. This gives it a shiny black appearance, as opposed to yellow or white.[1][2][3][9][10][12]

Adults, on average, are about 5 mm long and have dark-blue wing covers and red legs. Their thoraces range in color from red to orange to reddish brown.[2][3][10][12] The biggest distinction between male and female O. melanopus is the difference in shape of the first abdominal segment. The male's segment is more narrowly rounded and flat or concave, and it is more broadly rounded and convex in the female.[7]

Pupas are rarely seen in fields, as they are dormant at that time. Pupae are about 5 mm in length and are yellow, also darkening with time.[9]

Habitat

O. melanopus is native to Europe and Asia, but it has become much more common in the world.[2][3][9][10] In North America, it was first spotted in Berrien County, Michigan, in 1962.[2][13][14] Since then, it has spread through the Midwest to the East Coast, and is making its way westward.[2] Significant populations are found in Virginia, North Carolina,[3] Utah, Montana, North Dakota,[10] and Missouri and Iowa.[15] Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity drastically affect the O. melanopus population for that year. A cold spring favors the host plant, whereas a warm spring favors the leaf beetle.[16] An increase in the general temperature of the planet may allow O. melanopus to spread into Canada.[17] More recent surveys have shown that O. melanopus has indeed arrived in Canada; in 2006, it was present in 11.1% of fields, and in 2009, in 33.3% of fields in southern Alberta.[18]

Locally, adults spread to the exterior of fields during their overwinter. Larvae tend to stay on the outside of crop fields, but are also found in the center. Local populations are never homogenously distributed, hotspots and empty places occur in each field.[14][19]

Food

O. melanopus consumes nearly all cereal crops, but has a strong affinity for oats, barley, and rye, and its favorite host is wheat.[1][13][20] Alternatives are corn, sorghum, and sudangrass for adults, and wild oats, quackgrass, timothy, canary grass, reed canary grass, annual and perennial ryegrass, foxtail, orchard grass, wild rye, smooth brome, and fescues for the whole lifespan.[5][10][20] The physical symptoms of the plant caused by them are thin, long lines where the upper epidermis of the leaf has been eaten. Since the beetle is migratory when it eats, it is not consistent within a field. In Michigan, entire fields are rarely affected and the situation is most likely the same in the Midwest.[2] A field of plants looks weathered and old, but is never completely destroyed. Damage is usually no more than 40% total.[9]

When a herbivore consumes a plant, it releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Because VOCs are a chemical signal that attract some predators, the female O. melanopus is repelled by the chemicals for her own and the safety of her progeny. Males are deterred, but do not change eating habits.[21][22][23]

To determine the eating habits of O. melanopus, scientists conducted an experiment using different media. They took agar gel infused with pea and barley extracts, and noted the resulting reaction. When used alone, both pea extract, which is not a desired food for the beetle, and barley extract, which is an alternate source, produced a weakening or halting of consumption. A combination of both, however, incited a small feeding response. Most likely, a secondary compound in barley incites an eating response, perhaps when a lack of desired food is present.[6]

Control

Biological solutions

Scientists have had success in labs with a few types of nematode, Steinernema feltiae B30, S. carpocapsae C101, and Hetero-rhabditis bacteriophora D54. Nematodes attack the adults that overwinter in the soil, preventing them from reproducing in the spring. S. carpocapsae C101 was found to be the most effective, and even proved to be an effective alternative to pesticides. Each of the nematodes, however, was sensitive to temperature, implying that some strains would work better than others due to the temperature. Since the spread of O. melanopus is so great, a consistently important factor to consider is the temperature when selecting which strain is the most effective for the desired location.[8]

Also, the hormone secreted by the males attracts the beetles into a trap, where they can be removed from the site.[24]

For the adult individuals, which feed on leaves, a few options exist to control populations. The first is Hyalomyodes triangulifer, a tachinid fly that parasitizes adults of O. melanopus.[10]

