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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors

The spider family Filistatidae (crevice weavers) includes 115 described species (Platnick 2013). Seven of these species occur in North America north of Mexico, including five large spiders in the genus Kukulcania (the other two are small spiders, <5 mm long) (Bradley 2013).

The common name "crevice weaver" refers to the retreat these spiders build in a crack or similar space, usually among rocks or dead wood. The spider builds a silken tube in this space then extends a circular band of hackle-banded silk (i.e., silk from the cribellum) in a circular pattern around the entrance. From this circular area the spider spins a series of long trip lines, yielding a distinctive web. Crevice weavers can often be found in and around buildings. (Bradley 2013).

The synanthropic Southern House Spider (Kukulcania hibernalis) is found in the southeastern United States (Bradley 2013), but is also widespread in South America (Brescovit and Santos 2013). It is among the most common spiders within its range in the eastern United States (Howell and Jenkins 2004). The eight eyes are tightly grouped on a central mound (Bradley 2013). This spider exhibits conspicuous sexual dimorphism. The female is dusky gray or black with a velvety covering of hairs. The legs have velvet hairs and many short spines. The male is tan with long legs and palps. These palps are often held in a folded position position, extending directly in front of the chelicerae. Markings on the male's carapace (the upper part of the cephalothorax) often result in these spiders being misidentified as Brown Recluse Spiders (Loxosceles reclusa), although Brown Recluses can be easily distinguished from Southern House Spiders by the fact that they have six eyes rather than eight eyes (Howell and Jenkins 2004; Gaddy 2009). Although the female Southern House Spider stays around her web crevice, the male roams and hunts like a wolf spider or fishing spider (Gaddy 2009).

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Filistàtids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els filistàtids (Filistatidae) són una família d'aranyes araneomorfes.[2] Fou descrita per primera vegada per A. Ausserer l'any 1867.[1]

Són aranyes haplogines primitives amb cribel i calamistre (calamistrum). Els quelícers són petits; el cefalotòrax és voluminós, d'aspecte vellutat. Tenen vuit ulls, que estan disposats en un agrupament compacte. La teranyina té la forma de tub envoltat d'un coll de fils calamistrats. Es poden trobar a les cases.

Algunes espècies tenen una vida força llarga, passant dels cinc anys de vida i, com és habitual, les femelles viuen més temps que els mascles.

Sistemàtica

Segons el World Spider Catalog amb data de 2 de febrer de 2019, aquesta família té reconeguts 19 gèneres i 172 espècies.[2] El creixement dels darrers anys és considerable ja que el 21 de desembre de 2006 hi havia reconeguts 16 gèneres i 106 espècies.

Filogènia

Sobre la base de les característiques dels genitals masculins i femenins, la família es va situar dins el grup de les aranyes haplogines (Haplogynae), generalment com el tàxon germà dels altres membres del grup.[3] Tanmateix, a diferència de les altres haplogines, els filistàtids són aranyes cribel·lades i no mostren una disminució en el nombre de segments de les fileres laterals.[4] Tenen altres característiques que han estat considerades com a "primitives": un intestí amb forma de M, només la pota IV es mou mentre es teixeix la seda i el pulmó en llibre posterior segueix present en els exemplars joves.[4] Un estudi de 2013 basat en evidències moleculars va situar la família com a propera a un clade format pels hipoquílids (Hypochilidae) i les altres haplogines.[5] La posició filogenètica precisa de la família es va descriure el 2014 com "un dels problemes més enigmàtics de la filogènia de les aranyes".[4]

Un estudi de l'any 2015, basat en dades genòmiques, col·loca els filistàtids amb els hipoquílids (Hypochilidae) en un clade fora de la majoria de les famílies prèviament ubicades dins les haplogines.[6]

Araneomorphae


Hypochilidae



Filistatidae




la majoria de les altres haplogines "tradicionals"





Leptonetidae



Entelegynae




Aquesta ubicació suggereix que les característiques que es consideren "primitives" per a les aranyes araneomorfes, en el seu conjunt (com intestí amb forma de M) podrien ser en realitat característiques derivades de (Sinapomorfia|sinapomorfies) del clade Hypochilidae-Filistatidae.[6]

Gèneres

Segons el World Spider Catalog amb data de 21 de febrer de 2019 hi ha els següents gèneres:[2]

