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Look Alikes

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How to Distinguish from Similar Species: This species is the only one in this area with a very tall, arched, beaklike, recurved apex and a brown periostracum
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Habitat

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Rocky coast, mainly on Tegula funebralis shells
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Habitat

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Depth Range: Mid to low intertidal
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Comprehensive Description

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This species is cap-shaped with an apex nearly as tall or taller than the shell is wide. The apex is prominent and usually arched, beaklike. The periostracum is dark brown. The inside contains a white shelf or septum. In this species the shelf is on the posterior end, as is the recurved apex. The species grows to about 2.5 cm long.
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Comprehensive Description

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Biology/Natural History: This filter-feeding species specializes in living on Tegula funebralis, Calliostoma ligatum, and Searlesia dira shells. It is a protandric hermaphrodite. A newly settled individual is male. As the individual grows another individual may settle on its shell, and the bottom individual becomes female. This species broods its eggs, which have direct development. The eggs are kept in capsules under the mother's shell. When the young are ready for release the mother lifts her shell 1-3 mm above the substrate and pushes them out with her head. Newly liberated young are like small adults, 1.9 mm long. They usually fall off the Tegula shell and grow to about 4 mm before they find another host. A related species, Crepidula fornicata, is native to the Atlantic but has been introduced to a few areas in the Northwest with oysters.
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Distribution

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Geographical Range: Queen Charlotte Islands to Punta Santo Tomas, Baja California
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Crepidula adunca

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Crepidula adunca, common name the "hooked slippersnail" is a species of sea snail or "slipper snail", a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup-and-saucer snails.

Distribution

This species occurs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, from Canada to Baja California, Mexico. Crepidula is usually found in semi-permanent stacks of 2 Crepidula adunca individuals (usually more females than males). They do not reproduce well in the mid-intertidal zone, (20-30 meters).[1] They live in epizootic associations, where the adults are inactive and the C. adunca’s shell grows to fit the shape of its host's shell. Mobile juveniles must choose long-term hosts, other animals, that minimize their chances of death.[2] However, they cannot voluntarily remove themselves from their host once they reach a certain size.[2] They prefer warm weather, and climate change has caused increase in population of C. adunca.[3]

Characteristics

The Crepidula adunca is a mollusk that relies on suspension feeding (filters food out of the water) and are hermaphrodites that brood their young. They live in long-term epizootic associations. Females are usually larger than males. C. adunca have dense patches of cilia around the mouth, near the head, located on the side between the tentacles, and on the foot, which develops before anything else. There can be a size overlap between males and females of stacking species (and non-stacking). A stacking species is when the organisms attach to one another creating a stack of them. The young are kept in capsules in the mantle cavity (where other organs are kept) of the parent. The mollusks leave the parent when they are adult size and have all organs except for the reproductive organs.[4] When they are young, they experience a male phase, and later in life change into a female phase, a process known as sequential hermaphroditism.[5] It was disproved, with C. adunca, that males in solitary and males surrounded by females sex change at different time, instead there is little difference.[1]

Reproduction

The longer the female the greater average of gamete abundance. Females typically reproduce the same amount of eggs in a capsule no matter where they are in development. C. adunca embryos are born as crawling juveniles.[1] Development for embryos happens in capsules. C. adunca reproduce in eggs, where multiple eggs are contained in capsules.[1] Growth and development in the capsules happens at the same time at the same speed.

Before all the features, the eyes are developed and seen first, then kidney cells are formed near the side of the ciliated mouth.[1] C. adunca juveniles are able to filter feed right after birth.[1] The C. adunca hatchling develops multiple embryonic kidneys, where other Crepidula only develop one, meaning it is a direct developer and also cannot develop the operculum.[1] For Crepidula species, the phallus of the organism usually becomes reaches full size when there is enough sperm to fill the spermatic vesicles, then it begins to outgrow its juvenile shell. However C. adunca is an exception, where the phallus immediately begins growth at the time of hatching.[5] C. adunca broods to reproduce, all year. It does not differ between stacking and non stacking females. C. adunca are oviparous, meaning they develop in eggs. In the beginning of mitosis (the first two cell divisions) a polar lobe forms, which takes roughly 42 hours. Once the cells are clear and the head and foot of the mollusc are not fully developed, a shell begins to grow over the embryo.[1] The shell develops color pigments before it fully grown. C. adunca hatch when all the yolk has been absorbed. Development of the C. adunca in the eggs takes around four months. When hatched, the gills and radula are fully grown, and no longer need to develop; the only signs of larvae growth are the embryonic kidneys and head vesicle grown in the eggs. The shell is not yet fully developed into an adult size, but is bilaterally proportional to the new hatchling.[1]