Another biological control consists of larval parasites; Diaparsis carnifer, Lemophagus curtis, and Tetrastichus julis are wasps that do this [10] D. carnifer and L. curtis both consume the O. melanopus larvae, and T. julis lays eggs inside of the body of the O. melanopus larvae. Specifically, T. julis does not seem to pose too much risk to the crops themselves, but is extremely effective at dispatching large populations, around 90%.[4][9][10][13][18][25] With all parasitic wasps in general, some experiments are proving that spraying a sugar solution on the fields encourages predators of O. melanopus to grow fast and hearty, so they can better kill off the population in the field.[26]

Anaphes flavipes is an egg parasitoid that lays its eggs inside of the O. melanopus egg, killing it in the process. Effectiveness is around 90%. It is a good control agent because it is hearty and its lifecycle is synchronous with that of O. melanopus, the disadvantage being that it is not host-specific, and can cause other unforeseen deaths in other bugs, disrupting the balance of the ecosystem.[4][9][18]>.

The Coccinellidae ladybug beetles are known to eat the eggs and larvae of O. melanopus, and are effective in some locations.[10]

Other solutions

Even without human intervention, O. melanopus has experienced a decline in the United States due to general weather conditions such as drought or excessive rainfall.[4] In the early days of outbreak in the United States, California experimented with quarantine as the first option. Any material suspected to contain O. melanopus was not allowed into California.[27] O. melanopus populations traveling in hay can be suppressed by compressing the hay into bales.[28]

Genetically modified plants are still another option for control. Meissle et al. found that mortality of O. melanopus on Cry3Bb1 transgenic maize was double that of the wild type. Many transgenic plants seek to change the physical properties of the plant, making adhering eggs a difficult task.[29]

