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Associations

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Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
larva of Bracon is endoparasitoid of larva of Cheilosia

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Biological Control

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Bracon celer is a parasitoid of olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) and efforts have been made to introduce it from Africa (where it is native) to several countries in the Mediterranean Region. As noted by Silvestri, who first reared it in South Africa, it is a color-variable species.
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Biology / Hosts

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Members of the genus Bracon are amongst the most commonly encountered parasitoids emerging from infested fruits in certain parts of the world (e. g. Subsaharan Africa). Most of these species are undoubtedly parasitoids of lepidopteran and coleopteran hosts, but specific host associations have rarely been made. Other genera of the Subfamily Braconinae have also been routinely reared from fruit, but host associations for most of these are also rarely reported. It is quite possible that some of the species in these other genera may attack fruit-infesting Tephritidae.
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Biology and Behavior

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The species of Bracon that attack frugivorous tephritids are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of larvae. The female wasp paralyzes the host and the larva develops on it inside the fruit, eventually spinning a cocoon and emerging as adult wasps from the fruit. Sampling programs that rely on emergence of host larvae from fruit and subsequent isolation of puparia for emergence of flies and parasitoids will either underestimate or completely miss these parasitoids.
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Description

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Members of the genus Bracon_, though superficially resembling some of the Opiinae, can be distinguished by the venation of the hind wing, in which the subbasal cell (1, 2) (Fig. 6, lower left 0000223">corner) is distinctly smaller than it is in the Opiinae. All species of Bracon lack the occipital carina, whereas many of the Opiinae have the occipital carina present laterally. The labrum is exposed and distinctly concave in Bracon (Fig. 3) relative to members of the Opiinae, but this difference may not always be apparent until some familiarity with the variation in Opiinae is acquired.
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Remarks

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The genus Bracon is one of the largest in the family Braconidae, with over 2000 described species. Two species, Bracon celer Szépligeti from Subsaharan Africa and Bracon fletcheri Silvestri from India have been reared from tephritid pests as part of biological control programs directed against species in the genus Bactrocera.
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Bracon (wasp)

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Bracon sp.

Bracon is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed.[1] The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm.[1]

These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs.[1] They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some Bracon wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts.[2] The eggs of the wasp can be very hardy. In one report, Bracon wasps oviposited on tortrix moth larvae, which then entered privet seeds and were consumed by birds along with the fruit. The wasp eggs were later excreted and the larvae emerged.[3]

This large genus has been divided into several subgenera, some of which are further divided into species-groups.[4] A DNA analysis showed that the genus is paraphyletic, that its subgenera and other defined groups are not all valid on a molecular basis, and that revising it into informal groups would be more practical.[5] Other authors still divide the genus into subgenera using morphological characters to make identification easier.[6]

Most of the thousands of species that fit into this genus have not yet been described, but even the number of named species is unclear, with estimates ranging from 500[7] to 1000.[5]

Species include:[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
  2. ^ Žikić, V., et al. (2012). Checklist of the genus Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia. Archived October 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Biologica Nyssana 3(1), 21-29.
  3. ^ Hernández, Ángel; Falcó, José Vicente (2008). "Frugivorous birds dispersing braconid parasitoids via endozoochory". Entomological Science. 11 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00283.x. S2CID 85424432.
  4. ^ Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
  5. ^ a b Belshaw, Robert; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Degerli, Naci; Quicke, Donald L. J. (2001). "Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: Evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73 (4): 411–424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01370.x.
  6. ^ Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael's collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 0(21).
  7. ^ Quicke, D. L. J. and M. J. Sharkey. (1989). A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. Can Ent 121 337-61.
  8. ^ Bracon. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
  9. ^ Ranjith, A. P.; Quicke, Donald L. J.; Manjusha, K.; Butcher, Buntika A.; Nasser, M. (2022). "Completely predatory development is described in a braconid wasp". Scientific Reports. 12. article 1747. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05705-x. PMID 35110585. S2CID 246481177.
  10. ^ Magalhães, Diego Martins; Da Silva, Izabela Thaís Fidelis Alves; Borges, Miguel; Laumann, Raúl Alberto; Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina (27 March 2019). "Anthonomus grandis aggregation pheromone induces cotton indirect defence and attracts the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris". Journal of Experimental Botany. 70 (6): 1891–1901. doi:10.1093/jxb/erz040. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

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Bracon (wasp): Brief Summary

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Bracon sp.