Superfamília Filistatoidea

Els filistàtids eren l'única família dins l'antiga superfamília dels filistatoïdeus (Filistatoidea). Les aranyes, tradicionalment, havien estat classificades en famílies que van ser agrupades en superfamílies. Quan es van aplicar anàlisis més rigorosos, com la cladística, es va fer evident que la major part de les principals agrupacions utilitzades durant el segle XX no eren compatibles amb les noves dades. Actualment, els llistats d'aranyes, com ara el World Spider Catalog, ja ignoren la classificació de superfamílies.[7][8]

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 Ausserer, A. (1867). Die Arachniden Tirols nach ihrer horizontalen und verticalen Verbreitung; I. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 17: 137-170.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 (anglès) Referència World Spider Catalog : Filistatidae +base de dades . Accés el 22 de febrer de 2019
  3. Coddington, Jonathan A. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society, 2005, p. 18–24 [Consulta: 24 setembre 2015].
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Michalik, Peter & Ramírez, Martín J. (2014), "Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)–Current knowledge and future directions", Arthropod Structure & Development 43 (4): 291–322, doi:10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005, <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1467803914000450>. Consulta: 24 setembre 2015
  5. Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A. & Kuntner, Matjaž (2013), "Systematics : Progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution", in Penney, David, Spider research in the 21st century: trends & perspectives, Manchester, UK: Siri Scientific Press, ISBN 978-0-9574530-1-2
  6. 6,0 6,1 Garrison, Nicole L.; Rodriguez, Juanita; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A. «Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life». PeerJ PrePrints, vol. 3, 2015, pàg. e1852. DOI: 10.7287/peerj.preprints.1482v1.
  7. Coddington, Jonathan A. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society, 2005, p. 18–24 [Consulta: 24 setembre 2015]. «Phylogeny and classification of spiders»
  8. World Spider Catalog. «World Spider Catalog version 19.0». Natural History Museum Bern, 2018. [Consulta: 11 juliol 2018].

Vegeu també

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Filistàtids: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els filistàtids (Filistatidae) són una família d'aranyes araneomorfes. Fou descrita per primera vegada per A. Ausserer l'any 1867.

Són aranyes haplogines primitives amb cribel i calamistre (calamistrum). Els quelícers són petits; el cefalotòrax és voluminós, d'aspecte vellutat. Tenen vuit ulls, que estan disposats en un agrupament compacte. La teranyina té la forma de tub envoltat d'un coll de fils calamistrats. Es poden trobar a les cases.

Algunes espècies tenen una vida força llarga, passant dels cinc anys de vida i, com és habitual, les femelles viuen més temps que els mascles.

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Filistatidae ( German )

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Die Filistatidae sind eine Familie der Echten Webspinnen und umfassen 18 Gattungen mit 126 Arten.[1] (Stand: Juni 2016)

Die Familie wird im Deutschen von Bellmann (1997) auch "Lochröhrenspinnen" genannt. Sie sind weltweit verbreitet.[1] In der Schweiz ist nur Pritha nana nachgewiesen (Blick u. a., 2004). Weitere Vertreter der Familie sind bislang noch nicht in Mitteleuropa gefunden worden.

Beschreibung

Bestimmungsmerkmal der Familie ist der von oben gesehen eiförmige Vorderleib (Prosoma) und die Augenstellung. Die acht Augen liegen dicht beieinander auf einem Hügel am oberen Stirnrand, deutlich vor dem Vorderende des Prosomas (Bellman; Heimer und Nentwig, 1991). Filistata-Arten weisen keine deutliche Zeichnung auf. Die Form der Brustplatte (Sternum) und das Vorhandensein des Cribellums sind wichtige Merkmale. Die Männchen sind nur im Herbst und Winter (Tropen!) anzutreffen (Sauer und Wunderlich, 1985).

Die größte Art der Familie ist mit 7 mm (Männchen) bis 14 mm (Weibchen) Filistata insidiatrix (Bellmann). Filistata insidiatrix hat einen grauen Hinterleib (Opisthosoma) und ein gelbbraunes Prosoma mit kräftigen Beinen. Die acht Augen sind dicht gedrängt auf einem gemeinsamen Hügel (Bellmann, Heimer & Nentwig, 1991).

Pritha nana wird nur 2,5 bis 4,4 mm groß. Die Weibchen leben mehrere Jahre, die Männchen sind einjährig.

