“PARELEDONE CHARCOTI (JOUBIN, 1905)
(FIGS 1A–G, 9A, 10A, 11A, TABLE1)
Eledone charcoti Joubin, 1905: 22, pl. 3, figs 1, 2.
Not Eledone charcoti– Joubin, 1914: 35, figs 1, 2. –Odhner, 1923: 6.
Not Graneledone charcoti– Robson, 1930: 388.
Moschites charcoti– Hoyle, 1912: 279, text-figs 6, 7
Not Moschites charcoti–Massy, 1916: 151, figs 12-21.
Not Moschites aurorae Berry, 1917: 20, pl. 12, fig. 9, pl. 13, figs 10-12, text-figs 14-20.
Pareledone charcoti– Kühl, 1988: 90 [in part]. –Allcock & Piertney, 2002: 129, fig. 2.-Piatkowski, Allcock & Vecchione, 2003.
Not Pareledone charcoti – Lu & Stranks, 1994: 224–226, figs 2, 9e-h. – Okutani, 1986: 279, pl. 3. – Piatkowski et al., 1998: 43. – Allcock, 1997: 92, pl. 4: 10. –Allcocket al., 2001: 835.
Pareledone cf. charcoti type 2– Piatkowski et al., 1998:43.
Pareledone sp. 16 – Allcock, 1997: 125, fig. 4.8, pl. 4.17.
Material examined
Lectotype: MNHN 5.7.1095, Ile Wandel, 65º05’S, on the shore, coll. ‘Charcot’ Antarctic Expedition, 3.ix.1904: 1♀ submature 32 mm ML.
Other material: NMSZ 2002037.044, RV Polarstern, stn 61/051–1, 31.i.2002, 61º12’S, 54º50’W, 62–94 m: 1♀ immature [31] mm ML, 8♂ mature 30 [38], 37 [38], 36 [39], 36 [40], 42 [42], 37 [44], 37 [45], 36 [47] mm ML, 1♀ submature 33 [37] mm ML, 1♀ mature 43 [54] mm ML.
Material examined found to be misidentified as P. charcoti
MNHN 5.7.1094, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, 418 m. BMNH 1919.12.30.5, 1919.12.30.29–45, Terra Nova Stn 338, McMurdo Sound, 379 m. BMNH 1919.12.30.18, Terra Nova Stn 194, off Oates Land, 329–366 m. BMNH 1919.12.30.2–4, Terra Nova Stn 294, Ross Sea, 289 m. BMNH 1919.12.30.17, Terra Nova Stn 42, off Rio de Janeiro, 73 m. BMNH 1919.12.30.1, Terra Nova Stn 349, McMurdo Sound, 146 m. BMNH 1951.4.26.5–17, Discovery, various stns, South Georgia. NMV F22851, ANARE, Mawson Station, ‘shallow water’. NMV F65691, ANARE, Fram Bank, 256 m.
Comparative material examined
Moschites aurorae Berry, 1917, holotype [AM C40891], Mawson Antarctic Expedition stn 8, off Queen Mary Land, 66º08’S, 94º17’E, 219 m.
Pareledone framensis Lu & Stranks, 1994, paratype [NMV F65667], RV Aurora australis stn AA91-100, off MacRobertson Land, 67º27.35’S, 68º50.34’E, 145–150 m.
Pareledone prydzensis Lu & Stranks, 1994, paratype [NMV F65625], RV Aurora australis stn AA91-89 (2), off Amery Iceshelf, 66º47’S, 72º36’W, 526–532 m.
Eledone turqueti Joubin, 1905, lectotype [MNHN 5.7.1089], ‘Charcot’ Antarctic Expedition, Ile Wandel, 65º05’S, 25 m.
Moschites harrissoni Berry, 1917, holotype [AM C40892], Mawson Antarctic Expedition stn 10, off Shackleton Glacier, 65º06’S, 96º13’E, 494–595 m.
Moschites antarcticus Thiele, 1920; lectotype [ZMB Moll 110001a], Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, 66º47’S, 89º20’E, 385 m.
Moschites adelieana Berry, 1917, holotype [AM C40889], Mawson Antarctic Expedition stn 2, off Mertz Glacier, Adelieland, 66º55’S, 145º21’E, 450–549 m.
