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Scytodes ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Femella de Scytodes fusca
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Mascle del gènere Scytodes; exemplar trobat a Sud-àfrica.

Scytodes és un gènere d'aranyes araneomorfes de la família dels escitòdids (Scytodidae).[1] Fou descrit per primera vegada l'any 1804 per Pierre André Latreille.[2]

Es troba arreu del món.[1] L'espècie distribuïda més àmpliament és Scytodes thoracica, la qual és pròpia de la zona paleàrtica, però que ha estat introduïda a Amèrica del Nord, Argentina, Índia, Austràlia i Nova Zelanda.[3]

Comportament

Les femelles porten els seus ous fins que coven. El primer període dels les aranyes juvenils el passen a la teranyina de la seva mare. Capturen de manera cooperativa i s'alimenten de la presa agafada en el teranyina. En arribar a la maduresa sexual, les aranyes deixen l'espai maternal, es desplacen fins a una zona propera i a partir d'aquell moment exhibeixen un comportament solitari.[4]

L'acte d'escopir, de la qual deriva el seu nom popular (spitting spider o aranya escopidora) és utilitzat com a mètode per atrapar la presa,[5] o escapar dels seus depredadors.[6] La substància enganxosa és expulsada dels seus ullals i la pot llençar fins a deu vegades la mida del seu cos.[5]

Espècies

Segons el World Spider Catalog amb data de 7 de gener de 2019, dins del gènere Scytodes hi ha 228 espècies reconegudes:[1]

Fòssils

Segons el World Spider Catalog versió 19.0 (2018), existeixen les següents espècies fòssils:[7]

Referències

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  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 (anglès) Referència World Spider Catalog: Scytodes Latreille, 1804 en la família Scytodidae +base de dades} . Accés el 7 de gener de 2019.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Latreille, P. A. (1804b). Tableau methodique des Insectes. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 24: 129-295.
  3. «Scytodes thoracica». [Consulta: 22 agost 2017].
  4. Li, Daiqin; Jackson, Robert R.; Barrion, Alberto T. «Parental and predatory behaviour of Scytodes sp., an araneophagic spitting spider (Araneae: Scytodidae) from the Philippines». Journal of Zoology, 247, 3, març 1999, pàg. 293–310. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00993.x.
  5. 5,0 5,1 McAlister, W. «The spitting habit in the spider Scytodes intricate Banks (Family Scytodidae)». Texas Journal of Science, 12, 1960, pàg. 17–20.
  6. Gilbert, C.; Rayor, L.S. «Predatory behavior of spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) and the evolution of prey wrapping». Journal of Arachnology, 13, 1985, pàg. 231–241 [Consulta: 24 maig 2018].
  7. Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives". A World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online a http://wsc.nmbe.ch, versió 19.0. Accés el 13 de desembre de 2018.
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
 src= Femella de Scytodes fusca  src= Mascle del gènere Scytodes; exemplar trobat a Sud-àfrica.

Scytodes és un gènere d'aranyes araneomorfes de la família dels escitòdids (Scytodidae). Fou descrit per primera vegada l'any 1804 per Pierre André Latreille.

Es troba arreu del món. L'espècie distribuïda més àmpliament és Scytodes thoracica, la qual és pròpia de la zona paleàrtica, però que ha estat introduïda a Amèrica del Nord, Argentina, Índia, Austràlia i Nova Zelanda.

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Scytodes

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Scytodes is a genus of spitting spiders that occur all around the world. The most widely distributed species is Scytodes thoracica, which originally had a palearctic distribution, but has been introduced to North America, Argentina, India, Australia, and New Zealand.[1] The genus was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804.[2] Spitting spiders have pale yellow bodies with black spots on their cephalothorax, and legs that are characterized by black bands.

Behavior

Reproduction

Spitting spiders are typically solitary until mating or hunting due to their aggressive nature. Males are cautious when trying to find a mate. Females carry their eggs until they hatch, typically under their body or in their chelicerae. This is the most vulnerable stage in life, the egg-carrying period. Upon hatching, the juvenile spiders remain in their mother's web. They cooperatively capture and feed on prey caught in the web. Upon reaching sexual maturity, the young spiders leave the web, move a short distance away and exhibit solitary behavior.[3] The genus exhibits sexual dimorphism, males range in size from 3.5 to 4 mm while females are slightly larger ranging from 4 to 4.5 mm. These spiders do not die post-mating; males live 1.5–2 years and females live 2 to 4 years.

Spitting

The spitting from which its name derives is used as a method of trapping prey[4] or escaping predators.[5] Sticky gum is expelled from their fangs and can be shot up to ten body lengths from the spider.[4] When the string of venomous substance is shot, anywhere from 5 to 17 parallel overlapping bands cover the meal and kill it.

