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Sitka Spruce

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière

Associations

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Foodplant / gall
hypophyllous Adelges cooleyi causes gall of live, yellowing shoot tip of Picea sitchensis

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Amanita muscaria var. aureola is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta piniperda infects and damages defoliated shoot of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Chrysomyxa abietis parasitises live needle of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 3-5

Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous aecium of Chrysomyxa ledi var. rhododendri parasitises live needle of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 7-9
Other: unusual host/prey

Foodplant / sap sucker
Cinara piceae sucks sap of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Coniophora prasinoides is saprobic on decayed bark of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / false gall
crowded pseudothecium of Cucurbitaria piceae causes swelling of characteristically twisted, swollen bud of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Diplomitoporus lindbladii is saprobic on fallen, dead log (large) of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / sap sucker
Elatobium abietinum sucks sap of live, yellowed then shed leaf of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: (1-)3-5(-12)
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella resinae is saprobic on old wound of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 9

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Fomitopsis pinicola is saprobic on dead log (large) of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Globulicium hiemale is saprobic on decayed wood of Picea sitchensis

Plant / associate
fruitbody of Hebeloma populinum is associated with Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
hysterothecium of Lophium mytilinum is saprobic on dead, old, decorticate log of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 7-8
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lophodermium piceae is saprobic on dead, attached needle of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Micraspis tetraspora is saprobic on dead, decorticated wood of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 10-11

Foodplant / pathogen
amphigenous colony of Mycocentrospora anamorph of Mycocentrospora acerina infects and damages live leaf of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent stroma of Nectria fuckeliana is saprobic on dead twig of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 3-8

Foodplant / sap sucker
Pachypappa sucks sap of live root of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / sap sucker
Pachypappella sucks sap of live root of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / pathogen
fruitbody of Phaeolus schweinitzii infects and damages live root of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / gall
gallicola nymph of Pineus similis causes gall of Picea sitchensis

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Pseudophacidium piceae is saprobic on dead, old but not decayed log of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 5

Foodplant / saprobe
superficial, clustered, hypophyllous pycnidium of Rhizosphaera coelomycetous anamorph of Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii is saprobic on dead needle of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: late winter to early spring

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent, shortly stalked apothecium of Tryblidiopsis pinastri is saprobic on dead, attached twig of Picea sitchensis
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / saprobe
Tubulicium vermiferum is saprobic on dead wood of debris of Picea sitchensis
Other: unusual host/prey

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Comments

provided by eFloras
Picea sitchensis intergrades extensively with P . glauca in the river inlets of north coastal British Columbia and coastal Alaska. The name P . ´ lutzii Little is applied to hybrids between the two species (R.Daubenmire 1968).

Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis ) is the state tree of Alaska.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Trees to 80m; trunk to 5m diam.; crown narrowly conic. Bark grayish brown to orange-brown. Branches somewhat drooping; twigs not pendent, rather stout, pinkish brown, glabrous. Buds reddish brown, 5--10mm, apex rounded. Leaves (1.2--)1.5--2.5(--3)cm, flattened or broadly triangular in cross section (abaxial surface rounded or slightly angular), rather rigid, blue-green to light yellow-green, abaxial surface darker green with stomatal bands very narrow or absent, adaxial surface glaucous with conspicuous stomatal bands separated by ridge, apex sharp-pointed. Seed cones 5--9(--10)cm; scales variable, elliptic to narrowly diamond-shaped, 15--22 ´ 12--16mm, rather rigid, margin at apex erose, apex extending 4--8mm beyond seed-wing impression. 2 n =24.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Habitat & Distribution

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Pacific coastal forests; 0--900m; B.C.; Alaska, Calif., Oreg., Wash.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Synonym

provided by eFloras
Pinus sitchensis Bongard, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 2: 164. 1832 (Aug.); Abies falcata Rafinesque; A. menziesii (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley 1835, not Mirbel 1825; Picea falcata (Rafinesque) Suringar; P. menziesii (Douglas ex D. Don) Carrière; Pinus menziesii Douglas ex D. Don
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Brief Summary

provided by EOL authors
Picea sitchensis, Sitka spruce, is a large coniferous tree in the Pinaceae (pine family) that is the largest of the world's spruces and is one of the most prominent forest trees in stands along the northwest coast of North America. Also known as tideland spruce, coast spruce, and yellow spruce, this coastal species is seldom found far from tidewater, where moist maritime air and summer fogs help to maintain humid conditions necessary for growth. Throughout most of its range from northern California to Alaska, Sitka spruce is associated with western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in dense stands where growth rates are among the highest in North America. It is a valuable commercial timber species for lumber, pulp, and various specialty products, and is the State Tree of Alaska. Sitka spruce grows in a narrow strip along the north Pacific coast from latitude 61° N. in southcentral Alaska to 39° N. in northern California. The most extensive portion of the range in both width and elevation is in southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia, where the east-west range extends for about 210 km (130 mi) to include a narrow mainland strip and the many islands of the Alexander Archipelago in Alaska and the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia. In Washington, the range includes a narrow mainland strip along the Strait of Georgia, around Puget Sound, up valleys to the east, and on the Olympic Peninsula. On the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, the range broadens to include the extensive coastal plain and seaward mountain slopes. It narrows southward along the Washington and Oregon coast but extends inland for several kilometers along the major rivers. In northern California, the range is more attenuated and becomes discontinuous. A disjunct population in Mendocino County, CA, marks the southern limit of the range. Sitka spruce usually grows in mixed stands, less often in pure stands. Pure stands usually occur in early successional situations and as tidewater stands influenced by salt spray. Sitka spruce is commonly associated with western hemlock throughout most of its range. Toward the south, other conifer associates include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Sitka spruce is commercially harvested as pulpwood and for lumbers. High strength-to-weight ratio and resonant qualities of clear lumber are attributes that have traditionally made Sitka spruce wood valuable for specialty uses, such as sounding boards for high-quality pianos; guitar faces; ladders; construction components of experimental light aircraft; oars, planking, masts, and spars for custom-made or traditional boats; and turbine blades for wind energy conversion systems.
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A. S. Harris
bibliographic citation
Harris, A.S. 1990. <i>Picea sitchensis</i> (Bong.) Carr., Sitka Spruce. In Burns, Russell M., and Barbara H. Honkala, tech. coords. 1990. <i>Silvics of North America: Vol. 1. Conifers</i>. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
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Jacqueline Courteau (Jacqueline Courteau)
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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Sitka spruce
tideland spruce
coast spruce
yellow spruce
silver spruce
western spruce
Menzies' spruce
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

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More info for the terms: cover, woodland

Sitka spruce forests provide hiding and thermal cover for a large
variety of mammals. Old-growth Sitka spruce forests in Alaska and
British Columbia are critical winter habitat for the Sitka deer. Old
growth provides thermal cover and acts as a snow screen, allowing easier
access to browse species [25,51]. Sitka deer require large blocks of
old growth from sea level to the alpine and subalpine environments for
migrational movements from summer to winter range [51]. Sitka spruce
forests also provide habitat for Roosevelt elk, woodland caribou [19],
Alaskan brown bear, and mountain goat [42].

Sitka spruce provides good nesting and roosting habitat for avifauna
[52,56]. Snags and live trees with broken tops provide nesting habitat
for primary and secondary cavity nesters [27]. The bald eagle uses
primarily (greater than 90 percent) Sitka spruce for nesting trees on
Admiralty Island [42], and also uses them as roosting trees to survey
the incoming breakers for food [5]. The peregrine falcon in coastal
British Columbia uses Sitka spruce for platform nesting and secondary
cavity nesting [9].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: forest, monoecious, tree

Sitka spruce is a native, long-lived (greater than 800 years),
evergreen, monoecious tree [24,55]. Female strobili are produced at the
ends of primary branches near the top, while the male strobili are
positioned lower in the tree on secondary branches [24].

Sitka spruce is the world's largest spruce. It can obtain heights of
greater than 210 feet (65 m) with a d.b.h. of 16 feet (5 m) on better
sites [24]. The base of the bole is buttressed [55]. When forest grown
the bole is long and free of lower limbs [23].

The root system of Sitka spruce is shallow and platelike with long
lateral roots with few branchings. On deep well-drained soils the root
system may reach depths of 6.5 feet (2 m), especially on alluvial soils.
Root grafting often occurs between roots of the same tree and adjacent
trees [22,24].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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More info for the term: natural

Sitka spruce's natural range is a narrow strip of land along the
northern Pacific coast from south-central Alaska to northern California.
Its widest distribution (130 miles [210 km] inland) occurs in
southwestern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Its southern
boundary is defined by a disjunct population in Mendocino County,
California [23,24].

Sitka spruce has been extensively introduced into the British Isles
[35,57].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the term: fire regime

Fire is not an important factor in the ecology of Sitka spruce [1]. Its
thin bark and a shallow root system make it very susceptible to fire
damage [5,8]. Sitka spruce forests have a fire regime of long-interval
(150 to 350+ years) severe crown or surface fires which result in total
stand replacement [44].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, fire exclusion, forest, seed

Arguments for and against slash burning in spruce forests recur
throughout the literature. The strategy chosen will yield different
results, depending on latitude.

In the northern portion of Sitka spruce's range broadcast burning will
favor Sitka spruce over western hemlock, but unless Sitka spruce is
planted, seedling establishment will be delayed until the next seed crop
[14,26,48,49]. Ruth and Harris [49] list the advantages of slash
burning as follows:

(1) Reduces fire hazard
(2) Destroys advance regeneration *
(3) Changes timber type

* This can have both positive and negative ramifications. It reduces
competition with western hemlock, but growth of Sitka spruce seedlings
in one study was reduced [14].

In the southern portion of its range broadcast burning will favor the
establishment of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mixed forest, while
long-term fire exclusion will result in loss of Douglas-fir from the
overstory. This is advantageous due to the increased stumpage value of
Douglas-fir and the negative impacts of the spruce weevil [44,49].

In the coastal area of Alaska, broadcast burning has been recommended to
reduce the negative aesthetic value of large quantities of slash from
clearcut old-growth Sitka spruce forests [53].

However, removal of the slash by burning in Sitka spruce forests is not
required because of the to rapid decay in that moist environment [48].
Burning is not recommended on steep slopes and where water quality may
be degraded [48,53].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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Sitka spruce occurs in the hypermaritime to maritime cool mesothermal
climates [32,33]. It occurs from shoreline to timberline in the
northern portion of its range but is restricted to shoreline in the
southern portion of its range [6]. Sitka spruce grows best on sites
with deep, moist, well-drained soils [22]. It can tolerate the salty
ocean spray of seaside dunes, headlands, and beaches, and the brackish
water of bogs [34]. Sitka spruce is limited to areas of high annual
precipitation with cool, moist summers [16,23].

Soil: Sitka spruce has a stong affinity for soils high in calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus in the soil orders Entisols, Spodosols,
Inceptisols, and Histosols. These soils are usually acidic with pH
typically ranging from 4.0 to 5.7 [24].

Elevation: Sitka spruce grows from sea level to timberline in Alaska (0
to 3,900 feet (0-1,189 m)) [55] with elevational limitations of 2,000
feet (600 m) in Washington and 1,500 feet (450 m) in Oregon and
California [5].

Associates: In addition to those listed under Distribution and
Occurrence, Sitka spruce's overstory associates include mountain hemlock
(Tsuga mertensiana), Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis),
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and western white pine (P. monticola)
[24].

Understory associates include western swordfern (Polystichum munitum),
false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum), stream violet (Viola
glabella), evergreen violet (V. sempervirens), red huckleberry
(Vaccinium parvifolium), devils club (Oplopanax horridus), salmonberry
(Rubus spectablis), and thimbleberry (R. parviflorus) [24].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES27 Redwood
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K006 Redwood forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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More info for the term: tree

The immediate effect of a cool to hot fire is damage to the cambium
layer, usually resulting in death of the tree [5,8].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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More info for the term: succession

Sitka spruce forests in various phases of succession provide habitat, in
many cases critical habitat, for a large variety of mammals, game and
nongame birds, reptiles, and amphibians [7,19,43]. Its value as a
browse species for large ungulates is poor [11], while it has fair to
good value for some game birds [42].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the terms: association, forest, natural

Sitka spruce is listed as a dominant overstory species in the following
published classifications:

Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [16].
Plant association and management guide: Siuslaw National Forest [27].
Preliminary classification of forest vegetation of the Kenai
Peninsula, Alaska [46].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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More info for the terms: phase, shrub, tree

Sitka spruce, as one of the most important timber species and components
of old-growth habitat, has recently been the center of many management
concerns. Proposals for changes in timber harvest areas and methods
have been explored by Nyberg and others [43] and Schoen and Kirchhoff
[51]. They provide in-depth information and management alternatives.

Wildlife habitat: Even-aged management of the species results in
reduced habitat for the black-tailed deer. Shrub fields created after
clearcutting are of limited use to deer in the winter. The depth of
snow accumulation is greater, and snow persists longer in the clearcuts,
reducing the time available for browsing. The forage in clearcuts is
less digestible than that grown in the shade of the preharvest stands.
Also, the large amount of slash resulting from clearcutting old-growth
Sitka spruce impedes movement of large ungulates, especially during
winter migration. Lastly, once the regeneration has reached canopy
closure (20 to 30 years), the understory production is greatly reduced
for at least the next 100 years, compared to old-growth stands with
their various stages of regeneration [19,25].

Alaback [2] studied ways to reduce the negative impact of clearcutting
on Sitka deer. Thinning the stands prior to canopy closure (less than
25 years) seems to be the best method for areas already cut. Thinning
to 12 x 12 feet (3.5 x 3.5 m) spacing results in the most diverse
vegetation. Once canopy closure has occurred (greater than 30 years),
uneven-aged management practices can result in the creation of gaps in
the canopy, which in turn will allow for a more diverse understory [3].

Damaging agents: Sitka spruce is susceptible to Sitka spruce weevil, or
white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi)), spruce aphid (Elatobium
abietinum), spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis), and root rot by
Armillaria millea and Heterobasidian annosum [24].

The Sitka spruce weevil has such a detrimental effect on Sitka spruce in
the lower portion of its range, from southern British Columbia to
northern California, that Sitka spruce is not actively managed for
regeneration there. The F1 generation of the hybrid, Lutz spuce, yields
a tree 100 percent resistant to weevil attack, but growth rate is
sacrificed. Back-crossing the F1 generation with Sitka spruce increases
the growth rate, but up to 50 percent of the progeny are susceptible to
weevil attack [41]. Also, although Lutz spruce is less susceptible to
the Sitka spruce weevil, it is more susceptible than Sitka spruce to the
spruce beetle [29].

Sitka spruce is susceptible to wind throw, which can account for up to
80 percent of the mortality within stands. Regeneration from gap phase
replacement, however, is rapid [15].

Control: Chemical shrub control is often required to regenerate Sitka
spruce successfully following harvest [18,36].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AK CA HI OR WA BC YT
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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Native Americans have used Sitka spruce for various purposes. The roots
can be woven to produce baskets and rain hats. The pitch was used for
calking canoes [5], for chewing, and medicinal purposes [47].

Pioneers split Sitka spruce into shakes for roofing and siding [5].

Sitka spruce also has limited food value for humans, for the inner bark
and young shoots may be eaten as emergency food. Tea can be made from
the young shoots [47].

In the first half of this century Sitka spruce provided most of the wood
for structural components of World War I and II aircraft [5,55]. More
recently it has been used as the nose cones for missiles and space craft
[50].
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bibliographic citation
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

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Sitka spruce is slightly palatable to large ungulates. It is browsed
only in the spring, and then only the new growth [5,11]. In Alaska and
British Columbia the needles comprise up to 90 percent of the winter
diet of blue grouse [42].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info for the terms: fruit, seed

Flowering and seed dispersal dates for Sitka spruce in Alaska and Oregon
are as follows [22,50]:

Flowering Fruit Ripens Seed Dispersal

Alaska April to June late Aug. to mid-Sept. Starts in Oct

Oregon May Aug Oct. to Spring

Seed dispersal is moisture dependent; when the ripe cones dry dispersal
begins. The majority (73 percent) of seed are dispersed in the first 6
weeks; the remainder are released over the next year [22].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: seed, tree

Sitka spruce will invade a burned site via wind-dispersed seed from
adjacent unburned forests [49]. Wind-dispersed seed travels 33 to 880
yards (30-792 m) from the parent tree [24].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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Secondary colonizer - offsite seed
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: epigeal, forest, layering, seed

Sitka spruce reproduces both sexually and asexually. Sexual maturity
varies from 20 to 40 years. Dispersal of seeds is moisture dependent;
when the ripe cones dry the seed is dispersed, and when the cones become
wet again they close. To avoid loss of seed, cones should be collected
soon after ripening [50]. The seeds are small with a mean of 210,000
cleaned seeds per pound (467,000/kg) [24]. The germination rate is 54
percent, but this can be raised to 66 percent by moistening the
germination medium with a 0.2 percent potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution
[50].

Germination is epigeal. Sitka spruce seed will germinate on almost any
substrate, although mineral soil or a mixture of mineral soil and organic
soil are considered the best seedbeds [24]. The "nurse log syndrome"
has a key role in the regeneration of Sitka spruce in its wetter
environs [12,15,20]. Germination and seedling survival are greater on
rotting logs then on the forest floor. In a germination study less than
1 percent of the seeds in a moss mat germinated, and of these 38 percent
were killed within a month by fungi [21]. Nurse log syndrome results in
a "colonnade" where there are several trees in a row with the roots
supporting the bole in mid-air after the nurse log has rotted away [5].

Seedling establishment and growth can be enhanced with the inoculation of
the mycorrhizal fungi, Thelephora terrestris [10,40].

Sitka spruce shows strong trends in hardiness and growth in relation to
geographic origination. These trends can be used to increase growth
rate, but they can also have adverse effects on survival [22,38].
Lester and others [38] provide information on seed sources, outplanting
results, hardiness, and growth rate trends.

Sitka spruce reproduces asexually by layering. This usually takes place
in moist areas or at timberline [22,24,31,55]. Cuttings from current
year's growth root more readily than older branches [24].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the term: climax

Sitka spruce is a shade-intolerant species [33] that is both a pioneer
and a climax species [22]. Sitka spruce acts as an early pioneer on the
undeveloped soils of landslides, sand dunes, uplifted beaches, and
deglaciated terrain; it is a climax species in the coastal forests [22].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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More info for the term: introgression

The scientific name of Sitka spruce is Picea sitchensis (Bongard)
Carriere (Pinaceae) [28,50].

Species within the genus Picea form hybrid swarms at the interface of
their ranges. Sitka spruce naturally hybridizes with white spruce (P.
glauca) to produce Lutz spruce (Picea X lutzii Little) [22,23,24,55].
It is often difficult to identify Picea X lutzii by morphological
chacteristics in stands with low levels of introgression [23].

Sitka spruce in plantations will also hybridize with Yezo spruce (Picea
jezoensis), Serbian spruce (P. omorika), and Engelmann spruce (P.
engelmannii) [22,23,24].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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Sitka spruce is a pioneer species which colonizes glacial moraines as
the glaciers retreat. On the Juneau Icefield, Sitka spruce has
colonized "nunatacks" (rocky peaks) protruding through the icefield [6].
Sitka spruce also acted as an aggressive pioneer on uplifted terrain
from the 1964 earthquake [4].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

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Sitka spruce is the most important timber species in Alaska [5]. The
wood, with its high strength to weight ratio, is valuable for use as
turbine blades for wind-driven electrical generators, masts for sail
boats, ladders, oars [24], boats, and racing sculls [55]. Sitka
spruce's high resonant quality makes it valuable in the manufacture of
piano sounding boards and guitars. The wood from Sitka spruce is also
used in saw timber, high-grade wood pulp, and plywood [30,55].
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Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Associated Forest Cover

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Sitka spruce is commonly associated with western hemlock throughout most of its range. Toward the south, other conifer associates include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Shore pine (P. contorta var. contorta) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata) are also associates that extend into southeast Alaska. Toward the north, conifer associates also include Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)-trees that are usually found only at higher elevations toward the south. In central and northern British Columbia and Alaska, however, these species are found with Sitka spruce from sea level to timberline. White spruce (Picea glauca) is also associated with Sitka spruce in Alaska, and hybrids occur. The most important hardwood associates are red alder and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) in the south and red alder and Sitka alder toward the north. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) is an associate throughout the range.

Stands stocked with at least 80 percent Sitka spruce are identified as the forest cover type Sitka Spruce (Society of American Foresters Type 223) (6). Sitka spruce is also a component of 10 other forest cover types:

221 Red Alder
222 Black Cottonwood-Willow
224 Western Hemlock
225 Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce
227 Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock
228 Western Redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-Fir
230 Douglas-Fir-Western Hemlock
231 Port-Orford-Cedar
232 Redwood

Sitka spruce usually grows in mixed stands, less often in pure stands. Pure stands usually occur in early successional situations and as tidewater stands influenced by salt spray. The most extensive pure stands are found on the Kodiak-Afognak Archipelago at the extreme west extension of the range. Sitka spruce is the only conifer present on this group of islands. A relatively recent invader there, spruce is expanding its range to the southwest, invading a tundra complex at the rate of about 1.6 km (1 mi) per century (14).

In Oregon and Washington, common understory species associated with Sitka spruce include swordfern (Polystichum munitum), Oregon oxalis (Oxalis oregana), false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum), western springbeauty (Montia sibirica), three-leaved coolwort (Tiarella trifoliata), evergreen violet (Viola sempervirens), stream violet (V. glabella), Smith fairybells (Disporum smithii), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), and rustyleaf menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea). On drier sites, salal (Gaultheria shallon), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum) are common. On wetter forest sites, the previously mentioned species are found, along with devilsclub (Oplopanax horridum), ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), deerfern (Blechnum spicant), mountain woodfern (Dryopteris austriaca), and Pacific red elder (Sambucus callicarpa) (11).

In Alaska, the more common understory plants include devilsclub, skunkcabbage (Lysichitum americanum), ovalleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium), red huckleberry, Alaska blueberry (V. alaskaense), rustyleaf menziesia, salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), five-leaf bramble (R. pedatus), thimbleberry (R. parviflorus), bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), stink currant (Ribes bracteosum), and trailing black currant (R. laxiflorum) (32). Cryptogams are abundant throughout the range of Sitka spruce. The Olympic Peninsula is especially noted for mosses, many of which occur as epiphytes on living trees.

In Oregon and Washington within the Sitka spruce forest zone, important plant communities include Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis/Gaultheria shallon/Blechnum spicant, Tsuga-Picea/Oplopanax horridum/Athyrium filix-femina, or Tsuga-Picea/Polystichum munitum-Oxalis oregana (11). Similar communities can be found in southern British Columbia within the "fog western hemlock/Sitka spruce subzone" (23). In Alaska, some of the more common communities include Picea sitchensis/Oplopanax horridum-Rubus spectabilis/Cornus canadensis, Picea sitchensis-Tsuga heterophylla/Lysichiton americanum/Sphagnum spp., and Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis-(Thuja plicata)/Vaccinium ovalifolium-V. alaskaense/Rhytidiadelphus loreus (32).

