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Cifoftalm ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els cifoftalms (Cyphophthalmi) són un subordre d'opilions, que comprèn 6 famílies, 36 gèneres i més de 100 espècies. Les sis famílies estan dividides en 2 infraordres, Tropicophthalmi i Temperophthalmi, però aquesta subdivisió no es recolza pels estudis filogenètics.

Es troben a Europa, Amèrica, Àfrica i Oceania, habitant coves o terra de fulla; posseeixen una escassa capacitat de dispersió, per la qual cosa abunden les espècies endèmiques.

Taxonomia

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Cifoftalm: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els cifoftalms (Cyphophthalmi) són un subordre d'opilions, que comprèn 6 famílies, 36 gèneres i més de 100 espècies. Les sis famílies estan dividides en 2 infraordres, Tropicophthalmi i Temperophthalmi, però aquesta subdivisió no es recolza pels estudis filogenètics.

Es troben a Europa, Amèrica, Àfrica i Oceania, habitant coves o terra de fulla; posseeixen una escassa capacitat de dispersió, per la qual cosa abunden les espècies endèmiques.

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Cyphophthalmi ( German )

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Die Cyphophthalmi sind eine der vier rezenten Unterordnungen der Weberknechte. Die fast immer sehr kleinen, im Habitus den Milben (vor allem den Opilioacaridae) ähnlichen Tiere sind bodenlebend, sie werden in der Streuschicht von Wäldern, in Bodenspalten und als Höhlentiere gefunden, fast alle selten. Die Cyphophthalmi sind weltweit auf allen Kontinenten (außer Antarktika) nachgewiesen. Es sind etwas weniger als 200 Arten bekannt (Stand: 2013).[1]

Beschreibung

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Pettalus

Cyphophthalmi sind im Habitus gedrungene, eiförmige Tiere mit relativ kurzen Beinen. Die Oberseite des Körpers wird überwiegend von einem einheitlichen, ungegliederten Schild bedeckt, bei den Weberknechten Scutum completum genannt. Dieser bedeckt den Vorderkörper (Prosoma) und die ersten acht Segmente des Hinterleibs (Opisthosoma), die letzten beiden tragen freie Tergite.[2] Zwischen Prosoma und Opisthosoma und zwischen den verschmolzenen Tergiten des Opisthosoma ist jeweils eine nahtartige Furche sichtbar. Die beiden freien Tergite sind untergeschlagen und bei Betrachtung von oben nicht sichtbar.[3] Auf der Bauchseite ist das Sternum des Prosoma reduziert, auf dem Opisthosoma sind sieben freie Sternite plus ein Analdeckel (aus mehreren verschmolzenen Elementen) sichtbar. Im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Weberknechten fehlt ein Genitaldeckel (Operculum genitale), die Genitalöffnung ist frei sichtbar. Die meisten Cyphophthalmi sind augenlos und blind. Bei wenigen Arten sind funktionale Augen nachgewiesen, diese sitzen dann, anders als bei den anderen Weberknechten, nicht in der Mitte des Prosoma auf einem Augenhügel, sondern weit voneinander getrennt nahe dem Rand des Prosoma. Oben auf dem Scutum sind stattdessen zwei konische Hügel ausgebildet, die die Öffnungen der Stinkdrüsen tragen.

Die Cheliceren sind länger als bei den meisten Palpatores, aber nicht markant verlängert, sie werden in Ruhe nach vorn gestreckt, das zweite Glied nach unten umgeschlagen. Die Chelae tragen eine Zahnreihe. Die Pedipalpen sind lang und schlank, ohne besondere Bildungen, mit einer kleinen stiftförmigen Klaue an der Spitze. Von den vier Laufbeinpaaren ist, anders als bei den anderen Weberknechten (Phalangida), das erste Paar am längsten. Sie sind insgesamt nur von mäßiger Länge, höchstens körperlang. Die Hüften (Coxae) des dritten und vierten Beinpaars, oder bei anderen Gruppen diejenigen der letzten drei Beinpaare, sind miteinander und mit dem Opisthosoma unbeweglich verwachsen. Der Tarsus ist stets nur eingliedrig, mit einer großen, beweglichen Klaue.[4][3]

