Chloridoideae articles - Encyclopedia of Life

Chloridoideae

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Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae.^[1] The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) or goosegrass (Eleusine indica), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and teff (Eragrostis tef).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica, most of the subfamily's species use the C₄ photosynthetic pathway. The first evolutionary transition from C₃ to C₄ photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene.^[2]

Phylogeny

Relationships of tribes in the Chloridoideae according to a 2017 phylogenetic classification, also showing the Danthonioideae as sister group:^[3]

Chloridoideae

The following genera have not been assigned to a tribe:^[3]

References

^ Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 53 (2): 117–137. doi:10.1111/jse.12150. ISSN 1674-4918.
^ Christin, Pascal-Antoine; Besnard, Guillaume; Samaritani, Emanuela; Duvall, Melvin R.; Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Savolainen, Vincent; Salamin, Nicolas (2008). "Oligocene CO₂ Decline Promoted C₄ Photosynthesis in Grasses". Current Biology. 18 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.058. hdl:2262/82791. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 18160293.
^ ^a ^b Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 55 (4): 259–290. doi:10.1111/jse.12262. ISSN 1674-4918.

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Chloridoideae: Brief Summary

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Chloridoideae is one of the largest subfamilies of grasses, with roughly 150 genera and 1,600 species, mainly found in arid tropical or subtropical grasslands. Within the PACMAD clade, their sister group is the Danthonioideae. The subfamily includes widespread weeds such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) or goosegrass (Eleusine indica), but also millet species grown in some tropical regions, namely finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and teff (Eragrostis tef).

With the exception of some species in Ellisochloa and Eleusine indica, most of the subfamily's species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway. The first evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the grasses probably occurred in this subfamily, around 32 to 25 million years ago in the Oligocene.

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Chloridoideae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chloridoideae es una subfamilia de plantas gramíneas.

Morfología

Se trata de plantas herbáceas, con hojas provistas de pelos globosos y lígula pilosa. Presentan a menudo espiguillas comprimidas lateralmente y reunidas en racimos subespiciformes y unilaterales, con una o numerosas flores, cada una de ellas generalmente con dos lodículas carnosas, tres estambres y dos estigmas.

Inflorescencias de Eragrostis tef, una cloridoidea.

Los integrantes de las cloridoideas presentan espiguillas que se desarticulan por encima de las glumas y poseen pelos bicelulares distintivos en la epidermis de las hojas. No obstante, este último carácter puede ser una sinapomorfía de solo un subgrupo del clado. Todo el clado salvo dos especies muestra fotosíntesis por la vía del C₄. Los números cromosómicos básicos prevalecientes en la subfamilia son x=9 y x=19, aunque existen géneros con x=7 y 8. La subfamilia se desarrolla mejor en regiones tropicales áridas y semiáridas, donde se supone que la fotosíntesis C₄ es ventajosa. Los centros de distribución ubicados en África y Australia sugieren un origen en el Hemisferio Norte. Algunos géneros importantes son Eragrostis (350 especies), Muhlenbergia (160 especies), Sporobolus (160 especies), Chloris (55 especies), Spartina (15 especies), y Eustachys (10 especies), los primeros 3 géneros mencionados aparentemente son polifiléticos.

Sinonimia: Chloridaceae (Berchtold & J. Presl) Herter, Eragrostidaceae (Stapf) Herter, Pappophoraceae (Kunth) Herter, Spartinaceae Burnett, Sporobolaceae Herter

Tiene las siguientes tribus [1]: Cynodonteae - Eragrostideae - Leptureae - Orcuttieae - Pappophoreae