Lebensweise

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Netz einer Filistatidae-Art

Die Angehörigen der Filistatidae hausen zwischen Steinen, in Mauerritzen oder Felsspalten, in denen sie sich Wohnröhren weben, die nach sich nach außen wie ein Trichter öffnen und in ein dichtes Gewebe cribellater Fangfäden (Fangwolle, vgl. Spinnennetz) übergehen. Radial ausstrahlende Fäden ergänzen das Fanggewebe (Bellmann, 1997). Der scheibenförmige Fangteppich von Filistata kann die Größe eines Handtellers erreichen. Die weiß schimmernden cribellaten Fäden halten die Beute zurück und die Spinne schnellt aus ihrer Wohnröhre hervor, in der sie sich fast ausschließlich aufhält. In dieser Wohnröhre bewacht das Weibchen auch ihren Eikokon (Sauer & Wunderlich, 1985). Die Tiere der Gattung Filistata können bis zu zehn Jahre alt werden (Foelix, 1979; Sauer & Wunderlich, 1985).

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungskarte der Filistatidae

Die Filistatidae bilden eine relativ kleine Spinnenfamilie mit 18 Gattungen und 126 Arten.[1] Von 21 Arten sind nur die Weibchen, von weiteren 5 Arten nur die Männchen bekannt. Viele Arten sind nur durch eine einzige taxonomische Publikation bekannt.[2] Ein Grund für den geringen Kenntnisstand über diese Spinnenfamilie könnte ihre verborgene Lebensweise in schwer zugänglichen Bergregionen sein. Wegen ihrer unauffälligen Färbung und schwer unterscheidbarem Habitus sind viele Arten nur durch die Untersuchung ihres Genitalapparats klar zu bestimmen. Pholcoides afghana wurde erst 2009 von der Familie Pholcidae in die Familie Filistatidae transferiert.[3]

Der Verbreitungsschwerpunkt der Familie liegt in den Tropen und Subtropen der alten Welt. Dazu gehören Südeuropa sowie Klein- und Zentralasien, China, Australien und Ozeanien sowie Teile Afrikas. Im Norden reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet bis zum 47. Breitengrad.

Die Gattungen Filistatinella und Kukulcania sind in Nordamerika beheimatet und werden dort häufig mit der "Brown recluse spider" (Loxosceles reclusa) verwechselt. Die Gattung Filistatoides ist in Südamerika anzutreffen.

Sahastata nigra ist laut Platnick (2005) vom Mittelmeer bis nach Indien verbreitet; während die anderen drei Arten der Gattung Sahastata in Indien und im Jemen beheimatet sind. Pritha nana ist nach Platnick (2005) nur im Mittelmeerraum, aber von Maurer und Hänggi 1990 in der Schweiz nachgewiesen (Blick u. a., 2004). Auch Filistata insidiatrix sowie Pritha pallida sind im Mittelmeerraum gefunden worden.

Systematik

Der World Spider Catalog listet für die Filistatidae aktuell 18 Gattungen und 126 Arten.[1] (Stand: Februar 2016)

Literatur

  • Heiko Bellmann: Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-440-07025-5.
  • T. Blick, R. Bosmans, J. Buchar, P. Gajdoš, A. Hänggi, P. Van Helsdingen, V. Růžička, W. Starega, K. Thaler: Checkliste der Spinnen Mitteleuropas (Arachnida: Araneae). Version 1. Dezember 2004. (PDF)
  • Rainer F. Foelix: Biologie der Spinnen. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-13-575801-X.
  • Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spinnen Mitteleuropas. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-489-53534-0.
  • Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spinnen Mitteleuropas – Familienschlüssel. 1991. (araneae.unibe.ch)
  • B. A. Huber: Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae). In: Zootaxa. Band 2009, 1970, S. 64–68.
  • Frieder Sauer, Jörg Wunderlich: Die schönsten Spinnen Europas. Fauna-Verlag, Karlsfeld 1985, ISBN 3-923010-03-6.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 – Amaurobiidae. Abgerufen am 5. Juni 2016.
  2. Sergei L. Zonstein, Yuri M. Marusik, Seppo Koponen: Redescription of three species of Filistatidae (Araneae) described by C. F. Roewer from Afghanistan. In: Zootaxa. Band 3745, Nr. 1, 2013, S. 64–72. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3745.1.5
  3. a b B. A. Huber: Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae). In: Zootaxa. Band 1970, 2009, S. 64–68.
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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Filistatidae sind eine Familie der Echten Webspinnen und umfassen 18 Gattungen mit 126 Arten. (Stand: Juni 2016)