Graneledone polymorpha Robson, 1930, holotype (BMNH 1951.4.26.26], Discovery Expedition stn 42, South Georgia, 120–204 m.
Diagnosis
Papillae are irregularly shaped and flat topped. They stop abruptly at the lateral fold. There is a single supraocular papilla over each eye. There are no other enlarged papillae. The ventral mantle is creamy white. The hectocotylized arm bears 26–28 suckers.
Redescription
Based on specimens detailed in Table 1. Animals small, ML to 43 mm, TL to 118 mm (Fig. 1A). Mantle approximately spherical (MWI 98.5 ± 5.1), head narrower than mantle (HWI 71.0 ± 2.2). Web deep (WDI 38.0 ± 4.4), web formula approximately C = D.B.E.A. Funnel medium-sized (FuLI 45.7 ± 3.6), gently tapered; funnel organ W- or V-shaped. Gills with 7–9 lamellae per demibranch. Arms short (MAI 56.1 ± 5.3). Arm lengths subequal, arm order usually 3 = 4.2.1 (ALI L1151.9 ± 8.5; L2169.4 ± 11.3; L3179.0 ± 16.3; L4179.6 ± 16.3). Suckers uniserial, medium-sized (ASI 10.3 ± 1.2), without sucker enlargement. Third right arm of males hectocotylized, usually shorter than opposite number (OAI 90.9 ± 3.9). Ligula moderate to large (LLI 11.4 ± 0.8); ligula groove long, well-marked and shallow, without marked transverse ridges (Fig. 1B). Calamus distinct and large to very large (CaLI 50.3 ± 7.1). Hectocotylized arm with 26–28 suckers, opposite arm with up to 42 suckers. Male reproductive system (Fig. 1F) with markedly long Needham’s sac storing up to 5 spermatophores. Penis large, penis diverticulum coiled. Spermatophores (Fig. 1G) long (SpLI 150.8 ± 7.2) and slender.
Female reproductive system (Fig. 1H) consists of ovary containing up to 80 eggs, paired oviducts with large dark oviducal glands. Eggs with approximately 16 follicular folds (Fig. 1I). Mature ovarian eggs large (> 10 mm). Digestive system with buccal mass approximately equal in size to posterior salivary glands (Fig. 1D). Anterior salivary glands small and closely associated with buccal mass. Short oesophagus leads into crop; crop with diverticulum. Stomach leads into coiled caecum. Anus winds around right hand side of digestive gland. Ink sac present. Anal flaps present. Beak is unremarkable (Fig. 1E), with rostral tip of lower beak rounded. Radula with nine elements, rachidian multicuspid (Fig. 10A).
Papillae are simple but irregularly shaped with a raised flat top (Fig. 9A). They cover the entire dorsal surface but stop abruptly at the lateral fold (Fig. 1C). The lateral fold is marked anteriorly (towards the pallial aperture) by a slightly raised ridge, itself sometimes marked by the presence of leucophores. Posteriorly there is no distinct division between the dorsal and ventral mantle surfaces, except the abrupt cessation of the papillae. Chromatophores continue beyond the lateral fold onto the surface of the ventral mantle, but here they are much sparser. The centre of the ventral mantle is a creamy white colour with no evidence of chromatophores. There is an enlarged supraocular papilla. There are no other enlarged papillae on the dorsal mantle surface. A freshly dead specimen usually has a dark pink/pale brown hue. Live specimens (Fig. 11A) vary greatly in colour and may flush red when disturbed. There is often a rhomboid of paler marking on the dorsal mantle extending from between the eyes to the posterior mantle. Leucophores may be present on the head region between the eyes.
Type locality
Antarctic Peninsula. Booth-Wandel Island [65º05’S, 63º55’W]. Shore. Expedition Antarctique Française. 3 September 1904.
Distribution
Off Graham Land [65º05’S, 63º55’W] in rock pool (Joubin, 1905); South Shetland Islands, 60º50’-63º00’S, 54º44’-61º49’W, 48–392 m (this study); South Orkney Islands, 60º43’S, 44º38’W, 16–18 m (Hoyle, 1912).