In Europe, where the species is native, scientists have experimented with several pesticides. In one experiment, four pesticides belonging to two groups (organophosphates and pyrethroids) were tested to see their effects on the beetles' numbers. These were tested at several concentrations and mixtures. The chemical Vantex was superior, but the other pesticides were averaging 80% efficiency and were not to be counted out.[19] With many pesticides, farmers must be cautious not to spray too early, because the eggs will not be affected much, and pesticide use may actually increase the numbers of O. melanopus because predators are killed.[9] The optimum time to begin spraying is when about 50% of the eggs have hatched. An alternative is spraying when the adults are laying their eggs, which is also shown to be effective.[9][11][30][31][32]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Berchert, D.M.; Magarey, R.D.; Fowler, G.A. "PEST ASSESSMENT: Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae)" (PDF). www.nappfast.org. NC State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2013-10-06.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k DiFonzo, C. (2009). "Cereal Leaf Beetle". Michigan: Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Herbert Jr., D.A.; Van Duyn, J.W. (2009). "Cereal Leaf Beetle: Biology and Management" (PDF). Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  4. ^ a b c d Blodgett, S.; Tharp, C.I.; Kephart, K. (2004). "Cereal Leaf Beetle" (PDF). Montana State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  5. ^ a b Roberts, D. (2006). "Cereal Leaf Beetle". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
  6. ^ a b Kon, R.T.; Zabik, M.J.; Webster, J.A.; Leavitt, R.A. (1978). "Cereal leaf beetle response to biochemicals from barley and pea seedlings. I. Crude extract, hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 4 (5): 511–522. doi:10.1007/bf00988915. S2CID 39914107.
  7. ^ a b White, R.E. (1993). "A Revision of the Subfamily Criocerinae (Chrysomelidae) of North America North of Mexico". Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  8. ^ a b Laznik, Z.; Toth, T.; Lakatos, T.; Vidrih, M.; Trdan, S. (2009). "Oulema melanopus(L.) (Coleopters: Chrysomelidae) Adults are Susceptible to Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida) Attack: Results From a Laboratory Study". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 117 (1): 30–32. doi:10.1007/BF03356330. S2CID 89385660. Archived from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Philips, C.R.; Herbert, D.A.; Kuhar, T.P.; Reisig, D.D.; Thomason, W.E.; Malone, S. (2011). "Fifty Years of Cereal Leaf Beetle in the U.S.: An Update on Its Biology, Managemente, and Current Research". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 2 (2): 1–5. doi:10.1603/ipm11014.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glogoza, P (2002). "North Dakota Small Grain Insects: Cereal Leaf Beetle" (PDF). North Dakota State University. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  11. ^ a b Hammond, R.B.; Michel, A.; Eisley, J.B. "Cereal Leaf Beetle" (PDF). FACT SHEET Agriculture and Natural Resources. Ohio State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  12. ^ a b Tooker, J. (2009). "Entomological Notes: Cereal Leaf Beetle". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
  13. ^ a b c Olfert, O.; Weiss, R.M.; Woods, S.; Phillip, H.; Dosdall, L. (2004). "Potential distribution and Relative Abundance of an Invasive Cereal Crop Pest, Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Canada". The Canadian Entomologist. 136 (2): 277–287. doi:10.4039/n03-073. S2CID 84220913.
  14. ^ a b Reay-Jones, F.P.F. (2012). "Spatial Analysis of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Wheat". Environmental Entomology. 41 (6): 1516–1526. doi:10.1603/en12103. PMC 4535328. PMID 25843577.
  15. ^ Bailey, W.C.; Carlson, C.E.; Puttler, B.; Stoltenow, C.R. (1991). "Expansion of the Range of the Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Missouri and Iowa". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 64 (4): 455–457. ISSN 0022-8567. JSTOR 25085315.
  16. ^ Gutierrez, A.P.; Denton, W.H.; Shade, R.; Maltby, H.; Burger, T.; Moorehead, G. (1974). "The Within-Field Dynamics of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus (L.)) in Wheat and Oats". Journal of Animal Ecology. 43 (3): 627–640. doi:10.2307/3527. ISSN 0021-8790. JSTOR 3527.
  17. ^ Olfert, O.; Weiss, R.M. (2005). "Impact of Climate Change on Potential Distributions and Relative Abundances of Oulema melanupus, Meligethes viridescens and Ceutorhynchus obstrictus in Canada". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 113 (1–4): 295–301. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.10.017. ISSN 0167-8809.
  18. ^ a b c Dosdall, L.M.; Cárcamo, H.; Olfert, O.; Meers, S.; Hartley, S.; Gavloski, J. (May 2011). "Insect invasions of agroecosystems in the western Canadian prairies: case histories, patterns, and implications for ecosystem function". Biological Invasions. 13 (5): 1135–1149. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-9951-8. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 19577499.
  19. ^ a b Tanaskovic, S.; Madic, M.; Durovic, D.; Knezavic, D.; Vukajlovic., F. (2012). "Susceptibility of Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema Melanopa) in Winter Wheat to Various Foliar Insecticides in Western Serbia Region" (PDF). Romanian Agricultural Research. 29. ISSN 2067-5720. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  20. ^ a b Bieńkowski, A.O. (March 2010). "Feeding behavior of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)". Entomological Review. 90 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1134/S001387381001001X. ISSN 0013-8738. S2CID 30500119.
  21. ^ Delaney, K. J.; Wawrzyniak, M.; Lemanczyk, G.; Wrzesinska, D.; Piesik, D. (May 2013). "Synthetic cis-jasmone exposure induces wheat and barley volatiles that repel the pest cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L". J Chem Ecol. 39 (5): 620–9. doi:10.1007/s10886-013-0281-4. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 23588742. S2CID 386679.
  22. ^ Piesik, D.; Lemnczyk, G.; Skoczek, A.; Lamparski, R.; Bocianowski, J.; Kotwica, K.; Delaney, K. J. (2011). "Fusarium infection in maize: Volatile induction of infected and neighboring uninfected plants has the potential to attract a pest cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (13): 1534–1542. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.032. ISSN 0176-1617. PMID 21492953.
  23. ^ Piesik, D.; Panka, D.; Delaney, K. J.; Skoczek, A.; Lamparski, R.; Weaver, D. K. (2011). "Cereal crop volatile organic compound induction after mechanical injury, beetle herbivory (Oulema spp.), or fungal infection (Fusarium spp.)". Journal of Plant Physiology. 168 (9): 878–886. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.010. ISSN 0176-1617. PMID 21208684.
  24. ^ Rao, S.; Cosse, A.A.; Zilkowski, B.W.; Bartelt, R.J. (2003). "Aggregation Pheromone of the Cereal Leaf Beetle: Field Evaluation and Emission From Males in the Laboratory". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (9): 2165–2175. doi:10.1023/a:1025698821635. PMID 14584683. S2CID 3070476.
  25. ^ Evans, E.W.; Karren, J.B.; Israelsen, C.E. (2006). "Interactions over time between cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and larval parasitoid Tetrastichus julis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Utah". Journal of Economic Entomology. 99 (6): 1967–1973. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-99.6.1967. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 17195661. S2CID 198121977.
  26. ^ Evans, E.W.; Bowling, P.D.; Anderson, M.R. (2010). "Targeted sugar provision promotes parasitism of the cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanopus [electronic resource]". Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 12 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00448.x. ISSN 1461-9555. S2CID 84502564.
  27. ^ California Department of Food and Agriculture (2003). "Cereal Leaf Beetle". California Department of Food and Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  28. ^ Yokoyama, V.Y. (2011). "Approved Quarantine Treatment for Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Large-Size Hay Bales and Hessian Fly and Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Control by Bale Compression". Journal of Economic Entomology. 104 (3): 792–798. doi:10.1603/ec10339. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 21735895. S2CID 6083431.
  29. ^ Meissle, M.; Knecht, S.; Waldburger, M.; Romeis, J. (2012). "Sensitivity of the cereal leaf beetle Oulema melanopus (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) to Bt maize-expressed Cry3Bb1 and Cry1Ab". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 6 (2): 203–211. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9178-8. S2CID 14038361.
  30. ^ Buntin, G.D.; Flanders, K.L.; Slaughter, R.W.; DeLamar, Z.D. (2004). "Damage loss assessment and control of the cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae) in winter wheat". Journal of Economic Entomology. 97 (2): 374–382. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-97.2.374. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 15154458. S2CID 198127325.
  31. ^ Buntin, G.D. (2000). "3" (PDF). In Robert K.D. Peterson and Leon G. Higly (ed.). Biotic Stress and Yield Loss. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 34–52. ISBN 978-0-8493-1145-1.
  32. ^ Ruppel, R.F. (1974). "A Test of Insecticides against the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 47 (3): 412–415. ISSN 0022-8567. JSTOR 25082669.