Anders als bei allen anderen Weberknechten wird bei den Cyphophthalmi bei der Begattung eine Spermatophore übertragen. Die genauen Vorgänge bei der Begattung sind noch nicht beschrieben worden. Die Spermien besitzen noch eine, rudimentäre, Geißel.[5] Der Penis ist kompliziert gebaut, mit kurzem Stamm und einem oder zwei Paaren beweglicher Greifzangen. Der Ovipositor ist ausstreckbar. Ausgestreckt ist er von ungewöhnlicher Länge, zwei- bis dreifach körperlang. Er ist aufgebaut aus gelenkig miteinander verbundenen Ringen, jeweils mit einer Borstenreihe.[2]

Phylogenie, Taxonomie, Systematik

Die Cyphophthalmi bilden den basalsten Abzweig der rezenten Weberknechte, mit allen drei verbleibenden Unterordnungen (zusammen Phalangida genannt) als gemeinsamer Schwestergruppe.[6][7] Die Familie kann bis ins Erdzeitalter des Karbon zurückverfolgt werden.[8]

Das folgende System basiert auf dem Katalog durch Gonzalo Giribet 2000[9] Die darin enthaltenen Teilordnungen und Überfamilien erwiesen sich überwiegend als nicht monophyletisch[8] und werden hier nicht berücksichtigt. Basalste Familie, mit allen anderen gemeinsam als Schwestergruppe, sind die Pettalidae. Da zahlreiche unbeschriebene Arten bekannt sind und laufend neue Arten beschrieben werden, ist die Aufstellung unvollständig. Der Stand entspricht dem Katalog von 2000, mit einzelnen Nachträgen.

Unterordnung Cyphophthalmi Simon, 1879

  • Familie Troglosironidae Shear, 1993
    • Gattung Troglosiro Juberthie, 1979. 6 Arten (Neukaledonien)
  • Familie Sironidae Simon, 1879 (syn. Cyphophthalmidae Joseph, 1869)
    • Gattung Cyphophthalmus Joseph, 1868 (lange als synonym von Siro aufgefasst)[10]. 18 Arten (Südosteuropa, Kleinasien)
    • Gattung Fangensis Rambla, 1994 mit der einzigen Art Fangensis leclerci Rambla, 1994 (Thailand)
    • Gattung Iberosiro de Bivort & Giribet, 2004. 5 Arten[11] (Spanien und Portugal)
    • Gattung Marwe Shear, 1985 mit der einzigen Art Marwe coarctata Shear, 1985 (höhlenlebend, in Kenia)
    • Gattung Metasiro Juberthie, 1960 mit der einzigen Art Metasiro americanus (Davis, 1933) (Nordamerika)
    • Gattung Odontosiro Juberthie, 1961 mit der einzigen Art Odontosiro lusitanicus Juberthie, 1961 (Spanien und Portugal)
    • Gattung Paramiopsalis Juberthie, 1962. 3 Arten[11] (Spanien und Portugal)
    • Gattung Parasiro Hansen and Sørensen, 1904. 3 Arten (Spanien, Korsika, Sardinien, Apennin in Italien)
    • Gattung Siro Latreille, 1796. 7 Arten.[10] (Nordamerika, Süd- und Osteuropa, bis Österreich)
    • Gattung Suzukielus Juberthie, 1970 mit der einzigen Art Suzukielus sauteri (Roewer, 1916) (Japan)
    • Gattung Tranteeva Kratochvíl, 1958 mit der einzigen Art Tranteeva paradoxa (Kratochvíl, 1958) (höhlenlebend, in Bulgarien)
  • Familie Pettalidae Shear, 1980
    • Gattung Austropurcellia Juberthie, 1988 mit der einzigen Art Austropurcellia scoparia Juberthie, 1988 (Queensland., Australien)
    • Gattung Chileogovea Roewer, 1961 2 Arten (Chile)
    • Gattung Manangotria Shear and Gruber, 1996 mit der einzigen Art Manangotria taolanaro Shear and Gruber, 1996 (Madagaskar)
    • Gattung Neopurcellia Forster, 1948. 4 Arten (Neuseeland, Australien)
    • Gattung Parapurcellia Rosas Costa, 1950. 4 Arten (Südafrika)
    • Gattung Pettalus Thorell, 1876. 2 Arten (Sri Lanka)
    • Gattung Purcellia Hansen and Sørensen, 1904. 3 Arten (Südafrika)
    • Gattung Rakaia Hirst, 1925. 22 Arten (Neuseeland, Australien)
    • Gattung Speleosiro Lawrence, 1931 mit der einzigen Art Speleosiro argasiformis Lawrence, 1931 (höhlenlebend, in Südafrika)
  • Familie Stylocellidae Hansen and Sørensen, 1904
    • Gattung Stylocellus Westwood, 1874. 23 Arten (Malaysia, Indonesien, Philippinen)
  • Familie Ogoveidae Shear, 1980
    • Gattung Ogovea Roewer, 1923. 2 Arten (Zentralafrika)
  • Familie Neogoveidae Shear, 1980
    • Gattung Huitaca Shear, 1979 mit der einzigen Art Huitaca ventralis Shear, 1979 (Kolumbien)
    • Gattung Metagovea Rosas Costa, 1950. 3 Arten (Südamerika)