Nervous system

The Crepidula adunca nervous system begins at the neck.[4] There are two main nerves in the head, that give rise to other nerves. The pedal ganglia (supplies nerves to the foot of the snail) gives rise to four other nerves leading to the foot and back to the neck. The visceral loop is made up of three different types of ganglia - the sub-intestinal, the supra-intestinal and the visceral.[4] The visceral loop has a nerve in the mantle of the C. adunca, which goes to the back of the head when it is contracted.[4] After the foot begins growth, a tentacle begins to form. Finally, when the yolk in egg is absorbed, the embryo flattens and the nervous system finalizes, meaning the C. adunca is ready to hatch.[4]

Nutrition

Because C. adunca filter feeds, it uses cilia to bring the small organisms over its gills where it filters out the bacteria from the water using mucus made by the gill cells. Once caught by the mucus, the cilia, known as ciliary action, carries the organisms to the mouth along the dorsal surface. The organisms that C. adunca filters for are diatoms, dinoflagellates, phytoplankton, bacteria, etc.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Collin, Rachel (2000). "Sex change, reproduction, and development of Crepidula adunca and Crepidula lingulata (Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae)". The Veliger. 43 (1): 24–33.
  2. ^ a b Herstoff, Emily M.; Iyengar, Erika V. (September 2011). "Individuals of Crepidula adunca (Mollusca, Gastropoda) avoid shared doom through host specificity". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 406 (1–2): 79–86. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.06.007.
  3. ^ Barry, J. P.; Baxter, C. H.; Sagarin, R. D.; Gilman, S. E. (3 February 1995). "Climate-Related, Long-Term Faunal Changes in a California Rocky Intertidal Community". Science. 267 (5198): 672–675. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..672B. doi:10.1126/science.267.5198.672. PMID 17745845.
  4. ^ a b c d e Heath, Harold (1916). "The Nervous System of Crepidula adunca and Its Development". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 68 (3): 479–485. JSTOR 4063706.
  5. ^ a b c Coe, Wesley R. (1948). "Nutrition and Sexuality in Protandric Gastropods of the Genus Crepidula". Biological Bulletin. 94 (2): 158–160. doi:10.2307/1538352. JSTOR 1538352.
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Crepidula adunca: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Crepidula adunca, common name the "hooked slippersnail" is a species of sea snail or "slipper snail", a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails and cup-and-saucer snails.

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Crepidula adunca ( French )

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Crepidula adunca est une espèce d'escargot de mer de l'Est du Pacifique, (un mollusque gastéropode) appartenant à la famille des Calyptraeidae.

Distribution

Cette espèce est présente dans l'océan Pacifique oriental, du Canada à la Péninsule de Basse-Californie au Mexique.

Elle préfère la chaleur ; le changement climatique en cours a entraîné une augmentation de sa population[1].

Caractéristiques

Crepidula adunca se nourrit par microphagie suspensivore, en filtrant l'eau qui passe à sa portée grâce à des plaques denses de cils autour de la bouche, près de la tête, située sur le côté entre les tentacules, et sur le pied, qui se développe avant tout le reste.

L'espèce forme généralement des piles semi-permanentes (généralement plus de femelles que de mâles)[2]. Les femelles sont plus grandes que les mâles, avec éventuellement un chevauchement de taille.

C. adunca est hermaphrodite : les jeunes sont d'abord mâles et deviennent plus tard femelles, un processus connu sous le nom d'hermaphrodisme séquentiel[3]. Ils couvent leurs petits dans des capsules dans la cavité du manteau. Les jeunes quittent le parent lorsqu'ils sont de taille adulte et ont tous les organes à l'exception des organes reproducteurs[4].

C. adunca forme des associations épizootiques avec d'autres espèces de mollusques, les adultes restant immobiles et leur coquille se développant pour épouser la forme de celle de leur hôte. Les juvéniles mobiles doivent choisir des hôtes à long terme qui minimisent leurs chances de mort[5]. Une fois qu'ils ont atteint une certaine taille, ils ne peuvent plus quitter volontairement cet hôte.

Reproduction

C. adunca se reproduit toute l'année. Les femelles produisent généralement la même quantité d'œufs par capsule, quel que soit leur âge. Les embryons de C. adunca naissent sous forme de juvéniles rampants[2]. Ils se développement dans les capsules du manteau. La croissance et le développement dans les différentes capsules se produisent en même temps à la même vitesse.