Bracon is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed. The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm.

These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs. They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some Bracon wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts. The eggs of the wasp can be very hardy. In one report, Bracon wasps oviposited on tortrix moth larvae, which then entered privet seeds and were consumed by birds along with the fruit. The wasp eggs were later excreted and the larvae emerged.

This large genus has been divided into several subgenera, some of which are further divided into species-groups. A DNA analysis showed that the genus is paraphyletic, that its subgenera and other defined groups are not all valid on a molecular basis, and that revising it into informal groups would be more practical. Other authors still divide the genus into subgenera using morphological characters to make identification easier.

Most of the thousands of species that fit into this genus have not yet been described, but even the number of named species is unclear, with estimates ranging from 500 to 1000.

Species include:

Bracon hebetor Bracon acrobasidis Bracon agathymi Bracon americanus Bracon analcidis Bracon angelesius Bracon apicatus Bracon argutator Bracon bembeciae Bracon brachyurus Bracon brevicornis Bracon canadensis Bracon caulicola Bracon cephi Bracon cinctus Bracon connecticutorum Bracon cuscutae Bracon cushmani Bracon erucarum Bracon furtivus Bracon gastroideae Bracon gelechiae Bracon gemmaecola Bracon geraei Bracon gossypii Bracon gracilis Bracon hebetor Bracon helianthi Bracon hemimenae Bracon hobomok Bracon hyslopi Bracon jani Bracon kirkpatricki Bracon konkapoti Bracon laemosacci Bracon lineatellae Bracon lissogaster Bracon lutus Bracon mellitor Bracon metacomet Bracon minutator Bracon montowesi Bracon nanus Bracon nevadensis Bracon niger Bracon nuperus Bracon oenotherae Bracon palliventris Bracon papaipemae Bracon pascuensis Bracon piceiceps Bracon piger Bracon pini Bracon podunkorum Bracon predatorius Ranjith & Quicke, 2022 Bracon quinnipiacorum Bracon radicis Bracon rhyssomati Bracon rosaceani Bracon rufomarginatus Bracon sanninoideae Bracon scanticorum Bracon sesiae Bracon sphenophori Bracon sulcifrons Bracon tachypteri Bracon tenuiceps Bracon tenuis Bracon terebella Bracon tychii Bracon uncas Bracon variabilis Bracon vulgaris Bracon wawequa Bracon xanthonotus
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Bracon (insecto) ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src=
Bracon sp.

Bracon es un género de avispas parasitoides de la familia Braconidae.[3]​ Hay varios centenares de especies descritas y posiblemente miles aun sin describir.[4]​ El género es cosmopolita con la mayoría de las especies descritas encontradas en el Paleártico.[4]

Son ectoparasitoides, es decir que las larvas se desarrollan fuera del cuerpo del huésped. Entre las especies huéspedes se cuentan lepidópteros, escarabajos, moscas, himenópteros y hemípteros.[4]​ Son idiobiontes. Detienen el desarrollo del huésped cuando depositan los huevos en su cuerpo. Algunas especies son especialistas en una sola especie de huésped y otras usan muchas especies diferentes.[5]

Los huevos de estas avispas pueden ser sumamente resistentes. Hay un informe de huevos de Bracon depositados en una polilla tortrícida que después penetró una semilla de ligustro, la cual fue tragada por un ave. Después la semilla fue excretada por el pájaro y la avispa completó su ciclo biológico y emergió.[6]

Este numeroso género ha sido subdividido en varios subgéneros, los cuales a su vez se dividen en grupos de especies.[7]​ El anállisis de ADN indica que el grupo es parafilético y que sus subgéneros y grupos no todos tienen una base molecular válida. Es necesario reanalizar el grupo entero.[8]​ Otros autores continúan dividiento el género en subgéneros en base a caracteres morfológicos para facilitar la identificación.[9]