Die Familie wird im Deutschen von Bellmann (1997) auch "Lochröhrenspinnen" genannt. Sie sind weltweit verbreitet. In der Schweiz ist nur Pritha nana nachgewiesen (Blick u. a., 2004). Weitere Vertreter der Familie sind bislang noch nicht in Mitteleuropa gefunden worden.

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Crevice weaver

provided by wikipedia EN

Crevice weaver spiders (Filistatidae) comprise cribellate spiders with features that have been regarded as "primitive" for araneomorph spiders. They are weavers of funnel or tube webs. The family contains 18 genera and more than 120 described species worldwide.

One of the most abundant members of this family in the Americas is the southern house spider (Kukulcania hibernalis). Named after the fierce Meso-American god Kukulkan, the females are large (up to nearly 20 mm) dark-colored spiders and males are light brown, smaller (about 10 mm), but more long-legged and with palps that are held together in front of their carapaces like the horn of a unicorn. The males also have a darker streak on the center of the dorsal carapace that causes them to be often mistaken for brown recluse spiders. The tiny members of the genus Filistatinella are like miniature versions of Kukulcania. The nominate genus Filistata is Afro-Eurasian in distribution. In many older books the species from the Americas now placed in the genus Kukulcania are placed in Filistata.

A striking visual characteristic of the family, beside dimorphism, is the unusual upward bend encountered near the femur of the first pair of legs. While resembling hydraulic muscle mechanisms akin to arthropods, this modification actually allows the spider to retain the prey directly from the crevice it occupies. Also, if the larger prey ever tries to pull it from the crevice, the spider can use these legs to "grab" to the side walls and hence make it difficult. Many Kukulcania species also use them to dig holes in the soft ground at a 25- to 30-degree angle.

Taxonomy

The family Filistatidae was created in 1867 by Anton Ausserer.[1] It was based on the species he called Filistata bicolor (now Filistata insidiatrix), a Mediterranean species also found in southern Austria.[2][3]

Phylogeny

On the basis of the features of the male and female genitalia, the family was placed in the Haplogynae, usually as the sister taxon of the remaining members of the group.[4] However, unlike the other haplogynes, Filistatidae are cribellate and do not show a decrease in the number of segments of the anterior lateral spinnerets.[5] They have other features which have been regarded as "primitive": an M-shaped intestine, only leg IV moving while combing silk, and posterior book lung leaves being present in early juveniles.[6] A 2013 study based on molecular evidence placed the family as sister to a clade consisting of Hypochilidae and the remaining haplogynes.[7] The precise phylogenetic position of the family was described in 2014 as "one of the most enigmatic problems in spider phylogeny".[5]

A 2015 study, based on genomic data, places Filistatidae with Hypochilidae in a clade outside most of the families previously placed in Haplogynae:[8]

Araneomorphae

Hypochilidae

Filistatidae

most other "traditional" haplogynes

Leptonetidae

Entelegynae

This placement suggests that features that were thought to be "primitive" to araneomorph spiders as a whole (such as an M-shaped midgut) could actually be novel derived features (synapomorphies) of the Hypochilidae-Filistatidae clade.[8]

Genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[9]

  • Afrofilistata Benoit, 1968 — Sudan
  • Andoharano Lehtinen, 1967 — Namibia, Madagascar
  • Antilloides Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016 — Mexico
  • Filistata Latreille, 1810 — Australia, Asia
  • Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie, 1936 — Mexico, United States
  • Filistatoides F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 — Guatemala, Chile, Cuba
  • Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967 — North America, Central America, Chile
  • Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017 — Malaysia
  • Lihuelistata Ramírez & Grismado, 1997 — Argentina
  • Microfilistata Zonstein, 1990 — Iran, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan
  • Misionella Ramírez & Grismado, 1997 — Brazil, Argentina
  • Pholcoides Roewer, 1960 — Afghanistan, Tajikistan, India
  • Pikelinia Mello-Leitão, 1946 — South America
  • Pritha Lehtinen, 1967 — Asia, Oceania, Africa, France
  • Sahastata Benoit, 1968 — Asia, Eritrea
  • Tricalamus Wang, 1987 — China, Japan, Afghanistan
  • Wandella Gray, 1994 — Australia
  • Yardiella Gray, 1994 — Australia
  • Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967 — Asia, Greece