Species

As of November 2022 Scytodes contains 219 species and 1 subspecies. Spitting spiders often are found in temperate and terrestrial habitat regions such as forests in South America, the Caribbean, Central America, Africa, Europe, Asia, North America, Oceania, and on the Pacific Islands:.[1] In the presence of humans, these spiders are found in dark corners, cellars, cupboards, and closets of houses.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Gen. Scytodes Latreille, 1804". World Spider Catalog Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. 2020. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  2. ^ Latreille, P. A. (1804). "Tableau methodique des Insectes". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24: 129–295.
  3. ^ Li, Daiqin; Jackson, Robert R.; Barrion, Alberto T. (March 1999). "Parental and predatory behaviour of Scytodes sp., an araneophagic spitting spider (Araneae: Scytodidae) from the Philippines". Journal of Zoology. 247 (3): 293–310. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00993.x.
  4. ^ a b McAlister, W. (1960). "The spitting habit in the spider Scytodes intricate Banks (Family Scytodidae)". Texas Journal of Science. 12: 17–20.
  5. ^ Gilbert, C.; Rayor, L.S. (1985). "Predatory behavior of spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) and the evolution of prey wrapping" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 13: 231–241. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  • Scytodes, Animal Diversity, 2014
  • Suter, Robert (2009), "Spitting Performance Parameters and Their Biomechanical Implications in the Spitting Spider, Scytodes", Journal of Insect Science, 9: 1–15, doi:10.1673/031.009.6201, PMC 3011943, PMID 20050781
  • Belosludtsev, E.A.; Gasilin, V.V. (2018), "Cosmopolitan Distribution of the Spitting Spider Scytodes thoracica Latreille, 1802 (Aranei, Scytodidae) and Its New Findings in the Northern Parts of the Range", Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 11 (2): 123–136, doi:10.1134/S1995425518020038, S2CID 4953468
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Scytodes: Brief Summary

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Scytodes is a genus of spitting spiders that occur all around the world. The most widely distributed species is Scytodes thoracica, which originally had a palearctic distribution, but has been introduced to North America, Argentina, India, Australia, and New Zealand. The genus was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. Spitting spiders have pale yellow bodies with black spots on their cephalothorax, and legs that are characterized by black bands.

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Scytodes ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Scytodes es un género de arañas aranéomorfas de la familia Scytodidae. [1]

Distribución

Cosmopolitas. La especie más difundida es Scytodes thoracica, que originalmente tenía una distribución paleártica pero ha sido introducida a otras partes del mundo; se encuentra en América, África, en el Sur de Asia, en Europa del Sur y Oceanía. [2]

Lista de especies

Bibliografía

  • Latreille, 1804 : Cuadro méthodique de los Insectos. Nuevo diccionario de historia natural, París, 24, p. 129–295.
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Scytodes es un género de arañas aranéomorfas de la familia Scytodidae. ​

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Scytodes ( French )

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Scytodes est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Scytodidae[1].

Distribution

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Amérique, en Afrique, dans le Sud de l'Asie, en Europe du Sud et en Océanie[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 23.0, 28/02/2022)[2] :

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 20.5, 2020)[3] :

Systématique et taxinomie

Ce genre a été décrit par Latreille en 1804. Il est placé dans les Scytodidae par Blackwall en 1864[4].

Publication originale

  • Latreille, 1804 : Tableau méthodique des Insectes. Nouvelle dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, Paris, vol. 24, p. 129–295.

Notes et références

  1. a et b WSC, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. WSC, consulté le version 23.0, 28/02/2022
  3. (en) Dunlop, Penney et Jekel, « A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives » (version 20.5), dans World Spider Catalog, Musée d'histoire naturelle de Berne, 2020.
  4. Blackwall, 1864 : A history of the spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. London, Ray Society, vol. 2, p. 175-384.
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( French )

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Scytodes est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Scytodidae.

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Scytodes ( Italian )

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Scytodes è un genere di ragni sputatori che si trovano in tutto il mondo. La specie più diffusa è Scytodes thoracica, che originariamente aveva una distribuzione paleartica, ma è stata introdotta in Nord America, Argentina, India, Australia e Nuova Zelanda. Il genere è stato descritto per la prima volta da Pierre André Latreille nel 1804.[2]

Comportamento

Riproduzione

Le femmine portano le loro uova fino alla schiusa. Al momento della schiusa, i ragni giovanili rimangono nella ragnatela della madre. Catturano e si nutrono in modo cooperativo di prede catturate nella ragnatela. Al raggiungimento della maturità sessuale, i giovani ragni lasciano la ragnatela, si allontanano a breve distanza e mostrano un comportamento solitario.[3]

Sputo

Lo sputo da cui deriva il suo nome viene utilizzato come metodo per intrappolare la preda[4] o sfuggire ai predatori.[5] La gomma appiccicosa viene espulsa dalle loro zanne e può essere sparata fino a dieci volte la lunghezza del corpo dal ragno.