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Climate

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Sitka spruce is restricted to an area of maritime climate with abundant moisture throughout the year, relatively mild winters, and cool summers. Summer temperatures decrease northward and lack the extremes found in more continental locations. In terms of growing degree days, annual heat sums (based on a threshold of 5° C or 41° F) range from 2511° C (4,552° F) at Brookings, OR (lat. 41° 03' N.) to 851° C (1,564° F) at Cordova, AK (lat. 60° 30' N.) (8). The number of frost-free days varies locally but generally declines northward; averages range from about 294 days at Brookings, OR, to 111 days at Cordova, AK

Annual precipitation varies within the range of Sitka spruce and is influenced greatly by local topography. Annual precipitation of 2950 mm (116 in) at Forks, WA, and 5615 mm (221 in) at Little Port Walter, AK, contrasts with 635 mm (25 in) at Anacortes, WA, and 660 mm (26 in) at Skagway, AK Summer precipitation is greater toward the north, where light drizzle and fog are frequent. At Cordova, AK, from June to September, at least a trace of precipitation occurs during 22 to 24 days each month. In contrast, at Otis, OR, a trace or more of precipitation occurs on only 8 to 15 days each month. Toward the south, fog and moist maritime air are important in maintaining moisture conditions needed for growth; most winter precipitation is in the form of rain. Depth of snowfall increases northward. Average annual snowfall at sea level is 1 em (0.5 in) at Brookings, OR; 58 cm (23 in) at Quatsino, BC; and 340 cm (134 in) at Cordova, AK

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Damaging Agents

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Blowdown is probably the most serious damaging agent of Sitka spruce, but the species is attacked by a number of pests-insects, disease organisms, and animals. In general, problems tend to be more severe toward the south. The white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) is the most serious insect pest in Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia; weevil damage has been the most serious deterrent to management of Sitka spruce in the southern part of its range. Damage is most severe on young trees 3 to 6 in (10 to 20 ft) tall. The weevil is not a problem on the Queen Charlotte Islands or in Alaska, possibly because there is insufficient summer heat to allow its development (22). The spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum) feeds on Sitka spruce from California to Alaska and is a pest of ornamental trees. Epidemics are sporadic and short lived. A root-collar weevil (Steremnius carinatus) girdles l- and 2-year-old seedlings, causing some losses. The spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) periodically damages stands throughout the range and is a major pest of spruce in British Columbia. In addition, damage from a number of defoliators and other insects is common (13).

Sitka spruce is highly susceptible to decay when injured (18). In the past, most emphasis has been on studies of decay in old-growth stands, but currently interest is shifting to young, managed stands. Some of the organisms causing decay in old growth (for example, Heterobasidion annosum and Armillaria mellea) can also cause root rot in young stands. Heterobasidion annosum infects freshly cut stump surfaces, and in Europe the tendency for plantation-grown Sitka spruce to develop H. annosum butt rot is well known.

Foliage and stem diseases are usually of minor importance. Several rusts cause occasional light to moderate defoliation, witches' brooms, or loss of cones. Seed and seedling diseases are probably most important in production of containerized seedlings in greenhouses.

Sitka spruce is damaged at various locations by animals such as elk, bear, deer, porcupines, rabbits, hares, and squirrels. In general, these problems are more serious in the southern part of the range. Deer are generally more troublesome in the southern part, porcupines in the northern part (25). Spruce is often less damaged than its associates.

Few growth abnormalities have been reported, although large tumorlike growths on stems have been reported in Washington, and they occur in Alaska as well. The causal agent is not known.

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Individual Sitka spruce may occasionally produce cones before 20 years of age, but cone bearing in stands usually does not begin until ages 20 to 40 (24). Sitka spruce is monoecious; female strobili (cones) are usually produced at the ends of primary branches near tops of trees; male strobili are usually produced at the ends of secondary branches lower in trees. Both may be on the same branch. Reproductive buds are initiated in early summer of the year preceding pollination and seed ripening, and heavy cone crops have been explained in terms of early summer drought the preceding year. Cones ripen in the year they were pollinated. Pollen is shed from the last week in April in the southern portion of the natural range through early June in the extreme northwest part of the range. Time of flowering is mainly related to temperature.

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Genetics

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In addition to the clinal latitudinal difference in growth rate, cone characteristics such as size, length-to-width ratio, angle of sterigma, and phylotaxy also vary with latitude (4).

Variation in wood characteristics has been reported by provenance, region, site, and individual trees. Although no comprehensive heritability studies have been completed, Sitka spruce shows considerable variation in wood density, tracheid length, and grain angle. Improvement in these characteristics through breeding appears feasible. Selection for vigor tends to favor trees of lower-than-average specific gravity but has no effect on tracheid length (15).

Provenance studies show that- at a given planting site- northern, inland, and high-elevation sources are the first and the most variable in breaking dormancy. Dormancy appears to be influenced by photoperiod, and northern provenances are the first to enter dormancy. Total seasonal height growth is positively correlated with the time interval between flushing and dormancy. When moved north, introduced southern sources make better height growth, but they may be subject to frost damage if moved too far or planted on exposed sites. Once dormant, Sitka spruce is able to endure very low temperatures without damage. Sitka spruce from northern provenances may be more resistant to freezing than those from southern provenances. Dormant leaves from a Bellingham, WA, source withstood temperatures to -30° C (-22° F), whereas a Juneau, AK, source withstood temperatures to -40° C (-40° F). Twigs of the two sources withstood temperatures to -40° C and -60° C (-40° F and -76° F), respectively (27).

Only limited data are available on genetic variation between individual trees. Assessment of first-year characteristics of progeny from a diallel cross among six trees showed that characters affecting tree form were inherited in a predominantly additive fashion; characters reflecting tree vigor were under "additive, dominance, and maternal control" (28). Self-pollinated progeny showed growth depression caused by inbreeding (28).

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Growth and Yield

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Height growth is slow for the first few years but increases rapidly thereafter. On average sites in southeast Alaska, trees can be expected to reach about 27 m (90 ft) in height within 50 years after attaining breast height (7). Average site index at elevations near sea level varies inversely with latitude, declining from 48 m (158 ft) at base age 100 years in Lincoln County, OR, to 33 m (108 ft) in southeast Alaska, at the rate of about 1 m (3 ft) per degree of latitude (8). Observations within the natural range of spruce show that growth rate also declines with increasing elevation.

Height growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock are nearly equal during the period of most rapid growth, but spruce grows more rapidly in diameter. Consequently, thinning from below tends to favor spruce. Spruce continues to maintain height growth longer than hemlock and lives longer. Few hemlock live more than 500 years; Sitka spruce may live to 700 or 800 years. Very old spruces eventually assume a dominant position in old-growth hemlock-spruce stands.

Sitka spruce trees often attain great size. In Alaska, mature trees near sea level may exceed 61 m (200 ft) in height and 3 m (10 ft) in d.b.h. In Oregon, a tree 87 m (286 ft) tall was reported (24). The largest tree on record is located near Seaside, OR. It is 5.1 m (16.7 ft) in d.b.h. and 65.8 m (216 ft) tall and has a crown spread of 28 m (93 ft) (17).

Stands in which Sitka spruce is a major component tend to be dense, and yields are high (21,30). Stand volumes can be impressive. One plot in a 147-year-old hemlock-spruce stand in coastal Oregon contained, on an area basis, 188 spruce and 32 hemlock/ha (76 spruce and 13 hemlock/acre). Total volume was 2380 m³/ha (34,000 ft³/acre). Spruce averaged 64 m (210 ft) in height and 86 cm (34 in) in d.b.h., and hemlock averaged 44 m (144 ft) in height and 46 cm (18 in) in d.b.h (24).

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Reaction to Competition

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Sitka spruce is more tolerant of shade than Douglas-fir but less tolerant than hemlock. Depending on latitude, Sitka spruce has been described as being in the tolerant and intermediate shade-tolerant classes. Overall, it probably can most accurately be classed as tolerant of shade. Since reproduction under mixed stands is predominantly hemlock, there is a tendency for this more tolerant species to eventually dominate the site. Few climax stands proceed to pure hemlock, however; in time, small openings, usually caused by blowdowns, develop, allowing reproduction of spruce. The combination of greater stature, greater longevity, and occasional stand disturbance is enough to assure a scattering of spruce in the overstory of most climax hemlock-spruce stands.

Sitka spruce is one of the few conifers that develop epicormic branches along the stem. Production of these sprouts is related to light intensity, and roadside trees often develop dense new foliage from base to crown. Thinning stimulates epicormic branching and could decrease the quality of the wood, although this is not a problem in production of pulp or dimension lumber. In deep shade, lower limbs soon die, decay, and break off, but the resinous branch stubs remain for many years.

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Rooting Habit

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Roots will grow where moisture, fertility, aeration, and mechanical soil properties are favorable. Consequently, there is great variability in root form-from flat platelike roots to deep, narrow-spreading roots (12). Where soils are shallow, soil temperature and fertility low, and water tables high, shallow rooting is by far the most common form. Deeper rooting does occur, however, where soils have good drainage and depth to water table. Rooting to depths of 2 m (6 ft) has been reported (5).

Sitka spruce commonly produces long lateral roots with few branches and rapid elongation (20). Annual elongation rates of 42 to 167 cm (16 to 66 in) have been reported (3). Lateral roots up to 23 m (75 ft) in length have been observed in Alaska (15). Root grafting occurs between roots of the same tree and between adjacent trees. It is fairly common to find living stumps sustained by root grafts from adjacent trees. Adventitious roots develop on trees growing along streams where alluvium is deposited by periodic flooding. Roots are vulnerable, however, to compaction and lack of aeration. Spruce are frequently killed by permanent flooding caused by beavers, and often valuable ornamental and roadside trees are killed when landfill is deposited around them. Containerized nursery stock has been successfully inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungi, Laccaria laccata and Cenococcum geophilum (29).

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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Seeds of Sitka spruce are small, averaging 463,000/kg (210,000/lb) (26). Seeds ripen in southeast Alaska during late August or early September, and dispersal usually begins in October. Cones open during dry weather, release seed, and reclose during wet weather. One study showed that 73 percent of the seed was released within 6 weeks of the first dispersal date, and the remainder was released over 1 year (15). Good crops occur at 3- to 5-year intervals in the southern part of the range and at 5- to 8-year intervals in Alaska. Cone and seed production in seed orchards can be increased by treating trees with gibberellin (31). Dispersal distance depends on several factors, including height and location of the seed source, local topography, and wind conditions. Reported dispersal distances range from 0.8 km (0.5 mi) when a seed source was on high ground, to 30 m (100 ft) when seed was released from the edge of a clearcut area (15).

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Seedling Development

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Under natural conditions, seed germinates on almost any seedbed, but survival may be low. Germination is epigeal (26). A mineral soil or mixed mineral and organic soil seedbed is usually considered best for germination, especially under light shade, as long as drainage is adequate and the soil provides sufficient nutrients for tree growth. Fine-textured soils combined with a high water table are suitable for germination but may be unsuitable for seedling establishment because of frost heaving. Coarse-textured mineral soils in unshaded conditions may dry out excessively but may improve after invasion by hair mosses that bind the soil surface and provide shade. Organic seedbeds are suitable in shade but are unsuitable in the open if subject to severe moisture fluctuations. On alluvial sites having high water tables and subject to frequent flooding, where competition from brush is severe, rotten wood may be the only suitable seedbed.

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Soils and Topography

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Sitka spruce grows on Entisols, Spodosols, Inceptisols, and Histosols, on soils derived from a wide variety of parent material. The species requires relatively high amounts of available calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and grows best where soils are derived from rocks rich in calcium and magnesium (19). Best development is on deep, moist, well-aerated soils. Drainage is an important factor, and growth is poor on swampy sites. Sitka spruce commonly occupies alluvial soils along streams, sandy or coarse-textured soils, or soils having a thick accumulation of organic material. Soils are usually acidic, and pH values of 4.0 to 5.7 are typical. Spruce is an early pioneer on immature soils recently exposed by glacial retreat or uplift from the sea. It is more tolerant of ocean spray than are associated trees and often occupies a prominent position on exposed headlands and beaches along the outer coast (2). In Oregon and Washington, spruce follows lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) in succession on coastal sand dunes as they become stabilized by vegetation. On highly disturbed sites, it frequently becomes established concurrently with red alder (Alnus rubra) or Sitka alder (A. sinuata), gradually succeeding the alder as stands are eventually overtopped.

Sitka spruce grows from sea level to treeline in Alaska, at elevations ranging from 910 m (3,000 ft) in southeast Alaska to 300 m (1,000 ft) in Prince William Sound. High mountains of the coast ranges lie close to the sea, forming a barrier to moist, onshore winds and providing abundant moisture during the growing season. Spruce is limited in elevation by the short growing season at treeline. South of northern British Columbia, spruce is restricted to low elevations near the sea where moist maritime air and fog help provide moisture during summer. For the most part, high mountains that otherwise might offer suitable habitat lie farther inland where more continental conditions of summer drought and warmer temperatures are unsuitable for growth. Exceptions are on the Olympic Peninsula and in valleys in the Cascade Range off Puget Sound in Washington, and on isolated peaks in Oregon. On the Olympic Peninsula, Sitka spruce rarely grows above 610 rn (2,000 ft) in elevation (1).

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Special Uses

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High strength-to-weight ratio and resonant qualities of clear lumber are attributes that have traditionally made Sitka spruce wood valuable for specialty uses, such as sounding boards for high-quality pianos; guitar faces; ladders; construction components of experimental light aircraft; oars, planking, masts, and spars for custom-made or traditional boats; and turbine blades for wind energy conversion systems.

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Vegetative Reproduction

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Asexual reproduction by layering occurs under natural conditions and in plantations, but layering is most likely to occur on very moist sites at the edges of bogs or near timberline. Asexual propagation can be done by air-layering or rooting of stem cuttings. Clones differ in their ability to root or graft, and clones that graft easily do not necessarily root easily and vice versa. Cuttings from shoots of the current year root more easily than cuttings from older branches (15).

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Physical Description

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Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds resinous, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves yellow-green above, Leaves yellow-green below, Leaves blue-green, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs with peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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Sitxin küknarı ( Azerbaijani )

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Şimali Amerika nın qərb hissəsində, Alyaska dan Kaliforniya ya qədər sahil zolağı ətrafında bitir. Təbiətdə 60 m və daha hündür olan, gövdəsinin diametri 240 (480) sm, sız, enli, çətiri piramidal formalı ağacdır. Şimali Amerika nın ən hündür küknarı və ümumiyyətlə ən iri iynəyarpaqlılarından biridir. Mədəni şəraitdə hündürlüyü əsasən 40 m-dəm çox olmur. Qabığı yarıqlı, boz və nazikdir. Tumurcuqların uzunluğu 4–5 mm, eni 2–3 mm, konusvarı, qatranlıdır. Cavan zoğları açıq-qonur, əsasən çılpaqdır (bəzən qozalı zoğlarda bir az tükcüklüdür). İynəyarpaqların uzunluğu 15-18 (25) mm, eni təxminən 1 mm, hamar, alt tərəfi 6-8 xətlidir, iynəli, üstü yaşıl, alt tərəfi gümüşü, ağ zolaqlı olmaqla çətirə göyümtül çalar verir. Qozaları silindrik, uzunluğu 5-10 sm, qalınlığı 2,5-3 sm, yetişənə qədər sarı-yaşıl, yetişdikdən sonra açıq-qonur rəngli olub, qabıqları nazik dişlidir. Toxumların uzunluğu 2-3,5 mm, açıq-qonur, ondan 4-5 dəfə iri, açıq-sarı qanadlıdır. Qozaları sentyabr-oktyabr aylarında yetişir. 500-800 il yaşayır. Avropa da 1831-ci ildən məlumdur. Cavanlıqda illik boy artımı 10 sm qədər, böyüdükdə 30 sm-dir. Qışadavamlılığı yüksəkdir. Havanın rütubətinə və torpağa tələbkardır, müvəqqətisubasmış sahələrdə yaxşı inkişaf edir. Tüstüyə və qaza davamlıdır. Tək və qrup əkinlərində çox effektlidir. Sitxin küknarı 1792-ci ildə Arzibald Menzis tərəfindən aşkar olunmuşdur və geniç becərildiyinə baxmayaraq onun baş formalarının miqdarı azdır. Abşeron da yeni salınan parklarda, bağlarda rast gəlinir və mədəni çəraitdə becərilir.

Məlumat mənbələri:

Деревья и кустарники СССР. т.3.1954; Флора Азербайджана. т.5. 1954; Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. III cild. 1970; Azərbaycanın “Qırmızı” və “Yaşıl Кitabları”na tövsiyə olunan bitki və bitki formasiyaları. 1996; Azərbaycan florasının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008.

İstinadlar

  1. “Azərbaycan dendraflorasi” I cild, Baki, “Elm”, 2011, 312 səh.

Mənbə

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Sitxin küknarı: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Şimali Amerika nın qərb hissəsində, Alyaska dan Kaliforniya ya qədər sahil zolağı ətrafında bitir. Təbiətdə 60 m və daha hündür olan, gövdəsinin diametri 240 (480) sm, sız, enli, çətiri piramidal formalı ağacdır. Şimali Amerika nın ən hündür küknarı və ümumiyyətlə ən iri iynəyarpaqlılarından biridir. Mədəni şəraitdə hündürlüyü əsasən 40 m-dəm çox olmur. Qabığı yarıqlı, boz və nazikdir. Tumurcuqların uzunluğu 4–5 mm, eni 2–3 mm, konusvarı, qatranlıdır. Cavan zoğları açıq-qonur, əsasən çılpaqdır (bəzən qozalı zoğlarda bir az tükcüklüdür). İynəyarpaqların uzunluğu 15-18 (25) mm, eni təxminən 1 mm, hamar, alt tərəfi 6-8 xətlidir, iynəli, üstü yaşıl, alt tərəfi gümüşü, ağ zolaqlı olmaqla çətirə göyümtül çalar verir. Qozaları silindrik, uzunluğu 5-10 sm, qalınlığı 2,5-3 sm, yetişənə qədər sarı-yaşıl, yetişdikdən sonra açıq-qonur rəngli olub, qabıqları nazik dişlidir. Toxumların uzunluğu 2-3,5 mm, açıq-qonur, ondan 4-5 dəfə iri, açıq-sarı qanadlıdır. Qozaları sentyabr-oktyabr aylarında yetişir. 500-800 il yaşayır. Avropa da 1831-ci ildən məlumdur. Cavanlıqda illik boy artımı 10 sm qədər, böyüdükdə 30 sm-dir. Qışadavamlılığı yüksəkdir. Havanın rütubətinə və torpağa tələbkardır, müvəqqətisubasmış sahələrdə yaxşı inkişaf edir. Tüstüyə və qaza davamlıdır. Tək və qrup əkinlərində çox effektlidir. Sitxin küknarı 1792-ci ildə Arzibald Menzis tərəfindən aşkar olunmuşdur və geniç becərildiyinə baxmayaraq onun baş formalarının miqdarı azdır. Abşeron da yeni salınan parklarda, bağlarda rast gəlinir və mədəni çəraitdə becərilir.

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Pícea de Sitka ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Picea sitchensis és un arbre del gènere Picea de fulla persistent. L'epítet específic sitchensis és la llatinització de la localitat d'Alaska anomenada Sitka. És originari de la costa del Pacífic nord-americana, des del límit nord a l'illa Kodiak fins al límit sud a la part nord de Califòrnia. Està estretament associat al bosc temperat humit. Pot arribar a fer de 50 a 70 m d'alt i excepcionalment 95 m. El diàmetre del seu tronc fa 5 a 7 m. És l'espècie de Pícea més gran i la tercera de totes les coníferes després de la sequoia gegant i L'Avet Douglas. Les pinyes són pèndules, primes i cilíndriques de 5 a 11 cm de llarg i 2 cm d'ample.

La pícea de Sitka té gran importància forestal per a la producció de fusta i paper. Se'n fan també instruments musicals com piano, arpa, violí, i guitarra també s'utilitza en construcció naval i maquetes.[1] Fora del seu àmbit s'ha plantat amb èxit sobretot en països plujosos com Gran Bretanya i Irlanda.[2][3] A Noruega es planta prop de la costa i creix millor que la Pícea noruega.[4]

Referències

Bibliografia

  • Van Pelt, R. 2001. Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98140-7.
  • Griffin, J. R. & Critchfield, W. B. 1976. Distribution of forest trees in California. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW-82: 23-24, 75.
  • Mitchell, A. 1978. Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. HarperCollins. London. ISBN 0-00-219213-6

Enllaços externs

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Pícea de Sitka: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Picea sitchensis és un arbre del gènere Picea de fulla persistent. L'epítet específic sitchensis és la llatinització de la localitat d'Alaska anomenada Sitka. És originari de la costa del Pacífic nord-americana, des del límit nord a l'illa Kodiak fins al límit sud a la part nord de Califòrnia. Està estretament associat al bosc temperat humit. Pot arribar a fer de 50 a 70 m d'alt i excepcionalment 95 m. El diàmetre del seu tronc fa 5 a 7 m. És l'espècie de Pícea més gran i la tercera de totes les coníferes després de la sequoia gegant i L'Avet Douglas. Les pinyes són pèndules, primes i cilíndriques de 5 a 11 cm de llarg i 2 cm d'ample.

La pícea de Sitka té gran importància forestal per a la producció de fusta i paper. Se'n fan també instruments musicals com piano, arpa, violí, i guitarra també s'utilitza en construcció naval i maquetes. Fora del seu àmbit s'ha plantat amb èxit sobretot en països plujosos com Gran Bretanya i Irlanda. A Noruega es planta prop de la costa i creix millor que la Pícea noruega.

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Sbriwsen sitca ( Welsh )

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Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Sbriwsen sitca sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Picea sitchensis a'r enw Saesneg yw Sitka spruce.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Spriwsen Sitka, Sbriwsen Sitka, Pyrwydden Sitca.

Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
Comin Wikimedia
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Sbriwsen sitca: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Sbriwsen sitca sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Picea sitchensis a'r enw Saesneg yw Sitka spruce. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Spriwsen Sitka, Sbriwsen Sitka, Pyrwydden Sitca.

Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.

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Smrk sitka ( Czech )

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Smrk sitka (Picea sitchensis) je velký jehličnatý vždyzelený strom, který dorůstá výšky do 80 metrů a výčetní tloušťky okolo 5 metrů. Jedná se o jednoznačně nejvyšší smrk a také o šestý největší jehličnan světa (před ním jsou pouze sekvojovec obrovský, sekvoj vždyzelená, douglaska tisolistá, damaroň australská a zerav obrovský). Rovněž se jedná o jeden z pouze šesti druhů, u kterých bylo zdokumentováno, že dorostl výšky 90 metrů. Své jméno nese po aljašském městě Sitka.

Popis

Kůra stromu je tenká a šupinatá a skládá se z malých, 5 až 20 centimetrů širokých, kulatých destiček. Koruna mladých stromů je široká a kuželovitá, se stářím však nabývá válcovitého tvaru. Staré stromy rovněž nemusí mít žádné větve ve spodních 30 až 40 metrech. Výhonky jsou bledě hnědožluté, téměř bílé a lysé. Listy jsou silné, ostré a jehlovité, 15 až 25 mm dlouhé, zploštělé v příčném řezu, v horní části šedomodrozelené se dvěma nebo třemi řadami průduchů a v dolní části modrobílé se dvěma pevnými pásy průduchů.

Šišky jsou zavěšené, štíhlé, válcovité, 6 až 10 cm dlouhé, při uzavření 2 cm široké a při otevření až 3 cm široké. Šišky mají tenké a ohebné, 15 až 20 mm dlouhé šupiny a jejich listy mají ze všech smrků největší délku, jen příležitostně jsou vidět pouze při uzavření šišky. Listy jsou zelené nebo rudé a dospívají do bledě hnědé barvy zhruba 5 až 7 měsíců po opylení. Semena jsou černá, 3 mm dlouhá, každé s tenkým, 7 až 9 mm dlouhým, bledě hnědým křidélkem.

Velikost

Více než století intenzivního kácení smrku sitka zanechalo pouze zbytek původního lesa. Ty největší stromy byly pokáceny ještě dříve, než mohly být změřeny přesnými technologiemi. Stromy vyšší než 90 metrů mohou být stále viděny v národním parku Pacific Rim a provinčním parku Carmanah Walbran (kde se nachází 96 metrů vysoká sitka, nejvyšší strom v Kanadě) na Vancouverově ostrově, v Olympijském národním parku a v kalifornském státním parku Prairie Creek Redwoods, kde se nachází dva více než 96 metrů vysoké stromy. Nedaleko řeky Queets v Olympijském národním parku se nachází rovněž nejobjemnější smrk světa. Měří 76 metrů, její objem je 337 m³ a výčetní tloušťka činí 455 cm.