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Cereal leaf beetle: Brief Summary

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The cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) is a significant crop pest, described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

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Harilik viljakukk ( Estonian )

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Harilik viljakukk (Oulema melanopus) on mardikaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.[1]

Viited

Välislingid

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Harilik viljakukk: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Harilik viljakukk (Oulema melanopus) on mardikaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.

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Viljakukko ( Finnish )

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Viljakukko (Oulema melanopus) on lehtikuoriaisten heimoon kuuluva kovakuoriainen, joka on aikuisena noin 4-5 mm pitkä. Aikuisen viljakukon peitinsiivet ovat sinertävät, jalat ja keskiruumis punaruskea ja pää musta. Viljakukon toukka on lyhyt, paksu, tumma ja limainen. Viljakukko elää kauralla, ohralla, vehnällä, timoteilla, juolavehnällä ja hukkakauralla.

Lämpimän kevään ja kesän yhdistelmä suosii viljakukon lisääntymistä. Kylmä sää, sateet ja leppäpirkot verottavat toisaalta viljakukon toukkakantaa. Biologisessa torjunnassa on ainakin Yhdysvalloissa pyritty käyttämään myös sen luonnollisia vihollisia kuten: Anaphes flavipes, Diaparsis temporalis, Lemophagus curtus ja Tetrastichus julis. Viljakukon torjuntaa voi tarvittaessa käyttää pyretroidipohjaisia valmisteita.