Specie

A luglio 2020 Scytodes contiene 222 specie e due sottospecie. Si trovano in Sudamerica, Caraibi, America centrale, Africa, Europa, Asia, Nordamerica, Oceania e nelle isole del Pacifico:

 src=
Scytodes glabula
 src=
Scytodes intricata

Note

  1. ^ Gen. Scytodes Latreille, 1804, su World Spider Catalog Version 21.0, Natural History Museum Bern, 2020, DOI:10.24436/2. URL consultato il 7 luglio 2020.
  2. ^ P. A. Latreille, Tableau methodique des Insectes, in Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, vol. 24, 1804, pp. 129–295.
  3. ^ Daiqin Li, Robert R. Jackson e Alberto T. Barrion, Parental and predatory behaviour of Scytodes sp., an araneophagic spitting spider (Araneae: Scytodidae) from the Philippines, in Journal of Zoology, vol. 247, n. 3, March 1999, pp. 293–310, DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00993.x.
  4. ^ W. McAlister, The spitting habit in the spider Scytodes intricate Banks (Family Scytodidae), in Texas Journal of Science, vol. 12, 1960, pp. 17–20.
  5. ^ C. Gilbert e L.S. Rayor, Predatory behavior of spitting spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae) and the evolution of prey wrapping (PDF), in Journal of Arachnology, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 231–241. URL consultato il 24 maggio 2018.

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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Scytodes è un genere di ragni sputatori che si trovano in tutto il mondo. La specie più diffusa è Scytodes thoracica, che originariamente aveva una distribuzione paleartica, ma è stata introdotta in Nord America, Argentina, India, Australia e Nuova Zelanda. Il genere è stato descritto per la prima volta da Pierre André Latreille nel 1804.

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Scytodes ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Scytodes is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie lijmspuiters.

Soorten

[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Platnick, Norman I. (2010):The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Scytodes van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Scytodes is een geslacht van spinnen uit de familie lijmspuiters.

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Scytodes ( Portuguese )

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 src=
S. thoracica

Scytodes é um gênero de aranhas que existe no mundo inteiro. A especie mais conhecida é Scytodes thoracica. O esguicho do qual deriva seu nome é usado como um método de predação.[1]

Referências

  1. «Scytodes» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)
  • Scytodes = Catálogo de aranhas no mundo - em 14 de dezembro de 2017
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= S. thoracica

Scytodes é um gênero de aranhas que existe no mundo inteiro. A especie mais conhecida é Scytodes thoracica. O esguicho do qual deriva seu nome é usado como um método de predação.

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Scytodes ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Scytodes este un gen de păianjeni araneomorfi din familia Scytodidae. Cea mai răspândită specie din cadrul genului este Scytodes thoracica, întâlnită și în România. Genul cuprinde 173 de specii.

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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Scytodes este un gen de păianjeni araneomorfi din familia Scytodidae. Cea mai răspândită specie din cadrul genului este Scytodes thoracica, întâlnită și în România. Genul cuprinde 173 de specii.

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Scytodes ( Turkish )

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Türler

Metne bakınız.

Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Scytodes ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Scytodes ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.
 src=
Scytodes thoracica

Scytodes, Scytodidae familyasından 173 türü olan bir örümcek cinsidir.

Morfoloji

Cins teşhis karakteri (Türkiye için): Karapaks çok sayıda siyahımsı noktalar ile lekeli, thorasik yarık bulunmaz, karapaks arkada çok yüksek 6 adet göz birbirinden uzak ikili gruplar oluşturur.[1]

Yayılımı

Familyanın dünya çapında yayılım göstren cinsidir. En bilinen türü Holarktik bölgede yayılım gösteren Scytodes thoracica türüdür.

Türkiye'deki durumu

Türkiye'de Scytodes thoracica adlı tek bir türü bulunur.

Türleri

World Spider Cataloga göre türleri:[2]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Zafer Sancak, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi örümceklerinin (Araneae) sistematik ve faunistik açıdan incelenmesi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, yüksek lisans tezi, Aralık 2007
  2. ^ World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5 by Norman I. Platnick
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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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 src= Scytodes thoracica

Scytodes, Scytodidae familyasından 173 türü olan bir örümcek cinsidir.

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Scytodes ( Vietnamese )

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Scytodes là một chi nhện trong họScytodidae.

Các loài

[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Platnick, Norman I. (2010):The world spider catalog, version 10.5. American Museum of Natural History

Tham khảo

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Scytodes: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Scytodes là một chi nhện trong họScytodidae.

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