La mayoría de los miles de especies que aun se encuadran en este género siguen sin estar descritas, pero aun aquellas que han sido descritas presentan problemas en su clasificación. Incluso sus números son dudosos, calculándose alrededor de 500[10]​ a 1000.[8]

Algunas especies[11]

Referencias

  1. «Genus Bracon and species». Animal Diversity Web (en inglés). Consultado el 28 de julio de 2020.
  2. «Genus Bracon and species». Encyclopedia of Life (en inglés). Consultado el 28 de julio de 2020.
  3. «Bracon». www.mindat.org. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2020.
  4. a b c Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
  5. «Žikić, V., et al. (2012). Checklist of the genus Bracon(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia». 28 de octubre de 2014. Archivado desde el original el 28 de octubre de 2014. Biologica Nyssana 3(1), 21-29.
  6. Hernández, Ángel; Falcó, José Vicente (2008). «Frugivorous birds dispersing braconid parasitoids via endozoochory». Entomological Science 11 (3): 323-326. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00283.x.
  7. Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
  8. a b Belshaw, Robert; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Degerli, Naci; Quicke, Donald L. J. (2001). «Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: Evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters». Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73 (4): 411-424. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01370.x.
  9. Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael's collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 0(21).
  10. Quicke, D. L. J. and M. J. Sharkey. (1989). A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. Can Ent 121 337-61.
  11. Bracon. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

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Bracon (insecto): Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src= Bracon sp.

Bracon es un género de avispas parasitoides de la familia Braconidae.​ Hay varios centenares de especies descritas y posiblemente miles aun sin describir.​ El género es cosmopolita con la mayoría de las especies descritas encontradas en el Paleártico.​

Son ectoparasitoides, es decir que las larvas se desarrollan fuera del cuerpo del huésped. Entre las especies huéspedes se cuentan lepidópteros, escarabajos, moscas, himenópteros y hemípteros.​ Son idiobiontes. Detienen el desarrollo del huésped cuando depositan los huevos en su cuerpo. Algunas especies son especialistas en una sola especie de huésped y otras usan muchas especies diferentes.​

Los huevos de estas avispas pueden ser sumamente resistentes. Hay un informe de huevos de Bracon depositados en una polilla tortrícida que después penetró una semilla de ligustro, la cual fue tragada por un ave. Después la semilla fue excretada por el pájaro y la avispa completó su ciclo biológico y emergió.​

Este numeroso género ha sido subdividido en varios subgéneros, los cuales a su vez se dividen en grupos de especies.​ El anállisis de ADN indica que el grupo es parafilético y que sus subgéneros y grupos no todos tienen una base molecular válida. Es necesario reanalizar el grupo entero.​ Otros autores continúan dividiento el género en subgéneros en base a caracteres morfológicos para facilitar la identificación.​

La mayoría de los miles de especies que aun se encuadran en este género siguen sin estar descritas, pero aun aquellas que han sido descritas presentan problemas en su clasificación. Incluso sus números son dudosos, calculándose alrededor de 500​ a 1000.​

Algunas especies​  src= Habrobracon hebetor Bracon acrobasidis Bracon agathymi Bracon americanus Bracon analcidis Bracon angelesius Bracon apicatus Bracon argutator Bracon bembeciae Bracon brachyurus Bracon brevicornis Bracon canadensis Bracon caulicola Bracon cephi Bracon cinctus Bracon connecticutorum Bracon cuscutae Bracon cushmani Bracon erucarum Bracon furtivus Bracon gastroideae Bracon gelechiae Bracon gemmaecola Bracon geraei Bracon gossypii Bracon gracilis Bracon hebetor ahora considerado Habrobracon hebetor Bracon helianthi Bracon hemimenae Bracon hobomok Bracon hyslopi Bracon jani Bracon kirkpatricki Bracon konkapoti Bracon laemosacci Bracon lineatellae Bracon lissogaster Bracon lutus Bracon mellitor Bracon metacomet Bracon minutator Bracon montowesi Bracon nanus Bracon nevadensis Bracon niger Bracon nuperus Bracon oenotherae Bracon palliventris Bracon papaipemae Bracon pascuensis Bracon piceiceps Bracon piger Bracon pini Bracon podunkorum Bracon quinnipiacorum Bracon radicis Bracon rhyssomati Bracon rosaceani Bracon rufomarginatus Bracon sanninoideae Bracon scanticorum Bracon sesiae Bracon sphenophori Bracon sulcifrons Bracon tachypteri Bracon tenuiceps Bracon tenuis Bracon terebella Bracon tychii Bracon uncas Bracon variabilis Bracon wawequa Bracon xanthonotus
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Bracon (hyménoptère) ( French )