Věk

Smrk sitka se dožívá vysokého věku, některé stromy se dožily dokonce více než 700 let. Protože roste rychle, pokud má příznivé podmínky, velikost neukazuje věk stromu. Již zmiňovaný smrk od řeky Queets je sice nejobjemnější na světě, ale teprve 350 až 450 let starý.

Taxonomie

Analýzy DNA dokázaly, že pouze smrk Brewerův je bazálnějším smrkem než sitka. Ostatních 31 druhů je geneticky odvozenějších, což dokazuje, že smrky pochází ze Severní Ameriky.

Rozšíření a životní prostředí

Smrk sitka pochází ze západního pobřeží Severní Ameriky, konkrétně z oblasti, kterou ohraničuje na severozápadě aljašský ostrov Kodiak a na jihovýchodě kalifornské město Fort Bragg. Jeho výskyt úzce závisí na výskytu tzv. pacifického mlžného lesa; na jihu rozšíření se vyskytuje pouze v oblasti několika kilometrů od pobřeží Pacifiku. Severně od Oregonu se sitky nachází rovněž v říčních nivách, ale nikdy ne dále ve vnitrozemí než 80 kilometrů od pobřeží.

Využití

Smrk sitka je velice důležitý v lesním průmyslu, především při výrobě papíru a řezaného dříví. Mimo svou původní oblast výskytu je sitka ceněná pro svůj rychlý růst a přizpůsobivost chudým půdám, na kterých ostatní stromy růst nemohou. V ideálních podmínkách může sitka růst až jeden a půl metru za rok. Druh se už usadil v některých částech Irska a Velké Británie, kde byl zaveden roku 1831, a na Novém Zélandu, nikde však není tak rozšířený, aby byl považován za invazivní druh. Sitka byla rovněž vysázena v Dánsku, Norsku a na Islandu. Do Norska byl sitka dovezena na začátku minulého století a nyní pokrývá plochu zhruba 50 tisíc hektarů podél pobřeží mezi kraji Vest-Agder a Troms. Sitka je tolerantnější vůči větru a slanému oceánskému vzduchu a roste rychleji než místní smrk ztepilý.

Dřevo ze sitky je rovněž využíváno při výrobě hudebních nástrojů, jako jsou piano, harfa, housle nebo kytara, jelikož jeho vysoký poměr síly a hmotnosti a okraje bez suků z něj dělají skvělého vodiče zvuku. Vyrábí se z něj rovněž stěžně pro plachetnice a letadla a hlavičky raket Trident. Letadlo Wright Flyer bratří Wrightů bylo postaveno právě ze dřeva sitky, stejně jako většina letadel před druhou světovou válkou. Při ní dřevo ze sitky používala např. britská letadla de Havilland Mosquito jako náhradu za hliník.

Nové větvičky vyrůstající z větví sitky jsou využívány k výrobě smrkového piva nebo vařeny pro výrobu sirupu. Kůra kořenů sitky je využívána indiány při výrobě tradičních košíků.

Kultura

Unikátní exemplář sitky se zlatými listy, zvaný Kiidk'yaas, kdysi rostl na ostrově Haida Gwaii, kde byl pro kmen Haidů posvátným stromem. Strom byl nelegálně poražen, ale nedaleko jeho původního místa se vyskytují jedinci vypěstovaní z jeho řízků.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Picea sitchensis na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Smrk sitka: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Smrk sitka (Picea sitchensis) je velký jehličnatý vždyzelený strom, který dorůstá výšky do 80 metrů a výčetní tloušťky okolo 5 metrů. Jedná se o jednoznačně nejvyšší smrk a také o šestý největší jehličnan světa (před ním jsou pouze sekvojovec obrovský, sekvoj vždyzelená, douglaska tisolistá, damaroň australská a zerav obrovský). Rovněž se jedná o jeden z pouze šesti druhů, u kterých bylo zdokumentováno, že dorostl výšky 90 metrů. Své jméno nese po aljašském městě Sitka.

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Sitkagran ( Danish )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis), også skrevet Sitka-Gran, er et stedsegrønt nåletræ med en kegleformet vækst og en slank top. Grenene sidder i regelmæssige kranse med nedhængende sidegrene, og de er ofte suppleret af unge vanris. Sitkagran er opkaldt efter Sitka-øen i Alaska, og den er udpeget som det officielle statslige træ i den amerikanske stat Alaska.

Beskrivelse

Barken er først meget lyst brun og furet. Senere bliver den grå og opsprækkende med skæl, der krummer opad ved randene. Stammer og gamle grene får en bark, som består af gråviolette, afskallende plader. Knopperne er opsvulmet ægformet og lysebrun med harpiksudsvedning.

Nålene er kortstilkede og sidder jævnt fordelt hele vejen rundt om skuddet. Senere adskilles nålene fra undersiden og står så ret ud fra kvisten. De er stive og kraftigt stikkende (deraf navnet "tidselgran"), lysegrønne med to lyse striber på undersiden. De lysegule, hanlige blomster sidder spredt i kronen i små, ægformede stande. De lyserøde, hunlige blomsterstande sidder tæt øverst i kronen. Koglerne er korte og butte med en tykmavet, cylindrisk form. Først er de lysegrønne, så lysebrune og ved modning gulbrune med tynde skæl, hvis rand er tandet. Frøene er vingede.

Rodnettet er fladt med vidtrækkende, kraftige hovedrødder og mange siderødder. Denne art er blandt de få graner, der kan danne nye skud fra gammelt ved.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 40 x 10 m (40 x 15 cm/år).

Hjemsted

Sitkagran er udbredt i den regnfulde Coast Range i det vestlige Nordamerika, dvs. fra Alaska til Californien. Arten er tilpasset stor nedbørsmængde, blæst og næringsfattig jordbund. Den tåler ikke megen skygge, men er modstandsdygtig overfor saltnedslag. Sitkagran findes hyppigt på de grusede bredder langs vandløb, på ur eller jorde med et tykt lag førne.

I den nordlige del af udbredelsesområdet findes arten tæt på kysten i blandede nåleskove sammen med bl.a. alaskael, busket bjergte, douglasgran, kæmpethuja, lawsoncypres, nutkacypres, oregonel, Vaccinium alaskaense (en art af bølle), vestamerikansk balsampoppel og vestamerikansk hemlock[1]

Arten er hurtigvoksende, og Norges højeste træ er typisk en sitkagran, 50,35 meter høj, som står side om side med Norges største træ målt i kubik (28,19 kubikmeter). De to træer vokser på Fløyen i Bergen. [2]

Anvendelse

Sitka-gran kan anvendes til læplantninger, hvor den trives bedst, når den står alene. Kan ved jævnlig beskæring fra ungdommen beskæres i hele levetiden. Gentilplantning efter andre arter af gran frarådes på grund af faren for svampeangreb, især Rodfordærver (Heterobasidion annosum).




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Sitkagran: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis), også skrevet Sitka-Gran, er et stedsegrønt nåletræ med en kegleformet vækst og en slank top. Grenene sidder i regelmæssige kranse med nedhængende sidegrene, og de er ofte suppleret af unge vanris. Sitkagran er opkaldt efter Sitka-øen i Alaska, og den er udpeget som det officielle statslige træ i den amerikanske stat Alaska.

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Sitka-Fichte ( German )

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Die Sitka-Fichte (Picea sitchensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Fichten (Picea) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Die im westlichen Nordamerika heimische Picea sitchensis ist die größte Art der Gattung Fichten (Picea). Sie liefert in ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ein geschätztes Nutzholz. Picea sitchensis wurde nach der Stadt Sitka in Alaska benannt und ist der offizielle Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates Alaska.

Beschreibung

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Stämme mit Borke

Habitus

Die Sitka-Fichte ist ein immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 50 bis 70 Metern, in seltenen Fällen über 96 Metern, bei einem Stammdurchmesser von bis zu 5 Metern erreicht. Sie ist damit die größte aller Fichten-Arten. Das Höchstalter wird mit rund 800 Jahren angegeben.[1] In den ersten Lebensjahren ist dieser Baum eher langsamwüchsig. Er kann mit 50 Jahren Wuchshöhen von bis zu 27 Metern erreichen.[2] Die Krone von Jungbäumen ist schmal kegelförmig; an älteren Bäumen verjüngt sich die Spitze noch gleichmäßig kegelförmig. Frei stehende Altbäume besitzen eine breite Krone und sind meist bis zum Boden beastet. Die Äste stehen waagerecht ab und sind nur im oberen Kronenbereich aufwärts gerichtet. Durch die Bildung von Ersatztrieben (Proventivtrieben) ist die Sitka-Fichte in der Lage, nach Stürmen Schäden im Kronenbereich zu regenerieren.[3] Bäume, die an Wasserläufen oder in Überschwemmungsgebieten wachsen, bilden häufig Wassertriebe aus.[2]

Knospen und Belaubung

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Zweige mit Nadeln

Die gelblichbraunen Winterknospen sind spitz-kegelförmig. Sie werden zwischen vier und fünf Millimeter lang, wobei sie im oberen Kronenbereich größer werden als im unteren. Die Knospenschuppen sind eng anliegend.[3] Die Nadeln sind 15 bis 25 Millimeter lang und etwa 1 Millimeter breit. Sie sind im Querschnitt relativ flach, steif und scharf zugespitzt. An der Unterseite sind sie gekielt. Auf jeder Seite des Kiels befinden sich fünf bis acht Spaltöffnungsreihen. Sie stehen großteils radial von den Zweigen ab, an der Zweigunterseite sind sie jedoch meist gescheitelt. Die Nadeloberseite ist frisch grün, die Nadelunterseite silbrig graugrün gefärbt. Die Nadeln verbleiben fünf bis sechs Jahre am Baum.

Blüten, Zapfen und Samen

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Reifer Zapfen

Die Sitka-Fichte ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch) und wird mit 20 bis 40 Jahren mannbar. Die Blütezeit hängt vom Standort und der Temperatur ab und beginnt Ende April im südlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebiets und endet Anfang Juni im Nordwesten des Verbreitungsgebietes.[2] Die dunkelroten männlichen Blütenzapfen entwickeln sich aus kleinen Knospen, die an Seitentrieben von jungen Zweigen im mittleren und unteren Kronendrittel stehen. Die weiblichen Blütenzapfen entwickeln sich aus großen Knospen, die im oberen Kronendrittel stehen.[4] Die kurz gestielten Zapfen sind bei einer Länge von 6 bis 10 Zentimetern sowie einem Durchmesser von 2,5 bis 3 Zentimetern zylindrisch mit stumpfem oberen Ende. Die länglich-ovalen Zapfenschuppen sind dünn, unregelmäßig gezähnt und liegen nicht fest an. Die Zapfen sind anfangs grünlich gelb gefärbt und färben sich zur Reife hin hellbraun. Die braunen Samen reifen Ende August bis Anfang September des Blütejahres.[2] Die geflügelten Samen sind mit Flügel etwa 10 Millimeter lang. Ohne Flügel beträgt die Länge 2 bis 3 Millimeter. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 2,16 Gramm.[4]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[5]

Wurzelsystem und Symbiose

Als Flachwurzler dringt das Wurzelsystem der Sitka-Fichte in Tiefen von bis zu 2 Meter vor. Dabei kann es bis zu 23 Meter lange Seitenwurzeln ausbilden. Diese wachsen rund 42 bis 167 Zentimeter pro Jahr. Zwischen verschiedenen Bäumen kann es zu Wurzelverwachsungen kommen. Auf Sauerstoffmangel, zum Beispiel durch Staunässe, reagieren die Wurzeln sehr empfindlich und stellen in solchen Bodenbereichen ihr Wachstum ein. Die Sitka-Fichte geht mit über 100 Pilzarten eine Ektomykorrhiza-Symbiose ein. Zu den häufigsten Mykhorrhizapartnern gehören der Perlpilz (Amanita rubescens), der Tonblasse Fälbling (Hebeloma crustuliniforme), der Violette Lacktrichterling (Laccaria amethystea), der Rötliche Lacktrichterling (Laccaria laccata), der Kahle Krempling (Paxillus involutus), der Ockertäubling (Russula ochroleuca), der Grasgrüne Täubling (Russula aeruginea), Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria hepaticus, Laccaria tumidus, Laccaria turbos und Telephora terrestris.[6]

Borke

Die sehr dünne Borke ist bei jungen Exemplaren dunkelgrau und abschuppend. Mit zunehmendem Alter des Baumes wird sie rötlich mit groben abspringenden Schuppen. Die Rinde junger Zweige ist kahl, braun und deutlich gefurcht. Sie sind dicht mit relativ großen und abstehenden Nadelkissen besetzt.

Holz

Das gelblichbraune Kernholz wird von einem weißlichgelben bis weißlichgrauen Splint umgeben. Das weiche Holz ist relativ leicht und geradfaserig. Die Jahresringe, die manchmal wellig verlaufen können, sind gut zu erkennen. Das leicht zu bearbeitende Holz trocknet schnell. Besonders das Holz von Bäumen aus den nördlichen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes ist stark astig.

Verbreitung und Standort

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Verbreitungsgebiet
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Natürlicher Mischwald mit der Sitka-Fichte als dominierende Baumart

Die Sitka-Fichte kommt entlang der Westküste Nordamerikas von der Insel Kodiak in Alaska bis zum Mendocino County[2] in Nordkalifornien vor. Sie ist meersalztolerant, so dass man sie auch direkt am Meer findet. Landeinwärts reicht ihr Areal oft nicht weiter als 30 Kilometer und besitzt nur eine Breite von bis zu 210 Kilometer. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über eine Länge von etwa 2.500 Kilometern, in dem sie normalerweise nicht auf Höhenlagen über 300 Meter aufsteigt. Das höchste Vorkommen liegt bei 910 Meter in Südost-Alaska an der Waldgrenze. Es gibt nur noch wenige unberührte Bestände alter Sitka-Fichten. Einige befinden sich auf Vancouver Island in Britisch-Kolumbien, wo man noch ursprüngliche und sehr wuchskräftige Bestände findet.

Die Sitka-Fichte gedeiht im nebel- und regenreichen Küstenklima mit geringen Temperaturextremen, milden Wintern und kühlen Sommern. Die jährliche Niederschlagsmenge im Verbreitungsgebiet beträgt je nach Standort 660 bis 3.100 mm. Teilweise wird der Regen durch lang anhaltende Nebel ersetzt und ermöglicht so, dass die Art auch an niederschlagsarmen Standorten wächst. Die Böden sollten tiefgründig und locker sein und über eine gute Wasserversorgung verfügen. Flachgründige Böden sowie Moor- und Torfböden werden meist gemieden. Als Standort werden vor allem Flussniederungen und wasserzügige Hanglagen bevorzugt. Der pH-Wert des Bodens sollte zwischen 4,0 und 5,7 liegen. Bodenverdichtung und Staunässe wirken sich negativ auf das Wurzelwachstum aus. Es werden hohe Ansprüche an die Calcium-, Magnesium- und Phosphor-Versorgung gestellt. Wichtiger als die Nährstoffversorgung ist jedoch die Wasserversorgung.[7]

In ihrem ganzen Verbreitungsgebiet bildet die Sitka-Fichte Mischbestände mit der Westamerikanischen Hemlocktanne (Tsuga heterophylla) und nur selten Reinbestände. Richtung Süden werden vor allem mit der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii), mit Lawsons Scheinzypresse (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), der Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta), der Westlichen Weymouths-Kiefer (Pinus monticola), dem Küstenmammutbaum (Sequoia sempervirens) und dem Riesen-Lebensbaum (Thuja plicata) Mischbestände gebildet. Nach Norden zu werden diese durch die Nootka-Scheinzypresse (Xanthocyparis nootkatensis), die Berg-Hemlocktanne (Tsuga mertensiana) und durch die Felsengebirgs-Tanne (Abies lasiocarpa) abgelöst. Der Unterwuchs wird hauptsächlich durch den Schwertfarn (Polystichum munitum), Maianthemum dilatatum, das Sibirische Tellerkraut (Claytonia sibirica), Tiarella trifoliata, Viola glabella, Viola sempervirens, Prosartes smithii, die Shallon-Scheinbeere (Gaultheria shallon), Vaccinium parvifolium und durch Menziesia ferruginea gebildet. An trockenen Standorten treten auch der Küsten-Rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) und Vaccinium ovatum auf, während an feuchten Standorten der Wald-Frauenfarn (Athyrium filix-femina), der Rippenfarn (Blechnum spicant), der Breitblättrige Dornfarn (Dryopteris dilatata), die Igelkraftwurz (Oplopanax horridus) und Sambucus callicarpa auftreten.[2]

Die Sitka-Fichte wurde als Nutzholzbaum nach Europa eingeführt und dort erstmals im 19. Jahrhundert angepflanzt. Sitka-Fichtenplantagen sind in Großbritannien und Irland zu einem dominierenden Waldtyp geworden, der in Großbritannien 25 % und in Irland 52 % der Waldfläche ausmacht. Sitka-Fichtenwälder gibt es auch in Frankreich und Dänemark, und die Pflanze wurde im frühen 20. Jahrhundert in Island und Norwegen eingeführt.[8][9]

Im Guinness Buch der Rekorde ist eine einzelne Sitka-Fichte auf Campbell Island als entlegenster Baum der Welt aufgeführt. Die Fichte steht rund 220 Kilometer vom nächsten Baum entfernt.

Nutzung

Das leichte und feste Holz der Sitka-Fichte lässt sich gut bearbeiten und ist in Nordamerika trotz seiner geringen Dauerhaftigkeit und seiner Neigung zu verwerfen sehr geschätzt.[6] Es findet bei entsprechender Qualität unter anderem als Klangholz im Musikinstrumentenbau (Gitarren) oder als Masten für Segelschiffe Verwendung. Holz von geringer Qualität wird als Bau-, Faser- oder Papierholz genutzt. Die Spirit of St. Louis, das Flugzeug mit dem Charles Lindbergh den Atlantik überquerte, bestand zu großen Teilen aus Sitkafichtenholz.[1]

Hauptartikel: Fichtenholz

Die Indianer der Pazifikküste, wie Küsten-Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth und Kwakwaka'wakw, verarbeiten Wurzelfasern traditionell zu Körben und Hüten. Auch wurden Fasern zu Kleidung verarbeitet, insbesondere zu regenabweisenden Umhängen. Das Harz wurde auch zum Abdichten von Kanus verwendet. Die harzreichen Äste fanden als Brennmaterial Verwendung, waren aber auch ein wichtiges Requisit ritueller Handlungen und Tänze. Die innere Rinde ist essbar, sowohl frisch, als auch zu einer Art Plätzchen verbacken, oder als Verdickungsmittel in Suppen. Zudem diente das Holz als Mittel zur Wundheilung, wurde gegen Husten und Lungenkrankheiten eingesetzt, indem man es kaute.[10]

Wegen ihrer breiten, sperrigen und wenig harmonischen Krone wird die Sitka-Fichte kaum als Park- und Gartenbaum angepflanzt.[11]

Erfolgreiche Anbauten erfolgen vor allem in luftfeuchten Küstenregionen und in regenreichem Bergland. Die Sitka-Fichte wird in geringem Umfang seit 1880 in Mitteleuropa angebaut.[1] Wegen der vermuteten geringen Standortansprüche geschah der Anbau vorwiegend auf anmoorigen Böden. Diese Anbauten waren wenig wirtschaftlich und sind aus heutiger Sicht ein Eingriff in das heimische Ökosystem. Auf besseren Standorten zeigt sie aber eine beeindruckende Massenleistung, die zumindest die Übernahme eines Teils der oft sehr zahlreich aufkommenden Naturverjüngung als Mischbaumart sinnvoll erscheinen lässt.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

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Windschur bei einer Sitka-Fichte

Die wichtigsten abiotischen Schadfaktoren stellen Sturmschäden dar. Sturmwurf und -bruch treten besonders häufig an nach Südwest exponierten Bestandsrändern auf. Aufgrund der dünnen Borke und des nahe der Oberfläche liegenden Wurzelsystems reagiert die Sitka-Fichte sehr empfindlich auf Waldbrände, welche in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet allerdings nur selten auftreten.[12] Wurzelfäule wird vor allem durch den Gemeinen Hallimasch (Armillaria mellea), den Wurzelschwamm (Heterobasidion annosum), den Kiefern-Braunporling (Phaeolus schweinitzii), und durch Poria weirii verursacht. Stamm- und Stockfäule-Erreger treten vor allem an Bäumen mit einem Alter von über 200 Jahren auf. Die häufigsten Erreger sind der Fichtenporling (Fomitopsis pinicola), der Kiefern-Braunporling (Phaeolus schweinitzii), der Kiefernfeuerschwamm (Phellinus pini), und Lentinus kauffmanii. Die Sitka-Fichte wird an den Nadeln häufig von Pilzarten aus der Gattung Chrysomyxa befallen. Besonders an küstennahen Beständen in Washington und Alaska treten krebsartige Stammwucherungen auf, deren Ursache noch nicht geklärt wurde. Als nennenswerter tierischer Schädling wird der Käfer Pissodes sitchensis genannt, der die Rinde von jungen Bäumen benagt. Dabei ist sie resistent gegen die permanente Einwirkung von salzhaltigen Seewinden, die zwar eine Windschur bewirken können, aber ansonsten kaum Schäden verursachen.[13]

Schädlinge und Krankheiten in Europa

In Europa sind nur wenige der Schadursachen, die im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet vorkommen, von Bedeutung. Aufgrund der abweichenden Klima- und Bodenverhältnisse treten jedoch Schäden und Krankheiten auf, die im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet kaum auffindbar sind. Zu den häufigsten gehören dabei Frost- und Dürreschäden. Der Pilz Rhizina undulata infiziert die Wurzeln und tritt meist erst nach Hitzeeinwirkung auf. Stammkrebse werden durch Nectria cucurbitula hervorgerufen und treten in Deutschland in 42 von 120 Anbauflächen auf. Von den tierischen Schädlingen hat der Riesenbastkäfer (Dendroctonus micans) die größte Bedeutung. Die Sitkafichtenlaus (Liosomaphis abietinum) tritt nur relativ selten nach milden Wintern auf. Durch Saugaktivitäten dieser Art kommt es zuerst zu gelben Nadelflecken, dann zur Nadelbräunung und schließlich zum Nadelabfall. Bei Massenvermehrungen können ganze Bestände entnadelt werden. Seltener befallen die Douglasienlaus (Gilletteella cooleyi), der Blattrandkäfer Strophosomus capitatus und der Pilz Lophodermium piceae die Nadeln. Die Sitka-Fichte wird seltener von Reh- und Rotwild verbissen als die Gemeine Fichte (Picea abies).[14]

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Illustration aus The North American sylva, Tafel. CXVI

Systematik

Taxonomie

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1833 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Pinus sitchensis durch den deutschen Botaniker August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard in Observations sur la végétation de l'île de Sitcha in Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg., Sér. 6, Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles. Band II, S. 164. Der französische Botaniker Élie Abel Carrière ordnete in Traité général des conifères ou déscription de toutes les espèces et variétés aujourd'hui connues, avec leur synonymie, l'indication des procédés de culture et de multiplication qu'il convient de leur appliquer. S. 260 diese Art 1855 unter dem heute gültigen Namen Picea sitchensis in die Gattung der Fichten (Picea) ein.[15][16][17] Weitere Synonyme für Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière sind: Abies falcata Raf., Picea falcata (Raf.) Valck.Sur., Picea menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Carrière, Pinus menziesii Douglas ex D.Don, Pinus sitchensis Bong., Tsuga sitchensis (Bong.) Regel, Abies menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl. 1835 non Mirbel 1825 – Mirbel schlug diesen Namen 1825 für die Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) vor.