See also

References

  1. ^ "Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-01-10
  2. ^ "Taxon details Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775)", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2016-01-10
  3. ^ Ausserer, A. (1867), "Die Arachniden Tirols nach ihrer horizontalen und verticalen Verbreitung, I", Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 17: 137–170
  4. ^ Coddington, Jonathan A. (2005). "Phylogeny and classification of spiders" (PDF). In Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V. (eds.). Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. pp. 18–24. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
  5. ^ a b Michalik, Peter & Ramírez, Martín J. (2014), "Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)–Current knowledge and future directions", Arthropod Structure & Development, 43 (4): 291–322, doi:10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005, PMID 24907603
  6. ^ Ramírez, M. (2014), The morphology and phylogeny of Dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, hdl:2246/6537
  7. ^ Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A. & Kuntner, Matjaž (2013), "Systematics : Progress in the study of spider diversity and evolution", in Penney, David (ed.), Spider research in the 21st century: trends & perspectives, Manchester, UK: Siri Scientific Press, ISBN 978-0-9574530-1-2
  8. ^ a b Garrison, Nicole L.; Rodriguez, Juanita; Agnarsson, Ingi; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, Christopher A.; Hedin, Marshal; Kocot, Kevin M.; Ledford, Joel M. & Bond, Jason E. (2015). "Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life". PeerJ. 3: e1852. doi:10.7717/peerj.1719. PMC 4768681. PMID 26925338.
  9. ^ "Family: Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
Wikispecies has information related to Filistatidae.
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Crevice weaver: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Crevice weaver spiders (Filistatidae) comprise cribellate spiders with features that have been regarded as "primitive" for araneomorph spiders. They are weavers of funnel or tube webs. The family contains 18 genera and more than 120 described species worldwide.

One of the most abundant members of this family in the Americas is the southern house spider (Kukulcania hibernalis). Named after the fierce Meso-American god Kukulkan, the females are large (up to nearly 20 mm) dark-colored spiders and males are light brown, smaller (about 10 mm), but more long-legged and with palps that are held together in front of their carapaces like the horn of a unicorn. The males also have a darker streak on the center of the dorsal carapace that causes them to be often mistaken for brown recluse spiders. The tiny members of the genus Filistatinella are like miniature versions of Kukulcania. The nominate genus Filistata is Afro-Eurasian in distribution. In many older books the species from the Americas now placed in the genus Kukulcania are placed in Filistata.

A striking visual characteristic of the family, beside dimorphism, is the unusual upward bend encountered near the femur of the first pair of legs. While resembling hydraulic muscle mechanisms akin to arthropods, this modification actually allows the spider to retain the prey directly from the crevice it occupies. Also, if the larger prey ever tries to pull it from the crevice, the spider can use these legs to "grab" to the side walls and hence make it difficult. Many Kukulcania species also use them to dig holes in the soft ground at a 25- to 30-degree angle.

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Filistatidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los filistátidos (Filistatidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas, la única representante de la superfamilia Filistatoidea. Contiene arañas cribeladas, haploginas, tejedoras de telas en forma de tubo o embudo. Sus quelíceros son pequeños, el cefalotórax es grande, y tienen aspecto aterciopelado. Tienen ocho ojos, agrupados de manera compacta.

La familia contiene 16 géneros y 106 especies, siendo una de las más abundantes la Kukulcania hibernalis. Se encuentra a su vez dividida en dos subfamilias: Filistatinae y Prithinae. Las primeras se reconocen por tener tamaños de mediano a grande y por poseer espinas en los tarsos. Las segundas son de tamaño mucho menor y no tienen espinas en los tarsos.[1]

Géneros

La categorización en subfamilias corresponde al Biology Catalog de Joel Hallan's.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Grismado, Cristián. «FILISTATIDAE». Archivado desde el original el 10 de junio de 2008. Consultado el 2008.