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Viljakukko: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Viljakukko (Oulema melanopus) on lehtikuoriaisten heimoon kuuluva kovakuoriainen, joka on aikuisena noin 4-5 mm pitkä. Aikuisen viljakukon peitinsiivet ovat sinertävät, jalat ja keskiruumis punaruskea ja pää musta. Viljakukon toukka on lyhyt, paksu, tumma ja limainen. Viljakukko elää kauralla, ohralla, vehnällä, timoteilla, juolavehnällä ja hukkakauralla.

Lämpimän kevään ja kesän yhdistelmä suosii viljakukon lisääntymistä. Kylmä sää, sateet ja leppäpirkot verottavat toisaalta viljakukon toukkakantaa. Biologisessa torjunnassa on ainakin Yhdysvalloissa pyritty käyttämään myös sen luonnollisia vihollisia kuten: Anaphes flavipes, Diaparsis temporalis, Lemophagus curtus ja Tetrastichus julis. Viljakukon torjuntaa voi tarvittaessa käyttää pyretroidipohjaisia valmisteita.

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Oulema melanopus ( French )

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Le léma à pieds noirs, Oulema melanopus, est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères phytophages de la famille des Chrysomelidae et de la sous-famille des Criocerinae. Les « pieds » désignent les tarses.

Description

Tête et élytres bleus ou noirs[1]. Longueur du corps : environ 5 mm.

Distribution

Europe, Asie, Afrique du Nord, Amérique du Nord.

Biologie

Le Léma à pieds noirs vit dans l'herbe et les céréales où il peut causer des dégâts quand il abonde. On trouve les adultes d'avril à juillet. Les larves (comme celles d'autres espèces de criocères) se couvrent de leurs excréments pour se protéger d'une partie des prédateurs.

Moyens de lutte

Aux États-Unis l'utilisation d'insecticides n'a pas donné de bons résultats pour l'éradiquer des cultures céréalières ; l'introduction de ses ennemis naturels (petites guêpes parasites des larves ou des œufs et coccinelles prédatrices des larves ou des œufs) a permis de maîtriser sa prolifération.

Notes et références

  1. Michael Chinery, Insectes de France et d'Europe occidentale, Paris, Flammarion, août 2012, 320 p. (ISBN 978-2-08-128823-2), p. 282-283.

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Oulema melanopus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Le léma à pieds noirs, Oulema melanopus, est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères phytophages de la famille des Chrysomelidae et de la sous-famille des Criocerinae. Les « pieds » désignent les tarses.

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Raudonkrūtis smilginukas ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Oulema melanopus
Sinonimai Chrysomela melanopus Linnaeus, 1758 [1]

Raudonkrūtinis lemas (lot. Oulema melanopus, angl. Cereal leaf beetle, rus. Пьявица красногрудая) – lapgraužių (Chrysomelidae) šeimos Oulema genties vabalas. Plačiai sutinkamas visoje Europoje, Šiaurės Afrikoje, Mažojoje Azijoje, Mongolijoje, taip pat introdukuotas Šiaurės Amerikoje. Žemės ūkio kultūrų kenkėjas.[2]

Biologija

Raudonkrūtinio lemo galva ir antenos juodos, krūtinėlė rusvai ruda. Kojos rusvai geltonos, su juodomis letenėlėmis. Vabalo lervos virsta lėliukėmis dirvoje, 2–3 cm gylyje. Lemų vabalai javų lapuose kiaurai išgraužia pailgas kiaurymes. Lervos pažeidžia avižų, miežių, vasarinių ir žieminių kviečių, rugių, kukurūzų, ryžių pasėlius, daugelį pievų ir laukinių varpinių žolių.

Nuotraukos

Šaltiniai

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

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Raudonkrūtis smilginukas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Raudonkrūtinis lemas (lot. Oulema melanopus, angl. Cereal leaf beetle, rus. Пьявица красногрудая) – lapgraužių (Chrysomelidae) šeimos Oulema genties vabalas. Plačiai sutinkamas visoje Europoje, Šiaurės Afrikoje, Mažojoje Azijoje, Mongolijoje, taip pat introdukuotas Šiaurės Amerikoje. Žemės ūkio kultūrų kenkėjas.