Äußere Systematik

Die Picea sitchensis gehört zur Serie Ajanenses aus der Sektion Sitchenses innerhalb Untergattung Casicta innerhalb der Gattung Picea.

Hybride

In ihrem nördlichen Verbreitungsgebiet hybridisiert die Sitka-Fichte (Picea sitchensis) mit der Weiß-Fichte (Picea glauca), wodurch Picea ×lutzii Little entsteht. Des Weiteren kommt es zu natürlichen Kreuzungen mit der Engelmann-Fichte (Picea engelmannii).[18]

Erfolgreiche Kreuzungsversuche fanden mit der Gemeinen Fichte (Picea abies), der Ajan-Fichte (Picea jezoensis), der Likiang-Fichte (Picea likiangensis) und mit der Serbischen Fichte (Picea omorika) statt.[18]

Quellen

Literatur

  • Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Verbreitung – Beschreibung – Ökologie – Nutzung; die große Enzyklopädie. Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 315–328.
  • Reinhard Schober: Die Sitka-Fichte. Eine biologisch-ertragskundliche Untersuchung. Schriftenreihe der Forstlichen Fakultät der Universität Göttingen und Mitteilungen der Niedersächsischen Forstlichen Versuchsanstalt, Band 24/25. Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main 1962.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 316.
  2. a b c d e f A. S. Harris: Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. – Sitka Spruce. In: Silvics Manual. Volume 1 bei Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry (Memento vom 15. Juli 2007 im Internet Archive)
  3. a b Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 318.
  4. a b Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 319.
  5. Picea sitchensis bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  6. a b Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 320.
  7. Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 322.
  8. Bill Mason, M. Perks: Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forests in Atlantic Europe: changes in forest management and possible consequences for carbon sequestration. 2011, doi:10.1080/02827581.2011.564383 (Online [abgerufen am 4. Januar 2021]).
  9. Houston Durrant, T.; A., Mauri; D., de Rigo; Caudullo, G.: "Picea sitchensis;; in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats". 2016, abgerufen am 1. April 2021 (englisch).
  10. Näheres zum Gebrauch: Daniel Moerman: Native American ethnobotany. 1998 und Sitka Spruce, hrsg. vom United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2003, S. 1.
  11. Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 326–327.
  12. Botanical and Ecological Characteritics of Picea sitchensis bei Fire Effects Information System = FEIS.
  13. Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 324–325.
  14. Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 325–326.
  15. Elie Abel Carriere: Traité général des conifères ou déscription de toutes les espèces et variétés aujourd'hui connues, avec leur synonymie, l'indication des procédés de culture et de multiplication qu'il convient de leur appliquer. Paris 1855, S. 260 (eingescannt.)
  16. Picea sitchensis bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 16. April 2019.
  17. Picea sitchensis im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 16. April 2019.
  18. a b Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Nikol, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 321.

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Sitka-Fichte: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Sitka-Fichte (Picea sitchensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Fichten (Picea) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Die im westlichen Nordamerika heimische Picea sitchensis ist die größte Art der Gattung Fichten (Picea). Sie liefert in ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ein geschätztes Nutzholz. Picea sitchensis wurde nach der Stadt Sitka in Alaska benannt und ist der offizielle Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates Alaska.

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Sithine kuz' ( Vepsian )

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Sithižen kuzen käbud. Ei voi nähta paksus, sikš miše ned kazdas läz ladvad.

Sithine kuz' (latin.: Picea sitchensis) om Kuz'-heimon puiden erik. Kazvab Pohjoižamerikas pidust' sen päivlaskmašt valdmererandad.

Om ottud kul'turha vspäi 1831. Navedib nepsoid, pordaigaližešti upotadud mahusid. Eläb 500..800 vodhesai.

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Sitkafiicht ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Sitkafiicht (Picea sitchensis), ass en Nolebam deen an Nordwestamerika, vun Alaska bis an Nordkalifornien virkënnt. S'ass doduerch un e fiicht Klima, mat vill Nidderschléi a mëlle Wanteren ugepasst.

An Europa geet d'Sitkafiicht gutt op grënnege, frëschfiichte bis fiichte Biedem, an op Pseudogley mat kuerze Stauphasen. Op dréchene Biedem an a Lage mat dréchener Loft huet se keng Chance fir ze wuessen. Se verdréit de Schierm, wann en net ze laang unhält (z. B. e Virbau vun Elleren), ass awer empfindlech géint Spéitfrascht. Se gëtt net vum Wëld verbass, awer gefeet.

Ganz gutt mécht se sech a groussraimege Mëschunge mat Risemammutbeem, Hemlocksdännen, an Douglasdännen.

Um Spaweck

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Sitkafiicht: Brief Summary ( Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch )

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D'Sitkafiicht (Picea sitchensis), ass en Nolebam deen an Nordwestamerika, vun Alaska bis an Nordkalifornien virkënnt. S'ass doduerch un e fiicht Klima, mat vill Nidderschléi a mëlle Wanteren ugepasst.

An Europa geet d'Sitkafiicht gutt op grënnege, frëschfiichte bis fiichte Biedem, an op Pseudogley mat kuerze Stauphasen. Op dréchene Biedem an a Lage mat dréchener Loft huet se keng Chance fir ze wuessen. Se verdréit de Schierm, wann en net ze laang unhält (z. B. e Virbau vun Elleren), ass awer empfindlech géint Spéitfrascht. Se gëtt net vum Wëld verbass, awer gefeet.

Ganz gutt mécht se sech a groussraimege Mëschunge mat Risemammutbeem, Hemlocksdännen, an Douglasdännen.

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Sitkowy škrjok ( Lower Sorbian )

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Sitkowy škrjok (Picea sitchensis) jo bom ze swójźby chójcowych rostlinow (Pinaceae).

Wopis

Stojnišćo

Rozšyrjenje

Wužywanje

Nožki

  1. Starosta: Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik, Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-7420-1096-4, bok 494
  2. W internetowem słowniku: Fichte

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Sitkowy škrjok: Brief Summary ( Lower Sorbian )

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Sitkowy škrjok (Picea sitchensis) jo bom ze swójźby chójcowych rostlinow (Pinaceae).

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Picea sitchensis

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Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 meters (330 ft) tall,[2] with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-largest conifer in the world (behind giant sequoia, coast redwood, kauri, and western red cedar),[3] and the third-tallest conifer species (after coast redwood and coast Douglas fir). The Sitka spruce is one of the few species documented to exceed 90 m (300 ft) in height.[4] Its name is derived from the community of Sitka in southeast Alaska, where it is prevalent. Its range hugs the western coast of Canada and the US, continuing south into northernmost California.

Description

The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small, circular plates 5–20 centimeters (2–8 in) across. The inner bark is reddish-brown.[5] The crown is broad conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees; old trees may not have branches lower than 30–40 meters (98–131 ft). The shoots are very pale buff-brown, almost white, and glabrous (hairless), but with prominent pulvini. The leaves are stiff, sharp, and needle-like, 15–25 millimeters long, flattened in cross-section,[5] dark glaucous blue-green above with two or three thin lines of stomata, and blue-white below with two dense bands of stomata.

Foliage, mature seed cone, and (center) old pollen cone

The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 6–10 cm (2+12–4 in) long[6] and 2 cm (34 in) broad when closed, opening to 3 cm (1+14 in) broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm (5834 in) long; the bracts just above the scales are the longest of any spruce, occasionally just exserted and visible on the closed cones. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 3 mm (18 in) long, with a slender, 7–9 mm (1438 in) long pale brown wing.

Size

More than a century of logging has left only a remnant of the spruce forest. The largest trees were cut long before careful measurements could be made. Trees over 90 m (300 ft) tall may still be seen in Pacific Rim National Park and Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park on Vancouver Island, British Columbia (the Carmanah Giant, at 96 m (315 ft) tall, is the tallest tree in Canada),[7] and in Olympic National Park, Washington and Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California (United States); two at the last site are just over 96 m tall.[8] The Queets Spruce is the largest in the world with a trunk volume of 346 m3 (12,200 cu ft), a height of 74.6 m (244 ft 9 in), and a 4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) dbh.[9] It is located near the Queets River in Olympic National Park, about 26 km (16 mi) from the Pacific Ocean. Another specimen, from Klootchy Creek Park, Oregon, was previously recorded to be the largest with a circumference of 15 metres (49 ft) and height of 66 metres (217 ft).[10]

Age

Sitka spruce is a long-lived tree, with individuals over 700 years old known. Because it grows rapidly under favorable conditions, large size may not indicate exceptional age. The Queets Spruce has been estimated to be only 350 to 450 years old, but adds more than a cubic meter of wood each year.[11]

Root system

Because it grows in extremely wet and poorly-drained soil, the Sitka spruce has a shallow root system with long lateral roots and few branchings. This also makes it susceptible to wind throw.[12]

Taxonomy

DNA analysis[13][14] has shown that only P. breweriana has a more basal position than Sitka spruce to the rest of the spruce. The other 33 species of spruce are more derived, which suggests that Picea originated in North America.[13]

Distribution and habitat

Sitka spruce forest in the Olympic Mountains, Washington

Sitka spruce is native to the west coast of North America, with its northwestern limit on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and its southeastern limit near Fort Bragg in northern California.[15] It is closely associated with the temperate rainforests and is found within a few kilometers of the coast in the southern portion of its range. North of Oregon, its range extends inland along river floodplains, but seldom does its range extend more than around 80 km (50 mi) from the Pacific Ocean and its inlets.[5] It is situated at about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level in Alaska and generally below 450 m (1,480 ft) further south.[5]

Forests with the species average between 200 and 500 cm (79 and 197 in) of rain annually.[5] It is tolerant to salty spray common in coastal dune habitat, such as at Cape Disappointment State Park in Washington, and prefers soils high in magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.[12]

Sitka spruce has been introduced to Europe as a lumber tree, and was first planted there in the 19th century. Sitka spruce plantations have become a dominant forest type in Great Britain and Ireland, making up 25% of forest cover in the former and 52% in the latter. Sitka spruce woodland is also present in France and Denmark, and the plant was introduced to Iceland and Norway in the early 20th century.[16][17] Observations of Sitka spruce along the Norwegian coast have shown the species to be growing 25-100% faster than the native Norway spruce there, even as far north as Vesterålen, and Sitka spruces planted along the southwest coast of Norway are growing fastest among the Sitka plantations in Europe.[18][19]

A 9-metre-tall, 100-year-old Sitka spruce growing in the middle of the permanently uninhabited sub-antarctic Campbell Island has been recognised by the Guinness World Records as the "most remote tree in the world".[20]

Ecology

Value to wildlife

Sitka spruce provides critical habitat for a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Its thick, sharp needles are poor browse for ungulates, and only the new spring growth is eaten. However, in Alaska and British Columbia the needles of Picea sitchensis comprise up to 90% of the winter diet of blue grouse.[12]

Lichen-forming fungi Helocarpon lesdainii is found on Picea sitchensis trees in Harris Beach State Park, Oregon, USA.[21]

It provides cover and hiding places for a large variety of mammals, and good nesting and roosting habitat for birds. Sitka deer require old-growth Sitka spruce forests for winter habitat, as the extensive foliage holds a significant percentage of fallen snow in a given area, thus allowing for better understory browsing and easier migration for terrestrial animals. Cavity nesting birds favor Sitka spruce snags, and the tree is used by bald eagles,[5] and peregrine falcons as nesting habitat.

Successional status

Sitka spruce is shade tolerant but not as much as its competitors,[5] preferring full sun if possible. It is a pioneer on landslides, sand dunes, uplifted beaches, and deglaciated terrain. However, it is a climax species in coastal forests, where it can become dominant.[12]

Fire ecology

Due to the prevalence of Sitka spruce in cool, wet climates, its thin bark and shallow root system are not adapted to resist fire damage and it is thus very susceptible. Sitka spruce forests have a fire regime of severe crown or surface fires on long intervals, (150 to 350+ years) which results in total stand replacement. Sitka spruce recolonizes burned sites via wind-dispersed seed from adjacent unburned forests.[12]

Uses

The root bark of Sitka spruce trees is used in Native Alaskan basket-weaving designs[22] and for rain hats. The pitch was used for caulking, chewing, and its medicinal properties.[12] Native Americans heated and plied the roots to make cord.[5] The resin was used as glue and for waterproofing.[5] Natives and pioneers split off shakes for construction use.[5] The wood is light and relatively strong.[5]

Sitka spruce is of major importance in forestry for timber and paper production. Outside its native range, it is particularly valued for its fast growth on poor soils and exposed sites where few other trees can prosper; in ideal conditions, young trees may grow 1.5 m (5 ft) per year. It is naturalized in some parts of Ireland and Great Britain, where it was introduced in 1831 by David Douglas,[23] and New Zealand, though not so extensively as to be considered invasive. Sitka spruce is also planted extensively in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland.[24][25] In Norway, Sitka spruce was introduced in the early 1900s. An estimated 50,000 hectares (120,000 acres) have been planted in Norway, mainly along the coast from Vest-Agder in the south to Troms in the north. It is more tolerant to wind and saline ocean air, and grows faster than the native Norway spruce.[26] But in Norway, the Sitka spruce is now considered an invasive species, and effort to get rid of it is being made.[27][28]

The resonant wood[5] is used widely in piano, harp, violin, and guitar manufacture, as its high strength-to-weight ratio and regular, knot-free rings make it an excellent conductor of sound. For these reasons, the wood is also an important material for sailboat spars, and aircraft wing spars (including flying models). The Wright brothers' Flyer was built using Sitka spruce, as were many aircraft before World War II; during that war, aircraft such as the British Mosquito used it as a substitute for strategically important aluminium.

Newly grown tips of Sitka spruce branches are used to flavor spruce beer and are boiled to make syrup.[29][30]

Culture

Kiidk'yaas in 1984

A unique specimen with golden foliage that used to grow on Haida Gwaii, known as Kiidk'yaas or "The Golden Spruce", is sacred to the Haida First Nations people. It was illegally felled in 1997 by Grant Hadwin, although saplings grown from cuttings can now be found near its original site.

Chemistry

The stilbene glucosides astringin, isorhapontin, and piceid can be found in the bark of the Sitka spruce.[31][32]

Burls

In the Olympic National Forest in Washington, Sitka spruce trees near the ocean sometimes develop burls.

According to a guidebook entitled Olympic Peninsula, "Damage to the tip or the bud of a Sitka spruce causes the growth cells to divide more rapidly than normal to form this swelling or burl. Even though the burls may look menacing, they do not affect the overall tree growth."[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Farjon, A. (2013). "Picea sitchensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42337A2973701. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42337A2973701.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Rushforth, Keith (1986) [1980]. Bäume [Pocket Guide to Trees] (in German) (2nd ed.). Bern: Hallwag AG. ISBN 3-444-70130-6.
  3. ^ "Agathis australis". Conifers. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  4. ^ "Tallest Sitka Spruce". Landmark Trees. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 83–91. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  6. ^ "Picea sitchensis". Oregon State University. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  7. ^ Stoltmann, Randy, 1962- (1996). Hiking the ancient forests of British Columbia and Washington. Vancouver, B.C.: Lone Pine. ISBN 1551050455. OCLC 35161377.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Picea sitchensis". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 15 July 2019. This tree also has a sign nearby proclaiming it to be 'the world's largest spruce'. The two tallest on record, 96.7 m and 96.4 m, are in Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California
  9. ^ Van Pelt, Robert. (2015). Champion trees of washington state. Seattle, Washington, USA: Univ of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295997452. OCLC 921868759.
  10. ^ Traver, Robert (1985). America's Wild Woodlands. National Geographic Society. p. 12. ISBN 9780870445422.
  11. ^ Van Pelt, Robert (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295981407.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Index of Species Information: Picea sitchensis". Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  13. ^ a b Ran, JH; Wei, XX; Wang, XQ (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41 (2): 405–19. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785.
  14. ^ Sigurgeirsson, A; Szmidt, AE (1993). "Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea". Nordic Journal of Botany. 13 (3): 233–246. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00043.x.
  15. ^ Griffin, JR; Critchfield, WB (1976). Distribution of forest trees in California. USDA Forest Service Research Paper. pp. 23–24, 75. PSW-82.
  16. ^ Bill, Mason; Perks, Michael P. (21 March 2011). "Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) forests in Atlantic Europe: changes in forest management and possible consequences for carbon sequestration". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 26 (S11): 72–81. doi:10.1080/02827581.2011.564383. S2CID 85059411.
  17. ^ Houston Durrant, T.; A., Mauri; D., de Rigo; Caudullo, G. (2016). "Picea sitchensis in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats" (PDF). Forest.jrc. European Commission. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  18. ^ "Vestlandsk sitkagran vokser best i Europa". 29 September 2014.
  19. ^ "Ligg unna sitkagrana i klimaskogen min". 10 March 2019.
  20. ^ Morwood, Maddy How the world's loneliest tree is helping scientists advance climate change research ABC News, 5 September, 2022. Retrieved 5 September, 2022.
  21. ^ "Helocarpon lesdainii | Oregon Digital". oregondigital.org. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  22. ^ Kallenbach, Elizabeth. "Tlingit Spruce Root Baskets". University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  23. ^ Mitchell, A (1978). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-219213-6.
  24. ^ Dammert, L (2001). "Dressing the landscape: afforestation efforts on Iceland]". Unasylva. 52 (207).
  25. ^ Hermann, R (1987). "North American Tree Species in Europe" (PDF). Journal of Forestry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 11 March 2010. Efforts to remove this species have been initiated in Norway as the Sitka spruce dominates the native ecology with few native species managing to compete or thrive in its shadow.
  26. ^ Vadla, Kjell. "Sitkagran - utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse" [Sitka spruce - propagation, properties and uses]. Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute (in Norwegian).
  27. ^ "Vil utrydde granskog på Vestlandet og i Nord-Norge". Aftenposten. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  28. ^ "Her svir de av øyene nord for Herdla". Askøyværingen. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Picea sitchensis: "Sitka Spruce, Tideland Spruce"". Collections. San Francisco Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  30. ^ "Alaska State Tree: Sitka Spruce". Alaskan Nature. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  31. ^ Masakazu Aritomi; Dervilla M.X. Donnelly (1976). "Stilbene glucosides in the bark of Picea sitchensis". Phytochemistry. 15 (12): 2006–2008. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88881-0.
  32. ^ Claudia D. Toscano Underwood & Raymond B. Pearce (1991). "Astringin and isorhapontin distribution in Sitka spruce trees". Phytochemistry. 30 (7): 2183–2189. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83610-W.
  33. ^ Sedam, Michael T. (2002). The Olympic Peninsula: The Grace & Grandeur. Voyageur Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0896584587.

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Picea sitchensis: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Picea sitchensis, the Sitka spruce, is a large, coniferous, evergreen tree growing to almost 100 meters (330 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter at breast height that can exceed 5 m (16 ft). It is by far the largest species of spruce and the fifth-largest conifer in the world (behind giant sequoia, coast redwood, kauri, and western red cedar), and the third-tallest conifer species (after coast redwood and coast Douglas fir). The Sitka spruce is one of the few species documented to exceed 90 m (300 ft) in height. Its name is derived from the community of Sitka in southeast Alaska, where it is prevalent. Its range hugs the western coast of Canada and the US, continuing south into northernmost California.

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Sitka-piceo ( Esperanto )

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Kiel legi la taksonomion
Sitka-piceo Quinault Lake Spruce, ege volumena piceo
Quinault Lake Spruce, ege volumena piceo
Biologia klasado Regno: Plantoj Plantae
Divizio: Pinofitoj Pinophyta
Klaso: Pinopsidoj Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinaloj Pinales
Familio: Pinacoj Pinaceae
Genro: Piceo Picea
Picea sitchensis
(Bong.) Carr. Konserva statuso
{{{220px}}}
Konserva statuso: Malplej zorgiga
Natura arealo
Natura arealo
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La Sitka-piceo (Picea sitchensis), estas nearktisa ĉiamverda konifero kiu altas ĝis 50–70 metrojn, eksterordinare ĝis 100 metrojn, kaj kiu havas diametron ĝis 5 metrojn, eksterordinare ĝis 6–7 metrojn. Ĝi estas nete la plej volumena picea specio; la kvara plej volumena konifero en la mondo (post sekvojadendro, sekvojo kaj giganta tujo); kaj la tria plej alta konifero (post sekvojo kaj marborda duglaso). La specionomo devenas de alaska urbo, Sitka.

Priskribo

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Foliaro, matura sema strobilo kaj (centre) maljuna polena strobilo.
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Sitka-piceo, 50–53 m alta, en forsta plantejo en Kyloe, Northumberland

La arboŝelo estas maldika kaj skvama, deskvamiganta en etajn rondajn lamenojn kun diametroj inter 5–20 cm. La arbokrono estas larĝe konusa ĉe junaj arboj; pli maljunaj arboj povas esti senbranĉaj je la plej malaltaj 30–40 m. La ŝosoj estas tre pale flav-brunaj, preskaŭ blankaj, kaj senharaj sed kun elstarantaj pulvinoj. La folioj estas rigidaj, akraj kaj pinglecaj, 15–25 mm longaj, platigitaj transverse, malhele glaŭke blu-verdaj supre kun du aŭ tri maldikaj linioj de stomoj, kaj blu-blankaj malsupre kun du densaj strioj de stomoj. La strobiloj estas pendantaj, svelte cilindraj, 6–10 cm longaj [1] kaj 2 cm larĝaj kiam fermitaj, malfermiĝante ĝis larĝeco de 3 cm. Ili havas maldikajn, fleksiĝemajn skvamojn kiuj longas 15-20 mm; la brakteoj ĵus super la skvamoj estas la plej longaj kompare kun tiuj de iu ajn alia piceo, okaze ĵus elstarantaj kaj videblaj ĉe la fermitaj strobiloj. Ili estas verdaj aŭ ruĝecaj, maturante pale brunaj 5–7 monatoj post polenado. La semoj estas nigraj, 3 mm longaj, kun svelta, 7–9 mm longa bruna flugilo.

Dimensio

Pli ol jarcento de arbarekspluatado postrestigis nur parteton de la picearo. La plej grandaj arboj estis hakitaj longdaŭre antaŭ ol eblis mezurofarado. Arboj kiuj altas pli ol 90 m ankoraŭ videblas en Nacia Park-Rezervejo de la Pacifika Marbordo kaj Provincia Parko Karmanah-Ŭalbran en Vankuvera Insulo, Brita Kolumbio (la Karmanah-Giganto, kun 96 metrojn estas la plej alta arbo en Kanado), kaj en Olimpia Nacia Parko (Vaŝingtonio) kaj Sekojara Ŝtata Parko Prairie Creek ( Kalifornio ); du en tiu ĉi loko altas ĵus pli ol 96 metrojn. La Kvits-Piceo estas la plej volumena en la mondo kun trunka volumeno de 337 m³, alteco de 75,6 m kaj diametro de 455 cm je brust-alto. Ĝi situas apud Kvits-Rivero en Olimpia Nacia Parko, proksimume 26 kilometrojn ekde Pacifika Oceano.

Aĝo

La Sitka-piceo estas longdaŭre vivanta arbo, kun individuoj kiuj estas pli aĝaj ol 700 jarojn. Ĉar ĝi rapide kreskas sub favoraj cirkonstancoj, granda dimensio nenecese indikas eksterordinaran aĝon. La Kvits-Piceo laŭtakse aĝas nur 350 ĝis 450 jarojn, sed jare ĝi havas alkreskon de pli ol ligna kubmetro [2].

Taksonomio

DNA-analizoj[3][4] montris ke nur Bruŭer-piceo ( Picea breweriana ) havas pli bazan pozicion ol Sitka-piceo. La aliaj tridek tri piceospecioj estas pli derivataj kiu sugestas ke la genro originas de Nordameriko.

