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Behaviour

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Unlike other Egyptian toads this is a highly aquatic species. Nocturnal, but calling males can often be heard throughout the day, particularly in spring and autumn. Usually detected by its distinctive call.The species appears highly secretive; males calling at very close range are almost impossible to locate. Often in very dense populations, espe­cially in rice fields, where up to 6 animals were observed within a 0.5 m2 area.

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Conservation Status

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Least Concern

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Description

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A small toad; SVL of males up to 34 mm, of females up to 38.5 mm. Snout relatively short, slightly pointed; paratoids indistinct, spinose, oval; tympanum relatively large, 0.68-0.86 of eye diameter, and set very close to it. Back notably granular, spinose; ventral sides granular. Second finger longer than first; hind limbs short, with limited webbing between dig­its; tarsal ridge absent. Males with a subgular vocal sac. Dorsum light olive gray with paired dark marks in the interorbital, pectoral, and sacral regions, often a thin whitish, mid-dorsal line. Crimson femoral patches of variable size are present. Ventral sides white, sometimes with dark flecks; throat pale orange in males. Adult males are usually suffused yellow, with a reduced dorsal pattern, and are notably more spinose than females. Call simple, rattle-like. Call characteristics: average pulses/call = 3.46; average call duration = 119.88 ms.

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Distribution in Egypt

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The Nile Valley and Delta, and the Fayoum Depression. The species was previously thought to be confined to the Delta (Baha El Din 1993), but seems to have spread upstream along the Nile River, probably as a result of the establishment of extensive reed swamps along the riverbanks and canals, after the completion of the High Dam. The species can be heard regularly along the Nile even in the middle of Cairo, and abundant populations were recently discovered in the Luxor region.

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Global Distribution

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Apparently endemic to Egypt.

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Habitat

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Prefers densely vegetated microhabitats in shallow or deep water. In reed swamps, rice fields, overgrown canals, and water­ways; even in floating clumps of vegetation in the middle of the Nile. Only once observed on dry land, when several animals were encoun­tered in a newly ploughed field (a rice field being prepared) at midday near Damietta.

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Status in Egypt

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Common but localized.

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Quru qurbağası ( Azerbaijani )

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Quru qurbağası (lat. Bufo) - quru qurbağaları fəsiləsinə aid heyvan cinsi.

Növləri

Mənbə

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Quru qurbağası: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Quru qurbağası (lat. Bufo) - quru qurbağaları fəsiləsinə aid heyvan cinsi.

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Bufo ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Bufo és un gènere d'amfibis de la família Bufonidae que conté al voltant de 150 espècies.

Distribució geogràfica

El gènere Bufo és molt cosmopolita, ja que se'l pot trobar a tot el planeta sota condicions molt adverses. No obstant això, és absent de les regions polars, d'Austràlia -llevat de Bufo marinus, del qual se sospita que hi va ser introduït-, de Nova Guinea i illes adjacents.

Descripció

  • Són anurs de cos robust i rodanxó, potes posteriors relativament curtes, cos cobert de berrugues, glàndules parotoïdals ben desenvolupades i pupil·la horitzontal.
  • Són espècies preferentment nocturnes i terrestres.

Espècies

Subgènere Bufo

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, i Rao, 1996) Bufo bankorensis (Barbour, 1908) Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842) Bufo japonicus (Temminck i Schlegel, 1838) Bufo kabischi (Herrmann i Kühnel, 1997) Bufo minshanicus (Stejneger, 1926) Bufo tibetanus (Zarevskij, 1926) Bufo torrenticola (Matsui, 1976) Bufo tuberculatus (Zarevskij, 1926) Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) Bufo wolongensis (Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997)

Grup "Bufo"

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo ailaoanus (Kou, 1984) Bufo arabicus (Heyden, 1827) Bufo atukoralei (Bogert & Senanayake, 1966) Bufo beddomii (Günther, 1876) Bufo brevirostris (Rao, 1937) Bufo cryptotympanicus (Liu & Hu, 1962) Bufo dhufarensis (Parker, 1931) Bufo dodsoni (Boulenger, 1895) Bufo hololius (Günther, 1876) Bufo kotagamai (Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994) Bufo koynayensis (Soman, 1963) Bufo mauritanicus (Schlegel, 1841) Bufo olivaceus (Blanford, 1874) Bufo pageoti (Bourret, 1937) Bufo parietalis (Boulenger, 1882)) Bufo pentoni (Anderson, 1893) Bufo scaber (Schneider, 1799) Bufo scorteccii (Balletto & Cherchi, 1970) Bufo silentvalleyensis (Pillai, 1981) Bufo stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1931) Bufo stomaticus (Lütken, 1864) Bufo stuarti (Smith, 1929) Bufo sumatranus (Peters, 1871) Bufo tihamicus (Balletto & Cherchi, 1973) Bufo valhallae (Meade-Waldo, 1909)

Subgènere Nannophryne

Només conté 4 espècies i es troba a Sud-amèrica.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo apolobambica (De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, i Aparicio, 2005) Bufo cophotis (Boulenger, (1900) Bufo corynetes (Duellman i Ochoa-M., 1991) Bufo variegata (Günther, 1870)

Subgènere Olletis

Conté 33 espècies.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo alvarius (Girard a Baird, 1859) Bufo aucoinae (O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004) Bufo bocourti (Brocchi, 1877) Bufo campbelli (Mendelson, 1994) Bufo canaliferus (Cope, 1877) Bufo cavifrons (Firschein, 1950) Bufo coccifer (Cope, 1866) Bufo coniferus (Cope, 1862) Bufo cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833) Bufo cycladen (Lynch & Smith, 1966) Bufo fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) Bufo gemmifer (Taylor, 1940) Bufo holdridgei (Taylor, 1952) Bufo ibarrai (Stuart, 1954) Bufo intermedius (Günther, 1858) Bufo leucomyos (McCranie & Wilson, 2000) Bufo luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891) Bufo macrocristatus (Firschein & Smith, 1957) Bufo marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833) Bufo mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940) Bufo melanochlorus (Cope, 1877) Bufo nebulifer (Girard, 1854) Bufo occidentalis (Camerano, 1879) Bufo periglenes (Savage, 1967) Bufo peripatetes (Savage, 1972) Bufo perplexus (Taylor, 1943) Bufo pisinnus (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005) Bufo porteri (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005) Bufo signifer (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005) Bufo spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997) Bufo tacanensis (Smith, 1952) Bufo tutelarius (Mendelson, 1997) Bufo valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)

Subgènere Peltophryne

Conté 11 espècies distribuïdes a les Grans Antilles.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo cataulaciceps (Schwartz, 1959) Bufo empusus (Cope, 1862) Bufo fluviaticus (Schwartz, 1972) Bufo fractus (Schwartz, 1972) Bufo fustiger (Schwartz, 1960) Bufo guentheri (Cochran, 1941) Bufo gundlachi (Ruibal, 1959) Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Bufo longinasus (Stejneger, 1905) Bufo peltocephalus (Tschudi, 1838) Bufo taladai (Schwartz, 1960)

Subgènere Phrynoidis

Conté dues espècies.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo asper (Gravenhorst, 1829) Bufo juxtasper (Inger, 1964)

Subgènere Poyntonophrynus

Conté deu espècies.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo beiranus (Loveridge, 1932) Bufo damaranus (Mertens, 1954) Bufo dombensis (Bocage, 1895) Bufo fenoulheti (Hewitt & Methuen, 1912) Bufo grandisonae (Poynton & Haacke, 1993) Bufo hoeschi (Ahl, 1934) Bufo kavangensis (Poynton & Broadley, 1988) Bufo lughensis (Loveridge, 1932) Bufo parkeri (Loveridge, 1932) Bufo vertebralis (Smith, 1848)

Subgènere Pseudepidalea

Conté 15 espècies.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo balearica (Boettger, 1880) Bufo boulengeri (Lataste, 1879) Bufo brongersmai (Hoogmoed, 1972) Bufo latastii (Boulenger, 1882) Bufo luristanicus (Schmidt, 1952) Bufo oblongus (Nikolskii, 1896) Bufo pewzowi (Bedriaga, 1898) Bufo pseudoraddei (Mertens, 1971) Bufo raddei (Strauch, 1876) Bufo surdus (Boulenger, 1891) Bufo turanensis (Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978) Bufo variabilis (Pallas, 1769) Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768) Bufo zamdaensis (Fei, Ye, i Huang a Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999) Bufo zugmayeri (Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973)

Subgènere Rhaebo

Conté 8 espècies.

Nom comú Nom binomial Bufo anderssoni (Melin, 1941) Bufo blombergi (Myers & Funkhouser, 1951) Bufo caeruleostictus (Günther, 1859) Bufo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869) Bufo guttatus (Schneider, 1799) Bufo haematiticus (Cope, 1862) Bufo hypomelas (Boulenger, 1913) Bufo nasicus (Werner, 1903)

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Bufo Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  • Llorente, Gustavo: Els vertebrats de les zones humides dels Països Catalans. Editorial Pòrtic, S.A. Col·lecció Conèixer La Natura, núm. 6, plana 58. Desembre del 1988, Barcelona. ISBN 84-7306-354-6.
  • «Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae». [Consulta: 13 abril del 2008].
  • amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
  • Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, i D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  • Frost, Darrel «The Amphibian Tree of Life». Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 2006, pàg. 1–371.
  • Frank i Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World.
  • Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Bufo és un gènere d'amfibis de la família Bufonidae que conté al voltant de 150 espècies.

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Echte Kröten ( German )

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Die Echten Kröten (Bufo) bilden eine artenreiche Gattung in der Familie der Kröten (Bufonidae), die zur Ordnung der Froschlurche (Anura) gehört.