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Grasgoudhaantje ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Het grasgoudhaantje (Oulema melanopus) is een keversoort uit de familie bladhaantjes (Chrysomelidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1758 door Linnaeus.[2]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
30-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Vanlig kornbladbille ( Norwegian )

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Vanlig kornbladbille (Oulema melanopus) er en av billene i delgruppen (underfamilien) hornbladbiller i familiegruppen bladbiller. Den er en av tre arter i Norge fra slekten Oulema.

Utbredelse

Vanlig kornbladbille finnes sør i Norge, nesten hele Europa, utenom helt i nord. Den er utbredt på den nordlige halvkule, i Asia og Nord-Amerika.

Utseende og levevis

Vanlig kornbladbille er 4-5,5 mm lang. Dekkvingene er metallisk blå eller grønn, med tydelige punktrekker. Hele brystkjoldet (pronotum) samt beina, unntatt føttene er røde. Hodet er fremstrakt og mørkt. Brystskjoldet mye smalere enn dekkvingene.

Den lever på ulike slags gress, også på ulike slag korn, men er opptrer vanligvis ikke så tallrik at den gjør betydelig skade. Vanlig i Sør-Norge.

Eksterne lenker

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Vanlig kornbladbille: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Vanlig kornbladbille (Oulema melanopus) er en av billene i delgruppen (underfamilien) hornbladbiller i familiegruppen bladbiller. Den er en av tre arter i Norge fra slekten Oulema.

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Oulema melanopus ( Portuguese )

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Oulema melanopus é uma espécie de insetos coleópteros polífagos pertencente à família Chrysomelidae.[1]

A autoridade científica da espécie é Linnaeus, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1758.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.

Referências

  1. «Oulema melanopus» (em inglês). Fauna Europaea. Consultado em 22 de setembro de 2019

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Oulema melanopus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Oulema melanopus é uma espécie de insetos coleópteros polífagos pertencente à família Chrysomelidae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é Linnaeus, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1758.

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.

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Sädesbladbagge ( Swedish )

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Sädesbladbagge (Oulema melanopus) är en skalbagge som tillhör familjen bladbaggar. Den kan uppträda som skadeinsektsädesslag som havre, korn och vete. Både den fullbildade skalbaggen och larven gnager på sädesplantornas blad, men det är larverna som orsakar störst skador och ekonomiska förluster för jordbruket.


Kännetecken

Sädesbladbaggen är 4–5 millimeter lång och har glänsande blågröna täckvingar med tydliga längsgående punktrader. Halsskölden är rödbrun och även skalbaggens ben är rödbruna (undantaget foten, eller tarser, som är mörka). Huvudet och antennerna är mörka. Den fullbildade skalbaggens gnag orsakar långsträckta hål i sädesplantornas blad.

Larven är gulaktig och når i det sista larvstadiet en längd på 5–6 millimeter. Larven har vanan använda sina egna exkrementer för att täckt sin kropp med ett slemmigt hölje. Detta gör att den till utseendet kan påminna mer om en gråsvart snigel än om en skalbaggslarv. Larvernas gnag orsakar långa vitaktiga strimmor på sädesplantornas blad, då larverna inte gnager genom bladet helt som de fullbildade skalbaggarna gör.

Utbredning

Sädesbladbaggen är utbredd på norra halvklotet. Den finns i Europa och i delar av Nordafrika och Asien och har introducerats till Nordamerika.

Levnadssätt

Sädesbladbaggen genomgår fullständig förvandling med de fyra utvecklingsstadierna ägg, larv, puppa och imago. Övervintringen sker som fullbildad insekt och omkring början på maj, eller då dagstemperaturen når upp i minst cirka 10°C, påbörjas flygperioden.

Honan lägger ägg på ovansidan av värdväxtens blad. Förutom de odlade sädesslag som arten är en känd skadegörare på, som havre, korn och vete, kan även flyghavre kvickrot och timotej fungera som värdväxter.