Disvastiĝo kaj biotopo

La Sitka-piceo estas hejma ĉe la okcidenta marbordo de Nordameriko, kun sia nordokcidenta limo sur Insulo Kodiak, Alasko, kaj sia sudorienta limo apud Fort Bragg en norda Kalifornio [5]. Ĝi estas intense asociata kun la mezvarmaj pluvarbaroj kaj troviĝas distance de kelkaj kilometroj ekde la marbordo en la suda parto de sia arealo. Norde de Oregono, ĝia arealo etendiĝas landinternen laŭlonge de ĉeriveraj marĉoj, sed nenie ĝia arealo etendiĝas pli da 80 kilometrojn ekde la Pacifika Oceano kaj ties golfetoj.

Uzado

 src=
Faligita Sitka-piceo, Oregona Marborda Montaro, 1918

La Sitka-piceo ege gravas en forstumado por konstruligno kaj papero-produktado. Ekster sia natura arealo, ĝi estas speciale aprezita por sia rapida alkresko sur malriĉaj grundoj kaj elmetitaj ejoj kie malmulte da aliaj arboj sukcese kapablas vegeti; en optimumaj cirkonstancoj junaj arboj povas alkreski 1,5 metrojn jare. Ĝi estas enmetita en iuj partoj de Irlando kaj Britujo kie ĝi estis enkondukita en 1831 [6] kaj Nov-Zelando, kvankam ne tiel grandskale por esti konsiderata kiel invada specio. Sitka-piceo ankaŭ estas grandskale kultivita en Danujo, Norvegujo kaj Islando[7][8]. En Norvegujo, Sitka-piceo estis enkondukita je la komenco de la 1900-aj jaroj. Taksita areo de 50 000 hektaroj estis plantitaj en tiu lando, ĉefe laŭlonge de la marbordo ekde Vest-Agder en la sudo ĝis Troms en la nordo. Sitka-piceo estas pli tolerema por vento kaj sala oceana aero, kaj pli rapide alkreskas ol la indiĝena ordinara piceo[9]. Sitka-piceo estas vaste uzata por fabrikado de pianoj, harpoj, violonoj, kaj gitaroj, ĉar sia alta forteco-pezo proporcio kaj regulaj, sennodaj jarringoj faras la lignon bonegan kondukilon de sono. Por tiuj kialoj, la ligno ankaŭ estas grava substanco por mastoj de velŝipoj, por flugiloj de flugmaŝinoj, kaj nazokonusoj de Trident-Raketoj [10].

La Flyer 1 de la Fratoj Wright estis konstruita kun Sitka-piceo, kiel multaj aŭ plimultaj flugmaŝinoj antaŭ la Dua mondmilito; dum tiu ĉi milito, aviadiloj kiel la britaj Mosquito uzis ĝin kiel anstataŭaĵon de la strategia grava aluminio.

Novaj kreskopintoj de Sitka-piceo estas uzataj por aromigi piceo-bieron kaj estas boligitaj por fari siropon.

La radikoŝelo de Sitka-piceo estis uzata dum la farado de korboplektaĵoj de la alaskaj indiĝenaj popoloj.

Kultivado

Unika specimeno kun orkolora foliaro kiu estis vegetanta sur Kvinĉarlot-Insularo, sciata kiel Kiidk’jas, estis sankta por la Ĥajda-indianoj. Ĝ estis neleĝe faligita, kvankam nuntempe arbidoj kultivitaj el stikaĵoj estas troveblaj apud la origina kreskadloko.

Vidu ankaŭ

Referencoj

  1. http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/pisi.htm
  2. angle Van Pelt, R. 2001 : Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98140-7.
  3. Ran, J.-H., Wei, X.-X. & Wang, X.-Q. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41(2): 405–19.
  4. Sigurgeirsson, A. & Szmidt, A.E. 1993. Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea. Nordic Journal of Botany 13(3): 233–246.
  5. Griffin, J. R. & Critchfield, W. B. 1976 : Distribution of forest trees in California. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW-82: 23–24, 75. angle
  6. Mitchell, A. 1978 : Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. HarperCollins. London. ISBN 0-00-219213-6 angle
  7. Dammert, L (2001). Dressing the landscape: afforestation efforts on Iceland, Unasylva Vol. 52, No. 207.
  8. Hermann, R (1987). North American Tree Species in Europe, Journal of Forestry.angle
  9. Sitkagran - utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse (Sitka spruce - propagation, properties and uses) by Kjell Vadla, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute.
  10. Lieutenant Colonel William D. Siuru, Jr (1977) SLBM - the Navy’s contribution to Triad.

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Sitka-piceo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Sitka-piceo (Picea sitchensis), estas nearktisa ĉiamverda konifero kiu altas ĝis 50–70 metrojn, eksterordinare ĝis 100 metrojn, kaj kiu havas diametron ĝis 5 metrojn, eksterordinare ĝis 6–7 metrojn. Ĝi estas nete la plej volumena picea specio; la kvara plej volumena konifero en la mondo (post sekvojadendro, sekvojo kaj giganta tujo); kaj la tria plej alta konifero (post sekvojo kaj marborda duglaso). La specionomo devenas de alaska urbo, Sitka.

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Picea sitchensis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Picea sitchensis, la pícea de Sitka, es una conífera que mide aproximadamente 50–70 m de alto, llegando en ocasiones a los 100 m, y cuyo tronco mide unos 5 m de diámetro, aunque en algunos casos alcanza los 6–7 m de diámetro. Es por tanto la mayor de todas las especies del género Picea, y la tercera conífera más grande del mundo tras la secuoya roja y el abeto de Douglas. El nombre de esta pícea proviene de la localidad de Sitka, Alaska.

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Las hojas muestran en su parte superior un tono verdeazulado.
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Follaje y piña característica.

Descripción

Picea sitchensis destaca por su copa cónica, que se va volviendo más cilíndrica según envejece. Los brotes son de un color beige muy pálido. Las hojas, rígidas y agudas, miden alrededor de 20 mm, y están aplanadas en su parte transversal. Son las agujas de un color verdeazulado oscuro en la parte superior, y blanquiazuladas en la inferior.

Los conos o péndulos, de aspecto cilíndrico, miden entre 5 y 11 cm de largo. De ancho miden unos 2 cm estando cerrado, y 3 cuando abren. Son de color rojizo o verde hasta que maduran, a los 6 meses aproximadamente tras la polinización, momento en el cual se vuelven de color marrón claro. Las semillas son negras, de unos 3 mm de largo.

Distribución y hábitat

La pícea de Sitka es un árbol originario de las montañas de la costa del Pacífico de América del Norte, donde ocupa una estrecha franja. Su límite más septentrional es la isla Kodiak (Alaska) y su límite más meridional está en el norte de California. Es una especie propia de climas templado-húmedos, y en la zona sur de su distribución crece incluso cerca de la costa. En su zona de distribución no se adentra en el interior más de 80 km de la costa.

Usos

La pícea de Sitka es una especie que ha sufrido el acoso continuo de la explotación maderera descontrolada casi desde la misma colonización de su área de distribución por los europeos. Los árboles más grandes, muchos de ellos incluso superiores a los 100 metros, fueron talados masivamente, siendo ahora bastante difícil encontrar ejemplares que sobrepasen los 70 metros. A pesar de ello, algunos ejemplares de más de 90 metros aún pueden verse en lugares como el parque nacional Pacific Rim o el Parque Provincial Carmanah Walbran, ambos en la isla de Vancouver. En el Parque Carmanah, de hecho, se encuentra un ejemplar de pícea de Sitka de 96 metros, considerado el árbol más grande de Canadá.

Se hibrida con facilidad con otras especies de pícea, dando lugar a todo tipo de cruces.

Existe un espécimen cuyas agujas son de color dorado y que se halla en las islas de la Reina Carlota. Es conocido como Kiidk'yaas por los indios Haida, quienes le tienen por un árbol sagrado. Aunque el original fue talado ilegalmente, actualmente se conservan varios esquejes suyos plantados donde se alzaba el anterior.

La pícea de Sitka está considerado como el árbol estatal de Alaska.

La pícea de Sitka es una Picea muy longeva, existiendo ejemplares de unos 700 años de edad. Además, es una de las poquísimas especies del género Picea que crece rápidamente: en condiciones óptimas puede crecer hasta 1,5 metros al año, lo que la convierte en la especie de crecimiento más rápido del género. Debido a esto y a la calidad de su madera, empezó a introducirse en Europa y Nueva Zelanda a principios del siglo XIX. En algunas zonas, como las Islas Británicas, se ha naturalizado desde que fue introducida en 1831.

En Noruega esta especie fue introducida a principios del siglo XX, siendo ahora una importante especie forestal en ese país (se calcula que hay unas 50.000 hectáreas forestales de pícea de Sitka en Noruega), donde ha llegado a hibridarse con la pícea común. También ha sido introducido con éxito en países como Francia, Alemania, Austria, Islandia o Polonia debido a su resistencia a zonas expuestas y a su rápido crecimiento en suelos pobres. En España esta especie está pobremente representada, hallándose sólo en las áreas húmedas del norte, principalmente en Cantabria, País Vasco y en algunas montañas del centro de la Península.

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Cono de pícea de Sitka.
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Bosque de píceas de Sitka en Kindrogan, Escocia. Esta especie se ha naturalizado en Gran Bretaña.
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Agallas de un cono.

La pícea de Sitka es una especie de gran importancia en la industria maderera y papelera. Su madera, al igual que la de la mayoría de especies del género Picea, es muy apreciada para la construcción de instrumentos musicales cordófonos tales como violines, guitarras o arpas, ya que otorga a dichos instrumentos una gran sonoridad. También es muy apreciada su madera en la construcción. Con las puntas de las ramas recién germinadas se fabrica una bebida alcohóloca llamada "cerveza de pícea" y una especie de sirope.

Los pueblos amerindios de la costa del Pacífico de Canadá y del noroeste de Estados Unidos utilizan la corteza de las raíces de este árbol para fabricar productos de cestería.

Taxonomía

Picea sitchensis fue descrita por (Bong.) Carr. y publicado en Traité Général des Conifères 260. 1855.[2]

Etimología

Picea; nombre genérico que es tomado directamente del Latín pix = "brea", nombre clásico dado a un pino que producía esta sustancia[3]

sitchensis: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Sitka, Alaska

Sinonimia
  • Abies falcata Raf.
  • Abies menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl.
  • Abies merkiana Fisch. ex Parl.
  • Abies sitchensis (Bong.) Lindl. & Gordon
  • Abies trigona Raf.
  • Picea falcata (Raf.) J.V.Suringar
  • Picea grandis Gordon
  • Picea menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Carrière
  • Picea menziesii var. crispa (Antoine) Carrière
  • Pinus menziesii Douglas ex D.Don
  • Pinus menziesii var. crispa Antoine
  • Pinus sitchensis Bong.
  • Sequoia rafinesquei Carrière[4]

Referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Picea sitchensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 6 de mayo de 2006.
  2. «Picea sitchensis». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 12 de diciembre de 2013.
  3. En Nombres Botánicos
  4. «Picea sitchensis». The Plant List. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2015.

Bibliografía

  • Van Pelt, R. 2001. Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98140-7.
  • Griffin, J. R. & Critchfield, W. B. 1976. Distribution of forest trees in California. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PSW-82: 23–24, 75.
  • Mitchell, A. 1978. Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Collins Field Guide. HarperCollins. London. ISBN 0-00-219213-6

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Picea sitchensis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Picea sitchensis, la pícea de Sitka, es una conífera que mide aproximadamente 50–70 m de alto, llegando en ocasiones a los 100 m, y cuyo tronco mide unos 5 m de diámetro, aunque en algunos casos alcanza los 6–7 m de diámetro. Es por tanto la mayor de todas las especies del género Picea, y la tercera conífera más grande del mundo tras la secuoya roja y el abeto de Douglas. El nombre de esta pícea proviene de la localidad de Sitka, Alaska.

 src= Las hojas muestran en su parte superior un tono verdeazulado.  src= Follaje y piña característica.
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Sitka kuusk ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Sitka kuusk (Picea sitchensis) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

Avastamine ja nime päritolu

Esimese euroopa teadlasena avastas sitka kuuse šoti botaanik Archibald Menzies (1754–1842) Puget Soundi kallastelt 1787. aastal. Tema kogutud okaste näidised on hoiul Briti Muuseumis. Liik on nime saanud Sitka saare järgi, mida praegu tuntakse rohkem Baranofi saarena. Sellelt saarelt kogus 1827 näidiseid saksa botaanik Franz Karl Mertens (1764–1831). Nende põhjal kirjeldas liiki esimesena August Gustav Heinrich von Bongard (1786–1839).[3]

Liigi esimesed kirjeldajad arvasid kuused sageli männi või nuluga samasse perekonda. Tänapäeval kasutatava teadusliku nimega kirjeldas sitka kuuske esimesena 1855 prantsuse botaanik Élie-Abel Carrière.

DNA analüüs on näidanud, et üksnes Breweri kuusk on ülejäänud kuuseliikidest varem eraldunud kui sitka kuusk. Nii sitka kui Breweri kuusk kasvavad Põhja-Ameerikas ning see annab alust arvata, et kuuse perekond tekkiski Põhja-Ameerikas ja levis sealt teistele mandritele.[4]

Botaanilised tunnused

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Noored okkad
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Avanenud käbi

Sitka kuusk on kõige kõrgem kuuseliik maailmas.[5] Puu kasvab soodsates tingimustes 55–60 (91) m kõrguseks, tüve läbimõõt võib küündida kuni 1–1,8 (4) meetrini.[6]

Võra on laikuhikjas, eriti vanemas eas. Oksad on veidi tõusvad, tugevad ja pikad. Puistus moodustub puudel tavaliselt sirge tüvi. Tüve koor on õhuke (ka vanadel puudel) ja pruunikashall. Noored võrsed on helehallid kuni kollakaspruunid ja karvadeta. Pungad on kuni 1 cm pikkused, laikoonusjad ja kaetud hallikaspruuni vaiguga.[6]

Noored puud on väga kiire kasvuga. Nad suudavad kasvada kuni 1,5 m aastas.

Okkad on lamedad, kitsad ja jäigad, nende pikkus on 1,2–1,8 (2,5) cm, laius 1–1,5 mm. Nad on sirged, terava tipuga, pealt tumerohelised, pealmisel küljel on harva 1–2 õhulõherida, alumisel küljel kaks heledat õhulõheriba, kummaski 5–7 õhulõherida. Võra ladvaosas on okkad võrdlemisi tömbilt teritunud ja ka okka pealküljel on kaks 6–7-realist õhulõheriba. Okkad püsivad võrsetel 4–6 aastat.[6]

Käbid on 5–8 cm pikkused, läbimõõduga 2–3 cm, noorelt kollakasrohelised, valminult helepruunid. Seemnesoomused on õhukesed ja saagja servaga, valminud käbidel eemalehoiduvad. Seemne mass on 1,5–2,5 mg. Tõusmed on 4–6 idulehega.[6]

Juurestik on küllaltki maapinnalähedane õhukestel ja kõrge pinnasevee tasemega muldades. Hästi vett läbilaskvates sügavates muldades võivad juured küündida kuni 2 m sügavusele. Külgjuured võivad ulatuda puust kuni 23 m kaugusele.[7] Maapinnalähedase juurestiku tõttu esineb sitka kuuse puistutes sageli tormiheidet, mis võib puude kogusuremusest moodustada kuni 80%.[8]

Rohkem kui sajandi kestnud metsalangetamine on jätnud sitka kuuse metsadest järele üksnes riismed. Suurimate puude langetamisel ei tehtud minevikus mingeid mõõtmisi. Tänapäeval on kõige kõrgemad sitka kuused nii Kanadas kui USA-s 96 meetrit kõrged ja sitka kuusk ongi Kanada kõige kõrgem puu. Tüve mahu poolest maailma suurim sitka kuusk, mida nimetatakse Queetsi kuuseks samanimelise jõe järgi, kasvab Oregonis Olympici rahvuspargis. See on 75,6 m kõrge, läbimõõt rinna kõrgusel 455 cm ja ruumala 337 m3.

Eluiga

Puu eluiga võib küündida soodsates oludes 700–800 aastani[7]. Soodsates oludes kasvab ta kiiresti ja sellepärast ei ole kõige suuremad puud tingimata kõige vanemad. Näiteks Queetsi kuusk on hinnanguliselt kõigest 350–450 aastat vana ja ikkagi lisandub sellele igal aastal rohkem kui kuupmeeter puitu.

Levila ja ökoloogia

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Sitka kuuse tüvi läbimõõduga 3,6 m
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Sitka kuusikud Alaskal
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Alusmets
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Rabapistrikutele meeldib sitka kuuskedel pesitseda

Sitka kuuse looduslik levila asub Põhja-Ameerika loodeosas Vaikse ookeani rannikul ja saartel 39° N ja 61° N laiuskraadi vahel Californiast kuni Alaskani võrdlemisi kitsa ribana, mis on kõige laiemas kohas 210 km laiune (koos saartega).[7]

Alaskal kasvab sitka kuusk merepinnast kuni metsapiirini 1900 m kõrgusel. Lõuna suunas kasvukoha kõrgus väheneb peamiselt piisava sademete hulga puudumise ja kõrgemate suviste õhutemperatuuride tõttu. Washingtoni osariigis kasvab ta kuni 600, Oregonis ja Californias kuni 450 m kõrgusel.[8]

Kliima

Sitka kuuse levilas valitseb mereline kliima, kus talved on pehmed, aastaringselt on piisavalt niiskust ja suved on jahedad. Keskmine külmavaba periood aastas on 111–294 ööpäeva. Puu talub talvel külma kuni −18...–23 °C.[9]

Aasta keskmine sademete hulk (635–5615 mm) varieerub suurel määral ja sõltub kasvukoha kõrgusest. Suvine sademete hulk suureneb levilas põhja suunas, kus esineb sageli udu ja peenikest tihedat vihma. Lume hulk sademetes on märkimisväärne vaid levila põhjaosas, lõunaosas sajab talvel peamiselt vihma.[7]

Kasvupinnas

Sitka kuusk kasvab uutel leet- ja turvasmuldadel ning on eriti nõudlik rikkaliku kaltsiumi-, magneesiumi- ja fosforisisalduse suhtes. Mullad on tavaliselt happelised ja nende pH on vahemikus 4,0–5,7.[8]

Kaasliigid

Sitka kuusk kasvab tavaliselt segametsas ja moodustab puhtpuistuid vaid piirkondades, kus puudub piisav konkurents, või ranniku lähedal, sest sitka kuusk talub soolase ookeanivee pritsmeid. Eriti suure sitka kuuse osakaaluga metsad asuvad Afognaki ja Kodiaki saarel, kus sitka kuusk on ainus okaspuuliik.[7]

Sitka kuuse kõige sagedasem kaasliik terves levila on läänetsuuga (Tsuga heterophylla). Levila lõunaosas esinevad koos sitka kuusega harilik ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii), kalifornia ebaküpress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), läänemänd (Pinus monticola) ja ranniksekvoia (Sequoia sempervirens). Neile lisanduvad keerdmänni rannikuteisend (Pinus contorta contorta) ja hiigel-elupuu (Thuja plicata), mis kasvavad kuni Lõuna-Alaskani. Põhja poole liikudes on sagedased kaasliigid nutka kuldküpress (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), Mertensi tsuuga (Tsuga mertensiana) ja mäginulg (Abies lasiocarpa), mis tavaliselt kasvavad üsna suurtel kõrgustel. Briti Columbia põhjaosas ja Alaskal kasvavad nad aga koos sitka kuusega merepinnast kuni metsapiirini. Alaskal kasvab okaspuudest sageli koos sitka kuusega kanada kuusk (Picea glauca), mis võib sitka kuusega moodustada hübriidi Lutzi kuuse (Picea × lutzii).[7]

Lehtpuudest on olulised kaasliigid karvaseviljaline pappel (Populus trichocarpa), punane lepp (Alnus rubra), roheline lepp (Alnus viridis) ja suurelehine vaher (Acer macrophyllum).[7]

Sitka kuusikute tähtsus loomadele ja lindudele

Sitka kuusikud pakuvad sobivaid elukohti ja toitu suurele hulgale maismaaloomadele. Alaskal ja Briti Columbias on talvel vanade sitka kuuskede metsad oluliseks varju- ja toitumispaigaks mustsaba-hirvede alamliigile Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis. Vanade metsade suured puud koguvad endale palju lund ja puude all on lihtsam toitu kätte saada. Samuti toituvad sitka kuusikutes vapitid (Cervus canadensis roosevelti), karibuud (Rangifer tarandus caribu), pruunkarud ja lumekitsed (Oreamnos americanus). Alaskal ja Briti Columbias moodustavad sitka kuuse okkad 90% nulupüüde (Dendragapus obscurus) toidust. Valgepea-merikotkad (Haliaeëtus leucocephalus) pesitsevad Admiralty saarel peamiselt sitka kuuskedel. Briti Columbia rannikul eelistavad rabapistrikud (Falco peregrinus) sageli pesitsuspuudena sitka kuuske.[8]

Paljunemine

Sitka kuusk on ühekojaline taim ja paljuneb nii seemnetega kui ka vegetatiivselt. Viimast juhtub eelkõige soostunud aladel, kus mullad veega küllastunud, ja metsapiiril mägedes. Üksikud puud võivad hakata käbisid kandma vähem kui 20 aasta vanuselt, kuid tavaliselt 20–40 aasta vanuselt. Tolmlemine toimub sõltuvalt õhutemperatuurist aprilli lõpust kuni juuni alguseni. Seemned valmivad sama aasta augustis-septembris ja nad hakkavad käbidest eralduma tavaliselt septembris-oktoobris. Käbid avanevad kuivade ilmade korral ja sulguvad uuesti kõrge suhtelise õhuniiskuse korral. Esimese 6 nädala jooksul pärast käbide avanemist võivad eralduda kuni 75% seemnetest ja ülejäänud varisevad aasta jooksul. Seemned võivad tuule abil kanduda kuni 800 m kaugusele. Head seemneaastad esinevad levila lõunaosas 3–5 ja põhjaosas 5–8 aasta järel. Esimestel eluaastatel aeglase kasvuga seemikute juurdekasvu kiirus suureneb hiljem oluliselt.[7]

Kasutamine

Puidu füüsikalis-mehaanilised omadused[10][11] Omadus Väärtus Tihedus, õhukuiv puit 448 kg/m³ Erikaal, õhukuiv puit 0,40 Kõvadus ristikiudu, õhukuiv puit 2300 N Elastsusmoodul, värske/õhukuiv puit 8500 / 10 800 MPa Paindetugevus, värske/õhukuiv puit 39,0/70,0 MPa Survetugevus, õhukuiv puit pikikiudu/ristikiudu 38,7/4,0 MPa Nihketugevus, õhukuiv puit 7,9 MPa Ruumala kahanemine kuivamisel, ahjukuiv puit 11,5% Õhukuiva puidu niiskusesisaldus on 12%, ahjukuiva puidu niiskusesisaldus 0%.
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Sitka kuusest valmistatud kitarr

Puit

Sitka kuuse puit on keskmise tugevusega, kerge, tavaliselt sirgete kiududega ja kesise säilivusega. Maltspuit on kreemikasvalge kuni helekollane ja lülipuit on roosakaskollane kuni pruunikas. Pikkade kiudude tõttu saab puidust väga kvaliteetset tselluloosi. Puidu tugevuse ja massi hea suhte tõttu kasutatakse seda eriti nõudlike toodete valmistamisel, milleks on klaverid, kitarrid, redelid, katselennukid, aerud, mõlad, voodrilauad, mastid ja peelid paatide jaoks, tuuleturbiinide labad ja muud. Alaskal toodetud ümarpalkidest ja saematerjalist eksporditakse üle 90% Jaapanisse.[12]

Metsakultuurid ja haljastus

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Inglismaal kultiveeritud puud

Sitka kuuse tõi 1831. aastal Euroopasse David Douglas. Inglismaal on sitka kuuske üsna laialt kultiveeritud.