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los filistátidos (Filistatidae) son una familia de arañas araneomorfas, la única representante de la superfamilia Filistatoidea. Contiene arañas cribeladas, haploginas, tejedoras de telas en forma de tubo o embudo. Sus quelíceros son pequeños, el cefalotórax es grande, y tienen aspecto aterciopelado. Tienen ocho ojos, agrupados de manera compacta.

La familia contiene 16 géneros y 106 especies, siendo una de las más abundantes la Kukulcania hibernalis. Se encuentra a su vez dividida en dos subfamilias: Filistatinae y Prithinae. Las primeras se reconocen por tener tamaños de mediano a grande y por poseer espinas en los tarsos. Las segundas son de tamaño mucho menor y no tienen espinas en los tarsos.​

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Filistatidae ( French )

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Les Filistatidae sont une famille d'araignées aranéomorphes[1].

Distribution

 src=
Distribution

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Europe du Sud, en Afrique, dans le sud de l'Amérique, dans le sud de l'Asie et en Océanie[1].

Description

Ce sont des araignées haplogynes primitives avec cribellum et calamistrum. Les chélicères sont petites ; le céphalothorax est enflé, d'aspect velouté. Il y a huit yeux, qui forment un groupement compact. La toile a la forme de tube entouré d'une collerette de fils calamistrés. Elles sont quelquefois retrouvées dans les maisons.

Certains taxons ont des durées de vie très longues, allant jusqu'à plus de cinq ans, les femelles étant plus longévives que les mâles.

Paléontologie

Cette famille est connue depuis le Néogène[2].

Taxonomie

Cette famille rassemble 182 espèces dans 19 genres[1].

Liste des genres

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 20.5, 22/08/2019)[3] :

Publication originale

  • Simon, 1864 : Histoire naturelle des araignées (aranéides). Paris, p. 1-540 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Filistatidae sont une famille d'araignées aranéomorphes.

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Filistatidae ( Italian )

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Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867 è una famiglia di ragni appartenente all'infraordine Araneomorphae.

Etimologia

Il nome deriva probabilmente dal greco φίλος, fìlos, cioè che ama, che preferisce e στατὸς, statòs, cioè fermo, stazionario, proprio perché rimane immobile all'interno della tana aspettando la preda, ed il suffisso -idae, che designa l'appartenenza ad una famiglia.

Caratteristiche

I ragni appartenenti a questa famiglia posseggono un cribellum piuttosto primitivo, otto occhi raggruppati fittamente e le filiere in posizione alquanto avanzata sull'opistosoma; le femmine sono colorate di scuro e grandi fino a 20 millimetri, i maschi non superano i 10 millimetri e sono di colore marrone chiaro, con lunghe gambe e i palpi che sono posti proprio di fronte al carapace.

I maschi hanno anche una striscia scura sulla parte dorsale del carapace che li fa rassomigliare ai Loxosceles della famiglia Sicariidae.

Comportamento

Costruiscono nel terreno ragnatele a forma di imbuto, dall'imboccatura abbastanza larga, estendendo la tela anche oltre l'imboccatura stessa per percepire l'arrivo della preda in anticipo.

Distribuzione

Il genere Kukulcania è tipico dell'America centrale; il genere Filistata è a diffusione eurasiatica. Altri generi diffusi in Africa, in America meridionale e in Australia ne fanno una famiglia a diffusione pressoché cosmopolita.

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Filistatidae - distribuzione

Tassonomia

Attualmente, a novembre 2020, si compone di 19 generi e 182 specie:[1]. Per la suddivisione in sottofamiglie si segue la classificazione dell'entomologo Joel Hallan[2]:

Note

  1. ^ World Spider Catalogue, versione 21.5, Famiglie di ragni, con numero di generi e specie URL consultato il 28 novembre 2020, su wsc.nmbe.ch. URL consultato il 28 febbraio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 luglio 2017).
  2. ^ Biology Catalog di Joel Hallan (TXT), su insects.tamu.edu (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 settembre 2006).

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Filistatidae Ausserer, 1867 è una famiglia di ragni appartenente all'infraordine Araneomorphae.

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Spleetwevers ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Spleetwevers (Filistatidae) zijn een familie van spinnen. De familie telt 17 beschreven geslachten en 112 soorten.[1]

Geslachten

Taxonomie

Voor een overzicht van de geslachten en soorten behorende tot de familie zie de lijst van Filistatidae.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Platnick, Norman I. (2010):The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History.
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Spleetwevers: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Spleetwevers (Filistatidae) zijn een familie van spinnen. De familie telt 17 beschreven geslachten en 112 soorten.