Beschreibung

Echte Kröten haben meist einen gedrungenen, kräftigen Körperbau (zur Anatomie vergleiche: Neobatrachia), eine kurze Schnauze, waagerecht gestellte Pupillen, auffällige Ohrdrüsen (Parotiden) am Hinterkopf und eher kurze Beine. Die trockene Haut ist mit warzigen Höckern übersät. In den „Warzen“ wie auch in den Parotiden münden Drüsen, die Hautgifte absondern können. Diese Sekrete schützen die Tiere vor Fressfeinden und Hautparasiten. Die Kieferknochen sind zahnlos. Charakteristisch für die Gattung wie für die Familie ist auch das sogenannte Biddersche Organ – rudimentäre Eierstöcke bei den Männchen. Die Paarung erfolgt wie bei allen Neobatrachia mit einer axillaren Umklammerung durch das Männchen, also rücklings hinter den Vorderbeinen des Weibchens. Der Laich wird in der Regel in Form langer, dünner, perlenkettenartiger Gallertschnüre ins Wasser abgegeben.

Im Hautsekret verschiedener Arten, so etwa der europäischen Erdkröte, wurde als ein Bufotoxin Bufotenin nachgewiesen. Dieses halluzinogene Alkaloid auf Tryptamin-Basis entwickelt im menschlichen Körper eine ähnliche, wenngleich schwächere, Wirkung wie LSD.

Verbreitung

Die Gattung Bufo im klassischen Sinn umfasste fast 300 Arten weltweit von den kalt-gemäßigten bis in die tropischen Zonen. Evolutions- und heutige Verbreitungszentren der Gattung sind die beiden aus dem vorherigen Südkontinent Gondwana durch Kontinentaldrift hervorgegangenen Erdteile Südamerika und Afrika. Von dort aus wurden später auch Nordamerika bzw. Asien und Europa besiedelt. In Australien, auf Neuguinea und auf vielen anderen Inseln, wo sie ursprünglich nicht vorkamen, wurden einige Arten vom Menschen künstlich angesiedelt (vgl. Aga-Kröte). In Europa sind lediglich drei Arten heimisch, die allerdings nach neueren phylogenetischen Forschungsarbeiten drei unterschiedlichen Gattungen angehören: Erdkröte (Bufo bufo), Kreuzkröte (Epidalea calamita) und Wechselkröte (Bufotes viridis) – alle auch in Deutschland.

Wie bei anderen Gattungen der Froschlurche haben sich in der langen Zeit der Trennung der Kontinente die Arten der Alten und der Neuen Welt auseinanderentwickelt. Nach einer kladistischen Analyse des Stammbaums der Froschlurche durch Darrell Frost et al. im Jahre 2006 kam es zu einer Revision vieler Gattungen. Die nearktischen Arten der ehemals sehr großen Gattung Bufo wurden dabei in eine eigene Gattung mit dem Namen Anaxyrus gestellt.[1]

Lebensweise

Die Echten Kröten sind mehrheitlich terrestrisch lebende, dämmerungs- und nachtaktive Tiere, die sich tagsüber versteckt halten. Bei der Habitat-Besiedlungsstrategie unterscheidet man eher „ortstreue“ Arten (K-Strategen), die traditionelle Fortpflanzungsgewässer immer wieder aufsuchen (beispielsweise die Erdkröte), und „vagabundierende“, neue Kleingewässer spontan besiedelnde Arten (r-Strategen; beispielsweise die Kreuzkröte). Letztere besitzen als Männchen große kehlständige Schallblasen, um Weibchen über eine große Distanz auf sich und ein geeignetes Laichgewässer aufmerksam zu machen.

Arten

In der Gattung Bufo verblieben 16 Arten (Stand: 9. Juli 2021), 2022 wurden nach einer Revision der ostpaläarktischen Mitglieder der Gattung fünf Arten hinzugefügt:[2][3]

Stand: 21. Mai 2022

Einzelnachweise

  1. Darrel R. Frost, Taran Grant, Julián Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Celio F. B. Haddad, Rafael O. de Sá, A. Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul E. Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green und Ward C. Wheeler: The amphibian tree of life. In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Band 297, 2006, S. 1–370 (Volltext).
  2. Darrel R. Frost: Bufo, Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.1, American Museum of Natural History, 1998–2021, abgerufen am 9. Juli 2021.
  3. Siti N. Othman, Spartak N. Litvinchuk, Irina Maslova, Hollis Dahn, Kevin R. Messenger: From Gondwana to the Yellow Sea, evolutionary diversifications of true toads Bufo sp. in the Eastern Palearctic and a revisit of species boundaries for Asian lineages. In: eLife. Band 11, 28. Januar 2022, ISSN 2050-084X, S. e70494, doi:10.7554/eLife.70494. Fehler in Vorlage:Literatur*** Parameterproblem: Dateiformat/Größe/Abruf nur bei externem Link
  4. Glandt, Dieter: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas, alle Arten im Porträt. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1, S. 155.
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Echte Kröten: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Echten Kröten (Bufo) bilden eine artenreiche Gattung in der Familie der Kröten (Bufonidae), die zur Ordnung der Froschlurche (Anura) gehört.

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Bufo ( Vls )

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Bufo is e geslacht van puutn in de familie van de echte paddn (Bufonidae).

't Geslacht bevatte vanzeleevn mêer of 250 sôortn, moa vele zyn nu ofgevoerd en ingedêeld by andere geslachtn. Nu bluuvn der nog 17 sôortn over.

Paddn hen over 't algemêen e droog wrattig vel, e lomp lyf en korte achterpôotn, woadeure dan ze nie zo verre kunn spriengn. Ze mankeern e steirt en tandn en z' hen horizontoale pupilln.

De geweune padde (Bufo bufo) is de bekendste sôorte mè 't grotste verspreidiengsgebied.

Sôortn

  • Bufo ailaoanus
  • Bufo aspinius
  • Bufo bankorensis
  • Bufo bufo (Geweune padde)
  • Bufo cryptotympanicus
  • Bufo eichwaldi
  • Bufo gargarizans
  • Bufo japonicus
  • Bufo luchunnicus
  • Bufo menglianus
  • Bufo pageoti
  • Bufo spinosus
  • Bufo stejnegeri
  • Bufo torrenticola
  • Bufo tuberculatus
  • Soort Bufo tuberospinius
  • Soort Bufo verrucosissimus
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Bufo ( Tagalog )

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Ang Bufo ay isang malaking genus ng mga 150 espesye ng mga tunay na karag sa pamilyang ampibyanong Bufonidae. Ang Bufo ay salitang Latin para sa toad.

Espesye

 src=
Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius)

Subgenus na Anaxyrus

Naglalaman ng 22 mga espesye na matatagpuan sa Hilaga at Sentral Amerika kabilang ang American Toad, Bufo americanus (Amerikanong Karag).

Subgenus na Bufo

Naglalaman ng 12 species. Matatagpuan sa Temperadong Eurasya at Hapon hanggang Hilagang Aprika, Gitnang Silanganan, Myanmar at Vietnam.

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Toad, Common European Toad Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 Chusan Island Toad, Asiatic Toad Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838 Japanese Toad Bufo kabischi Herrmann and Kühnel, 1997 Bufo minshanicus Stejneger, 1926 Gansu Toad, Minshan Toad Bufo tibetanus Zarevskij, 1926 Tibetan Toad Bufo torrenticola Matsui, 1976 Honshū Toad, Japanese Stream Toad Bufo tuberculatus Zarevskij, 1926 Qinghai Lake Toad, Round-warted Toad Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) Caucasian Toad Bufo wolongensis Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997

Group "Bufo"

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad Bufo arabicus Heyden, 1827 Arabian Toad Bufo atukoralei Bogert & Senanayake, 1966 Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 Beddome's Toad Bufo brevirostris Rao, 1937 Kempholey Toad, Short-nosed Toad, Rao's Pale Brown Toad Bufo cryptotympanicus Liu & Hu, 1962 Earless Toad Bufo dhufarensis Parker, 1931 Oman Toad - very similar to Bufo scorteccii Bufo dodsoni Boulenger, 1895 Dodson's Toad Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 Malabar Toad, Gûnther's Toad Bufo kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994 Kotagama's Dwarf Toad Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 Humbali Village Toad, Koyna Toad, Chrome-yellow Toad Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841 Berber Toad, Pantherine Toad, Moroccan Toad Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874 Olive Toad, Baluchistan Coastal Toad, Makran Toad Bufo pageoti Bourret, 1937 Tonkin Toad Bufo parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) Indian Toad, Ridged Toad, Timber Forest Toad Bufo pentoni Anderson, 1893 Shaata Gardens Toad, Penton's Toad Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799 Ferguson’s Toad Bufo scorteccii Balletto & Cherchi, 1970 Scortecci’s Toad Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai, 1981 Silent Valley Toad, South Indian Hill Toad Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931 Stejneger's Toad, Korean Toad, Water Toad Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 Assam Toad, Indus Valley Toad, Marbled Toad Bufo stuarti Smith, 1929 Stuart’s Toad Bufo sumatranus Peters, 1871 Sumatra Toad Bufo tihamicus Balletto & Cherchi, 1973 Balletto's Toad Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo, 1909 Pulo Weh Toad

Subgenus Nannophryne

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo apolobambicus De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005 Bufo cophotis Boulenger, 1900 Paramo Toad Bufo corynetes Duellman and Ochoa-M., 1991 Abra Malaga Toad Bufo variegatus (Günther, 1870) Eden Harbour Toad

Subgenus Incilius

Naglalaman ng 33 species.