incertae sedis (vermutlich basal zu Sironidae + Stylocellidae)

    • Gattung Ankaratra Shear and Gruber, 1996 mit der einzigen Art Ankaratra franzi Shear and Gruber, 1996 (Madagaskar)

Einzelnachweise

  1. Adrano Brilhante Kury (2013): Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. In: Z.-Q. Zhang (editor): Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703: 1–82 (Opiliones: 27–33.). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.7
  2. a b Jochen Martens: Spinnentiere, Arachnida: Weberknechte, Opiliones. Friedrich Dahl (Begründer): Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, Band 64. VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1978, 464 S., Subordo Cyphophthalmi auf S. 59–68.
  3. a b Hans Jacob Hansen & William Sørensen: On two orders of Arachnida : Opiliones, especially the suborder Cyphophthalmi, and Ricinulei, namely the family Cryptostemmatoidae. Cambridge University Press, 1904. Volltext bei biodiversitylibrary.org.
  4. Gonzalo Giribet & Adriano B. Kury: Phylogeny and Biogeography. Chapter 3 in: Ricardo Pinto-Da-Rocha, Glauco Machado , Gonzalo Giribet (editors): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, 2007. ISBN 978 0674023437. Cyphophthalmi S. 68–70.
  5. L. van der Hammen: An Introduction to Comparative Arachnology. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 1988, 576 S., ISBN 90-5103-023-1, auf S. 542
  6. Gonzalo Giribet & Prashant P. Sharma (2015): Evolutionary Biology of Harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Annual Review of Entomology 60: 157–175. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021028
  7. Prashant P. Sharma & Gonzalo Giribet (2014): A revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones. Frontiers in Genetics 5: article 255. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00255
  8. a b Gonzalo Giribet, Prashant P. Sharma, Ligia R. Benavides, Sarah L. Boyer, Ronald M. Clouse, Benjamin L. de Bivort, Dimitar Dimitrov, Gisele Y. Kawauchi, Jerome Murienne, Peter J. Schwendinger (2011): Evolutionary and Biogeographical History of an Ancient and Global Group of Arachnids (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) with a New Taxonomic Arrangement. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 105 (1): 92–130. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01774.x (open access)
  9. Gonzalo Giribet (2000): Catalogue of the Cyphophthalmi of the World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista ibérica de Aracnología 2: 49–76.
  10. a b Ivo M. Karaman The taxonomical status and diversity of Balkan sironids (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) with descriptions of twelve new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156: 260–318.
  11. a b Gonzalo Giribet, Ligia R. Benavides, Izaskun Merino-Sáinz (2017): The systematics and biogeography of the mite harvestman family Sironidae (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) with the description of five new species. Invertebrate Systematics 31: 456–491. doi:10.1071/IS16086
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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Cyphophthalmi sind eine der vier rezenten Unterordnungen der Weberknechte. Die fast immer sehr kleinen, im Habitus den Milben (vor allem den Opilioacaridae) ähnlichen Tiere sind bodenlebend, sie werden in der Streuschicht von Wäldern, in Bodenspalten und als Höhlentiere gefunden, fast alle selten. Die Cyphophthalmi sind weltweit auf allen Kontinenten (außer Antarktika) nachgewiesen. Es sind etwas weniger als 200 Arten bekannt (Stand: 2013).