Pehme merelise kliimaga aladelt pärit sitka kuusk on Euroopas sageli külmahell. Samuti ei talu puud madalat õhuniiskust, hiliskülmi ega suurt talvekülma. Seemikud hukkuvad sageli eriti niisketel muldadel. Täiskasvanud puud on hilis- ja talvekülmadele märksa vastupidavamad.[6]

Sitka kuusk on sisse toodud Briti saartele, Uus-Meremaale, Taani, Islandile ja Norrasse. Ta talub tuult ja soolase ookeanivee pritsmeid paremini kui harilik kuusk ning kasvab kiiremini. Norras on sitka kuuske istutatud 500 km²-le.

Hübriidid

Peale looduses esineva hübriidi valge kuusega on sitka kuuske laboratoorselt ristatud ajaani, serbia ja Engelmanni kuusega. Musta kuusega ristamine õnnestub vaid 5% juhtudest.[7]

Kuldsete okastega vorm

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Kiidk'yaas 1984. aastal

Kuninganna Charlotte'i saarestikus kasvas sitka kuusk, mille okkad olid geneetilise mutatsiooni tõttu kollakad (vormi ladinakeelne nimi on Picea sitchensis 'Aurea'). Kohalikud haida indiaanlased pidasid seda puud pühaks ja nimetasid Kiidk'yaasiks. 20. jaanuaril 1997 langetas 48-aastane töötu metsatööline Grant Hadwin selle puu protestiks metsatööstuse vastu. See tegu tekitas Kanada üldsuses suurt pahameelt. Hadwin vahistati, kuid lasti allkirja vastu kohtuistungini vabaks. Enne istungit läks Hadwin teadmata kaduma, eeldatavasti ta hukkus.[13]

Kiidk'yaasi geneetiline materjal ei ole siiski lõplikult kadunud. Esimesed oksatükid lõigati puult 1977. aastal ning need poogiti tavalise sitka kuuse tüvele. 1997. aastal saatsid haidad langetatud Kiidk'yaasi ladvaosast ligi 100 pistikut metsateadlastele, mida samuti kasutati puu paljundamisel.[14]

Kasvatamine Eestis

Kõige vanemad sitka kuused kasvavad Eestis Hiiumaal Suuremõisa pargis, kus üle 100-aastaste puude kõrgus oli 2004. aastal kuni 35 m ja tüve läbimõõt kuni 92 cm. Vähesel määral esineb puude lähedal isekülvi. Üks suur puu (kõrgus 25 m) kasvab Haapsalu lähedal Paralepas. Mujal Eestis on karmide talvekülmade tõttu vanad puud hukkunud. Järvseljal kasvavad kolmes kohas suured grupid, mis on üles kasvatatud Suuremõisast saadud seemnetest. 2004. aastal oli 26-aastaste puude keskmine kõrgus 9 m. Meil kasvavad puud vajavad kasvukohas viljakat mulda ja kaitset põhjakaarte tuulte eest. Avatud kasvukohas võivad talvekülmad ja suured kevadised temperatuurikõikumised puid suuresti kahjustada. Külmakartlikkuse tõttu on sitka kuuske mõtet kasvatada eelkõige Lääne-Eesti saartel ja rannikul.[15] Soomes on saadud sitka kuuse kasvatamisel rahuldavaid tulemusi ainult edelaosas Solböles, kus puud on küllalt kiire kasvuga ja külmakindlad.[6]

Viited

  1. "Conifer database: "Picea sitchensis".". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 12.12.2010. Inglise.
  2. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Picea sitchensis. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
  3. E.B. Peterson, N.M. Peterson, G.F. Weetman, P.J. Martin. "Ecology and Management of Sitka Spruce Emphasizing Its Natural Range in British Columbia", Toronto: UTP Distribution, 1997. ISBN 9780774805612.
  4. Jin-Hua Ran, Xiao-Xin Wei, Xiao-Quan Wang. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes". www.lseb.cn, 2006. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 10.02.2012. Inglise.
  5. "Picea sitchensis". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 12.12.2010. Inglise.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Endel Laas. "Dendroloogia", Tallinn: Valgus, 1987
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 7,7 7,8 "Sitka spruce". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 12.12.2010. Inglise.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 "Picea sitchensis". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 12.12.2010. Inglise.
  9. Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
  10. Samuel V. Glass, Samuel L. Zelinka. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 13.12.2010. Inglise.
  11. David E. Kretschmann. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 13.12.2010. Inglise.
  12. "Sitka spruce". An American Wood, 1984. United States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 13.12.2010. Inglise.
  13. "Letter from British Columbia. The Golden Bough". www.newyorker.com. Vaadatud 08.02.2012. Inglise.
  14. "VANCOUVER, British Columbia". crescentok.com. Vaadatud 08.02.2012. Inglise.
  15. Eino Laas. "Okaspuud", Tartu: Atlex, 2004

Välislingid

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Sitka kuusk: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Sitka kuusk (Picea sitchensis) on männiliste sugukonda kuuse perekonda kuuluv igihaljas okaspuu.

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Sitkankuusi ( Finnish )

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Sitkankuusi tai sitkakuusi (Picea sitchensis) on havupuulaji, joka kasvaa normaalisti 50–70 metriä korkeaksi. Sitkankuusen runko voi kasvaa halkaisijaltaan viiden metrin paksuiseksi. Sitkankuusi kasvaa kuusten suvusta suurimmaksi, ja se on myös kolmanneksi korkeimmaksi kasvava havupuu koko maailmassa.[3] Sitkankuusta käytetään muun muassa akustisten kitaroiden rakentamisessa.

Sitkankuusi kuuluu Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikon alkuperäiseen lajistoon.[4]

 src=
Tilavuudeltaan maailman kolmanneksi suurin sitkankuusi Quinaultjärvellä Washingtonissa, Aberdeenistä pohjoiseen.


Lähteet

  1. Picea sitchensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS
  3. Paghat
  4. Sitkankuusi Metla (myös suomenkielisen nimen lähde)

Aiheesta muualla

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Sitkankuusi: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Sitkankuusi tai sitkakuusi (Picea sitchensis) on havupuulaji, joka kasvaa normaalisti 50–70 metriä korkeaksi. Sitkankuusen runko voi kasvaa halkaisijaltaan viiden metrin paksuiseksi. Sitkankuusi kasvaa kuusten suvusta suurimmaksi, ja se on myös kolmanneksi korkeimmaksi kasvava havupuu koko maailmassa. Sitkankuusta käytetään muun muassa akustisten kitaroiden rakentamisessa.

Sitkankuusi kuuluu Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikon alkuperäiseen lajistoon.

 src= Tilavuudeltaan maailman kolmanneksi suurin sitkankuusi Quinaultjärvellä Washingtonissa, Aberdeenistä pohjoiseen.


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Épicéa de Sitka ( French )

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Picea sitchensis

L’Épicéa de Sitka ou Épinette de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), est une espèce de grand conifère de la famille des Pinacées[1] originaire de la côte ouest de l’Amérique du Nord. Il tire son nom de la localité de Sitka en Alaska.

Description

 src=
C'est un cône d’épicéa commun, modification recommandées*.
 src=
Aire de distribution naturelle.

Ce sont des arbres aux aiguilles vertes qui peuvent atteindre une taille comprise en général entre 50 et 70 mètres[1], plus rarement les 90 mètres. En Europe, sa taille est d'environ 40 mètres[1]. Le diamètre de leur tronc peut atteindre de 3 mètres[1] voire 5 mètres. Il s’agit de l'espèce présentant les plus hauts arbres dans le genre Picea. Sur l'ensemble des conifères, elle occupe la troisième place en taille, après le séquoia et le douglas.

L’écorce est fine et écailleuse. La forme est conique chez les jeunes arbres et devient cylindrique avec l’âge. Elle peut fortement s'élargir comparativement aux autres épicéas. Les premières branches des vieux arbres apparaissent seulement à 30 ou 40 mètres de haut. Les aiguilles sont pointues, font de 15 à 25 mm de long, sont de couleur vert bleu foncé et possèdent de 2 à 3 lignes de stomates sur la partie supérieure. La partie inférieure est bleue et blanche, elle possède deux importantes lignes de stomates.

Les cônes pendent, font de 5 à 11 cm de long pour 2 cm de large lorsqu’ils sont fermés et 3 cm une fois ouverts. Les écailles sont fines et flexibles et mesurent de 15 à 20 mm de long. D’abord vert rouge, ils deviennent bruns 5 à 7 mois après la pollinisation. Les graines sont noires (3 mm de long) et possèdent une aile de 7 à 9 mm.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Feuillage bleu vert.

L’épicéa de Sitka est présent sur la côte occidentale de l’Amérique du Nord. De l’île de Kodiak (Alaska) jusqu'à Fort Bragg au nord de la Californie[2],[1].

Il apprécie les forêts humides et tempérées proches de l’océan. Il supporte par ailleurs assez bien l’air salin. Au sud, il ne s’éloigne des côtes que de quelques kilomètres. Au nord, il s’étend à l’intérieur des terres au maximum à 80 km de l’océan. Il peut vivre jusque 700 ans et pousse rapidement. Il ne supporte pas le gel trop important[1].

Bien que fortement exploité, il existe toutefois encore quelques arbres de plus de 90 mètres de haut dans la réserve de parc national de Pacific Rim sur l’île de Vancouver en Colombie-Britannique (Canada).

Introduit en Europe en 1831[1], il a été planté en particulier dans les îles Britanniques, où il est une des principales essences de reboisement. Il est aujourd'hui naturalisé dans certaines parties de l’Irlande et de la Grande-Bretagne[3]. On le plante également au Danemark, en Norvège et même en Islande. En France, il est l'essence dominante sur 42 000 ha environ. Il est surtout présent sur la façade nord-ouest, dans les régions dotées d'un climat océanique marqué, en particulier en Bretagne, mais aussi dans le Massif central[4].

Utilisation

Il est très important pour l’industrie du bois. Son bois tendre et homogène, très semblable à celui de Picea abies, est utilisé en construction, menuiserie, contreplaqué, caisserie et en papeterie. Parmi ses emplois plus particuliers, il est notamment réputé en lutherie : il constitue souvent la table d'harmonie de certains instruments de musique (piano, harpe, violon et guitare). Il est aussi utilisé en archerie pour la fabrication de flèches, du fait de sa grande rectitude et de sa faible sensibilité aux variations thermiques et hygrométriques. De plus, il est considéré comme le bois de référence (selon l'AC43-13-1B) dans la construction des structures d'avions en bois.

Les arbres de sylviculture poussant rapidement sur d'anciennes terres agricoles donnent souvent un bois moins dense avec des propriétés mécaniques plus faibles[5], mais très apprécié comme bois d'industrie.

Curiosités

Un spécimen, nommé Carmanah Giant, haut d’environ 96 mètres, est un des plus grands arbres du Canada. Aux États-Unis, on le trouve dans le parc national d'Olympic et dans le parc national de Redwood. Le Queets Spruce (350 à 450 ans) est l’épicéa de Sitka le plus gros avec 337 m3 de bois[6]. Chaque année, son volume de bois augmente d’un mètre cube.

Le Quinault Lake Spruce est le troisième plus gros épicéa au monde avec un volume de bois de 298 m3. Il se situe près du lac Quinault au nord de la ville d’Aberdeen (Washington)[6].

Sur l'île Haida Gwaii (Iles de la Reine-Charlotte au large de la Colombie-Britannique) le long de la rivière Yakoun près de Port Cléments vécut un spécimen qui atteignit 300 ans et 50 mètres de hauteur. Il se distinguait par une mutation génétique lui conférant une couleur particulière proche du jaune doré. Vénéré par les Indiens Haïdas, il fut coupé par Grant Hadwin, un bûcheron, dans un acte militant de protestation peu clair. Cet événement a fait l'objet d'un livre rédigé par John Vaillant, L'Arbre d'or.

Sur l'île Campbell (île néozélandaise sub-antarctique), un spécimen est reconnu comme l'arbre le plus solitaire par le Guiness book [7]. Son origine est mal déterminée. Il pourrait avoir été planté en 1907 par Lord Ranfurly gourverneur de Nouvelle Zélande qui souhaitait développer une industrie forestière sur l'ïle. Mais selon une étude récente l'arbre est plus récent. Cette étude effectuée sur une carotte prélevée sur l'arbre [8]n'a pu cependant déterminer avec exactitude la date de sa plantation [9]. Une autre étude effectuée en 1963 aurait permis de définir l'année 1922 comme date de germination de l'épicéa [10]. Jusqu'en 1958, son sommet a été coupé chaque année pour servir d'arbre de Noël par les scientifiques de la station météorologique. Ce spécimen est resté juvénile sans aucune production de cônes. Les conditions météorologiques locales (durée insuffisante de période sèches pour la dissémination des spores) expliquent probablement cette constatation. Sa croissance est cependant rapide supérieure aux observations constatées en Amérique du Nord.

Notes et références
  1. a b c d e f et g (fr) Arbres - Jaromir Pokorny - p.40 - (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4) - Éditions Gründ - 1987
  2. D'après Griffin & Critchfield 1972
  3. D'après Mitchell, 1978
  4. Fiche de conseils d’utilisation des matériels forestiers de reproduction, pour l'essence Épicéa de Sitka, réalisée par l’IRSTEA pour le ministère de l’Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, juin 2017, [1].
  5. J.C. Rameau, D. Mansion et G. Dumé, Flore forestière française. Tome 1, plaines et collines, Institut pour le Développement Forestier, 1994-2009, 1785 p. (ISBN 978-2-904740-16-9 et 2-904740-16-3, lire en ligne)
  6. a et b Van Pelt, R. (2001). Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast. University of Washington Press (ISBN 0-295-98140-7).
  7. (en-GB) « Remotest tree », sur Guinness World Records (consulté le 20 décembre 2020)
  8. « The World's Loneliest Tree - YouTube », sur www.youtube.com (consulté le 20 décembre 2020)
  9. (en) jamie.wood, « Growth response of an invasive alien species to climate variations on subantarctic Campbell Island », sur NZES, 27 novembre 2017 (consulté le 20 décembre 2020)
  10. (en) Not specified, « [Sitka spruce on Campbell Island, allegedly planted by Lord Ranfurly] », sur [Sitka spruce on Campbell Island, all... | Items | National Library of New Zealand | National Library of New Zealand, 1er janvier 1958 (consulté le 20 décembre 2020)

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Épicéa de Sitka: Brief Summary ( French )

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Picea sitchensis

L’Épicéa de Sitka ou Épinette de Sitka (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière), est une espèce de grand conifère de la famille des Pinacées originaire de la côte ouest de l’Amérique du Nord. Il tire son nom de la localité de Sitka en Alaska.

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Sprús Sitceach ( Irish )

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Sprús Sitceach a thugtar ar chineál crann buaircíneach (Picea sitchensis). Tá sé dúchasach i ndeisceart Alasca, ar chósta thiar Cheanada agus ar chósta iarthuaisceart na Stát Aontaithe ó dheas go tuaisceart Chalifornia. Is é an speiceas de sprús is mó méid é.

 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Sitkanska smreka ( Croatian )

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Sitkanska smreka (lat. Picea sitchensis) vrsta je drveća iz porodice Pinaceae.

Kora je svijetlosmeđa i izbrazdana, kasnije postaje siva. Pupovi su jajoliki i svjetlosmeđe boje. Iglice su kratke, svjetlozelene s dvjema svjetlim prugama na donjoj strani. Muški cvat je svijetložuti, malen i jajolik, a ženski je svijetlocrven, sjedi na vrhu krune. Češeri su kratki i valjkastog oblika. Prvo su svijetlozeleni, zatim smeđe i svjetlo žućkasto-smeđe boje. Sjemenke su krilate. Korijen ima široki i snažni glavni korijen i brojne postrane korijenčiće.

U prirodi raste na zapadu Sjeverne Amerike, tj. od Aljaske do Kalifornije. Prilagođena je klimi s puno oborina i jakim vjetrovima te siromašnim tlima. Ne podnosi zasjenu. Često raste na šljunčanim obalama uz rijeke. Raste u šumama s običnom američkom duglazijom, golemom tujom, Lawsonovim pačempresom i drugim vrstama.

Najviše živo stablo sitkanske smreke visoko je 96.7 m, i nalazi se u Parku "Prairie Creek State Redwoods Park" u Kaliforniji. Postoje samo tri vrste drveća u svijetu s višim stablima: obalna sekvoja, eukaliptus i obična američka duglazija. Sitkanska smreka ubraja se među deset vrsta drveća najvećeg volumena i opsega stabala.

Galerija

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Sitkanska smreka: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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Sitkanska smreka (lat. Picea sitchensis) vrsta je drveća iz porodice Pinaceae.

Kora je svijetlosmeđa i izbrazdana, kasnije postaje siva. Pupovi su jajoliki i svjetlosmeđe boje. Iglice su kratke, svjetlozelene s dvjema svjetlim prugama na donjoj strani. Muški cvat je svijetložuti, malen i jajolik, a ženski je svijetlocrven, sjedi na vrhu krune. Češeri su kratki i valjkastog oblika. Prvo su svijetlozeleni, zatim smeđe i svjetlo žućkasto-smeđe boje. Sjemenke su krilate. Korijen ima široki i snažni glavni korijen i brojne postrane korijenčiće.

U prirodi raste na zapadu Sjeverne Amerike, tj. od Aljaske do Kalifornije. Prilagođena je klimi s puno oborina i jakim vjetrovima te siromašnim tlima. Ne podnosi zasjenu. Često raste na šljunčanim obalama uz rijeke. Raste u šumama s običnom američkom duglazijom, golemom tujom, Lawsonovim pačempresom i drugim vrstama.

Najviše živo stablo sitkanske smreke visoko je 96.7 m, i nalazi se u Parku "Prairie Creek State Redwoods Park" u Kaliforniji. Postoje samo tri vrste drveća u svijetu s višim stablima: obalna sekvoja, eukaliptus i obična američka duglazija. Sitkanska smreka ubraja se među deset vrsta drveća najvećeg volumena i opsega stabala.

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Sitkowy šmrěk ( Upper Sorbian )

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Sitkowy šmrěk (Picea sitchensis) je štom ze swójby chójnowych rostlinow (Pinaceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 506.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Fichte

Žórła

  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)

Eksterne wotkazy

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Sitkowy šmrěk: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

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Sitkowy šmrěk (Picea sitchensis) je štom ze swójby chójnowych rostlinow (Pinaceae).

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Sitkagreni ( Icelandic )

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Sitkagreni (fræðiheiti: Picea sitchensis) er sígrænt barrtré af þallarætt. Fullvaxið tré nær um 50-70 metra hæð (hæsta tré hefur þó náð 97 metrum) og 5 metra stofnþvermáli og er stórvaxnasta tegund grenitrjáa. Það er ein fárra tegunda sem ná yfir 90 m. hæð.[2] Sitkagreni er langlíft og nær allt að 700 ára aldri.

Sitkagreni er upprunnið á vesturströnd Norður-Ameríku og vex nálægt sjó frá Kodiakeyju í Alaska í norðri suður til norðanverðrar Kaliforníu. Sitkagreni hefur þó verið plantað víða um heim í nytjaskógrækt, einkum í Evrópu.

Nytjar

Sitkagreni er mikið notað í nytjaskógrækt fyrir framleiðslu timburs og pappírs. Viður þess er sérlega gagnlegur við gerð strengjahljóðfæra. Tréð vex hratt og er harðgert og er þess vegna vel metið í skógrækt við erfið skilyrði.

Sitkagreni á Íslandi

Sitkagreni var fyrst flutt inn frá Danmörku á árunum 1920-1930 og nokkru síðar frá Noregi. Í seinni heimstyrjöld fengust fræ frá Alaska. Í aprílhretinu 1963 þegar hitinn hrapaði úr 12 C° í -8 C° á sex klukkustundum urðu skemmdir á Alaska strandafbrigði sitkagrenis mun minni en á skyldum tegundum.

Hæstu og sverustu tré á Íslandi eru oftast tré af tegund sitkagrenis. Sumarið 2016 mældist hæsta tréð á Kirkjubæjarklaustri 27,18 metra hátt. [3]

Sitkagreni er eitt algengasta skógræktartré á Íslandi. [4]. Árið 2002 var sitkagreni valið tré ársins af Skógræktarfélagi Íslands.

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Sitkagreni: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Sitkagreni (fræðiheiti: Picea sitchensis) er sígrænt barrtré af þallarætt. Fullvaxið tré nær um 50-70 metra hæð (hæsta tré hefur þó náð 97 metrum) og 5 metra stofnþvermáli og er stórvaxnasta tegund grenitrjáa. Það er ein fárra tegunda sem ná yfir 90 m. hæð. Sitkagreni er langlíft og nær allt að 700 ára aldri.

Sitkagreni er upprunnið á vesturströnd Norður-Ameríku og vex nálægt sjó frá Kodiakeyju í Alaska í norðri suður til norðanverðrar Kaliforníu. Sitkagreni hefur þó verið plantað víða um heim í nytjaskógrækt, einkum í Evrópu.

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Picea sitchensis ( Italian )

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Il peccio di Sitka (Picea sitchensis [(Bongard) Carrière, 1855]) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae originaria della costa occidentale dell'America del Nord (Columbia Britannica in Canada e Washington, California, Alaska e Oregon negli Stati Uniti).[1]

È di gran lunga il peccio che raggiunge le più grandi dimensioni, nonché la quinta conifera più grande al mondo (dopo la sequoia gigante, la sequoia sempreverde, il kauri neozelandese e il cedro rosso occidentale) e la terza per altezza (dopo la sequoia sempreverde e l'abete di Douglas). Può raggiungere infatti i 50-70 metri d'altezza (eccezionalmente oltre 90 metri), con un diametro del tronco fino a 5 metri (eccezionalmente 6-7 metri).