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Filistatidae ( Norwegian )

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Filistatidae er en familie av edderkopper som tilhører undergruppen Haplogynae i gruppen Araneomorphae.

Utseende

 src=
Kukulcania hibernalis, hann

Små til ganske store (hunnene kroppslengde opptil 20 mm, de svært langbeinte hannene opptil 10 mm), brune, langbeinte edderkopper. Ulikt mange andre Haplogynae har de åtte øyne. Hannen fører pedipalpene reist sammen foran seg som et horn.

Levevis

Disse bygger et trakt- eller rørformet nett som blir regnet for å være ganske primitivt.

Giftige arter?

Selv om de er ganske store edderkopper er det ikke noe som tyder på at de kan være farlige for mennesker. Men hannene av noen amerikanske arter blir lett forvekslet med den farlige slekten Loxosceles (familien Sicariidae).

Utbredelse

Familien forekommer i alle verdensdeler bortsett fra Antarktis, men er ikke artsrik i noe område. Den mangler i Nord-Europa.

Systematisk inndeling

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Nett av en Filistatidae
Treliste

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Filistatidae er en familie av edderkopper som tilhører undergruppen Haplogynae i gruppen Araneomorphae.

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Filistatidae ( Portuguese )

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Filistatidae é uma família de aranhas, que isoladamente constitui a superfamília monotípica Filistatoidea, que agrupa aranhas cribeladas de aspecto primitivo.

Descrição

As espécies integradas na família Filistatidae são haplogínicas e caracterizam-se por construirem teias tubulares, em geral inseridas em fendas de rochas e buracos no solo.

A família integra 17 géneros e mais de uma centena de espécies descritas. Uma das espécies mais aundantes nas Américas é a Kukulcania hibernalis, cujo nome genérico deriva do feroz deus mesoamericano Kukulkan.

Os membros do género Filistatinella aparentam ser versões miniaturizadas do género Kukulcania, constituído por espécies anteriormente integradas no género Filistata, o qual tem distribuição natural Afro-Eurasiática.

Géneros

A categorização em subfamílias segue Joel Hallan no seu Biology Catalog:[1]

Notas

  1. Biology Catalog Arquivado em 16 de setembro de 2006, no Wayback Machine..

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Filistatidae é uma família de aranhas, que isoladamente constitui a superfamília monotípica Filistatoidea, que agrupa aranhas cribeladas de aspecto primitivo.

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Filistatidae ( Turkish )

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Filistatidae, 17 cins ve 112 tür [1] ile temsil edilen örümcek familyası. Haplojin örümceklerdir.

Morfoloji

Sekiz gözlü örümceklerdendir. Filistata yaygın bir cinstir. Türleri birbirlerine benzer. Dişiler hemen hep aynı biçimde kahve ve siyah renktedirler. Carapace genellikle koyu renkli olup düzensiz lekelere sahiptir. Erkekler sarımtırak renkte, uzun pedipalp’lere sahiptirler. Gözlerin tümü bir arada ve çıkıntılar üzerinde bulunur. Trake açıklıkları ile epigastrik yarık arasındaki mesafe örü memeleri ile olan mesafenin iki mislidir. Calamistrum en fazla metatarsusun 1/3’ünde bulunur.

Familya teşhis anahtarı (Türkiye için): 8 gözlü. IV. yürüme bacağının metatarsus’u calamistrum’suz, örü memelerinin önünde cribellum bulunmaz. Bütün gözler tek grup halinde ve alnın arka orta yerinde, sternum önde labium ile birleşmiş.[2]

Habitat

Tuzak ağlarını taş, kütük vb. cisimlerin altına kurarlar. Harebelerde ağlarını genellikle duvar yarıklarına örerler.

Yayılımı

Dünya çapında yayılım gösterir.

Cinsleri

Türkiye'deki durumu

Türkiye'de iki türü bulunur: Filistata insidiatrix ile Pritha nana [3].

Kaynakça

  1. ^ The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5 by Norman I. Platnick
  2. ^ Zafer Sancak, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi örümceklerinin (Araneae) sistematik ve faunistik açıdan incelenmesi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, Aralık 2007
  3. ^ Ckecklist of the Spiders of Turkey

Dış bağlantılar

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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Filistatidae, 17 cins ve 112 tür ile temsil edilen örümcek familyası. Haplojin örümceklerdir.