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Cyphophthalmi

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Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen, colloquially known as mite harvestmen. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.[1]

Description

Cyphophthalmi are smaller than the more familiar "daddy long-legs" harvestmen, with adults ranging from 1 to 7 mm in length. Moreover, their legs are relatively short compared to most other harvestmen, typically shorter than the body. Some superficially resemble mites, which is where they get their common name. Their coloration is almost always some shade of brown, with a heavily sclerotized body, and they are quite inconspicuous, residing in leaf litter or in caves.[2] Many Cyphophthalmi are eyeless, and presumably rely on olfactory cues to find food and mates. Very little is known about their behavior, though they likely subsist mostly by scavenging and preying on minute arthropods.[2] They have low dispersal rates and consequently high endemism.[3]

Diagnostic features

Cyphophthalmi differ from other harvestmen in a number of key ways. Like all harvestmen, they have a pair of ozopores located on the sides of the prosoma. Unlike other harvestmen, however, the ozopores in Cyphophthalmi are located on elevated cone-shaped structures known as ozophores. Although members of most families are eyeless, most members of the families Pettalidae and Stylocellidae do have eyes located on or near the ozophores.[2] These eyes, however, are not homologous to the eyes of other harvestmen, and are instead derived from ancestral lateral eyes, instead of ancestral median eyes, as is the case for other harvestmen.[4] The male genitalia of Cyphophthalmi is unique among harvestmen, as males lack a true penis, and instead have a short spermatopositor, a structure which is not inserted inside the female, but used to deposit a spermatophore. In addition, they are the only harvestmen to lack a genital operculum, and instead exhibit a completely open gonopore. Mating in Cyphophthalmi is not well studied, but in some species at least, males and females do engage in direct contact. They further differ from most harvestmen in that the first 8 opisthosomal tergites and the prosomal carapace are fused together in what is known as a scutum completum, although this feature is also known from the unrelated family Sandokanidae.[2]

Sexual dimorphisms

Like most animals, Cyphophthalmi express morphological distinctions between male and female individuals. Male Cyphophthalmi possess a structure on their fourth pair of tarsi known as an adenostyle. The adenostyle usually appears as a small hornlike projection, but can take a variety of shapes, depending on species. The function of the adenostyle is currently unknown, but is presumably associated with chemical glands. Aside from the adenostyle, males in many species possess glandular pores on either the underside of the opisthosoma or the anal region, although these glands are not present in all species. Males in several families also possess structural modifications of the anal plate and males of certain species in the family Stylocellidae possess a modified patch of cuticle near the adenostyle known as the Rambla's organ. The exact function of these glands and structures is currently unknown.[2]