Etimologia

Il nome generico Picea, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare da Pix picis = pece, in riferimento all'abbondante produzione di resina.[2] Il nome specifico sitchensis fa riferimento all'isola di Sitka in Alaska, dove venne collezionato il primo esemplare della specie.[3]

Descrizione

Portamento

È un albero maestoso e slanciato che raggiunge i 65-80 m di altezza con fusto monopodiale e dritto che può misurare 4-4,5 m di diametro; la chioma è piramidale o conica, con i primi rami ad un'altezza di 30-40 metri negli esemplari più anziani. I rami del primo ordine sono lunghi e si diramano orizzontalmente, quelli del secondo ordine, anch'essi lunghi, sono slanciati e talvolta pendenti; i virgulti sono snelli, flessibili, di colore inizialmente marrone molto chiaro, poi marrone-arancione o giallastro, superficialmente rigati e solcati. I pulvini sono lunghi 1-1,5 mm, disposti a 90 gradi sui germogli.[4]

Foglie

Le foglie sono aghiformi, rigide e pungenti, lunghe 15–25 millimetri, con sezione trasversale appiattita, quasi quadrangolare. La faccia superiore è di colore verde scuro tendente al blu, con due o tre sottili linee di stomi, quella inferiore è di colore verde chiaro tendente al bianco, con due fitte bande di stomi. Gli aghi sono disposti radialmente, nei rami superiori affollati sopra il germoglio, disposti a pettine nella parte inferiore. Le gemme vegetative sono ovoidali-coniche, acute o ottuse, lunghe 4-5 mm, lievemente resinose alla base; hanno perule triangolari, ottuse, marroni chiare, persistenti per parecchi anni.[1]

Fiori

Sono strobili maschili inizialmente rossi-rosa poi giallastri a maturazione, ascellari e fitti, lunghi 2-3,5 cm.[4]

Frutti

I coni femminili sono cilindrici-oblunghi, inizialmente eretti poi pendenti, lunghi 5–9 cm e larghi 2-3 cm, con punte ottuse; di colore inizialmente verde giallastro o verde, marrone pallido o marrone giallastro a maturazione, hanno corti peduncoli, obliqui o ricurvi. I macrosporofilli sono molto sottili, rombici e talvolta irregolari, lunghi 1-1,5 cm, con superficie finemente striata, glabra, e apici irregolarmente dentellati; le brattee sono piccole, ligulate e lanceolate, lunghe 5-8 mm, incluse ma spesso visibili con i macrosporofilli completamente aperti. I semi sono ovoidali, lunghi 2-3,5 mm, di colore marrone, con una parte alata ovata-oblunga, lunga 6-10 mm, giallastra.[4]

Corteccia

La corteccia, di colore grigio scuro, è sottile e tende a staccarsi in scaglie circolari di 5–20 centimetri di diametro.[4]

Grandi esemplari

Oltre un secolo di disboscamento ha risparmiato solo una porzione della foresta di Sitka. Gli alberi più alti vennero tagliati prima che potessero essere effettuate misurazioni accurate. Alberi che superano i 90 metri possono essere osservati nella riserva della riserva del parco nazionale dell'anello del Pacifico e nel Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park sull'isola di Vancouver, nella Columbia Britannica (il Charmanah Giant, con i suoi 94 metri, è l'albero più alto del Canada), nel parco nazionale di Olympic (Washington) e nel parco nazionale di Redwood (California); in quest'ultimo sito almeno due alberi raggiungono i 96 metri. Il Queets Spruce è il più grande al mondo con un volume totale di 298 mc, un'altezza di 58,2 metri e diametro del fusto 5,39 m. Si trova vicino al fiume Queets nel parco nazionale di Olympic, a circa 26 km dall'oceano pacifico.[5]

Distribuzione e habitat

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Distribuzione del Picea sitchensis
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Foresta di pecci di Sitka di 50-53 m nel Northumberland

Il peccio di Sitka è nativo della costa occidentale dell'America del Nord, in una fascia che va dall'isola Kodiak a nord fino a Fort Bragg nella California settentrionale. L'ampiezza dell'areale è di alcuni km dalla costa del Pacifico nelle zone più a sud per arrivare anche ad 80 km in Oregon e nello stato di Washington.[5] Vegeta a quote comprese tra 0 e 1200 m, sempre in prossimità dell'Oceano Pacifico, su suoli di natura eterogenea ma caratterizzati da uno spesso strato di humus. Il clima dell'habitat è molto umido (precipitazioni annuali comprese tra 1300 e 3750 mm), con inverni non eccessivamente cruenti. Si rinviene generalmente in foreste miste a prevalenza di conifere quali Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis, Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa e Tsuga mertensiana. Tra le caducifoglie si annoverano Alnus rubra (lungo i corsi d'acqua) e Acer macrophyllum (negli avallamenti).[1]

Tassonomia

Ibridizza naturalmente con P. glauca dando vita a un taxon accettato (Picea × lutzii) dove gli areali delle due specie si sovrappongono; gli studi su queste aree di introgressione dimostrano che vi fu una prima colonizzazione da parte di P. sitchensis durante la deglaciazione pleistocenica, con successiva introgressione di P. glauca proveniente per dispersione dalle aree-rifugio di Alaska e Canada orientale. Un'altra ibridizzazione naturale avviene con P. engelmannii nell'area del bacino del fiume Chilliwak in Columbia Britannica; questo ibrido potrebbe in futuro riscontrarsi in altre zone dove i due areali sono contigui ma non è ancora stato osservato finora a parte la zona sopracitata.[5]

Sinonimi

Sono riportati nove sinonimi:[6]

  • Sequoia rafinesquei Carrière
  • Abies falcata Raf.
  • Abies menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl.
  • Abies merkiana Fisch. ex Parl.
  • Abies sitchensis (Bong.) Lindl. & Gordon
  • Abies trigona Raf.
  • Picea grandis Gordon & Glend.
  • Picea menziesii (Douglas ex D.Don) Carrière
  • Pinus sitchensis Bong.

Usi

Il peccio di Sitka è di grande importanza per la produzione di legname e per l'industria cartaria. Il suo legno è largamente usato per la fabbricazione di strumenti musicali (pianoforti, violini, arpe, chitarre), in quanto ha un'ottima resistenza, abbinata a leggerezza, inoltre l'assenza di nodi lo rende un ottimo conduttore del suono. È particolarmente adatto per l'alberatura delle navi a vela e per parti in legno di aerei da turismo. Le punte di rami appena spuntati sono usate per la produzione di birre aromatizzate e possono essere bollite per produrre sciroppi. Già nella prima metà del 1800 il peccio di Sitka fu trapiantato con successo in Europa e in Nuova Zelanda. È ormai naturalizzato in Gran Bretagna e Irlanda, dove fu introdotto nel 1831. In Norvegia fu introdotto nei primi anni del 1900 e si stima che attualmente vi siano circa 50.000 ettari di foresta impiantati con questa specie. In seguito è stato introdotto in alcune zone dell'Islanda, Polonia, Germania, Austria e Francia, soprattutto per la sua crescita veloce in terreni poveri (in condizioni ideali può crescere di 1,5 metri all'anno) e per la sua resistenza in aree esposte, nelle quali pochi altri alberi potrebbero sopravvivere.[1]

Conservazione

Il peccio di Sitka occupa numeroso vasti tratti delle foreste costiere sia nel continente che nelle isole, ed è una specie pioniera in grado di ricolonizzare facilmente zone già disboscate; per questo motivo viene classificata come specie a rischio minimo nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Farjon, A. 2013., Picea sitchensis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Picea sitchensis, in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. URL consultato il 27 maggio 2020.
  3. ^ (EN) Picea sitchensis / Sitka spruce, su American Conifer Society. URL consultato il 27 maggio 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d (EN) Aljos Farjon, A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.), Brill, 2010, pp. 599-600. URL consultato il 27 maggio 2020.
  5. ^ a b c (EN) Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carrière 1855, su conifers.org, The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 27/5/2020.
  6. ^ (EN) Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29/5/2020.

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Picea sitchensis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il peccio di Sitka (Picea sitchensis [(Bongard) Carrière, 1855]) è una specie di peccio, appartenente alla famiglia delle Pinaceae originaria della costa occidentale dell'America del Nord (Columbia Britannica in Canada e Washington, California, Alaska e Oregon negli Stati Uniti).

È di gran lunga il peccio che raggiunge le più grandi dimensioni, nonché la quinta conifera più grande al mondo (dopo la sequoia gigante, la sequoia sempreverde, il kauri neozelandese e il cedro rosso occidentale) e la terza per altezza (dopo la sequoia sempreverde e l'abete di Douglas). Può raggiungere infatti i 50-70 metri d'altezza (eccezionalmente oltre 90 metri), con un diametro del tronco fino a 5 metri (eccezionalmente 6-7 metri).

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Sitkinė eglė ( Lithuanian )

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Sitkinė eglė (lot. Picea sitchensis, angl. Sitka Spruce) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, eglių (Picea) genties visažalis spygliuotis medis.

Paplitimas

Paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikos žemyno šiaurės vakaruose. Siauru ruožu auga palei Ramiojo vandenyno pakrantę, nuo Kodiako salos Aliaskoje iki šiaurinės Kalifornijos. Sudaro drėguosius miškus. Rūšies pavadinimas kilo nuo Sitkos miesto Aleksandro salyne.

Šis medis introdukuotas Europoje, Naujojoje Zelandijoje. 1831 metais pasodinta Jungtinėje Karalystėje, Airijoje. Į Norvegiją atvežtas nuo 1900 metų ir jomis užsodinta 50 000 hektarų žemės, pagrinde Vakarų Agderio grafystėje Norvegijos pietuose ir Trumso grafystėje, Norvegijos šiaurėje. Taip pat įvežti ir auga Danijoje, Islandijoje.

Aukštis

Vidutinis aukštis apie 50-70 m, bet išauga aukštesni kaip 100 m medžiai. Tai aukščiausia visų eglių genties rūšis, trečias pagal aukštį pasaulio pušūnas ir penktas pagal aukštį tarp visų medžių. Šiuo metu aukščiausia šios rūšies eglė „Raven’s Tower“ yra 96,7 m aukščio. Ji auga Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, Kalifornijoje (JAV). Kita žinoma šios rūšies eglė pagal masyvumą tarp visų medžių rūšių aštunta, jos tūris 337 m³, aukštis 75,6 m, o kamieno skersmuo 455 cm. Pagal vietovę ji žinoma kaip Queets Spruce. Auga netoli Kvitso upės, Olimpijos nacionaliniame parke, Vašingtono valstijos šiaurės vakaruose, JAV, maždaug už 26 km nuo Didžiojo vandenyno.

Požymiai

Kamieno skersmuo 5 m. Senų medžių šakos prasideda 30-40 m aukštyje. Spygliai 15-25 mm ilgio, melsvai žali. Kankorėžiai cilindriški, nusvirę, 5-11 cm ilgio, 2-3 cm pločio. Auga daugiau kaip 700 metų.

Sitkinė eglė svarbi medienos, poperiaus pramonės žaliava.

Nuorodos

Galerija


Vikiteka

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Sitkinė eglė: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Sitkinė eglė (lot. Picea sitchensis, angl. Sitka Spruce) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, eglių (Picea) genties visažalis spygliuotis medis.

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Sitkaspar ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De sitkaspar (Picea sitchensis) is een boom uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in de kuststreken van westelijk Noord-Amerika, van Alaska tot Noord-Californië. In de regel komt de sitkaspar niet verder dan 60 km uit de kust voor, maar soms komt deze tot 200 km uit de kust in valleien voor. Tegenwoordig wordt deze snelgroeiende spar veel aangeplant in Noord-, West- en Midden-Europa. In Amerika wordt de boom 90 m hoog en in Europa wordt deze 40 tot 50 m hoog.

Botanische beschrijving

De kroon is slank, kegelvormig en heeft een zeer smalle spits. Bij oudere bomen gaan de takken hangen en wordt de kroon breder. De twijgen zijn meestal kaal. De schors is dun en geschubd, donkergrijs of grijsbruin van kleur en gevlekt of gespikkeld. Bij oudere bomen wordt de schors roodbruin/paarsachtig en gaat afschilferen.

De dwarse doorsnede van de naald is plat. Ze zijn 1,5 tot 2,5 cm lang en zeer puntig. De naalden zijn blauwgroen van boven en hebben twee blauwachtig witte strepen van huidmondjes aan de onderkant. De naalden staan aan de bovenzijde van de twijgen radiaal en aan de onderzijde gescheiden.

Rijpe vrouwelijke kegels (augustus - september) zijn 6 tot 10 cm lang en te herkennen aan de lichtbruine of witachtige kleur, de stompheid en de cilindrische vorm. Ze hangen en zijn kortgesteeld. De schubben zijn dun en papierachtig. Ze hebben een gerimpelde rand.

Toepassingen

De sitkaspar is een belangrijke boom voor de bosbouw vanwege het hout. Het is licht en wordt gebruikt voor allerlei doeleinden, bijvoorbeeld meubels, vloeren en kisten. Het hout wordt gebruikt voor zelfgebouwde vliegtuigen, omdat het goedkoop is en relatief sterk, vergeleken met het gewicht. Ook wordt het hout gebruikt voor het bouwen van gitaren, bijvoorbeeld het bovenblad van akoestische gitaren.

Externe link

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Picea sitchensis van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Sitkaspar: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De sitkaspar (Picea sitchensis) is een boom uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De plant komt van nature voor in de kuststreken van westelijk Noord-Amerika, van Alaska tot Noord-Californië. In de regel komt de sitkaspar niet verder dan 60 km uit de kust voor, maar soms komt deze tot 200 km uit de kust in valleien voor. Tegenwoordig wordt deze snelgroeiende spar veel aangeplant in Noord-, West- en Midden-Europa. In Amerika wordt de boom 90 m hoog en in Europa wordt deze 40 tot 50 m hoog.

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Sitkagran ( Norwegian )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) er ein plante i furufamilien, tilhøyrande granslekta. Ho høyrer naturleg heime på Stillehavskysten i Nord-Amerika, mellom den 39. og 62. breiddegraden.

Det er eit utprega kysttre. Det kan bli av verdas største tre; i Amerika når det høgder nær 100 meter og diametre over 4 meter. Sitkagrana er mykje bruka i skogreisinga i Vest-Europa.

Sitkagrana har mørkgrøne nåler med glasaktige, kvasse nålespisser.

Sitkagran i skogbruket

Sitkagran er lyskrevjande. Ho trivst best i mildt kystklima, på næringsrik, frisk og fuktig jord. Ho toler godt sterk vind.

Når sitkagran står aleine eller i glisne bestand, vert ho særs kvistrik. I tette bestand kan ho verte slank og kvistrein. Veden er kvit eller lyst gul. Han er lett og inneheld lite harpiks; difor er han mindre varig enn granved. Virket er godt egna til cellulose og tremasse.

Utanom det naturlege utbreiingsområdet har sitkagrana etter kvart fått stor utbreiing, slik at sitkagrana har vorte det økonomisk viktigaste treslaget i somme av dei nordvestlege delane av Europa, bl.a. i delar av Danmark og Nord-Tyskland samt i Skottland, Wales og Irland.

Sitkagran i Noreg

I Noreg vart det planta nokre få sitkagraner rundt 1900, noko meir først på 1920-talet. Frå 1950 vart treslaget systematisk nytta i skogreisinga på kysten av Vestlandet og i Nord-Noreg. På 1960-talet vart det årleg sett ut om lag 5 millionar sitkaplantar for året. I Noreg har vi no om lag 500 000 dekar sitkagranskog.

I skogreisinga i Nord-Noreg har lutzigran, ei kryssing eller ei mellomform mellom sitkagran og kvitgran, dei siste tretti åra teke plassen til sitkagrana i skogreisingsarbeidet.

Kjelder

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Sitkagran
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Sitkagran: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) er ein plante i furufamilien, tilhøyrande granslekta. Ho høyrer naturleg heime på Stillehavskysten i Nord-Amerika, mellom den 39. og 62. breiddegraden.

Det er eit utprega kysttre. Det kan bli av verdas største tre; i Amerika når det høgder nær 100 meter og diametre over 4 meter. Sitkagrana er mykje bruka i skogreisinga i Vest-Europa.

Sitkagrana har mørkgrøne nåler med glasaktige, kvasse nålespisser.

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Sitkagran ( Norwegian )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) er en art i slekten gran i furufamilien. Treet har navnet sitt fra Sitka, den fjerde største byen i delstaten Alaska. Arten er introdusert til Norge, hvor den er populær, men ikke ønsket av myndighetene. Det er ikke lov å utplante arten i Norge uten spesiell tillatelse fra myndighetene.[1]

Sitkagrana tilhører furufamilien (Pinaceae) og vokser naturlig i Nord-Amerika. Den er blant de største av granene, og tredje størst av alle tre-arter (etter redwood og douglasgrana).

Beskrivelse

I Nord-Amerika blir sitkagran 50-70 m høyt og kan få en stamme med diameter opptil 5 meter. I Norge kan arten bli over 40 meter. Barnålene er flate, lyse, og sitter spredt og uregelmessig direkte på skuddstilken. Sitkagranen får derfor et litt glissent utseende. I tillegg er nålene stive og spisse og blir 15-25 mm lange. De har to kvite bånd (spalteåpninger) på undersiden, som vender oppover ved basis. Konglene er 5-8 cm lange, lysebrune eller gulbrune, og hengende. Frøene er svarte, ca. 2.2 mg tunge, 3 mm lange og med en slank 7-9 mm lang lys brun vinge. Sitkagran kan bli over 700 år gammel.[2]

Sitkagran kan hybridisere med hvitgran (Picea glauca) og danne hybriden lutzgran (Picea glauca x Picea sitchensis). Lutzgran kan være svært vanskelig å skille fra sitkagran.

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Frøkongle (nederst) og gammel pollenblomst (i midten).

Naturlig utbredelse

Opprinnelig kommer sitkagrana fra vestkysten av USA og Kanada, og finnes fra California i sør til Alaska i nord. Den nordvestlige utbredelsesgrensen ligger ved Kodiakøya i Alaska, og den sørøstligste i nærheten av Fort Bragg i Nord-California. Utbredelsen er først og fremst knyttet til en stripe på et par kilometer langs kysten, men i noen områder vokser den mer enn 80 km fra stillehavskysten. Den har blitt registrert på høyder opp til 900 moh. i det sørlige Alaska, men forekommer vanligvis på høyder under 300 moh.

Introdusert utbredelse

Sitkagranen ble først innført til Europa på slutten av 1800-tallet. Hensikten var for bruk i skogbruket, som hogsttømmer. Skogbruket i Europa har i ulik grad tatt i bruk treslaget, først og fremst i Storbritannia (7 millioner dekar), Frankrike (450 000 dekar) og Danmark (340 000 dekar). De første spredte utplantingene i Norge var i Vest-Norge på slutten av 1800-tallet, først i Haugesundtraktene og litt senere ved Fløien i Bergen. Plantemateriale fra hele det naturlige utbredelsesområdet er benyttet i Norge, men det meste kommer fra sørøstlige deler av Alaska. På grunn av begrenset tilgang på frø var bruken av treslaget liten fram til 1950-tallet, da norske bestander etter hvert ble frøbærende. I perioden 1960-75 var utplantingen av sitkagran på sitt høyeste, og det ble plantet ut nesten 25 000 dekar årlig. Derfor må mange av disse plantefeltene betegnes som relativt unge.

Sitkagran er ofte plantet nær kysten, siden den tåler sjøsprøyt og den kan dermed beskytte mer ømfintelige trær. I tiårene etter andre verdenskrig foregikk en storstilt utplanting av sitkagran på Vestlandet. Gjenreising av skogen var et eget punkt i Fellesprogrammet i 1945.[3] Mesteparten er utplantet i kyststrøkene fra Vest-Agder til og med Troms, og det er estimert at det nå er totalt utplantet ca. 500 000 dekar med sitkagran i Norge. Størst er arealet i Nordland (ca. 137 000 dekar), deretter følger Hordaland (ca. 66 000 dekar), Møre og Romsdal (ca. 61 500 dekar) og Rogaland (ca. 54 000 dekar)[4]. Beregninger i Norge viser at produksjonen for en bestand vil være på topp mellom 70 – 160 år etter utplanting, avhengig av hvilken bonitet plantefeltet ligger på[5]. Tilveksten av sitkagran estimeres til ca. 600 000 kubikkmeter pr. år, og det største volumet finnes i skog med alder mellom 30-40 år (ca. 2,5 millioner kubikkmeter).

I tillegg er det utplantet ca. 50000 dekar med lutzgran, også denne for det meste langs kysten, spesielt i Nordland og Lofoten. Totalt er det dermed utplantet i overkant av 550 000 dekar sitka/lutzgran i Norge[6].

Spredning og økologisk effekt

Treslagene er tilpasset et oseanisk klima, og er dermed svært vind- og salttolerant. Dette skaper et stort konkurransefortrinn langs norskekysten. Trærne vokser raskt og kan sette kongler tidlig, etter 5-10 år. Frøene har liten vekt og spirer lett, og det er registrert mellom 3-400 frøplanter pr m2. Lav frøvekt gjør at muligheten for langdistansespredning er stor, noe som bidrar til vekst i bestandene og utvidelse av utbredelsesområdene[7].

Sannsynligheten for etablering er i stor grad avhengig av arealbruken rundt plantefeltene. Redusert beitetrykk, opphør av beiting, slått og lyngbrenning kan medføre at etableringen øker og at man får en raskere spredning til arealene rundt.

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Sitkagran i Molde.

Store arter er nødvendigvis arealkrevende og dette gjelder spesielt trær. Effektene disse vil ha i økosystemet er også svært avhengig av alderen på utplantingen, hvor tett treene er plantet, antall og størrelsen på forekomstene og risikoen for spredning fra forekomsten. Sitka/lutzgan er rike på greiner og bar, noe som utestenger mesteparten av lyset ned til bunnsjiktet. Dette vil nødvendigvis medføre endringer i artssammensetning på bakken og på stammene, og utkonkurrering av stedegne arter.

Sitka/lutzgan vokser raskere enn våre stedegne treslag og kan gjennom sin toleranse for vind og sjøutsatte områder, etablere seg ved hjelp av mennesket eller gjennom naturlig frøspredning, gjerne i landskap som er treløse, for eksempel i kystlynghei og naturbeitemarker, på fastlandet og øyer og holmer m.v. Sitkagranens gode spredningsegenskaper tilsier at avstanden mellom bestander og sårbare områder bør være flere kilometer. Planting i vindutsatte områder (loskråninger og bakketopper) bør unngås[8].

Høye trær i Norge

Norges største sitkagran kan være en gran i Molde.[9] Sitkagranen vokser ved Fannestrandsveien ikke langt fra Kviltorp Camping. Høyden ble i 2007, målt til 31,5 meter, brystmålet, som er omkretsen i en voksen manns brysthøyde, var 4,8 meter. Midt oppe på stammen var omkretsen 3,60 meter, noe som gir en masse på 23 kubikkmeter. De enorme greinene var ikke medregnet.

Tippetue i Bergen er det en sitkagran som måler cirka 1,4 meter i diameter i brysthøyde og har et kubikkinnhold på cirka 20 m3. Høyden er cirka 46 meter og alderen cirka 116 år.[10]

Referanser

  1. ^ Markus Thonhaugen. 2014-08-17. Frykter «pøbelgran» vil gi økologisk katastrofe. NRK Nordland. Besøkt 2015-07-16
  2. ^ The conifer database (webside) http://www.conifers.org/pi/Picea_sitchensis.php
  3. ^ Norgeshistorie.no, Hege Roll-Hansen, «Planting av gran på Vestlandet». Hentet 6. jan. 2017.
  4. ^ Vadla, K. 2007. Sitkagran - utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse Viten fra Skog og landskap, 2. http://skogoglandskap.pdc.no/index.php?seks_id=3543&t=V Arkivert 16. juli 2015 hos Wayback Machine.
  5. ^ Øyen, B.H. 2005. Vekst og produksjon I bestand med sitkagran (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr.) i Norge. Rapport fra Skogforskningen 4/05: 1-46.
  6. ^ Øyen, B. H., H. L. Andersen, T. Myking et al. 2009. Økologiske egenskaper for noen utvalgte introduserte bartreslag i Norge, Pages 40. Ås, Norway, Norsk Institutt for skog og landskap.
  7. ^ Sandvik, H. (2012) Kunnskapsstatus for spredning og effekter av fremmede bartrær på biologisk mangfold. Utredning for Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, 10(8), 1–42
  8. ^ Sandvik, H. (2012) Kunnskapsstatus for spredning og effekter av fremmede bartrær på biologisk mangfold. Utredning for Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, 10(8), 1–42.
  9. ^ Gjelstenli, Iver. Romsdals Budstikke Her er Norges største tre!. 30. mars 2007. side 12-13.
  10. ^ Tomter & Dalen (red). 2014. Bærekraftig skogbruk i Norge. Norsk institutt for skog og landskap. Besøkt 2015-12-15

Eksterne lenker

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Sitkagran: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) er en art i slekten gran i furufamilien. Treet har navnet sitt fra Sitka, den fjerde største byen i delstaten Alaska. Arten er introdusert til Norge, hvor den er populær, men ikke ønsket av myndighetene. Det er ikke lov å utplante arten i Norge uten spesiell tillatelse fra myndighetene.

Sitkagrana tilhører furufamilien (Pinaceae) og vokser naturlig i Nord-Amerika. Den er blant de største av granene, og tredje størst av alle tre-arter (etter redwood og douglasgrana).

