Alderflies are megalopteran insects of the family Sialidae. They are closely related to the dobsonflies and fishflies as well as to the prehistoric Euchauliodidae. All living alderflies – about 66 species all together[1] – are part of the subfamily Sialinae, which contains between one and seven extant genera according to different scientists' views.
Description
Sialinae have a body length of less than 25 mm (1 inch), long filamentous antennae, and four large dark wings of which the anterior pair is slightly longer than the posterior. They lack ocelli and their fourth tarsal segment is dilated and deeply bilobed. Dead alderfly larvae are used as bait in fishing.[2]
Life cycle
The females lay a vast number of eggs on grass stems near water. When the larvae are born they drop into the water or the ground nearby it and make their way into their new aquatic biome. The larvae are aquatic, active, armed with strong sharp mandibles, and breathe by means of seven pairs of abdominal branchial filaments. When full sized, which takes between one and two years, they leave the water and spend a quiescent pupal stage on the land before metamorphosis into the sexually mature insect. Adult alderflies stay near to the water in which they had lived when they were younger. Once in their adult stage, they tend to live only 2 to 3 weeks, which they spend mainly in reproducing.
Classification
In addition to the seven living genera,[3] there are several genera of fossil alderflies.
Family Sialidae
- Genus †Dobbertinia Handlirsch 1920 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- Genus †Sharasialis Ponomarenko 2012 Shar-Teeg, Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
- Subfamily Sialinae
- Genus Austrosialis Tillyard, [1919]
- Genus †Eosialis Nel et al., 2002
- Genus Indosialis Lestage, 1927
- Genus Leptosialis Esben-Petersen, 1920
- Genus Nipponosialis Kuwayama, 1962
- Genus †Proindosialis Nel, 1988
- Genus Protosialis van der Weele, 1909
- Species Protosialis afra Navás, (1936)
- Species Protosialis americana (Rambur, 1842)
- Species Protosialis australiensis (Tillyard, [1919)
- Species Protosialis australis Navás, 1927
- Species †Protosialis baltica (Wichard, 1997)
- Species Protosialis bifasciata (Hagen, 1861)
- Species Protosialis bimaculata Banks, 1920
- Species Protosialis brasiliensis Navás, 1936
- Species †Protosialis casca (Engel & Grimaldi, 2007)
- Species Protosialis chilensis (McLachlan, (1871)
- Species Protosialis flammata Penny, (1982)
- Species Protosialis flavicollis (Enderlein, 1910)
- Species Protosialis hauseri Contreras-Ramos et al., 2005
- Species Protosialis madegassa Navás, 1927
- Species Protosialis mexicana (Banks, 1901)
- Species Protosialis minora Banks, 1920
- Species Protosialis nubila Navás, 1933
- Species Protosialis ranchograndis Contreras-Ramos, 2006
- Species †Protosialis voigti (Wichard & Engel, 2006)
- Genus Sialis Latreille, 1802
- Species Approximately 90
- Species Sialis abchasica Vshivkova, 1985
- Species Sialis aequalis Banks, 1920
- Species Sialis americana (Rambur, 1842)
- Species Sialis annae Vshivkova, 1979
- Species Sialis arvalis Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis atra Navás, (1928)
- Species Sialis bifida Hayashi & Suda, 1997
- Species Sialis bilineata Say, 1823
- Species Sialis bilobata Whiting, 1991
- Species Sialis californica Banks, 1920
- Species Sialis chilensis McLachlan, (1871)
- Species Sialis concava Banks, 1897
- Species Sialis contigua Flint, 1964
- Species Sialis cornuta Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis didyma Navás, 1916
- Species Sialis dorochovae Vshivkova, 1985
- Species Sialis dorsata Say, 1823
- Species Sialis dreisbachi Flint, 1964
- Species Sialis elegans X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
- Species Sialis flavicollis Enderlein, 1910
- Species Sialis formosana Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Species Sialis frequens Okamoto, 1905
- Species Sialis fuliginosa F. Pictet, 1836
- Species Sialis fumosa Navás, 1915
- Species Sialis glabella Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis gonzalezi Vshivkova, 1985
- Species †Sialis groehni Wichard, 1997
- Species Sialis hamata Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis hasta Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis henanensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
- Species †Sialis herrlingi Wichard, 2002
- Species Sialis imbecilla Say, 1823
- Species Sialis immarginata Say, 1823
- Species Sialis infumata Newman, 1838
- Species Sialis iola Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis itasca Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis japonica van der Weele, 1909
- Species Sialis jianfengensis D. Yang et al., 2002
- Species Sialis joppa Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis klingstedti Vshivkova, 1985
- Species Sialis kunmingensis X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
- Species Sialis levanidovae Vshivkova, 1980
- Species Sialis longidens Klingstedt, (1932)
- Species Sialis lutaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Species Sialis martynovae Vshivkova, 1980
- Species Sialis melania Nakahara, 1915
- Species Sialis mohri Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis morio Klingstedt, (1933)
- Species Sialis morrisoni K. Davis, 1903
- Species Sialis muratensis Nel, 1988
- Species Sialis nevadensis K. Davis, 1903
- Species Sialis nigripes E. Pictet, 1865
- Species Sialis nina Townsend, 1939
- Species Sialis occidens Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis rotunda Banks, 1920
- Species Sialis sibirica McLachlan, 1872
- Species Sialis sinensis Banks, (1940)
- Species Sialis sordida Klingstedt, (1933)
- Species Sialis spangleri Flint, 1964
- Species Sialis strausi Illies, 1967
- Species Sialis vagans Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis vanderweelei U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1983
- Species Sialis velata Ross, 1937
- Species Sialis versicoloris X.-y. Liu & D. Yang, 2006
- Species Sialis yamatoensis Hayashi & Suda, 1995
- Species Sialis zhiltzovae Vshivkova, 1985
- Genus Stenosialis Tillyard, (1919)
Sialis lutaria is the commonest alderfly in the United Kingdom[4] and across much of Europe.
References
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