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo alvarius Girard in Baird, 1859 Sonoran Desert Toad Bufo aucoinae O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004 Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 Bocourt's Toad Bufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994 Campbell's Forest Toad Bufo canaliferus Cope, 1877 Dwarf Toad Bufo cavifrons Firschein, 1950 Mountain Toad Bufo coccifer Cope, 1866 Southern Round-gland Toad Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862 Evergreen Toad Bufo cristatus Wiegmann, 1833 Large-crested Toad Bufo cycladen Lynch & Smith, 1966 Northern Round-gland Toad Bufo fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) Pico Blanco Toad Bufo gemmifer Taylor, 1940 Jeweled Toad Bufo holdridgei Taylor, 1952 Holdridge's Toad Bufo ibarrai Stuart, 1954 Jalapa Toad Bufo intermedius Günther, 1858 Gunther's Tropical Toad Bufo leucomyos McCranie & Wilson, 2000 Bufo luetkenii Boulenger, 1891 Yellow Toad Bufo macrocristatus Firschein & Smith, 1957 Large-crested Toad Bufo marmoreus Wiegmann, 1833 Marbled Toad Bufo mazatlanensis Taylor, 1940 Sinaloa Toad Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877 Dark Green Toad Bufo nebulifer Girard, 1854 Gulf Coast Toad Bufo occidentalis Camerano, 1879 Pine Toad Bufo periglenes Savage, 1967 Monte Verde Golden Toad Bufo peripatetes Savage, 1972 Almirante Trail Toad Bufo perplexus Taylor, 1943 Confusing Toad Bufo pisinnus Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo porteri Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo signifer Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo spiculatus Mendelson, 1997 Bufo tacanensis Smith, 1952 Volcan Tacana Toad Bufo tutelarius Mendelson, 1997 Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833

Subgenus Peltophryne

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo cataulaciceps Schwartz, 1959 Schwartz's Caribbean Toad Bufo empusus (Cope, 1862) Cope's Caribbean Toad, Cuban Toad Bufo fluviaticus Schwartz, 1972 Dominican Caribbean Toad Bufo fractus Schwartz, 1972 Bufo fustiger Schwartz, 1960 Bufo guentheri Cochran, 1941 Gunther's Caribbean Toad Bufo gundlachi Ruibal, 1959 Gundlach's Caribbean Toad Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Lowland Caribbean Toad Bufo longinasus Stejneger, 1905 Stejneger's Caribbean Toad Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, 1838 Tschudi's Caribbean Toad Bufo taladai Schwartz, 1960 Cuban Caribbean Toad

Subgenus Phrynoidis

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 Malayan Giant Toad Bufo juxtasper Inger, 1964 Giant River Toad

Subgenus Poyntonophrynus

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo beiranus Loveridge, 1932 Beira's Toad Bufo damaranus Mertens, 1954 Bufo dombensis Bocage, 1895 Dombe Toad Bufo fenoulheti Hewitt & Methuen, 1912 Transvaal Dwarf Toad Bufo grandisonae Poynton & Haacke, 1993 Mossamedes Toad, Grandison's Toad Bufo hoeschi Ahl, 1934 Okahandja Toad, Hoesch's Toad Bufo kavangensis Poynton & Broadley, 1988 Khwai River Toad, Kavanga Toad Bufo lughensis Loveridge, 1932 Lugh Toad Bufo parkeri Loveridge, 1932 Parker's Toad Bufo vertebralis Smith, 1848 African Dwarf Toad, Pygmy Toad

Subgenus Epidalea

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo calamita Laurenti, 1768 Natterjack

Subgenus Pseudepidalea

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo balearicus Boettger, 1880 Bufo baturae Stoeck, Schmid, Steinlein & Grosse, 1999 Batura Toad Bufo boulengeri Lataste, 1879 Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972 Tiznit Toad Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 Ladakh Toad, Lataste's Toad Bufo luristanicus Schmidt, 1952 Bufo oblongus Nikolskii, 1896 Danata Toad, Middle Asiatic Toad Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 Bufo pseudoraddei Mertens, 1971 Swat Green Toad Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 Tengger Desert Toad, Radde's Toad Bufo siculus Stoeck, Sicilia et al. 2008 Sicilian Green Toad, Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891 Pakistan Toad, Iranian Toad Bufo turanensis Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978 Bufo variabilis Pallas, 1769 Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 European Green Toad Bufo zamdaensis Fei, Ye, and Huang in Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999 Bufo zugmayeri Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973

Subgenus Rhaebo

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo anderssoni Melin, 1941 Andersson's Toad Bufo blombergi Myers & Funkhouser, 1951 Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad Bufo caeruleostictus Günther, 1859 Bufo glaberrimus Günther, 1869 Cundinamarca Toad Bufo guttatus Schneider, 1799 Spotted Toad, Smooth-sided Toad Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862 Truando Toad Bufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913 Choco Toad Bufo nasicus Werner, 1903 Werner's Toad

Subgenus Vandijkophrynus

Binomial Name and Author Common Name Bufo amatolicus Hewitt, 1925 Amatola Toad Bufo angusticeps Smith, 1848 Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad Bufo gariepensis Smith, 1848 Karroo Toad, Gariep Toad Bufo inyangae Poynton, 1963 Inyanga Toad Bufo robinsoni Branch & Braacke, 1996 Paradise Toad
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Bufo ( Lombard )

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El Bufo (in Insübregh: Sciàt; in lombard oriental: Sat e Rapatù) a l'è 'l nom de un gender de anfibi de l'orden di anür (ij animaj anfibi che gh'han minga la cua) e de la fameja di Bufonidae che la ciapa dent püssee de 250 spece de sciatt.

El tip püssee cugnussüü de chel gender chi l'è 'l Bufo bufo, che l'è quel che de solit l'è ciamaa cunt el nom de sciatt cumün. In Lumbardia gh'è 'l Bufo bufo e 'l Bufo viridis.

 src=
Un sciatt del tip Bufo bufo

Spece

Chichinscì gh'è la lista de tücc i speci cugnussüü classificaa dent in del gender Bufo.

Speci de classificaziun minga següra

Gender che ona völta eren dent in del gender 'Bufo'

Bibiugrafia

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Bufo ( Scots )

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Bufo is a lairge genus o aboot 150 species o true toads in the amphibian faimily Bufonidae. Bufo is a Laitin wird for toad.

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Lombard )

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El Bufo (in Insübregh: Sciàt; in lombard oriental: Sat e Rapatù) a l'è 'l nom de un gender de anfibi de l'orden di anür (ij animaj anfibi che gh'han minga la cua) e de la fameja di Bufonidae che la ciapa dent püssee de 250 spece de sciatt.

El tip püssee cugnussüü de chel gender chi l'è 'l Bufo bufo, che l'è quel che de solit l'è ciamaa cunt el nom de sciatt cumün. In Lumbardia gh'è 'l Bufo bufo e 'l Bufo viridis.

 src= Un sciatt del tip Bufo bufo
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

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Ang Bufo ay isang malaking genus ng mga 150 espesye ng mga tunay na karag sa pamilyang ampibyanong Bufonidae. Ang Bufo ay salitang Latin para sa toad.

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Vls )

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Bufo is e geslacht van puutn in de familie van de echte paddn (Bufonidae).

't Geslacht bevatte vanzeleevn mêer of 250 sôortn, moa vele zyn nu ofgevoerd en ingedêeld by andere geslachtn. Nu bluuvn der nog 17 sôortn over.

Paddn hen over 't algemêen e droog wrattig vel, e lomp lyf en korte achterpôotn, woadeure dan ze nie zo verre kunn spriengn. Ze mankeern e steirt en tandn en z' hen horizontoale pupilln.

De geweune padde (Bufo bufo) is de bekendste sôorte mè 't grotste verspreidiengsgebied.

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Echt poden ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Echt poden (Bufo) san en skööl faan poden (Bufonidae) uun det kategorii faan a hobelfasker an poden (Anura).

Slacher

Tu detdiar skööl hiar knaap 300 slacher, uun Euroopa an Schiisklun san't man trii:

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Echt poden: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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Echt poden (Bufo) san en skööl faan poden (Bufonidae) uun det kategorii faan a hobelfasker an poden (Anura).

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Bufo

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Bufo is a genus of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus containing a large number of toads from much of the world, but following taxonomic reviews most of these have been moved to other genera, leaving only seventeen extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia in this genus, including the well-known common toad (B. bufo).[1] Some of the genera that contain species formerly placed in Bufo are Anaxyrus (many North American species), Bufotes (European green toad and relatives), Duttaphrynus (many Asian species, including the Asian common toad introduced elsewhere), Epidalea (natterjack toad) and Rhinella (many Latin American species, including the cane toad introduced elsewhere).[2]

Description

True toads have in common stocky figures and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. Their dry skin is thick and "warty".

Behind their eyes, Bufo species have wart-like structures, the parotoid glands. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Contrary to folk belief, handling toads does not cause warts, however due to the poison they secrete, and bacteria on their skins, a person should wash their hands thoroughly after handling one.[3] The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin.

Species

Formerly, the genus Bufo encompassed many species and was divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors.[2] Now, this genus has been reduced to seventeen extant species:[1]

Binomial name and author Common name Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 Ejia toad, Ailao toad Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 Central Formosa toad, Bankor toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common toad, European toad Bufo cryptotympanicus Liu & Hu, 1962 Earless toad Bufo eichwaldi Litvinchuk, Borkin, Skorinov, and Rosanov, 2008 Eichwald's toad Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 Chusan Island toad, Asiatic toad Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838 Japanese toad †Bufo linquensis Yang, 1977 Bufo luchunnicus (Yang and Rao, 2008) Luchun stream toad Bufo menglianus (Yang, 2008) Menglian stream toad Bufo pageoti Bourret, 1937 Tonkin toad Bufo scorteccii Balletto and Cherchi, 1970 Scortecci's toad Bufo spinosus Daudin, 1803 Spiny toad Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931 Stejneger's toad, Korean toad, Water toad Bufo torrenticola Matsui, 1976 Honshū toad, Japanese stream toad Bufo tuberculatus Zarevskij, 1926 Qinghai Lake toad, Round-warted toad Bufo tuberospinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) Caucasian toad

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Bufo Garsault, 1764 | Amphibian Species of the World". research.amnh.org. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  2. ^ a b Pauly et al., (2009). Herpetologica 65:115-128.
  3. ^ Penn State University - How safe is it to hold frogs and toads?

References

  • amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
  • Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
  • Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
  • Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5781.
  • Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  • Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115–128. PDF full-text
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Bufo: Brief Summary

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Bufo is a genus of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus containing a large number of toads from much of the world, but following taxonomic reviews most of these have been moved to other genera, leaving only seventeen extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia in this genus, including the well-known common toad (B. bufo). Some of the genera that contain species formerly placed in Bufo are Anaxyrus (many North American species), Bufotes (European green toad and relatives), Duttaphrynus (many Asian species, including the Asian common toad introduced elsewhere), Epidalea (natterjack toad) and Rhinella (many Latin American species, including the cane toad introduced elsewhere).