Chemical defenses

Like most harvestmen, Cyphophthalmi rely heavily on chemical secretions for defense. This defensive character is particularly well developed in Cyphophthalmi, when compared to the more familiar Eupnoi and Dyspnoi. Cyphophthalmi possess more elaborate musculature associated with the defensive glands than other harvestmen, and the secretions, which primarily consist of a variety of napthoquinones and ketones, are thought to be more potent than in Eupnoi and Dyspnoi.[2][5]

Distribution

Cyphophthalmids are found on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica, where they probably also once lived. As they did not disperse onto any oceanic islands, and it is believed that they did not travel between separate landmasses, they make an interesting subject for biogeography. Each of the six currently recognized families has a distinct distribution:[2]

Colombia shows the largest diversity of cyphophthalmids among countries in South America. This could reflect the large number of ecosystems found there, but could also be due to a high rate of sampling in this country.[6]

Fossil record

A fossil cyphophthalmid assigned to a modern genus, Siro platypedibus Dunlop & Giribet, 2003 (Sironidae), was described from the Oligocene Bitterfeld amber of eastern Germany. A slightly older representative of this genus was described from Eocene Baltic amber as Siro balticus Dunlop & Mitov, 2011. A third fossil, Palaeosiro burmanicum Poinar, 2008, has been described from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber. It was also assigned to Sironidae but is now thought to belong to Stylocellidae (a more typical Asian family).[7] As the fossil record for Cyphophthalmi is so sparse, recent studies have attempted to predict the diversification time of the suborder by using molecular clocks and comparing gene sequences among living taxa. One 2012 study estimated the earliest diversification of the suborder at approximately 332 MYA, in the Carboniferous.[1] Another study, in 2014, recovered a diversification age of approximately 340 MYA.[8] A more recent study in 2017, however, recovered the diversification of the modern Cyphophthalmi lineages to have occurred more recently, during the Jurassic, with the emergence of the suborder as a whole at less than 300 MYA.[9]

Relationships

Cyphophthalmi is one of the two major lineages of harvestmen; the other, containing the Laniatores, Dyspnoi and Eupnoi, is known as Phalangida.[10] The extinct suborder, Tetrophthalmi, shares several features in common with Cyphophthalmi, and these two suborders may represent sister taxa.[4] They are grouped into the following infraorders: Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi. The Boreophthalmi and Sternophthalmi together form a monophyletic clade, and comprise 5 of the 6 families of Cyphphthalmi. The Scopulophthalmi, with only 1 family, the Pettalidae, forms the sister group to all the other families. Within the Sternophthalmi, the families Ogoveidae and Neogoveidae are most closely related, and form the superfamily Ogoveoidea, which is the sister group to the family Troglosironidae.[1] The systematics of the Boreophthalmi, however, is not yet fully resolved. In one recent analysis, the Boreophthalmi were recovered as paraphyletic with respect to the Sternophthalmi.[9] Even within the Boreophthalmi, the Sironidae has been recovered either as sister family to Stylocellidae, or as paraphyletic with respect to Stylocellidae.[1] In addition, there are 3 genera of Cyphophthalmi with uncertain affinities that have not been placed in any family or infraorder.[11][1]

Cyphophthalmi Scopulophthalmi

Pettalidae

Boreophthalmi

Sironidae

Stylocellidae

Sternophthalmi Ogoveoidea

Neogoveidae

Ogoveidae

Troglosironidae

Recovered by Giribet et al. (2012) Cyphophthalmi Scopulophthalmi

Pettalidae

Stylocellidae

Sironidae

Sternophthalmi Ogoveoidea

Neogoveidae

Ogoveidae

Troglosironidae

Recovered by Fernandez et al. (2017)