Etymology
Named after Dr Charcot, leader of the Expedition Antarctique Française.
Remarks
Many of the putative specimens of Pareledone charcoti examined were revealed to be misidentified. In this study, 75% of specimens were found in waters shallower than 120 m (Fig. 12). Many of the misidentified specimens were from far deeper waters. Others were from outside the established range of the genus, e.g. BMNH 1919.12.30.1 from off Rio de Janeiro, or from Antarctic regions such as South Georgia where P. charcoti is known to be absent (see Yau et al., 2002) e.g. BMNH 1951.4.26.5–17, Robson’s series of P. charcoti which have been re-identified as P. turqueti.
The most significant specimen found to be misidentified is MNHN5.7.1094 referred to in Joubin’s (1914) paper. Although this specimen is in poor condition it clearly has simple round papillae and cannot, under the new diagnosis of P. charcoti, be assigned to this species.”
Table 1. Raw measurements from specimens of Pareledone charcoti used in redescription. All measurements in mm. Abbreviations: m/l, medial/lateral; l/r, left/fight; d/damaged
Status
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Repository
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
NMSZ
BMNH
Catalogue number
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
2002037.044
1996195
Sex
♂
♂
♀
♂
♂
♂
♂
♂
♂
♀
♂
Maturity
mature
mature
submature
mature
mature
mature
mature
mature
mature
mature
mature
Total length
115
118
93
113
114
97
114
86
112
117
100
Mantle length (dorsal
42
36
33
37
37
36
37
30
36
43
35
Mantle length (ventral)
41
33
31
35
32
30
35
27
29
37
27
Mantle width
39
36
34
39
36
32
36
30
36
45
33
Head width
29
26
24
26
26
25
26
22
27
29
25
Pallial aperture
26
24
22
26
26
22
24
20
26
27
24
Full funnel length
18
18
16
19
17
15
18
13
16
20
14
Free funnel length
7
7
8
8
6
7
8
5
7
11
10
Funnel organ length (m/l)
11/11
11/11
11/11
12/11
11/11
11/11
12/11
10/10
11/11
14/14
11/10
Funnel organ shape
w
w
w
w
w
v
v
v
w
v
v
Web depth sector A
18
15
16
20
16
13
13
14
14
17
17
Web depth sector B (l/r)
24/21
20/19
20/22
21/20
19/20
18/18
20/20
17/17
19/19
24/22
19/18
Web depth sector C (l/r)
28/26
21/20
23/22
23/25
25/27
22/23
24/25
18/20
24/17
27/28
21/21
Web depth sector D (l/r)
24/26
21/21
26/22
25/24
26/26
22/22
23/23
28/19
21/22
29/28
21/21
Web depth sector E
18
16
21
20
21
18
18
15
15
27
17
Arm length L1
66
55
51
60
56
52
d
42
60
62
51
Arm length L2
71
d
54
63
64
55
62
47
70
74
61
Arm length L3
76
d
d
66
72
54
65
48
73
81
63
Arm length Hc
64
56
59
67
52
59
45
65
60
Arm length L4
75
d
60
64
70
57
63
47
76
80
67
Sucker count Hc
26
28
26
27
26
26
26
27
27
Sucker count L3
36
d
d
37
39
36
36
37
39
42
36
Sucker diameter
4
4
4
4
3.5
3
4
3
4
5
3
Arm width
7
7
6
6
7.5
6.5
6.5
5
7
8.5
5
Ligula length
7
6
6
7.5
6
7.5
5.5
7.5
5
Calamus length
3
3
3.5
4.5
3
3.5
3
3
2
Gill lamellae: inner (l/r)
8/8
9/9
9/9
9/9
8/8
7/8
7/7
8/8
8/8
8/8
8/7
Gill lamellae: outer (l/r)
7/7
8/8
8/8
8/8
8/8
7/8
7/7
8/8
8/8
7/7
8/7
Gill length (l/r)
11/11
10/10
10/9
11/11
11/8
9/10
10/10
10/9
10/10
8/9
10/10
Gamete length
61
51
55
60
57
55
13
Gamete width
3
3
3
3.3
3
3
4
(Allcock, 2005: 77-81)