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Bufo ( Esperanto )

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Bufo estas vertebrara amfibia genro de bestoj de la ordo anuro. Bufoj estas proksimege rilataj al ranoj, sed ĝenerale bufoj estas malpli dependaj de akvo.

Specioj

Vidu ankaŭ

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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Bufo estas vertebrara amfibia genro de bestoj de la ordo anuro. Bufoj estas proksimege rilataj al ranoj, sed ĝenerale bufoj estas malpli dependaj de akvo.

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Bufo ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Bufo es un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Bufonidae que incluye, entre otros, al sapo europeo común. Se distribuye por las regiones templadas de Eurasia, norte de África, Oriente Medio, Japón y la zona norte del sudeste asiático.

Especies

En el pasado este género incluía un gran número de especies, pero estudios recientes lo dividieron y dejaron en este género únicamente las especies del grupo Bufo bufo. Incluye 17 especies:[2]

Descripción

Las especies de este género tienen en común una forma achaparrada y patas cortas, lo que los hace unos malos saltadores. Al igual que todos los miembros de la familia Bufonidae, carecen de cola y dientes, y tienen pupilas horizontales. Su piel es gruesa, seca y verrugosa.

Detrás de sus ojos, las especies del género Bufo tienen unas estructuras parecidas a una verruga, que son las glándulas parotoides. Estas glándulas distinguen a los sapos verdaderos de todos los demás anuros. Segregan una sustancia blanca, grasosa y venenosa que actúa como elemento disuasorio ante los predadores. El manejo ordinario de los sapos no es peligroso (y, contra una creencia popular, no origina la aparición de verrugas). El veneno de la mayoría, si no es que de todos los sapos, contiene bufotoxina.

Los sapos pueden inflar su cuerpo cuando se sienten amenazados. Los machos son usualmente más pequeños que las hembras. Los sapos macho también poseen el órgano de Bidder, un ovario incompleto, y por lo general una garganta más oscura que la de las hembras.

Propiedades psicoactivas

Existen muchas especies de sapos que producen venenos con propiedades psicoactivas.

Accidentes por ingestión de bufotoxina

Los accidentes provocados por la ingestión de bufotoxina, sustancia que se encuentra en las glándulas parotoides de los sapos, pueden causar problemas serios en perros y gatos. Los síntomas, que aparecen pocos minutos después de ingerir el veneno (que normalmente se ingiere al comerse al animal o esnifar su veneno) son irritación, seguida de hipersensibilidad. La exposición a la toxina de estos sapos puede provocar anormalidades cardiacas. Otros síntomas son comezón, depresión, debilidad, derrumbamiento pulmonar, paro cardiaco y convulsiones. Puede presentarse también mareo, diarrea y vómitos. Los síntomas cardiovasculares pueden causar la muerte si no se proporciona el tratamiento adecuado.[3][4][5]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Dubois & Bour (2010)
  2. Frost, D.R. «Bufo ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 21 de abril de 2015.
  3. Departamento de Clínica. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. UNNE. Argentina (2005) Toxicidad de la secreción de glándulas parótidas en sapo (Actualización Bibliográfica) Archivado el 31 de enero de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
  4. Hoffman WE.; Lefkowitz RJ.; (1991) Catecolamina e drogas simpatomimeticas. Goodman LS. Gilman A. As bases farmacologicas da terapeutica, 8.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 123-144.
  5. Monti R., Cardello L.; (1994) Bioquimica do Veneno de Anfibios. In: Barraviera B. (Ed.) Venenos Animais: uma vista integrada. Rio de Janeiro: EPUC, 225-232.

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Bufo es un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Bufonidae que incluye, entre otros, al sapo europeo común. Se distribuye por las regiones templadas de Eurasia, norte de África, Oriente Medio, Japón y la zona norte del sudeste asiático.

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Apo ( Basque )

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Artikulu hau anuroen ordenako animaliari buruzkoa da; ungulatuen oinaren adarkizko azala gaitzat duena beste hau da: «Apatx»

Apoa (Bufo) anuruen ordenako genero bat da. Hainbat espezie hartzen du bere barnean(Bufo bufo, apo arrunta; Bufo calamita).

Ornodun anfibioa da, igelaren antzekoa, baina gorputz lodiagoa eta azala garatxoz betea duena. Apoak, heldua denean, ez du isatsik, txikia izaten da, eta gorputzaren atzealdea aurrealdea baino zabalagoa izaten du. Aurreko hankak lau behatz ditu, eta atzekoak bost. Atzekoak, azazkal gabeak, mintz batez baturik daude, igeri egiteko. Azalean dituen guruinek era askotako pozoiak sortzen dituzte. Emeak erruten dituen arrautzen ernalkuntza gorputzez kanpoan egiten da. Gehienetan gauez ibiltzen dira habiatik kanpora; jauzkariak dira; lehorrean bizi dira, eta animalia biziak janez elikatzen dira.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Apo: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Artikulu hau anuroen ordenako animaliari buruzkoa da; ungulatuen oinaren adarkizko azala gaitzat duena beste hau da: «Apatx»

Apoa (Bufo) anuruen ordenako genero bat da. Hainbat espezie hartzen du bere barnean(Bufo bufo, apo arrunta; Bufo calamita).

Ornodun anfibioa da, igelaren antzekoa, baina gorputz lodiagoa eta azala garatxoz betea duena. Apoak, heldua denean, ez du isatsik, txikia izaten da, eta gorputzaren atzealdea aurrealdea baino zabalagoa izaten du. Aurreko hankak lau behatz ditu, eta atzekoak bost. Atzekoak, azazkal gabeak, mintz batez baturik daude, igeri egiteko. Azalean dituen guruinek era askotako pozoiak sortzen dituzte. Emeak erruten dituen arrautzen ernalkuntza gorputzez kanpoan egiten da. Gehienetan gauez ibiltzen dira habiatik kanpora; jauzkariak dira; lehorrean bizi dira, eta animalia biziak janez elikatzen dira.

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Bufo ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee sammakkoeläinsukua. Tuotantoyhtiöstä kertoo toinen artikkeli.

Aitokonnat (Bufo) on konnien heimoon kuuluva sammakkoeläinten suku, johon kuuluu noin 150 lajia.

Tuntomerkit

Suvun lajeilla on tukeva vartalo ja lyhyet jalat, joten ne ovat huonoja loikkimaan. Niiltä puuttuvat hampaat ja pyrstö ja niillä on horisontaalisesti sijoittuneet silmät. Niillä on kuiva, paksu ja pahkainen iho.

Levinneisyys

Bufo on kosmopoliittinen suku, jonka lajeja on levittäytynyt lähes koko maapallolle. Ainoat alueet, joilla suvun lajeja ei esiinny ovat Arktinen alue, Etelämanner, Madagaskar, Australia (lukuun ottamatta sinne tuotua agakonnaa), Uusi-Guinea ja Oseania.

Sukuun kuuluvia lajeja

Lähteet

Käännös suomeksi
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Alkuperäinen artikkeli: en:Bufo

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee sammakkoeläinsukua. Tuotantoyhtiöstä kertoo toinen artikkeli.

Aitokonnat (Bufo) on konnien heimoon kuuluva sammakkoeläinten suku, johon kuuluu noin 150 lajia.

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Bufo ( French )

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Bufo est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1], nommés crapauds au sens strict.

Répartition

Les 17 espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Europe, en Asie et en Afrique du Nord[1].

Bufo bufo le Crapaud commun et Bufo spinosus sont présentes en France.

Taxinomie

Le genre Bufo a compté de nombreuses espèces mais depuis il a été démembré[2]. Il a, par ailleurs, été attribué à Laurenti, 1768 alors que Garsault (François-Alexandre de Garsault, 1693-1778) l'avait créé en 1764[3].

La réserve émise sur la validité de l'antériorité du genre Bufo par la publication de Garsault en 1764 tient du fait que l'auteur ne nomme le crapaud (commun) que par le titre "Bufo, Crapaud" (Tome cinquième, p. 415)(nomenclature mononominale), Bufo étant le nom latin déjà ancien désignant le "crapaud" qui n'en est que la traduction française. Ainsi, dans cette publication, il n'est question ni de genre (terme jamais mentionné), ni d'espèce, soit d'aucune nomenclature binominale respectueuse de la taxonomie linnéenne telle initiée par Carl von Linné (1707-1778) dans l'édition de 1735 de son Systema Naturae et généralisée dans l'édition de 1758.

Par contre, Josephi Nicolai Laurenti (1735-1805), dans sa publication de 1768, publie en titre "GENUS Bufo" avant de décrire d'abord le genre, ensuite, selon une nomenclature binominale, une douzaine d'espèces de crapauds comprises dans le genre Bufo dont "Bufo vulgaris" (Crapaud commun), devenu depuis lors Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758)[4].

Liste des espèces

Selon Amphibian Species of the World (6 déc. 2015)[5] :

Publication originale

  • Garsault, 1764 : Les Figures des Plantes et Animaux d'Usage en Médecine, Décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin, Dessinés d'après Nature. Paris, vol. 5 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green & Wheeler, 2006 : The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no 297, p. 1-371 (texte intégral)
  3. de Garsault, 1764 : Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine, Paris, p. 1-491 (texte intégral)
  4. Josephi Nicolai Laurenti, 1768 : Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin [sic] Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena, Vienne p. 1-219 (texte intégral)
  5. Amphibian Species of the World, consulté le 6 déc. 2015
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( French )

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Bufo est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae, nommés crapauds au sens strict.

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Bufo ( Indonesian )

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Bufo adalah genus besar dari sekitar 150 spesies yang tergolong famili Bufonidae. Bufo adalah bahasa Latin yang berarti katak.

Terdapat beberapa spesies Bufo yang dapat memproduksi racun.