Taxonomy

History of taxonomy

Originally, Cyphophthalmi was recognized as a single family consisting of two subfamilies, Sironini and Stylocellini. This classification scheme existed until 1980, when a new taxonomy was proposed, separating 5 families into the now-defunct infraorders Temperophthalmi (consisting of Petallidae, Sironidae and, later, Troglosironidae) and Tropicophthalmi (consisting of Stylocellidae, Ogoveidae and Neogoveidae).[2] These two infraorders were never recovered as monophyletic in subsequent studies, and, following a 2012 phylogenetic analysis, a new Cyphophthalmi taxonomy was proposed.[1]

Current taxonomy

The Cyphophthalmi are currently represented by the following taxa, which represent approximately 200 species, although there are a significant number of undescribed species that have been collected, and the current number of species is believed to be a severe under-representation.[12][13][14] The monophyly of most subgroups of Cyphophthalmi is well supported, although both Boreophthalmi and Sironidae have been recovered as paraphyletic in recent analyses.[1][9]

  • Family Sironidae Simon, 1879 (7 genera, 57 species)
  • Family Stylocellidae Hanson and Sørenson, 1904 (6 genera, 36 species)
  • Family Pettalidae Shear, 1980 (10 genera, 75 species)

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Giribet, Gonzalo; Sharma, Prashant P.; Benavides, Ligia R.; Boyer, Sarah L.; Clouse, Ronald M.; De Bivort, Benjamin L.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Murienne, Jerome (2012-01-01). "Evolutionary and biogeographical history of an ancient and global group of arachnids (Arachnida: Opiliones: Cyphophthalmi) with a new taxonomic arrangement". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 105 (1): 92–130. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01774.x. ISSN 1095-8312.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023437.
  3. ^ Cyphophthalmi Research page at Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology Archived 2010-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Garwood, Russell J. (2014-05-05). "A Paleozoic Stem Group to Mite Harvestmen Revealed through Integration of Phylogenetics and Development". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1017–1023. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 24726154. S2CID 14841693.
  5. ^ Jones, Tappey H.; Shear, William A.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2009). "The Chemical Defenses of a Stylocellid (Arachnida, Opiliones, Stylocellidae) from Sulawesi with Comparisons to Other Cyphophthalmi". The Journal of Arachnology. 37 (2): 147–150. doi:10.1636/sh08-48.1. JSTOR 40233821. S2CID 86547414.
  6. ^ Benavides Silva, Ligia; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007-06-18). "An Illustrated Catalogue Of The South American Species Of The Cyphophthalmid Family Neogoveidae (Arthropoda, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) With A Report On 37 Undescribed Species". Zootaxa. 1509. doi:10.5281/zenodo.177215.
  7. ^ Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2014. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In Platnick, N. I. (ed.) The world spider catalog, version 15.0 American Museum of Natural History, online at http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html
  8. ^ Sharma, Prashant P.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014). "A revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones". Frontiers in Genetics. 5: 255. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00255. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 4112917. PMID 25120562.
  9. ^ a b c Fernández, Rosa; Sharma, Prashant P.; Tourinho, Ana Lúcia; Giribet, Gonzalo (2017-02-22). "The Opiliones tree of life: shedding light on harvestmen relationships through transcriptomics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1849): 20162340. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.2340. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5326524. PMID 28228511.
  10. ^ Shultz, Jeffrey W. & Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo (2007): Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 15ff
  11. ^ A., Shear, William (1985). "Marwe coarctata : a remarkable new cyphophthalmid from a limestone cave in Kenya (Arachnida, Opiliones). American Museum novitates ; no. 2830". hdl:2246/3584. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Kury, Adriano Brilhante; Giupponi, Alessandro Ponce de Leão (2015-01-26). "A new species of Metagovea Rosas Costa, 1950 from Napo Province, Ecuador (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Neogoveidae)". ZooKeys (477): 1–15. doi:10.3897/zookeys.477.8706. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4319056. PMID 25685003.
  13. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo; Benavides, Ligia R.; Merino-Sáinz, Izaskun (2017-08-30). "The systematics and biogeography of the mite harvestman family Sironidae (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) with the description of five new species". Invertebrate Systematics. 31 (4): 456–491. doi:10.1071/IS16086. ISSN 1447-2600. S2CID 90781847.
  14. ^ Giribet, Gonzalo; Boyer, Sarah L.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Fernández, Rosa; Sharma, Prashant P.; de Bivort, Benjamin L.; Daniels, Savel R.; Harvey, Mark S.; Griswold, Charles E. (2016-11-01). "A molecular phylogeny of the temperate Gondwanan family Pettalidae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) and the limits of taxonomic sampling". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 523–545. doi:10.1111/zoj.12419. ISSN 1096-3642. S2CID 49331211.