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Bracon est un genre d'insectes de l'ordre des hyménoptères de la famille des Braconidae, de la sous-famille des Braconinae et de la tribu des Braconini. C'est le genre type de sa famille.

Liste des sous-genres

Espèces fossiles

Notes et références

Notes

Références taxonimiques

Références

  1. (la) Fabricius, J.C. 1804: Systema Piezatorum. Carolum Reichard, Brunsviga. 439 pp.
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Bracon (hyménoptère): Brief Summary ( French )

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Bracon est un genre d'insectes de l'ordre des hyménoptères de la famille des Braconidae, de la sous-famille des Braconinae et de la tribu des Braconini. C'est le genre type de sa famille.

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Bracon (geslacht) ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

Bracon is een geslacht van vliesvleugelige insecten (Hymenoptera) uit de familie van de schildwespen (Braconidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804.[1]

Bracon is een omvangrijk geslacht van parasitoïde wespen dat over de hele wereld voorkomt. Er zijn zo'n 250 soorten gekend in Europa en wereldwijd minstens 500, maar het aantal nog niet beschreven soorten ligt nog veel hoger.

De larven zijn meestal ectoparasitoïden, die zich ontwikkelen aan de buitenkant van hun gastheer (een larve van een insectensoort uit de orde Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera of Lepidoptera). Voordat ze haar eitjes erop legt, verlamt de wesp de gastheerlarve, waardoor de verdere ontwikkeling ervan wordt verhinderd. Sommige soorten hebben een specifieke gastheersoort maar er zijn ook Bracon-soorten zoals Bracon variator die vele verschillende gastheersoorten gebruiken.[2]

Een aantal soorten is onderzocht als potentiële biologische bestrijding van plaaginsecten. Bracon hylobii bijvoorbeeld is een natuurlijke vijand van de dennensnuitkever (Hylobius abietis) die schade aan naaldbomen kan aanrichten.[3] Een van de gastheersoorten van Bracon mellitor is de katoensnuitkever (Anthonomus grandis).[4] Bracon intercessor is een parasitoïde van de populierenwespvlinder Paranthrene tabaniformis.[5]

Soorten

Bracon cinctus (Provancher)


Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Ioh. Christ. Fabricius. Systema Piezatorum, Braunschweig (1804) blz. 102
  2. Vladimir Žikić, Saša S. Stanković, Marijana Ilić. "Checklist of the genus Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia." Biologica Nyssana vol. 3 nr. 1 (2012) blz. 21-29.
  3. A. Everard, C.T. Griffin, A.B. Dillon. "Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis." Bulletin of Entomological Research vol. 99 (2009), blz. 151-161. DOI:10.1017/S0007485308006287
  4. S. Bradleigh Vinson, Rodger D. Henson, Carl S. Barfield. "Ovipositional behavior of Bracon mellitor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boh.). I. Isolation and identification of a synthetic releaser of ovipositor probing." Journal of Chemical Ecology vol. 2 (1976), blz. 431-440. DOI:10.1007/BF00988808
  5. G. Georgiev. "Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria." Journal of Pest Science vol. 78 (2005), blz. 161-165. DOI:10.1007/s10340-005-0090-9
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Bracon (geslacht): Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Bracon is een geslacht van vliesvleugelige insecten (Hymenoptera) uit de familie van de schildwespen (Braconidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Johan Christian Fabricius in 1804.