Utvecklingen från ägg till imago påverkas mycket av temperaturen. För en så gynnsam utveckling som möjligt ska temperaturen vara över 20°C. Kyligare temperaturer och regn gör att fler ägg och larver dör. De larver som överlever förpuppar sig i marken. Förpuppningen tar omkring tre veckor.

Förväxlingsrisk

Gnaget som orsakas av sädesbladbaggen liknar gnaget av kornjordloppa och det kan också förväxlas med de skador som orsakas av vissa minerarflugors larver.

Referenser

Externa länkar

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Sädesbladbagge: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Sädesbladbagge (Oulema melanopus) är en skalbagge som tillhör familjen bladbaggar. Den kan uppträda som skadeinsektsädesslag som havre, korn och vete. Både den fullbildade skalbaggen och larven gnager på sädesplantornas blad, men det är larverna som orsakar störst skador och ekonomiska förluster för jordbruket.


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П'явиця червоногруда ( Ukrainian )

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П'явиця червоногруда (Oulema melanopus L.) — шкідник зернових культур поширений в Україні.

Особливості біології

Зимують жуки у ґрунті на глибині 3-5 см, на полях зернових культур або в травостої. Навесні вони виходять наприкінці квітня — на початку травня й розселяються в пошуках кормових рослин. На пшениці жуки прогризають листя, утворюючи видовжені отвори. Самки відкладають яйця на нижньому боці листків ланцюжком уздовж жилок. Період яйцекладки триває понад місяць, а ембріональний розвиток — приблизно два тижні. Личинки шкідника вкриті зеленувато-бурим слизом, який захищає їх від пересихання. Розвиваються вони теж два тижні, виїдаючи м'якоть листка вздовж жилок, а потім заляльковуються в ґрунті на глибині 2-3 см у спеціальній комірці. Через тривалий період льоту й розтягнутий період яйцекладки жуки та личинки пошкоджують рослини від фази кущіння до початку колосіння. Лялечка розвивається близько 14 діб. Молоді жуки виходять на поверхню ґрунту й живляться на рослинах, але більшість їх залишається у ґрунті до весни наступного року. В Україні протягом року розвивається одне покоління.

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П'явиця червоногруда: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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П'явиця червоногруда (Oulema melanopus L.) — шкідник зернових культур поширений в Україні.

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Oulema melanopus ( Vietnamese )

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Oulema melanopus là một loài bọ cánh cứng trong họ Chrysomelidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học năm 1758.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Oulema melanopus

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Oulema melanopus tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về họ côn trùng Chrysomelidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Oulema melanopus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Oulema melanopus là một loài bọ cánh cứng trong họ Chrysomelidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học năm 1758.

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Пьявица красногрудая ( Russian )

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Латинское название Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Синонимы
  • Chrysomela melanopus Linnaeus, 1758

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ITIS 719927 NCBI 294584

Пьявица красногрудая[1] (лат. Oulema melanopus) — вид листоедов (Chrysomelidae) из подсемейства трещалок (Criocerinae), являющийся вредителем сельскохозяйственных культур.[1]

Распространение

Широко распространена во всей Европе, в Северной Африке, Малой Азии и Монголии, а также является интродуцированным видом в Северной Америке. На территории бывшего СССР встречается везде, за исключением Крайнего Севера, зоны пустынь и Дальнего Востока. Также имелись сведения, что пьявица красногрудая обитает и на Дальнем Востоке, вредя плантациям риса, но это оказался другой вид — Oulema oryzae.[1]

Экология

Личинки — вредители, скелетируют листья овса, ячменя, твёрдых сортов яровой и озимой пшеницы, ржи, кукурузы, риса, многих луговых и дикорастущих злаков. Взрослые жуки выгрызают в листьях сквозные продольные отверстия.[1]

Галерея

  • Oulema.melanopus.jpg

Примечания

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Пьявица красногрудая: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Пьявица красногрудая (лат. Oulema melanopus) — вид листоедов (Chrysomelidae) из подсемейства трещалок (Criocerinae), являющийся вредителем сельскохозяйственных культур.

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