Further reading

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary

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Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen, colloquially known as mite harvestmen. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.

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Cyphophthalmi ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los cifoftalmos (Cyphophthalmi) son un suborden de Opiliones que comprende 6 familias, 36 géneros y más de 100 especies. Las seis familias se encuentran repartidas en dos infraórdenes, Tropicophthalmi y Temperophthalmi, pero esta subdivisión no se respalda por los estudios filogenéticos.

Se encuentran en Europa, América, África y Oceanía, habitando cuevas u hojarasca; poseen una escasa capacidad de dispersión, por lo cual abundan las especies endémicas.

Morfología

Los adultos miden entre 1 a 7 mm. A diferencia que el resto de los opiliones las patas de menor tamaño que el cuerpo, tomando una apariencia muy similar a la de los ácaros. Los cuatro pares de patas para caminar terminan en una garra simple. Son de color café, pudiendo haber excepciones. Tienen un cuerpo muy esclerotizado, teniendo los ocho tergitos de los segmentos abdominales fusionados, pero aun visible la segmentación primitiva. Muchos son ciegos, y se cree que utilizan el olfato para encontrar pareja y comida.

Tienen unos conos sinapomorfos llamados ozóforos, los cuales poseen las características glándulas ozóforas de todos los opiliones. Estos conos se encuentran elevados a los lados del prosoma, de los cuales emanan un desagradable olor cuando se sienten en peligro.

Tienen un gran dimorfismo sexual, con el pene corto, membranoso y sin dividir, siendo esta una característica única de este suborden, y el ovipositor en cambio es del mismo tanto en Cyphophthalmi, Phalangioideae y Caddoidea.

Sistemática

Este suborden se encuentra muy aceptado y respaldado, al igual que el resto de los subórdenes de opiliones, por estudios morfológicos y moleculares.[1]

Distribución

Cyphophthalmi es un suborden que se encuentra en todo el mundo, con la excepción de la Antártida. Como no se han encontrado en islas oceánicas, y se cree que no han viajado entre continentes, son un interesante objeto de estudio para la biogeografía. Cada una de las seis familias posee una distribución distinta:

Colombia es el país que tiene mayor diversidad de Cyphophthalmi entre los países del Sur de América. Esto puede ser reflejo del gran número de ecosistemas encontrados al interior del país.

Referencias

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los cifoftalmos (Cyphophthalmi) son un suborden de Opiliones que comprende 6 familias, 36 géneros y más de 100 especies. Las seis familias se encuentran repartidas en dos infraórdenes, Tropicophthalmi y Temperophthalmi, pero esta subdivisión no se respalda por los estudios filogenéticos.

Se encuentran en Europa, América, África y Oceanía, habitando cuevas u hojarasca; poseen una escasa capacidad de dispersión, por lo cual abundan las especies endémicas.

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Cyphophthalmi ( French )

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Les Cyphophthalmi sont un sous-ordre d'opilions. Les 240 espèces connues sont classées dans six familles.

Liste des familles

Selon World Catalogue of Opiliones (08/04/2021)[1] :

Publication originale

  • Simon, 1879 : « Les Ordres des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. » Les Arachnides de France, vol. 7, p. 1-332.

Notes et références

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Cyphophthalmi sont un sous-ordre d'opilions. Les 240 espèces connues sont classées dans six familles.