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Filistatidae ( Vietnamese )

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Filistatidae là một họ nhện. Họ này gồm có 17 chi và hơn 100 loài phân bố khắp thế giới. Một trong các thành viên đông đảo nhất của họ này là loài nhện châu Mỹ nhện nhà phương Nam (Kukulcania hibernalis).

Các chi

Theo Joel Hallan trong Biology Catalog.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Filistatidae  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Filistatidae
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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Filistatidae là một họ nhện. Họ này gồm có 17 chi và hơn 100 loài phân bố khắp thế giới. Một trong các thành viên đông đảo nhất của họ này là loài nhện châu Mỹ nhện nhà phương Nam (Kukulcania hibernalis).

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Filistatidae ( Russian )

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 src=
Ловчая сеть Filistatidae

По данным Всемирного каталога пауков[en] на 8 августа 2017 года семейство включает 152 вида, объединяемых в 19 родов[2]:

  • Afrofilistata Benoit, 1968 — Западная и Центральная Африка
  • Andoharano Lehtinen, 1967 — Мадагаскар
  • Antilloides Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016 — Куба, Доминикана, Пуэрто-Рико, Виргинские о-ва
  • Filistata Latreille, 1810 — от Средиземноморья до Микронезии
  • Filistatinella Gertsch et Ivie, 1936 — США
  • Filistatoides F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 — Гватемала, Куба, Чили
  • Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967Новый Свет
  • Lihuelistata Ramirez et Grismado, 1997 — Аргентина
  • Microfilistata Zonstein, 1990 — Туркменистан, Таджикистан
  • Misionella Ramirez et Grismado, 1997 — Бразилия, Аргентина
  • Mystes Bristowe, 1938 — Малайзия
  • Pholcoides Roewer, 1960 — Афганистан
  • Pikelinia Mello-Leitetatilde;o, 1946 — Аргентина, Колумбия, Галапагосские острова
  • Pritha Lehtinen, 1967 — от Средиземноморья до Новой Гвинеи
  • Sahastata Benoit, 1968 — от Средиземноморья до Индии
  • Tricalamus Wang, 1987 — Китай
  • Wandella Gray, 1994 — Австралия
  • Yardiella Gray, 1994 — запад Австралии
  • Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967 — Передняя и Средняя Азия

Примечания

  1. Тыщенко В. П. Определитель пауков европейской части СССР / Отвественный редактор А, А, Стрелков. — Л.: Наука, 1971. — С. 58-59. — 281 с.
  2. Platnick, Norman I. (2017): The world spider catalog:Filistatidae, version 18.5. American Museum of Natural History. DOI:10.5531/db.iz.0001
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Filistatidae: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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 src= Ловчая сеть Filistatidae Основная статья: Список видов семейства Filistatidae

По данным Всемирного каталога пауков[en] на 8 августа 2017 года семейство включает 152 вида, объединяемых в 19 родов:

Afrofilistata Benoit, 1968 — Западная и Центральная Африка Andoharano Lehtinen, 1967 — Мадагаскар Antilloides Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Alayón, 2016 — Куба, Доминикана, Пуэрто-Рико, Виргинские о-ва Filistata Latreille, 1810 — от Средиземноморья до Микронезии Filistatinella Gertsch et Ivie, 1936 — США Filistatoides F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1899 — Гватемала, Куба, Чили Kukulcania Lehtinen, 1967 — Новый Свет Lihuelistata Ramirez et Grismado, 1997 — Аргентина Microfilistata Zonstein, 1990 — Туркменистан, Таджикистан Misionella Ramirez et Grismado, 1997 — Бразилия, Аргентина Mystes Bristowe, 1938 — Малайзия Pholcoides Roewer, 1960 — Афганистан Pikelinia Mello-Leitetatilde;o, 1946 — Аргентина, Колумбия, Галапагосские острова Pritha Lehtinen, 1967 — от Средиземноморья до Новой Гвинеи Sahastata Benoit, 1968 — от Средиземноморья до Индии Tricalamus Wang, 1987 — Китай Wandella Gray, 1994 — Австралия Yardiella Gray, 1994 — запад Австралии Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967 — Передняя и Средняя Азия
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