Bracon is een omvangrijk geslacht van parasitoïde wespen dat over de hele wereld voorkomt. Er zijn zo'n 250 soorten gekend in Europa en wereldwijd minstens 500, maar het aantal nog niet beschreven soorten ligt nog veel hoger.

De larven zijn meestal ectoparasitoïden, die zich ontwikkelen aan de buitenkant van hun gastheer (een larve van een insectensoort uit de orde Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera of Lepidoptera). Voordat ze haar eitjes erop legt, verlamt de wesp de gastheerlarve, waardoor de verdere ontwikkeling ervan wordt verhinderd. Sommige soorten hebben een specifieke gastheersoort maar er zijn ook Bracon-soorten zoals Bracon variator die vele verschillende gastheersoorten gebruiken.

Een aantal soorten is onderzocht als potentiële biologische bestrijding van plaaginsecten. Bracon hylobii bijvoorbeeld is een natuurlijke vijand van de dennensnuitkever (Hylobius abietis) die schade aan naaldbomen kan aanrichten. Een van de gastheersoorten van Bracon mellitor is de katoensnuitkever (Anthonomus grandis). Bracon intercessor is een parasitoïde van de populierenwespvlinder Paranthrene tabaniformis.

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Bracon (djur) ( Swedish )

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För en kommun i Frankrike, se Bracon.

Bracon[1] är ett släkte av steklar som beskrevs av Fabricius 1804. Bracon ingår i familjen bracksteklar.[1][2]

Dottertaxa till Bracon, i alfabetisk ordning[1][2]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (29 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/bracon/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ [a b] Dyntaxa Bracon


Externa länkar


Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om bracksteklar saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Bracon (djur): Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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För en kommun i Frankrike, se Bracon.

Bracon är ett släkte av steklar som beskrevs av Fabricius 1804. Bracon ingår i familjen bracksteklar.

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Bracon ( Russian )

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Bracon (лат.) — род паразитических наездников из семейства Braconidae. Встречаются повсеместно. Более 500 видов (до 1000)[1][2][3][4][5].

Описание

Длина 2-6 мм. Усики тонкие, нитевидые. Эктопаразиты личинок насекомых, главным образом, жуков, двукрылых, бабочек и перепончатокрылых. Крупнейший род подсемейства Braconinae и один из крупнейших в составе всего семейства бракониды [1][2][6].

Систематика

  • Подроды: Asiabracon Tobias 1957; Cyanopterobracon Tobias 1957; Foveobracon Tobias 1961; Glabrobracon Fahringer 1927; Lucobracon Fahringer 1927; Ophthalmobracon Tobias 1957; Orientobracon Tobias 2000; Orthobracon Fahringer 1927; Osculobracon Papp 2008; Pappobracon Tobias 2000; Pigeria van Achterberg 1985; Pilibracon Tobias 1961; Punctobracon Papp 1996; Rostrobracon Tobias 1957; Sculptobracon Tobias 1961; Uncobracon Papp 1996.

См. также

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Тобиас В. И., Белокобыльский С. А. Сем. Braconidae — Бракониды. Подсем. Braconinae (с.109-192). // Определитель насекомых Дальнего Востока России. Т. IV. Сетчатокрылообразные, скорпионницы, перепончатокрылые. Ч. 4 / под общ. ред. П. А. Лера. — Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2000. — С. 162. — 651 с. — 500 экз.ISBN 5-8044-0031-2.
  2. 1 2 Ameri, A., et al. (2013). Study of the genus Bracon Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754(4), 353-80.
  3. Papp, J. (2000). First synopsis of the species of obscurator species-group, genus Bracon, subgenus Glabrobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). In: Merkl, O. (Ed.). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 92 229-64. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
  4. Papp, J. (2012). A revision of the Bracon Fabricius species in Wesmael’s collection deposited in Brussels (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). European Journal Of Taxonomy 0(21).
  5. Belshaw, R., et al. (2001). Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73(4) 411-24.
  6. ichneumonoidea.name: Bracon Fabricius 1804
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Bracon: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

 src= Bracon hebetor

Bracon (лат.) — род паразитических наездников из семейства Braconidae. Встречаются повсеместно. Более 500 видов (до 1000).

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