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Pan-Carnivora

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Ferae (/ˈfɪər/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals[4][5] that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora and Pholidotamorpha. The Ferae is a sister group to the clade Pan-Euungulata and together they make grandorder Ferungulata.

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

Traditional classification: Revised classification:
  • Clade: Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Order: Carnivora (Bowdich, 1821) (carnivorans)
    • Order: Cimolesta (McKenna, 1975)
      [a group with pangolins as its members at that time]
    • Order: †Creodonta (Cope, 1875) (false carnivorans)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of mirorder Ferae are shown in the following cladogram, reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters, as well as the fossil record.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

Laurasiatheria

Eulipotyphla Erinaceus europaeus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

Scrotifera

Apo-Chiroptera Braunes Langohr (Plectus auritus).jpg

"Wyonycteris" microtis

Eosoricodontidae

?

Acmeodon

Ferungulata

Pantodonta Barylambda NT small.jpg

Tillodontia

Deltatheriidae

Pan-Euungulata Equus quagga (white background).jpg

Ferae Pholidotamorpha

Pholidota (sensu stricto) Pangolin Hardwicke (white background).jpg

Palaeanodonta Metacheiromys DB152-2.jpg

(Pholidota [sensu lato])
Pan-CarnivoraOxyaenodonta

Oxyaenidae Patriofelis ferox by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png

Carnivoramorpha (Carnivora [sensu lato]) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

Hyaenodonta

Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto) Hyaenodon horridus by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg

?

Wyolestidae

?

Simidectes

Altacreodus

Tinerhodon

Altacreodus/Tinerhodon clade sensu lato

Position of pangolins

Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, and sloths), forming to the polyphyletic group Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique[16] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences[17][18][19] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans. Living pangolins and carnivorans also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.[20] The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.[21]

Sister groups to Ferae

According to recent studies (reflected in the diagram below), the closest living relatives of Ferae are members of mirorder Euungulata (group of mammals which includes order Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla).[22][23]

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relatives to the Ferae are the Perissodactyla and Chiroptera (bats), not Artiodactyla.[24] Ferae together with Perissodactyla has been called Zooamata. Ferae, Perissodactyla, and Chiroptera together has been called Pegasoferae. Subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support the proposal.[25][26][27][28][29]

Fossil members

Position of creodonts

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to Carnivora.[4] Diagnostic traits shared by creodonts and carnivorans include the presence of carnassial teeth.[30] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).[31] However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives). They are split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives (Altacreodus and Tinerhodon) on the other.[9][10][11][12][15]

Alternative classification and possible members

In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene mammals have been proposed to be possible members to Ferae, like members of orders Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Oxyclaenidae, Palaeoryctidae, Pantolestidae, Pentacodontidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae.[31] In addition various "hoofed mammals" like the mesonychians and arctocyonids (usually considered as a stem-artiodactyls[32]) also placed in this group. Mesonychians are placed as the sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids are polyphyletic with Arctocyon and Loxolophus sister to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, most other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctidans.[31] This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to Chiroptera,[31] even though recent studies despute this classification.[13][14]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. pp. 33–43
  3. ^ Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K. P.; Wayne, R. K.; Springer, M. S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 225–240. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0. PMID 12878460.
  4. ^ a b McKenna, M. C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, W. P.; Szalay, F. S. (eds.). Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46.
  5. ^ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Ferae
  6. ^ O’Leary, M. A., Bloch JI, Flynn, J. J., Gaudin, T. J., Giallombardo, A., Giannini, N. P., Goldber, S. L, Kraatz, B. P., Luo, Z-X, Jin Meng, Xijun Ni, Novacek, M. J., Perini, F. A., Randall, Z. S., Rougier, G. W., Sargis, E. J., Silcox, M. T., Simmons, N. B., Spaulding, M. Velazco, P. M., Weksler, M., Wible, J. R. Cirranello, A. L. (2013.) "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals." Science 339:6120:662-667.
  7. ^ Burger, Benjamin J. (15 October 2015). The Systematic Position of the Saber-Toothed and Horned Giants of the Eocene: The Uintatheres (Order Dinocerata) (PDF). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 75th Annual Meeting. Dallas. Retrieved 20 February 2020. Conference abstract (p. 99) Archived 24 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Explanation and conclusions: on YouTube.
  8. ^ Orliac, M. J.; o'Leary, M. A. (2016). "The inner ear of Protungulatum (Pan-Euungulata, Mammalia)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 23 (4): 337–352. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9327-z. S2CID 33676627.
  9. ^ a b Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  10. ^ a b Solé, Floréal; Ladevèze, Sandrine (2017). "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria,Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars". Evolution & Development. 19 (2): 56–68. doi:10.1111/ede.12219. PMID 28181377. S2CID 46774007.
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  12. ^ a b Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  13. ^ a b Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)
  14. ^ a b Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157
  15. ^ a b Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. S2CID 219585388.
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  17. ^ Shoshani, Jeheskel; Goodman, Morris; Czelusniak, John; Braunitzer, Gerhard (1985). Luckett, W. Patrick; Hartenberger, Jean-Louis (eds.). "A Phylogeny of Rodentia and Other Eutherian Orders: Parsimony Analysis Utilizing Amino Acid Sequences of Alpha and Beta Hemoglobin Chains". Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents. NATO Advanced Science Institutes (ASI) Series. Boston, MA: Springer US: 191–210. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0539-0_7. ISBN 978-1-4899-0539-0.
  18. ^ Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Kao, Diana J.; DeBry, Ronald W.; Adkins, Ronald; Amrine, Heather M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; de Jong, Wilfried W.; Springer, Mark S. (2001). "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 610–614. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..610M. doi:10.1038/35054544. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11214318. S2CID 4398233.
  19. ^ Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, et al. (14 December 2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". Science. 294 (5550): 2348–2351. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200. S2CID 34367609.
  20. ^ Gaudin, Timothy J.; Gaubert, Philippe; Billet, Guillaume; Hautier, Lionel; Ferreira-Cardoso, Sérgio; Wible, John R. (1 January 2020), Challender, Daniel W. S.; Nash, Helen C.; Waterman, Carly (eds.), "Chapter 1 - Evolution and morphology", Pangolins, Biodiversity of World: Conservation from Genes to Landscapes, Academic Press, pp. 5–23, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815507-3.00001-0, ISBN 978-0-12-815507-3, S2CID 214085088, retrieved 26 February 2020
  21. ^ Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
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  28. ^ Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (2011). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals". Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150–164. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. PMC 3243735. PMID 21900649.
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Pan-Carnivora: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Ferae (/ˈfɪəriː/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora and Pholidotamorpha. The Ferae is a sister group to the clade Pan-Euungulata and together they make grandorder Ferungulata.

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