Au début de la mitose (les deux premières divisions cellulaires), un lobe polaire se forme, ce qui prend environ 42 heures. Les yeux apparaissent les premiers, puis des cellules rénales se forment près de la bouche ciliée[2]. Avant que la tête et le pied du mollusque soient complètement développés, une coquille commence à se développer sur l'embryon. Cette coquille développe des pigments colorés avant sa pleine croissance. Les œufs éclosent lorsque tout le jaune a été absorbé, au bout d'environ quatre mois. Au moment de l'éclosion, les branchies et la radula sont complètement développées et n'ont plus besoin de se développer ; les seuls signes de croissance des larves sont les reins embryonnaires et la vésicule de la tête. La coquille n'est pas encore complètement développée, mais elle est proportionnelle à la taille du nouveau-né. . Les juvéniles de C. adunca sont capables de filtrer leurs aliments juste après leur naissance. Ils développent plusieurs reins embryonnaires, là où d'autres espèces de Crepidula n'en développent qu'un.

Pour les espèces du genre Crepidula, le phallus atteint généralement sa taille maximale lorsqu'il y a suffisamment de spermatozoïdes pour remplir les vésicules spermatiques, puis il commence à dépasser la coquille juvénile. C. adunca est cependant une exception, car le phallus commence immédiatement sa croissance au moment de l'éclosion[3]

Nutrition

C. adunca se nourrit par microphagie suspensivore, en utilisant des cils pour amener les petits organismes en suspension dans l'eau sur ses branchies, où ils sont collés par le mucus fabriqué par les cellules branchiales. Le mucus est ensuite transporté par les cils jusqu'à la bouche le long de la surface dorsale. C. adunca filtre les diatomées, les dinoflagellés, le phytoplancton, les bactéries, etc[3].

Références

  1. (en) Barry, Baxter, Sagarin et Gilman, « Climate-Related, Long-Term Faunal Changes in a California Rocky Intertidal Community », Science, vol. 267, no 5198,‎ 3 février 1995, p. 672–675 (PMID , DOI , Bibcode )
  2. a b et c (en) Collin, « Sex change, reproduction, and development of Crepidula adunca and Crepidula lingulata (Gastropoda : Calyptraeidae) », The Veliger, vol. 43, no 1,‎ 2000, p. 24–33 (lire en ligne)
  3. a b et c (en) Coe, « Nutrition and Sexuality in Protandric Gastropods of the Genus Crepidula », Biological Bulletin, vol. 94, no 2,‎ 1948, p. 158–160 (DOI , JSTOR )
  4. (en) Heath, « The Nervous System of Crepidula adunca and Its Development », Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 68, no 3,‎ 1916, p. 479–485 (JSTOR )
  5. (en) Herstoff et Iyengar, « Individuals of Crepidula adunca (Mollusca, Gastropoda) avoid shared doom through host specificity », Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 406, nos 1–2,‎ septembre 2011, p. 79–86 (DOI )
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Crepidula adunca: Brief Summary ( French )

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Crepidula adunca est une espèce d'escargot de mer de l'Est du Pacifique, (un mollusque gastéropode) appartenant à la famille des Calyptraeidae.

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Crepidula adunca ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Crepidula adunca is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Calyptraeidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1825 door George Brettingham Sowerby I.[2]

De slak leeft commensaal op de schelp van andere slakken, vooral van Tegula funebralis. Er is geen vrijzwemmende larvefase; de jongen worden door het wijfje uitgebroed terwijl ze aan de schelp hangt, en kruipen onder haar vandaan of worden door haar weggeduwd. Ze vallen naar de bodem en zijn daarna erg mobiel; pas als ze ouder worden zullen ze zich aan een T. funebralis aanhechten.[3]

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Geplaatst op:
09-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Crepidula adunca ( Vietnamese )

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Crepidula adunca, common name the "hooked slippersnail" là một loài ốc biển hoặc "slipper snail", là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Calyptraeidae.

Phân bố

Loài này thường gặp ở miền đông Thái Bình Dương Ocean, from Canada to Baja California, Mexico.

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Bài viết liên quan nhánh ốc Caenogastropoda này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Crepidula adunca: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Crepidula adunca, common name the "hooked slippersnail" là một loài ốc biển hoặc "slipper snail", là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Calyptraeidae.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Kachemak Bay, Alaska, south to Cambria, San Luis Obispo County, California. Some museum shells suggest possible occurrence to northern Baja California. Intertidal to 20 m.

Reference

Collin R. (2019). Calyptraeidae from the northeast Pacific (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda). Zoosymposia. 13: 107-130.

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Bouchet, Philippe, P.