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Picea sitchensis ( Pms )

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Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.


Ël sapin ross ëd Sitka: Picea sitchensis

Descrission

A l'é n'erbo.

Distribussion

As treuva an América.

Notissie

Da finì.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
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Świerk sitkajski ( Polish )

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Świerk sitkajski (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Pochodzi z zachodnich wybrzeży Ameryki Północnej. Jego nazwa pochodzi od miasta Sitka na Alasce. Zasiedla pas nabrzeżny szerokości około 80 km od południowo-zachodniej Alaski do północnej Kalifornii. Tworzy tam drzewostany czyste lub razem z daglezją, choiną, żywotnikiem olbrzymim i jodłą olbrzymią, odznaczające się wysoką wydajnością drewna. W Europie uprawiany w lasach i ogrodach.

Morfologia

Pokrój
Stożkowy, wąski[3]. Drzewo osiągające średnio 60 m wysokości, rzadziej 80 m.
Pień
Korowina cienka, od szarej do ciemnobrązowej, łuszcząca się czerwonobrunatnymi tafelkami.
Liście
Igły cienkie, sztywne, zaostrzone o długości 1,5-2,5 cm. Od góry błyszczące, zielone, od spodu srebrzystoszare. Pod spodem z dwoma białymi paskami[3].
Kwiaty
Zebrane w kwiatostany. Męskie czerwone, długości do 2 cm, żeńskie jasnozielone, długości do 3 cm. Dojrzałe szyszki jasnobrązowe o długości 5-10 cm.

Biologia i ekologia

 src=
Świerki sitkajskie w lesie

Jest najszybciej rosnącym gatunkiem świerka. W jednym roku potrafi przyrosnąć na długość o 1 metr. Rośnie na prawie każdej glebie i dostarcza dobrego drewna.

Zastosowanie

Drewno ma jasnoróżowe o dobrym stosunku wytrzymałości do gęstości. Niegdyś konstruowano z niego kadłuby samolotów, obecnie wykorzystywane jest głównie w przemyśle papierniczym[3].

Bibliografia

  • Eva Dreyer, Wolfgang Dreyer. Przewodnik drzewa i krzewy.
  • Gregor Aas, Andreas Riedmiller. Drzewa

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - PINACEAE. 2001–.
  2. Picea sitchensis (ang.). W: The Plant List [on-line]. [dostęp 2017-08-20].
  3. a b c Russel, Cutler, Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 308. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
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Świerk sitkajski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Świerk sitkajski (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) – gatunek drzewa z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). Pochodzi z zachodnich wybrzeży Ameryki Północnej. Jego nazwa pochodzi od miasta Sitka na Alasce. Zasiedla pas nabrzeżny szerokości około 80 km od południowo-zachodniej Alaski do północnej Kalifornii. Tworzy tam drzewostany czyste lub razem z daglezją, choiną, żywotnikiem olbrzymim i jodłą olbrzymią, odznaczające się wysoką wydajnością drewna. W Europie uprawiany w lasach i ogrodach.

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Picea sitchensis ( Portuguese )

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Picea sitchensis é uma árvore conífera da família Pinaceae. Produz uma madeira conhecida como Sitka Spruce, utilizada na confecção de violões. Picea sitchensis é o terceiro maior ser vivo da Terra atrás apenas da sequóia e do eucalipto.

Referências

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Picea sitchensis: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Picea sitchensis é uma árvore conífera da família Pinaceae. Produz uma madeira conhecida como Sitka Spruce, utilizada na confecção de violões. Picea sitchensis é o terceiro maior ser vivo da Terra atrás apenas da sequóia e do eucalipto.

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Smrek sitkanský ( Slovak )

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Smrek sitkanský (Picea sitchensis) je ihličnatý vždyzelený strom, ktorý dorastá do výšky 80 metrov, vo výnimočných prípadoch až 100 metrov.[1] Priemer kmeňa dosahuje v niektorých prípadoch až 5 metrov. Jednoznačne ide o najvyšší smrek a je takisto piatym najvyšším ihličnanom sveta (pred ním sú iba sekvojovec obrovský, sekvoja vždyzelená, damarovník austrálsky a tuja riasnatá).[2] Takisto ide o jeden z iba piatich druhov, pri ktorých bolo zdokumentované, že dorástli do výšky 90 metrov.[3] Svoj názov nesie po aljašskom meste Sitka.

Opis

 src=
Šiška a vetva s ihličím Smreka sitkanského

Kôra stromu je tenká a šupinatá a skladá sa z malých, 5 až 20 centimetrov širokých, okrúhlych doštičiek. Koruna mladých stromov je široká a kužeľovitá, so starnutím však naberá valcovitý tvar. Staré stromy nemusia mať vetvy v spodných 30 až 40 metroch. Výhonky sú bledo hnedožlté, takmer biele a holé. Ihlice sú silné, ostré a ihlovité, 15 až 25 mm dlhé, ploské v priečnom reze, v hornej časti šedomodrozelené s dvomi alebo tromi radami prieduchov a v dolnej časti modrobiele s dvomi pevnými pásmi prieduchov.

Šišky sú zavesené, štíhle, valcovité, 6 až 10 cm dlhé,[4] pri uzavretí 2 cm široké a pri otvorení až 3 cm široké. Šišky majú tenké a ohybné, 15 až 20 mm dlhé šupiny a ich listy majú zo všetkých smrekov najväčšiu dĺžku. Listy sú zelené alebo červené a dospievajú do bledohnedej farby zhruba 5 až 7 mesiacov po opelení. Semená sú čierne, 3 mm dlhé, s tenkými, 7 až 9 mm dlhými bledohnedými krídelkami.

Veľkosť

Viac ako storočie intenzívneho rúbania smreka sitkanského zanechalo iba zvyšok pôvodného lesa. Tie najväčšie stromy boli zrúbané ešte skôr, ako mohli byť zmerané presnými technológiami. Stromy vyššie ako 90 metrov môžu byť stále videné v národnom parku Pacific Rim a provinčnom parku Carmanah Walbran (kde sa nachádza 96 metrov vysoký smrek sitkanský, najvyšší strom v Kanade), ktorý sa nachádza na Vancouverovom ostrove, v Olympic National Park a v kalifornskom štátnom parku Prairie Creek Redwoods, kde sa nachádzajú dva, viac ako 96 metrov vysoké smreky sitkanské. Neďaleko rieky Queets River v parku Olympic National Park sa nachádza najobjemnejší smrek na svete. Meria 76 metrov, jeho objem je 337 m³ a jeho priemer je 455 cm.

Vek

Smrek sitkanský sa dožíva vysokého veku, niektoré stromy sa dožili aj viac ako 700 rokov. Pretože rastie rýchlo, pokiaľ má priaznivé podmienky, veľkosť neukazuje skutočný vek stromu. Už zmieňovaný smrek sitkanský od rieky Queets River je síce najobjemnejší na svete, ale jeho vek je len 350 až 450 rokov.

Taxonómia

Analýzy DNA[5][6] dokázali, že iba smrek kalifornský (Brewerov) je bazálnejším smrekom ako smrek sitkanský. Ostatných 31 druhov je nepôvodných, čo dokazuje, že smreky pochádzajú zo Severnej Ameriky.

Rozšírenie a životné prostredie

Smrek sitkanský pochádza zo západného pobrežia Severnej Ameriky, konkrétne z oblasti, ktorú ohraničuje na severozápade aljašský ostrov Kodiak a na juhovýchode kalifornské mesto Fort Bragg. Jeho výskyt úzko závisí na výskyte dažďového pralesa a na juhu sa vyskytuje iba v oblasti niekoľkých kilometrov od pobrežia Pacifiku. Severne od Oregonu sa smreky sitkanské nachádzajú v riečnych nivách, ale nikdy nie ďalej vo vnútrozemí ako 80 kilometrov od pobrežia.

Využitie

 src=
Zoťatý smrek sitkanský, Oregon Coast Range, 1918

Smrek sitkanský je veľmi dôležitý v lesnom priemysle, predovšetkým pri výrobe papiera a rezaného dreva. Smrek sitkanský je cenený tiež pre svoj rýchly rast a prispôsobivosť chudobnej pôde, na ktorých ostatná stromy nemôžu rásť. V ideálnych podmienkach môže smrek sitkanský rásť rýchlosťou až jeden a pol metra za rok. Druh sa už usadil v niektorých častiach Írska a Veľkej Británie, kam bol vysadený v roku 1831, a na Novom Zélande, nikde však nie je tak rozšírený, aby bol považovaný za invázny druh. Smrek sitkanský bol tiež vysádzaný v Dánsku, Nórsku a na Islande.[7][8] Do Nórska bol smrek sitkanský dovezený na začiatku minulého storočia a dnes pokrýva plochu zhruba 50 tisíc hektárov pozdĺž pobrežia medzi krajmi Vest-Agder a Troms. Smrek sitkanský je tolerantnejší voči vetru a slanému oceánskemu vzduchu a rastie rýchlejšie ako miestne smreky obyčajné.[9]

Drevo zo smreku sitkanského sa používa pri výrobe hudobných nástrojov, ako sú klavír, harfa, husle alebo gitara, pretože jeho vysoký pomer sily a hmotnosti a okraje bez sukov z neho robia skvelého vodiča zvuku. Z rovnakého dôvodu sa z neho vyrábajú sťažne pre plachetnice a lietadla a hlavičky rakiet Trident.[10] Lietadlo Wright Flyer bratov Wrightovcov bolo postavené práve z dreva smreku sitkanského, rovnako ako väčšina lietadiel pred Druhou svetovou vojnou. Počas nej drevo zo smreku sitkanského používali britské lietadlá de Havilland Mosquito ako náhradu za hliník.

Mladé vetvičky vyrastajúce z vetiev smreka sitkanského sú používané na výrobu smrekového piva alebo varené na výrobu sirupu. Kôra koreňov je využívaná indiánmi pri výrobe tradičných košíkov.

Kultúra

Unikátny exemplár smreka sitkanského so zlatými ihlicami, zvaný Kiidk'yaas niekedy rástol na ostrove Haida Gwaii, kde bol pre kmeň Hajdov posvätným stromom. Strom bol nelegálne zoťatý, ale neďaleko jeho pôvodného miesta sa vyskytujú vzorky vyrastené z jeho pozostatkov.

Referencie

  1. RUSHFORTH, Keith. Bäume. Bern : Hallwag AG, 1986. (2nd.) ISBN 3-444-70130-6. (Nemecky)
  2. Agathis australis [online]. Conifers, [cit. 2012-04-09]. Dostupné online.
  3. Tallest Sitka Spruce [online]. Landmark Trees, [cit. 2012-04-09]. Dostupné online.
  4. Picea sitchensis [online]. Oregon State University, [cit. 2012-04-09]. Dostupné online.
  5. Ran, J.-H., Wei, X.-X. & Wang, X.-Q. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): Implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41(2): 405–19.
  6. Sigurgeirsson, A. & Szmidt, A.E. 1993. Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Picea. Nordic Journal of Botany 13(3): 233–246.
  7. Dammert, L (2001). Dressing the landscape: afforestation efforts on Iceland, Unasylva Vol. 52, No. 207.
  8. Hermann, R (1987). North American Tree Species in Europe, Journal of Forestry.
  9. Sitkagran - utbredelse, egenskaper og anvendelse (Sitka spruce - propagation, properties and uses) by Kjell Vadla, Norsk institutt for skog og landskap.
  10. "Ballistic missile", National Museum of American History

Iné projekty

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Smrek sitkanský: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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Smrek sitkanský (Picea sitchensis) je ihličnatý vždyzelený strom, ktorý dorastá do výšky 80 metrov, vo výnimočných prípadoch až 100 metrov. Priemer kmeňa dosahuje v niektorých prípadoch až 5 metrov. Jednoznačne ide o najvyšší smrek a je takisto piatym najvyšším ihličnanom sveta (pred ním sú iba sekvojovec obrovský, sekvoja vždyzelená, damarovník austrálsky a tuja riasnatá). Takisto ide o jeden z iba piatich druhov, pri ktorých bolo zdokumentované, že dorástli do výšky 90 metrov. Svoj názov nesie po aljašskom meste Sitka.

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Sitkagran ( Swedish )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) är en trädart som ursprungligen kommer från Stillahavskusten i Nordamerika (från Kalifornien till Alaska). Den odlas med framgång i flera europeiska länder. I Sverige finns den mest i parker,[källa behövs] men i Storbritannien används den för tillverkning av mekanisk pappersmassa. På Vancouverön finns det sitkagranar som är över 90 meter höga, och historiskt har det funnits träd på upp mot 100 meter, vilket gör den till den högsta granen. Den föredrar fuktigt kustklimat.

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Sitkagran: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Sitkagran (Picea sitchensis) är en trädart som ursprungligen kommer från Stillahavskusten i Nordamerika (från Kalifornien till Alaska). Den odlas med framgång i flera europeiska länder. I Sverige finns den mest i parker,[källa behövs] men i Storbritannien används den för tillverkning av mekanisk pappersmassa. På Vancouverön finns det sitkagranar som är över 90 meter höga, och historiskt har det funnits träd på upp mot 100 meter, vilket gör den till den högsta granen. Den föredrar fuktigt kustklimat.

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Sitka ladini ( Turkish )

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Sitka ladini (Picea sitchensis), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından 80 m boy (maximum 96 m) ve 5 m çap yapabilen ladin türü.

Adı, Alaska'daki Sitka yer adından gelir.

Morfolojik özellikleri

Tacı dar koniktir. Kabuk grimsi kahverangi veya turuncu kahverengidir. Dallar bazılarında aşağıya doğru sarkar, sürgünler ise sarkık değil, dar, pembemsi kahverengi, düzdür. Tomurcuklar kırmızımsı kahverengi, 5–10 mm, ucu yuvarlaktır. İğne yapraklar 1,5-2,5 cm, irice veya geniş üç köşeli, sert, mavimsi yeşil ile açık yeşil, üst yüzeyi koyu yeşil, stoma bandı çok dar veya yoktur, stoma bantları bir sırtla birbirinden ayrılır, yaprakların ucu sivridir.

Kozalaklar 5–9 cm; kozalak pulları eliptik dar baklava şeklinde 12–16 mm uzunluğunda, kenarları yuvarlaktır. Tohumlar siyah, 3 mm uzunlukta, ince, 7–9 mm uzunluğundaki tohum kanadı soluk kahverengidir. 2n=24.

Dağılımı

Sitka ladini doğal olarak Kuzey Amerika'da bulunur. Kuzeydoğu sınırını Kodiak adası(en), Alaska ve güneydoğu sınırını Fort Bragg(en) Kaliforniya oluşturur.

Picea sitchensis distribution map.png

Dış bağlantılar

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Sitka ladini: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Sitka ladini (Picea sitchensis), çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından 80 m boy (maximum 96 m) ve 5 m çap yapabilen ladin türü.

Adı, Alaska'daki Sitka yer adından gelir.

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Ялина ситхінська ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення, екологія

Країни поширення: Канада (Британська Колумбія); США (Аляска, Каліфорнія, Орегон, Вашингтон). Зустрічається від припливних до крутих гірських схилів на Алясці і в Британській Колумбії, загалом, до приблизно 900 м над рівнем моря (найвище, 1189 м), завжди в безпосередній близькості від океанічної погоди. Ґрунти різні, зазвичай з товстим гумусовим шаром. Клімат дуже вологий, річна кількість опадів коливається від 1300 мм до 3750 мм, зима помірна (в прибережній Алясці сніг взимку, як правило, залишається тільки вище 200 м). На острові Ванкувер і на олімпійському півострові у Вашингтоні ця ялина досягає найбільшого розміру. Зазвичай змішується з Tsuga heterophylla (тіньовитривалий конкурент), Pseudotsuga menziesii і Thuja plicata, інші.

Опис

 src=
Гілка зі зрілою насіннєвою шишкою і старою пилковою шишкою

Дерево до 80 м у висоту і 500 см діаметра на рівні грудей з прямим стовбуром і відкритою, конічною кроною горизонтальних гілок. Кора сіра, гладка, тонка, стаючи темно-пурпурно-коричневою з лускатими пластинами. Гілки дещо повислі. Бруньки червонувато-коричневі, 5-10 мм, вершини округлі. Голки (1.2) 1.5-2.5 (3) см, сплющені або широко трикутні в поперечному перерізі (нижня поверхня округла або злегка кутова), досить жорсткі (гострі), від синьо-зеленого до світло-жовто-зеленого кольору, верхня поверхня темно-зелена. Шишки 5-9 (-10) см завдовжки, циліндричні, на коротких ніжках, зелені або червонуваті, після дозрівання від блідо-бурого до світло-оранжево-коричневого кольору. Насіння чорне, 3 мм завдовжки, з тонкими, 7-9 мм довжиною блідо-коричневими крилами. 2n = 24.

Використання

Це дуже цінне дерево і темпи вирубки перевищують вирубки інших видів і старовікові дерева мають по-справжньому чудові розміри. Дерева менших розмірів використовуються в паперовій промисловості, але великі дерева цінуються для будівництва і спеціальних застосувань, таких як мала авіація, щогли й лонжерони для вітрильних суден, весла для гребних човнів, трапів і музичних інструментів. Ялина широко використовується в лісонасадженнях на бідних ґрунтах, в прохолодному і вологому кліматі, таких як пагорби і болота Ірландії та Шотландії. У садівництві знаходить менше використання; більшість насаджень у великих парках як зразки дерев датуються 19-го століттям. Вимагає прохолодний і вологий клімат.

Загрози та охорона

Вирубка є основною загрозою. Цей вид присутній e кількох охоронних територіях, e тому числі національних парках.

Цікаві факти

Найвища Ялина ситхінська має 96.7 м висоти за останніми вимірами 2007 року. Її місце перебування зберігається в таємниці, проте відомо, що вона зростає на території парку «Prairie Creek Redwoods»[4].

Примітки

  1. В.М. Маурер, В.В. Шевчук. Перспектива та особливості використання різних культиварів роду Picea A. Dietr в озелененні // Науковий вісник Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України. Серія: Лісівництво та декоративне садівництво. — 2014. — Вип. 198. — № 2. — С. 262–267.
  2. Висоцька, Н. Ю. Вплив генотипу маточного дерева та культуральних умов на розвиток експлантів Picea sitchensis і Picea pungens в умовах in vitro. // Лісівництво і агролісомеліорація: зб. наук. праць. — 2011. — Вип. 118. — С. 137–141.
  3. Соломаха, Н. Г. Насіннєве розмноження інтродукованих видів роду Pinus L. у ДП" Маріупольська лісова науково-дослідна станція" // Лісівництво і агролісомеліорація. — 2008. — Вип. 114. — С. 259–267.
  4. Top 10 tallest tree species of the world

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Picea sitchensis ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Picea sitchensis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Bong.) Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1855.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Picea sitchensis. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Picea sitchensis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Picea sitchensis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (Bong.) Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1855.

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Ель ситхинская ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Ель
Вид: Ель ситхинская
Международное научное название

Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière, 1855

Синонимы
Ареал

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ITIS 183309NCBI 3332EOL 1033696GRIN t:28327IPNI 676986-1TPL kew-2563578


Ель ситхи́нская (лат. Pícea sitchénsis) — хвойное дерево, растущее на западе Северной Америки. Вид рода Ель семейства Сосновые.

В культуре с 1831 года, широко разводится с лесохозяйственной и декоративной целью. Символ штата Аляска.

Распространение и экология

Ареал растения находится на западном побережье Северной Америки, от Амсин (Аляска) на севере до северных районов Калифорнии. В горы поднимается до 900—1000 метров.

Произрастает большей частью вдоль рек и по склонам гор обращённых к морю. Любит хорошо увлажнённые, временно затопляемые почвы. Растёт чистыми или смешанными насаждениями с тсугой западной (Tsuga heterophylla), дугласовой пихтой (Pseudotsuga menziesii ), туей складчатой (Thuja plicata), пихтой великой (Abies grandis), пихтой миловидной (Abies amabilis), ольхой красной (Alnus rubra), клёном крупнолистным (Acer macrophyllum), секвойей (Sequoia sempervirens)[1].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево с широкопирамидальной кроной, высотой 45—60 (до 96,7)[2] метров, ствол диаметром 120—240 (до 480 см). Кора трещиноватая, чешуйчатая, серая или красно-буро-серая, тонкая. Побеги светло-коричневые, голые.

Хвоя прямая, плоская, колючая, сверху зелёная, снизу серебристая, длиной 15—18 (до 28) мм, шириной менее 1 мм.

Шишки цилиндрические, длиной 5—10 см, шириной 2,5—3 см, до созревания жёлто-зелёные, после светло-коричневые, отпадают через несколько месяцев. Семена светло-коричневые, длиной 2—3 мм, в 1 кг около 480—580 тысяч[1].

В культуре

Высокодекоративное дерево. Наиболее эффектна в виде солитёров и в рыхлых группах.

Рост в первые 2—3 года медленный, позже быстрый, близкий к росту ели обыкновенной. Взрослые растения сравнительно морозостойки (в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве сильно подмерзает). Требовательна к влажности воздуха и почвы, может произрастать на временно затопляемых почвах. Дымо- и газоустойчива. Максимальная продолжительность жизни 500—800 лет.

Плохо растёт в степных районах Украины, а также на Южном берегу Крыма. Хорошо растёт на юге Прибалтики, в Калининградской области и на Черноморском побережье Кавказа[3].

Один экземпляр данной ели является единственным деревом на субантарктическом острове Кэмпбелл[4]. Дерево, вероятно, было посажено более ста лет назад, однако его высота до сих пор меньше 10 метров[5].

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Ель ситхинская: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию


Ель ситхи́нская (лат. Pícea sitchénsis) — хвойное дерево, растущее на западе Северной Америки. Вид рода Ель семейства Сосновые.

В культуре с 1831 года, широко разводится с лесохозяйственной и декоративной целью. Символ штата Аляска.

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北美雲杉 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

北美雲杉Picea sitchensis;英語:Sitka spruce)是雲杉屬下的一種常綠喬木,是雲杉屬的兩個基位物種之一。這種雲杉高度可達100米[2],樹幹直徑超過五米,因此成為世界最高的雲杉和第五高的針葉樹(次於巨杉加州紅木考里松西部紅杉[3][4]

北美雲杉寿命绵长,有一些个体已超700岁。因为北美云杉生长速度极快,年轻的北美云杉一年就能长1.5米(4.9英尺),不过在判断老年北美云杉时体大小并没有太大的意义[5]。因其对环境要求不高且生长迅速,北美云杉多用作木料和造纸材料。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Farjon, A. Picea sitchensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2013, 2013: e.T42337A2973701 [8 November 2017]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42337A2973701.en.
  2. ^ Rushforth, Keith. Bäume [Pocket Guide to Trees] 2nd. Bern: Hallwag AG. 1986 [1980]. ISBN 3-444-70130-6 (德语).
  3. ^ Agathis australis. Conifers. [April 9, 2012].
  4. ^ Tallest Sitka Spruce. Landmark Trees. [April 9, 2012].
  5. ^ Van Pelt, 2001
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维基百科作者和编辑

北美雲杉: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

北美雲杉(Picea sitchensis;英語:Sitka spruce)是雲杉屬下的一種常綠喬木,是雲杉屬的兩個基位物種之一。這種雲杉高度可達100米,樹幹直徑超過五米,因此成為世界最高的雲杉和第五高的針葉樹(次於巨杉加州紅木考里松西部紅杉)。

北美雲杉寿命绵长,有一些个体已超700岁。因为北美云杉生长速度极快,年轻的北美云杉一年就能长1.5米(4.9英尺),不过在判断老年北美云杉时体大小并没有太大的意义。因其对环境要求不高且生长迅速,北美云杉多用作木料和造纸材料。

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维基百科作者和编辑