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Cyphophthalmi ( Malay )

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Cyphophthalmi ialah suborder penuai (harvestmen), dengan kira-kira 36 genus, dan lebih daripada seratus spesies dikenalpasti. Enam famili sekarng ini termasuk dalam dua infraorder, Tropicophthalmi dan Temperophthalmi; walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak disokong oleh analisis filogenetik moden.

Cyphophthalmi lebih kecil daripada penuai "ayak-ayak" biasa, dengan dewasa panjang daripada 1 hingga 6mm, termasuk kaki. Juga, kakinya lebih pendek berbanding panjang badannya, biasanya lebih pendek daripada badannya. Sebahagiannya menyerupai hama.

Genus dan spesies

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Cyphophthalmi ialah suborder penuai (harvestmen), dengan kira-kira 36 genus, dan lebih daripada seratus spesies dikenalpasti. Enam famili sekarng ini termasuk dalam dua infraorder, Tropicophthalmi dan Temperophthalmi; walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak disokong oleh analisis filogenetik moden.

Cyphophthalmi lebih kecil daripada penuai "ayak-ayak" biasa, dengan dewasa panjang daripada 1 hingga 6mm, termasuk kaki. Juga, kakinya lebih pendek berbanding panjang badannya, biasanya lebih pendek daripada badannya. Sebahagiannya menyerupai hama.

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Cyphophthalmi ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Cyphophthalmi este un subordin de opilioni, cu aproximativ 100 specii, grupate în 36 de genuri și 6 familii. Lungimea lor variază de la 1 la 6 mm. În comparație cu alți opilioni, reprezentanții acestui subordin au picioare scurte. Culoarea lor este, în permanență, maro. vederea lipsește, în studierea mediului ei se bazează pe receptorii tactili și oflactivi .

Răspândire

Cyphophthalmi se găsesc pe toate continentele, cu excepția Antarctidei. Fiecare din cele 6 familii are o distribuție distinctă:

  • Stylocellidae habitează din India până în Noua Guinee;
  • Ogoveidae apar în Africa de Vest;
  • Neogoveidae se gasesc în America Centrală și Africa de Vest;
  • Pettalidae locuiesc în America de Sud, Africa de Sud și Australia;
  • Sironidae populează Europa temperată și coasta de vest a Americii de Nord;
  • Troglosironidae sunt limitate la Noua Caledonie.

Sistematica

Familiile sunt grupate în 3 suprafamilii:

Realații externe

Specii și imagini: Checklist of the Cyphophthalmi species of the World

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Cyphophthalmi este un subordin de opilioni, cu aproximativ 100 specii, grupate în 36 de genuri și 6 familii. Lungimea lor variază de la 1 la 6 mm. În comparație cu alți opilioni, reprezentanții acestui subordin au picioare scurte. Culoarea lor este, în permanență, maro. vederea lipsește, în studierea mediului ei se bazează pe receptorii tactili și oflactivi .

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Cyphophthalmi ( Russian )

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Латинское название Cyphophthalmi Simon, 1879

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ITIS 1012396 NCBI 43277

Cyphophthalmi — маленький подотряд сенокосцев, насчитывающий всего шесть семейств, к которым относят менее 100 видов.

Систематика

Шесть семейств подотряда распределены в два инфраотряда:

Окаменелые останки

Первый окаменелый вид — Siro platypedibus Dunlop & Gribet, 2003 (Sironidae), который был определён к современному (то есть его представители встречаются в настоящей фауне) роду Siro. Второй — Palaeosiro burmanicum Poinar, 2008, был открыт в Мьянме и датируется Меловым периодом, этот вид тоже относится к семейству Sironidae.

Ссылки

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Cyphophthalmi: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Cyphophthalmi — маленький подотряд сенокосцев, насчитывающий всего шесть семейств, к которым относят менее 100 видов.

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