Subgenus dan spesies

Subgenus Bufo

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 Central Formosa toad, Bankor toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common toad, Katak Eropa Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 Katak Pulau Chusan, Katak Asiatik Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838 Katak Jepang Bufo kabischi Herrmann and Kühnel, 1997 Bufo minshanicus Stejneger, 1926 Gansu toad, Minshan toad Bufo tibetanus Zarevskij, 1926 Katak Tibet Bufo torrenticola Matsui, 1976 Honshū toad, Japanese stream toad Bufo tuberculatus Zarevskij, 1926 Qinghai Lake toad, Round-warted toad Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) Katak Kaukasia Bufo wolongensis Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997

Subgenus Nannophryne

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo apolobambicus De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005 Bufo cophotis Boulenger, 1900 Paramo toad Bufo corynetes Duellman and Ochoa-M., 1991 Abra Malaga toad Bufo variegatus (Günther, 1870) Eden Harbour toad

Subgenus Incilius

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo alvarius Girard in Baird, 1859 Katak Sungai Colorado Bufo aucoinae O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004 Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 Bocourt's toad Bufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994 Campbell's forest toad Bufo canaliferus Cope, 1877 Katak kerdil Bufo cavifrons Firschein, 1950 Katak gunung Bufo coccifer Cope, 1866 Southern round-gland toad Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862 Evergreen toad Bufo cristatus Wiegmann, 1833 Large-crested toad Bufo cycladen Lynch & Smith, 1966 Northern round-gland toad Bufo fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) Pico Blanco toad Bufo gemmifer Taylor, 1940 Jeweled toad Bufo holdridgei Taylor, 1952 Holdridge's toad Bufo ibarrai Stuart, 1954 Jalapa toad Bufo intermedius Günther, 1858 Gunther's tropical toad Bufo leucomyos McCranie & Wilson, 2000 Bufo luetkenii Boulenger, 1891 Katak kuning Bufo macrocristatus Firschein & Smith, 1957 Large-crested toad Bufo marmoreus Wiegmann, 1833 Marbled toad Bufo mazatlanensis Taylor, 1940 Sinaloa toad Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877 Dark green toad Bufo nebulifer Girard, 1854 Gulf Coast toad Bufo occidentalis Camerano, 1879 Pine toad Bufo periglenes Savage, 1967 Katak emas Monte Verde Bufo peripatetes Savage, 1972 Almirante Trail toad Bufo perplexus Taylor, 1943 confusing toad Bufo pisinnus Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo porteri Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo signifer Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo spiculatus Mendelson, 1997 Bufo tacanensis Smith, 1952 Volcan Tacana coad Bufo tutelarius Mendelson, 1997 Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833

Subgenus Peltophryne

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo cataulaciceps Schwartz, 1959 Schwartz's Caribbean toad Bufo empusus (Cope, 1862) Cope's Caribbean toad, Cuban toad Bufo fluviaticus Schwartz, 1972 Dominican Caribbean toad Bufo fractus Schwartz, 1972 Bufo fustiger Schwartz, 1960 Bufo guentheri Cochran, 1941 Gunther's Caribbean toad Bufo gundlachi Ruibal, 1959 Gundlach's Caribbean toad Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Lowland Caribbean toad Bufo longinasus Stejneger, 1905 Stejneger's Caribbean toad Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, 1838 Tschudi's Caribbean toad Bufo taladai Schwartz, 1960 Cuban Caribbean toad

Subgenus Phrynoidis

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 Katak raksasa Malay Bufo juxtasper Inger, 1964 Katak sungai raksasa, Katak sungai Borneo

Subgenus Poyntonophrynus

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo beiranus Loveridge, 1932 Beira's toad Bufo damaranus Mertens, 1954 Bufo dombensis Bocage, 1895 Dombe toad Bufo fenoulheti Hewitt & Methuen, 1912 Katak kerdil Transvaal Bufo grandisonae Poynton & Haacke, 1993 Katak Mossamedes, Grandison's toad Bufo hoeschi Ahl, 1934 Katak Okahandja, Hoesch's toad Bufo kavangensis Poynton & Broadley, 1988 Katak Sungai Khwai, Katak Kavanga Bufo lughensis Loveridge, 1932 Lugh toad Bufo parkeri Loveridge, 1932 Parker's toad Bufo vertebralis Smith, 1848 Katak kerdil Afrika, Katak pygmy

Subgenus Pseudepidalea

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo balearicus Boettger, 1880 Bufo baturae Stoeck, Schmid, Steinlein & Grosse, 1999 Batura toad Bufo boulengeri Lataste, 1879 Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972 Tiznit toad Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 Ladakh toad, Lataste's toad Bufo luristanicus Schmidt, 1952 Bufo oblongus Nikolskii, 1896 Danata toad, Middle Asiatic toad Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 Bufo pseudoraddei Mertens, 1971 Swat green toad Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 Katak gurun Tengger, Radde's toad Bufo siculus Stoeck, Sicilia, et al. 2008 Katak hijau Sicilia Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891 Katak Pakistan, Katak Iran Bufo turanensis Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978 Bufo variabilis Pallas, 1769 Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 Katak hijau Eropa Bufo zamdaensis Fei, Ye, and Huang in Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999 Bufo zugmayeri Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973

Subgenus Rhaebo

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo anderssoni Melin, 1941 Andersson's toad Bufo blombergi Myers & Funkhouser, 1951 Katak raksasa Colombia, Blomberg's toad Bufo caeruleostictus Günther, 1859 Bufo glaberrimus Günther, 1869 Cundinamarca toad Bufo guttatus Schneider, 1799 Spotted toad, smooth-sided toad Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862 Truando toad Bufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913 Choco toad Bufo nasicus Werner, 1903 Werner's toad

Subgenus Vandijkophrynus

Nama binomial Nama umum Bufo amatolicus Hewitt, 1925 Amatola toad Bufo angusticeps Smith, 1848 Sand toad, Common Cape toad Bufo gariepensis Smith, 1848 Karroo toad, Gariep toad Bufo inyangae Poynton, 1963 Inyanga toad Bufo robinsoni Branch & Braacke, 1996 Paradise toad

Referensi

  • "Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae". Diakses tanggal 2008-04-05.
  • amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
  • Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  • Frost, Darrel (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–371.
  • Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Nama umums Amph. Rept. World
  • Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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Bufo adalah genus besar dari sekitar 150 spesies yang tergolong famili Bufonidae. Bufo adalah bahasa Latin yang berarti katak.

Terdapat beberapa spesies Bufo yang dapat memproduksi racun.

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Bufo ( Italian )

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Bufo Garsault, 1764[1] è un genere eurasiatico di anfibi anuri, appartenente alla famiglia Bufonidae,[2] noti nell'insieme col nome comune di rospi, sebbene vada sottolineato che, in italiano, si possono indicare con tale nome anche specie appartenenti ad altre famiglie, quali Alytidi, Ceratophryidae e Pipidi.[3]

Descrizione

Le specie appartenenti a questo taxon presentano di regola pelle verrucosa, grandi ghiandole parotoidi situate posteriormente agli occhi, e pupille orizzontali. La colorazione è tendenzialmente giallo-grigiastra oppure bruno-verdastra, priva di un vero e proprio disegno, ma può variare con le stagioni, con il sesso e con l'età. Le zampe posteriori sono corte e tozze, mentre il muso appare appiattito. Nei maschi, di solito un po' più piccoli delle compagne, durante il periodo dell'accoppiamento si può apprezzare la formazione di cuscinetti nuziali scuri sulle tre dita interne delle zampe anteriori.[4]

Biologia

Alimentazione

La dieta è carnivora e comprende animali di piccola taglia, quali insetti, gasteropodi, elminti, ma talvolta anche piccoli vertebrati.[4]

Comportamento

Si tratta di specie soprattutto notturne e terragnole. I maschi effettuano richiami in coro durante la notte. Durante l'accoppiamento, la femmina (che di regola è muta) viene afferrata appena dietro le zampe anteriori.[4] In alcune specie, in caso di aggressione, le grandi ghiandole paratoidi possono secernere una miscela di sostanze allucinogene, o comunque ulceranti anche per l'uomo, tra cui la 5-metossi-N,N-dimetiltriptamina, la bufotenina, la S-metossi-N-metiltriptamina, la serotonina e la 5-idrossi-N-metiltriptamina.[5]

Riproduzione

Durante la stagione riproduttiva tendono a raggrupparsi anche in grande numero nei corsi d'acqua a flusso lento e negli stagni. Una sola femmina può produrre anche molte migliaia di uova, che tendono a disporsi in lunghi cordoni che vengono alloggiati lungo il corso d'acqua.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il genere, per come lo si considera oggi, ha distribuzione prettamente paleartica e orientale, con una maggiore biodiversità nel paleartico orientale, essendo presente dalla Penisola iberica fino al Giappone, in Nordafrica ed in Indocina.[2]

Queste specie abitano zone umide, boschi e foreste a quota anche elevata, in cui siano presenti piccoli specchi d'acqua o rivi a flusso lento.[4]

Tassonomia

Sinonimi

Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[2]

  • Bufavus Portis, 1885 - Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat., 20: 953 - Specie tipo: Bufavus meneghinii Portis, 1885[6]
  • Pegaeus Gistel, 1868 - Die Lurche Europas: 161 - Specie tipo: Rana bufo Linnaeus, 1758[7]
  • Phryne Oken, 1816 - Lehrb. Naturgesch., 3(2): 210 - Specie tipo: Bufo vulgaris Laurenti, 1768[8]
  • Phryne Fitzinger, 1843 - Syst. Rept.: 32 - Specie tipo: Bufo vulgaris Laurenti, 1768[9]
  • Platosphus de l'Isle, 1877 - J. Zool., Paris, 6: 473 - Specie tipo: Platosphus gervaisii de l'Isle, 1877 (originale: Platosphus Gervaisii)[10]
  • Torrentophryne Yang, Liu & Rao, 1996 - Zool. Res., Kunming, 17: 353 - Specie tipo: Torrentophryne aspinia Yang, Liu & Rao, 1996[11]

Specie

Non sono state del tutto chiarite le relazioni filogenetiche che intercorrono tra le diverse specie del genere; i più recenti assetti sistematici hanno elevato allo status di genere quelli che un tempo erano considerati sottogeneri di Bufo (come ad esempio Anaxyrus, Bufotes, Nannophryne o Incilius),[12] lasciando de facto ascritte a pieno titolo al genere Bufo solo un pugno di specie a distribuzione paleartica, oltre ad un certo numero di specie incertae sedis,[13] indicate di seguito come Gruppo "Bufo".[2][14]
Le 16 specie attualmente riconosciute sono:

Gruppo "Bufo"

Fanno parte del gruppo "Bufo" le seguenti specie:[30]

  • "Bufo" hadramautinus Cherchi, 1963 - Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 32: 186 - Locus typicus: "nell'oasi montana di Suia, . . . Hadramaut", 14° 45′ N, 48° 48′ E, 1160 m, Yemen. - Trovato solo nel Locus typicus[31]
  • "Bufo" scorteccii Balletto and Cherchi, 1970 - Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 38: 34 - Locus typicus: "Mafhaq (Yemen)", 15° 07′ N 43° 54′ E, 1550 m - Trovato solo nel Locus typicus[32]

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN ha attribuito alle specie di questo genere i seguenti status:[33]

Note

  1. ^ François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault, Les Figures des Plantes et Animaux d'Usage en Médecine, Décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin, Dessinés d'après Nature. Niquet scrip, 5 (parte 4), Parigi, Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c., 1764, index 20 pp., pls. 644-729.
  2. ^ a b c d (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Bufo Garsault, 1764, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 30 dicembre 2020.
  3. ^ Rospo, su Vocabolario Treccani online. URL consultato il 27 luglio 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e Edwin N. Arnold & John A. Burton, Guida dei rettili e degli anfibi d'Europa (Collana: Scienze Naturali), M. Pandolfi (a cura di); E. Mongini (traduttore), 2ª ed., Franco Muzzio Editore, 1988, pp. 244pp. + 40 tavv..
  5. ^ Rospi psichedelici, su psiconautica.in. URL consultato il 18 luglio 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 marzo 2016).
  6. ^ Alessandro Portis, Appunti paleontologici. Resti di batraci fossili italiani, in Atti della Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino, vol. 20, Torino, Ermanno Loescher, 1885, pp. 935-960 (953).
  7. ^ Johannes von Nepomuk Franz Xaver Gistel, G. Tilesius, Gistel, J. v. N. F. X. 1868. Die Lurche Europas. Ein Beitrag zur Lehre von der geographischen Verbreitung derselben, in Blick in das Leben der Natur und des Menschen. Ein Taschenbuch zur Verbreitung gemeinnütziger Kenntniss insebesondere des Natur-, Länder- und Völkerkunde, Künste und Gewerbe, Lipsia, Gb. Wartig, pp. 144-167.
  8. ^ Oken, L., Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 3. Zoologie, 2. Atlas, Lipsia, C. H. Reclam, 1816, p. 210.
  9. ^ (LA) Leopold Fitzinger, Systema reptilium. auctore Leopoldo Fitzinger, Vienna (Vindobonae), Braumüller et Seidel Bibliopolas, 1843, 32. URL consultato il 28 luglio 2013.
  10. ^ (FR) de l'Isle, A. d. D., Note sur un genre nouveau de batraciens bufoniformes du terrain a Elephas meridionalis de Dufort (Gard) (Platosophus Gervaisii), in Journal de Zoologie, vol. 6, Parigi, Arthus Bertrand, 1877, pp. 472-478 (473).
  11. ^ Yang, D.-t., W.-z. Liu, and D.-q. Rao, A new toad genus of Bufonidae—Torrentophryne from the transhimalaya mountain of Yunnan of China with its biology (abstract), in Zoological Research/Dōngwùxué yánjiū, vol. 17, Kunming, 1996, pp. 353-359.
  12. ^ Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. E. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green, and W., The amphibian tree of life, in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 297, 2006, pp. 1-370.
  13. ^ Blair, W. F. (Eds.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo, Austin, U.S.A., University of Texas Press, 1972.
  14. ^ Bufo, su AmphibiaWeb. URL consultato il 28 luglio 2013.
  15. ^ (ZH, EN) Kou, Z.-t., Preliminary reports on the herpetofauna of Shuitang and Zhelong districts of the eastern slope of Mt. Ailao, with description of a new species, in Acta Herpetologica Sinica / Liangqi baxing dongwu yanjiu. New Series, vol. 3, n. 4, Chengdu, 1984, pp. 39-45.
  16. ^ (ZH) Rao, D.-q., D.-t. Yang, The study of early development and evolution of Torrentophryne aspinia (abstract), in Zoological Research/Dōngwùxué yánjiū, vol. 14, Kunming, 1994, pp. 142-157 (354).
  17. ^ (EN) Barbour, T., Some new reptiles and amphibians, in Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. 51, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1908, pp. 315-325 (323.
  18. ^ (LA) Linnaeus, Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, vol. 1, Ed. X, Stoccolma, L. Salvii, 1758, 210.
  19. ^ (ZH, EN) Liu, C.-c., S.-q. Hu, A herpetological report of Kwangsi, in Acta Zoologica Sinica/ Dong wu xue bao, 14 (Supplement), Pechino, 1962, pp. 73-104.
  20. ^ (EN) Litvinchuk, S. N., L. J. Borkin, L. J. Skorinov, and J. M. Rosanov, A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains of south-eastern Caucasus: genome size, allozyme, and morphological evidences (abstract), in Russian Journal of Herpetology, vol. 15, n. 1, 2008, pp. 19-43.
  21. ^ (LA) Cantor, T., General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island, in Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, vol. 9, Londra, R. and J. E. Taylor, 1842, pp. 481-493 (483).
  22. ^ (LA) Temminck, C. J., H. Schlegel, Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japonianum, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava Imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1823-1830 colleget, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustratis, tomus 3 (Chelonia, Ophidia, Sauria, Batrachia), Leida, J. G. Lalau, 1838, p. 106.
  23. ^ a b Yang, D.-t. In: Yang, D.-t., and D.-q. Rao (Ed.), Amphibia and Reptilia of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan Publishing Group Corporation, Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 2008, pp. 12-152.
  24. ^ (FR, LA) Daudin, F. M., Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, des reptiles : ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, vol. 8, Parigi, F. Dufart, 1803 (anno XI della Riv. Fr.), 199.
  25. ^ (EN) Schmidt, K. P., A new toad from Korea, in Copeia, vol. 1931, 1931, pp. 93-94.
  26. ^ Matsui, M., A new toad from Japan, in Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, vol. 25, 1976, pp. 1-10.
  27. ^ Zarevskij, S. F., Notes on some Batracians from the Palaearctic region, in Annuaire du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie des Sciences de Leningrad, vol. 26, 1926 "1925", pp. 74-78.
  28. ^ (ZH, EN) Yang, D.-t., W.-z. Liu, and D.-q. Rao, A new toad genus of Bufonidae—Torrentophryne from the transhimalaya mountain of Yunnan of China with its biology, in Zoological Research / Dōngwùxué yánjiū, vol. 17, Kunming, 1996, pp. 353-359.
  29. ^ (LA) Pallas, P. S., Zoographia Rosso-asiatica Sisten Omnium Animalium in Estenso Imperio Rossico et Adjacentibus Maribus Observatorum Recensinem, Domicilia, Mores et Descriptiones, Anatomen atque Icones Plurimorum, Volumen Tertium. Animalia Monocardia seu Frigidi Sanguinis Imperii Rosso-asiatici, San Pietroburgo (Санкт-Петербург), Caes. Academiae Scientiarium Pmpress, 1814 "1831", 15.
  30. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Bufonidae Gray, 1825, in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 7 novembre 2014.
  31. ^ M. A. Cherchi, Una nuova specie di Bufo dell'Arabia meridionale Spediezione Scortecci nell'Hadramaut (1962), in Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova, vol. 32, 1963, pp. 5-13.
  32. ^ Balletto, E., M. A. Cherchi, Spedizione Scortecci in Arabia meridionale. Il complesso del Bufo dhufarensis Parker 1931: ridescrizione analisi biometrica e descrizione di una nuova specie dello Yemen., in Bollettino dei Musei e Degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova, vol. 38, 1970, pp. 27-42.
  33. ^ Lista rossa IUCN, su iucnredlist.org. URL consultato il 6 agosto 2013.

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  • Nishioka, M., Sumida, M., Ueda, H. and Wu, Z. 1990. Genetic relationships among 13 Bufo species and subspecies elucidated by the method of electrophoretic analysis. Scientific Report of the Laboratory for Amphibian Biology Hiroshima University: 53-91.
  • Pleguezuelos, J.M. 1997. Distribucion y Biogeografia de los Anfibios y Reptiles en España y Portugal. Asociacion Herpetologica Española, Las Palmas de Gran Canarias.
  • Puky, M. 2000. A kétéltûek védelme Magyarországon (Conservation of amphibians in Hungary). In: Faragó, S. (ed.), Gerinces állatfajok védelme (Conservation of vertebrate species), pp. 143–158. Nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem Erdõmérnöki Kar, Sopron.
  • Salvador, A. 1996. Amphibians of northwest Africa. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service: 1-43.
  • Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W. and Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz scientific books, Koenigstein.
  • Sindaco, R., Doria, G., Razzetti, E. and Bernini, F. 2006. Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles\Atlante Degli Anfibi E Dei Rettili D'Italia. Societas Herpetologica Italica - Edizioni Polistampa, Firenze.
  • Vogrin, N. 1997. The status of amphibians in Slovenia. FrogLog.
  • Yang, D.-T. 1991. The Amphibia-Fauna of Yunnan. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing.

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Bufo Garsault, 1764 è un genere eurasiatico di anfibi anuri, appartenente alla famiglia Bufonidae, noti nell'insieme col nome comune di rospi, sebbene vada sottolineato che, in italiano, si possono indicare con tale nome anche specie appartenenti ad altre famiglie, quali Alytidi, Ceratophryidae e Pipidi.

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Bufo ( Latin )

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Bufo (-onis, m.) est genus anurorum, circiter 250 species habens, et varia subgenera vel greges. Habitat in omnibus terris, Antarctica et Oceania exceptis.

BIbligoraphia

  • Martin, W. F. 1972. Evolution in the genus Bufo. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972.
  • Matsui, Masafumi. 1984. "Morphometric variation analyses and revision of the Japanese toads (genus Bufo, Bufonidae)." Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 26, no. 3–4: 209–428.
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Bufo (-onis, m.) est genus anurorum, circiter 250 species habens, et varia subgenera vel greges. Habitat in omnibus terris, Antarctica et Oceania exceptis.

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Tikrosios rupūžės ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Bufo

Tikrosios rupūžės (lot. Bufo) – rupūžių (Bufonidae) šeimos gentis.

Pasaulyje aptikta apie 150 rūšių, iš kurių 3 gyvena Lietuvoje:

Išvaizda

Kresnos, trumpom kojom, vyzdys horizontalus. Oda stora ir karpota, joje yra liaukų, išskiriančių nuodingą skystį, atgrąsantį plėšrūnus.

Paplitimas

Gyvena beveik visame pasaulyje, išskyrus Arktį ir Antarktidą, Madagaskarą, Australiją (Išskyrus žmonių atvežtą agą), Naująją Gvinėją ir Okeaniją.


Vikiteka

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Tikrosios rupūžės: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Tikrosios rupūžės (lot. Bufo) – rupūžių (Bufonidae) šeimos gentis.

Pasaulyje aptikta apie 150 rūšių, iš kurių 3 gyvena Lietuvoje:

Nendrinė rupūžė (Bufo calamita). Rūšis įrašyta į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą. Pilkoji rupūžė (Bufo bufo). Pav. Žalioji rupūžė (Bufo viridis)
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Īstie krupji ( Latvian )

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Īstie krupji jeb vienkārši krupji (Bufo) ir viena no krupju dzimtas (Bufonidae) ģintīm, kas apvieno 17 krupju sugas.[1] Tās sastopamas Eiropā, Āzijā un Ziemeļāfrikā.[1] Latvijā mājo viena īsto krupju suga — parastais krupis (Bufo bufo).[1][2] Ģints zinātniskais nosaukums Bufo atvasināts no latīņu valodas un latviski nozīmē "krupis".

Sistemātikas izmaiņas

Nesenā pagātnē krupju ģints apvienoja lielāko daļu krupju dzimtas sugu, tomēr saskaņā ar jaunākajiem ģenētiskajiem pētījumiem šī ģints sadalīta daudzās jaunās ģintīs un kļuvusi par vienu no mazākajām ģintīm dzimtā.[1] Joprojām dažu sugu piederība kādai no ģintīm ir neskaidra un pagaidām tām tiek saglabāts vecais ģints Bufo nosaukums.[3]

Sistemātika

Īsto krupju ģints (Bufo)

Atsauces

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Īstie krupji: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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Īstie krupji jeb vienkārši krupji (Bufo) ir viena no krupju dzimtas (Bufonidae) ģintīm, kas apvieno 17 krupju sugas. Tās sastopamas Eiropā, Āzijā un Ziemeļāfrikā. Latvijā mājo viena īsto krupju suga — parastais krupis (Bufo bufo). Ģints zinātniskais nosaukums Bufo atvasināts no latīņu valodas un latviski nozīmē "krupis".

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Bufo ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zie artikel Voor het gelijknamige bier, zie Bufo (bier)

Herpetologie

Bufo is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie padden (Bufonidae).[1] De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault in 1764.

Het geslacht bevatte ooit meer dan 250 soorten, die vrijwel allemaal zijn afgevoerd en ingedeeld bij andere geslachten, zoals Chaunus en Anaxyrus.[2]

Er zijn 17 soorten, inclusief de pas in 2008 ontdekte soort Bufo eichwaldi. Alle soorten komen voor in Europa, Noord-Afrika, het Midden-Oosten en Azië; van Myanmar en Vietnam tot in Japan. Het zijn typische padden; een gedrongen lichaam met een wrattige huid, alle soorten hebben een bodembewonende levenswijze. De gewone pad (Bufo bufo) is de bekendste soort en heeft het grootste verspreidingsgebied.

Soorten

Geslacht Bufo

Referenties
  1. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Bufo.
  2. Amphibia Web, Bufo.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Bufo - Website Geconsulteerd 13 november 2016
  • (en) - Amphibiaweb - Bufo - Website
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Bufo is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie padden (Bufonidae). De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault in 1764.

Het geslacht bevatte ooit meer dan 250 soorten, die vrijwel allemaal zijn afgevoerd en ingedeeld bij andere geslachten, zoals Chaunus en Anaxyrus.

Er zijn 17 soorten, inclusief de pas in 2008 ontdekte soort Bufo eichwaldi. Alle soorten komen voor in Europa, Noord-Afrika, het Midden-Oosten en Azië; van Myanmar en Vietnam tot in Japan. Het zijn typische padden; een gedrongen lichaam met een wrattige huid, alle soorten hebben een bodembewonende levenswijze. De gewone pad (Bufo bufo) is de bekendste soort en heeft het grootste verspreidingsgebied.

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Bufo ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Buforodzaj płazów bezogonowych z rodziny ropuchowatych.

Gatunki

Tradycyjnie Bufo był niezwykle obszernym rodzajem, dzielonym na kilka podrodzajów; niektórzy autorzy zaliczali do niego aż 254 gatunki[1]. Badania Frosta i współpracowników (2006) wykazały jednak, że rodzaj Bufo obejmujący te wszystkie gatunki nie byłby monofiletyczny; większość tych gatunków autorzy przenieśli do odrębnych rodzajów, pozostawiając w rodzaju Bufo tylko kilkanaście gatunków[2]. Jednak część autorów w dalszym ciągu definiuje Bufo szerzej, zaliczając do tego rodzaju gatunki wykluczone z niego przez Frosta i współpracowników (tak np. Pyron i Wiens, 2011[3]). Do dobrze znanych przedstawicieli tego rodzaju należy ropucha szara występująca na terenie Polski.

Występowanie

W Polsce ich przedstawicielem jest ropucha szara.

Kladogram

Pokrewieństwa gatunków z rodzaju Bufo (w wąskim rozumieniu) według Pyrona i Wiensa (2011)[3]:



Bufo raddei





Bufo verrucosissimus



Bufo bufo






Bufo tuberospinius




Bufo cryptotympanicus



Bufo aspinius







Bufo gargarizans



Bufo bankorensis






Bufo torrenticola



Bufo japonicus




Bufo stejnegeri




Bufo tuberculatus



Bufo tibetanus








Bibliografia

Przypisy

  1. DBIF
  2. Darrel R. Frost, Taran Grant, Julián Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Célio F. B. Haddad, Rafael O. De Sá, Alan Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green i Ward C. Wheeler. The amphibian tree of life. „Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History”. 297, s. 1-370, 2006 (ang.).
  3. a b R. Alexander Pyron i John J. Wiens. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. „Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution”. 61 (2), s. 543-583, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012 (ang.).
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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Bufo ( Portuguese )

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Bufo é um género de sapos da família Bufonidae. Este gênero normalmente é responsável pelos casos de intoxicações por bufotoxina.[1]

Acidentes por bufotoxina

Abocanhamento ou ingestão de sapos pode causar problemas brandos a graves em cães e gatos. Todos os sapos possuem glândulas em sua pele, com gosto desagradável para animais, podendo estimular efeitos locais como salivação. O sapo-do-rio-colorado e o sapo-marinho são espécies tóxicas. As glândulas parótidas destes animais contem bufotoxinas.

Os sintomas aparecem após poucos minutos do abocanhamento do sapo. O sintoma mais característico seria a irritação seguida da hipersalivação. O surgimento de anormalidades cardíacas sugere a exposição às espécies tóxicas de sapos. Os sinais cardíacos associados seriam cianose, depressão, fraqueza, colapso, edema pulmonar e convulsões. Pode ocorrer emese e diarreia. A morte é comum 30 minutos após a exposição ao mesmo.

Espécies

Referências

  1. «Bufo Garsault, 1764 | Amphibian Species of the World». amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Consultado em 30 de janeiro de 2021

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Bufo é um género de sapos da família Bufonidae. Este gênero normalmente é responsável pelos casos de intoxicações por bufotoxina.

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Bufo ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Bufo este un gen de broaște râioase cu circa 250 de specii răspândite în toate continentele (Europa, Asia, Africa și cele două Americi), afară de Australia, Madagascar, Noua-Guinee și Insulele din Oceanul Pacific. În Europa trăiesc numai 3 specii: Bufo bufo, Bufo calamita și Bufo viridis. În România[1][2][3][4] și Republica Moldova[5] trăiesc broasca râioasă brună (Bufo bufo) și broasca râioasă verde (Bufo viridis).

Descrierea

Au un corp bondoc, greoi, cu picioarele posterioare abia cu puțin mai puternice decât cele anterioare. Masculul este mai mic decât femela și posedă organul lui Bidder. În timpul reproducerii masculul cuprinde femela în regiunea axilară (amplex axilar).

Degetele membrelor anterioare sunt libere, iar cele de la membrele posterioare sunt palmate, fiind legate cu membrane înotătoare interdigitale care nu ajung până la oasele metatarsiene externe. În dosul ochilor au glande parotide bine pronunțate. Pupila ochiului este orizontală. Limba piriformă sau eliptică, întreagă, liberă posterior și proiectilă. Dinții absenți. Timpanul vizibil sau ascuns sub piele. Apofizele transverse ale vertebrei sacrale sunt dilatate moderat sau mult. Urostilul articulat cu doi condili. Omosternul lipsește; sternul cartila¬ginos de cele mai multe ori parțial osificat.

Specii din România și Republica Moldova

În România[1][2][3][4] și Republica Moldova[5] trăiesc 2 specii:

Note

  1. ^ a b Dumitru Murariu. Systematic List of the Romanian Vertebrate Fauna. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa». Vol. LIII. 2010
  2. ^ a b Tibor Sos. Review of recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in European Amphibia and Reptilia related to Romanian herpetofauna. Herpetologica Romanica. Vol. 2, 2008, pp.61-91
  3. ^ a b Ion E. Fuhn. Fauna Republicii Populare Române. Vol. XIV. Fascicula 1: Amphibia. București : Editura Academiei Republicii Populare România, 1960, 288 p.
  4. ^ a b Ion E. Fuhn. Broaște, șerpi, șopîrle. Editura Științifică, București 1969.
  5. ^ a b Leo J. Borkin, Spartak N. Litvinchuk and Yuri M. Rosanov. Amphibians and reptiles of Moldavia: additions and corrections, with a list of species. Russian Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 4, No. 1, 1997, pp. 50 – 62

Bibliografie

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Bufo
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Bufo
  • Ion E. Fuhn. Fauna Republicii Populare Române. Vol. XIV. Fascicula 1: Amphibia. București : Editura Academiei Republicii Populare România, 1960, 288 p.
  • Ion E. Fuhn. Broaște, șerpi, șopîrle. Editura Științifică, București 1969, 246 p.
  • Z. Feider, Al. V. Grossu, St. Gyurkó, V. Pop. Zoologia vertebratelor. Autor coordonator: Prof. Dr. Doc. Al. V. Grossu. Editura didactică și pedagogică, București, 1967, 768 p.
  • Victor Pop. Curs de zoologia vertebratelor. Vol. I. Procordatele, caracterele generale ale vertebratelor, peștii și amfibienii. Litografia Învățământului, Cluj 1957, 612 p.

Legături externe

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Bufo este un gen de broaște râioase cu circa 250 de specii răspândite în toate continentele (Europa, Asia, Africa și cele două Americi), afară de Australia, Madagascar, Noua-Guinee și Insulele din Oceanul Pacific. În Europa trăiesc numai 3 specii: Bufo bufo, Bufo calamita și Bufo viridis. În România și Republica Moldova trăiesc broasca râioasă brună (Bufo bufo) și broasca râioasă verde (Bufo viridis).

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Bufo ( Swedish )

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Bufo: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Bufo är ett släkte av groddjur som beskrevs av Laurenti 1768. Bufo ingår i familjen paddor.

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Ропуха ( Ukrainian )

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Ропуха (Bufo) — рід родини Ропухові, ряду безхвості.

В Україні поширені:

  • Ропуха звичайна (В. bufo L.), яку також називають земляна сіра жаба, до 20 см довжина, поширена у лісах, садах і луках у лісах і лісостепових смугах, зрідка у передгір'ях і на північних схилах Кримських гір;
  • Ропуха очеретяна (В. calaimita Laur.) у західних областях України.

Види


Література

Жаба Це незавершена стаття з герпетології.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Ропуха: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Ропуха (Bufo) — рід родини Ропухові, ряду безхвості.

В Україні поширені:

Ропуха звичайна (В. bufo L.), яку також називають земляна сіра жаба, до 20 см довжина, поширена у лісах, садах і луках у лісах і лісостепових смугах, зрідка у передгір'ях і на північних схилах Кримських гір; Ропуха очеретяна (В. calaimita Laur.) у західних областях України.
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Chi Cóc ( Vietnamese )

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Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Cóc (định hướng).

Chi Cóc (Bufo) là một chi lưỡng cư lớn gồm khoảng 150 loài trong họ Cóc (Bufonidae).

Mô tả

Các loài chi Bufo có chung dáng vẻ bè bè và chân ngắn, làm chúng nhảy không giỏi lắm. Da khô của chúng dày, lắm mụt mấu.

Phía sau mắt, các loài Bufo có một cặp tuyến, đó là tuyến parotoid. Tuyến này giúp phân biệt cóc "thực sự" với lưỡng cư không đuôi khác. Chúng tiết ra một chất độc trắng, mỡ màng giúp chống trả thú ăn thịt. Thường thường, việc cầm một con cóc không nguy hiểm, và, trái với quan niệm dân gian, không gây nổi mụt cóc. Chất độc mà hầu hết loài Bufo có là bufotoxin.

Cóc còn phồng người khi bị đe dọa. Con đực thường nhỏ hơn con cái, và có cơ quan Bidder, một buồng trứng ngừng phát triển. Con đực trưởng thành ở nhiều loài có họng sậm màu.[1]

Loài

Chú thích

  1. ^ Conant, Roger. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin. Boston.

Tài liệu

  • “Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 15 tháng 7 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 4 năm 2008.
  • amphibiaweb.org - Bufo
  • Blair (ed.), 1972, Evol. Genus Bufo.
  • Frank and Ramus, 1995, Compl. Guide Scient. Common Names Amph. Rept. World
  • Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M.; Donnellan, S. C.; Raxworthy, C. J.; Campbell, J. A.; Blotto, B. L.; Moler, P.; Drewes, R. C.; Nussbaum, R. A.; Lynch, J. D.; Green, D. M.; Wheeler, W. C. (2006). “The Amphibian Tree of Life”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |hdl= (trợ giúp)
  • Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis, and D. C, Cannatella. (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  • Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115-128. PDF full-text
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Chi Cóc: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Cóc (định hướng).

Chi Cóc (Bufo) là một chi lưỡng cư lớn gồm khoảng 150 loài trong họ Cóc (Bufonidae).

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Жабы (род) ( Russian )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Жаба (значения).

У жаб плотное телосложение и короткие лапы, что делает их относительно плохими прыгунами. Морда короткая, зрачки горизонтальные, паротиды хорошо развиты. Зубы на челюстях отсутствуют. Наблюдается половой диморфизм: самцы обычно меньше самок и обладают так называемым органом Биддерарудиментарными яичниками. Кожа сухая, толстая и покрыта бородавками.

Образ жизни

Живут преимущественно на земле и активны в сумеречное и ночное время, прячась в течение дня. Встречаются виды, которые на протяжении всей жизни обитают вблизи одного и того же водоёма, а также виды, которые ведут «кочевой» образ жизни. У самцов последних нередко имеются большие горловые мешки, с помощью которых самцы призывают самок на больших расстояниях. При угрозе жабы могут раздувать тело.

Размножение

Это яйцекладущие земноводные. В брачный период у самцов развиваются брачные мозоли. Спаривание происходит посредством амплексуса. Икра откладывается в воду и имеет форму длинных тонких шнуров.

Распространение

Это космополитический род, способный жить в неблагоприятных условиях и встречающийся во всём мире, за исключением Арктики и Антарктики, Мадагаскара, Австралии (за исключением интродуцированной жабы-аги), а также Новой Гвинеи и Океании.

Токсичность

Паротиды и бородавки большинства, если не всех, жаб выделяют ядовитый секрет, защищающий их от естественных врагов и кожных паразитов. Яд содержит алкалоид буфотенин, являющийся галлюциногеном. Через кожу человека, при отсутствии ран и порезов, яд не проникает, но после контакта с жабами обязательно мыть руки.

Классификация

На ноябрь 2018 года в род включают 17 видов[2]:

Литература

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 35. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  2. Frost D. R. Bufo. Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (англ.)
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Жабы (род): Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Жаба (значения).  src= Японская жаба

У жаб плотное телосложение и короткие лапы, что делает их относительно плохими прыгунами. Морда короткая, зрачки горизонтальные, паротиды хорошо развиты. Зубы на челюстях отсутствуют. Наблюдается половой диморфизм: самцы обычно меньше самок и обладают так называемым органом Биддерарудиментарными яичниками. Кожа сухая, толстая и покрыта бородавками.

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蟾蜍屬 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

蟾蜍屬學名Bufo),種類眾多,大約250多種。目前中國共發現212,蟾蜍屬的物種主要在陸地生活。為卵生

物種

藥用

Star of life caution.svg 维基百科中的醫療相关内容仅供参考,詳見醫學聲明。如需专业意见请咨询专业人士。

後上方有兩個橢圓形凸起的腺體,會分泌白色漿液,採集後叫蟾酥,是名貴的中藥材,功能有解、消、止痛等功效。蟾酥具有其他藥物中不可替代的強心、利尿、抗麻醉、抗輻射、增加白血球等的作用。


參考資料

 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:蟾蜍屬
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蟾蜍屬: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

蟾蜍屬(學名:Bufo),種類眾多,大約250多種。目前中國共發現212,蟾蜍屬的物種主要在陸地生活。為卵生

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ヒキガエル属 ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ヒキガエル属 Bufo bufo01.jpg
ヨーロッパヒキガエル Bufo bufo
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 無尾目 Anura 亜目 : カエル亜目 Neobatrachia : ヒキガエル科 Bufonidae : ヒキガエル属 Bufo 学名 Bufo Garsault, 1764[1] タイプ種 Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] 和名 ヒキガエル属[2]

ヒキガエル属(ヒキガエルぞく、Bufo)は、無尾目ヒキガエル科に分類される属。

分布[編集]

アフリカ大陸北部、ユーラシア大陸日本台湾[1]

分類[編集]

以前はヒキガエル科の多くの構成種を含んでいたが、分子系統解析の結果から細分化され主にユーラシア地区に分布する種のみで構成される[2]

以下の分類はAmphibian Species of the World 6.0(2017)およびAmphibiaWeb(2017)、和名は松井(2007)、英名はAmphibiaWeb(2017)に従う[1][3][4]

生態[編集]

繁殖様式は卵生。主に止水で産卵するが、ナガレヒキガエルのように渓流で産卵する種もいて、中華人民共和国南部から東南アジア産の渓流産卵する種を別属とする説もある[2]

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d Bufo. Frost, Darrel R. 2017. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: 04/23/2017)
  2. ^ a b c 松井正文 「ヒキガエル属」『ネイチャーウォッチングガイドブック 日本のカエル 分類と生活史 全種の生態、卵、オタマジャクシ』、誠文堂新光社2016年、27頁。
  3. ^ Bufo. AmphibiaWeb. 2017. <http://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 23 Apr 2017.
  4. ^ 松井正文 「スタイネガー (1907) に掲載された日本とその周辺地域産無尾両生類を見直す」『爬虫両棲類学会報』第2007巻 2号、日本爬虫両棲類学会、2007年、164-172頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヒキガエル属に関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにヒキガエル属に関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
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wikipedia 日本語

ヒキガエル属: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ヒキガエル属(ヒキガエルぞく、Bufo)は、無尾目ヒキガエル科に分類される属。

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copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語