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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 27.1 years (captivity) Observations: One captive female lived more than 27.1 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Trophic Strategy

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The main food source for the Indian porcupine is vegetable material of all kinds, including fruits, grains, and roots (Prater 1965). They have also been known to chew on bones, in search of minerals (such as calcium) that help their spines grow (Gurung and Singh 1996, Prater 1965). The species utilizes both natural plants and agricultural crops as food sources.

Plant Foods: roots and tubers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Lignivore, Eats sap or other plant foods)

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Untitled

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The main predators for this species is man and large cats. There have been recorded fatalities of tigers and leopards that were caused by the Indian porcupine as it defended itself (Prater 1965, Gurung and Singh 1996).

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Conservation Status

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Throughout its range, the Indian porcupine is common and does not face a significant threat towards its continued existence (Gurung and Singh 1996). Its adaptability to a wide range of habitats and food types helps insure their healthy populations.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Benefits

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The Indian porcupine uses crop plants extensively as a food resource, thus leading to a significant loss for agriculture. In addition, the species can be extremely destructive to gardens and landscaping, as they burrow through or consume the resources in these areas.

Indian porcupines can cause some medical problems as well, with the possibility that humans or, more significantly, pets may come into contact with their quills.

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Benefits

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Throughout its range, the Indian porcupine is hunted as a food source (Gurung and Singh 1996). Also, its role as a herbivore may allow it to help with the spread of seeds and pollen.

Positive Impacts: food

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Distribution

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The Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) is found throughout southeast and central Asia and in parts of the Middle East, including such countries as India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Israel, Iran and Saudia Arabia.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Habitat

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The Indian porcupine is highly adaptable to multiple environments. Although they usually favor rocky hill sides, the species can also be found in tropical and temperate scrublands, grasslands, and forests. They are also found throughout the Himalayan mountains, reaching up to elevations of 2400 meters (Gurung and Singh 1996).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest ; mountains

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
27.1 years.

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Morphology

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On average, the Indian porcupine's head and body measure 70-90 centimeters (cm) in length, with the tail adding an additional 8-10 cm (Prater 1965). Its hair is highly modified to form multiple layers of spines. Beneath the longer, thinner spines lies a layer of shorter and thicker ones. Each quill is brown or black in color, with alternating bands of white. Spines vary in length, with the neck and shoulder quills being the longest, measuring 15 to 30 cm (Gurung and Singh 1996). The tail is covered with with shorter spines that appear white in color. Among these, are longer, hollow, rattling quills that are used to alarm potential predators (Ellerman 1961). The feet and hands are broad, with long claws that are used for burrowing.

Range mass: 11 to 18 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Reproduction

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Gestation for the species, on average, lasts 240 days (Gurung and Singh 1996). Brood size varies, ranging from2 to 4 offspring per year (Prater 1965). Young are born with their eyes open, and the body is covered by short soft quills. The Indian porcupine is usually monogamous, with both parents being found in the burrow with their offspring throughout the year.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average gestation period: 113 days.

Average number of offspring: 2.

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Schlimme, K. 2000. "Hystrix indica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_indica.html
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Distribution in Egypt

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Localized (Northeastern Sinai).

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Status in Egypt

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Accidental?

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Hystrix indica ( Asturian )

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El puercuspín de la India (Hystrix indica) ye una especie de royedor histricomorfo de la familia Hystricidae. Ye un puercuspín bien adaptable, atopáu dende'l sudeste d'Asia al Mediu Oriente. Tolera distintos hábitats, como montes, pacionales tropicales y subtropicales, montes.

Carauterístiques

Ye un royedor grande qu'algama más de 80 cm de llargor y pesa hasta 16 kg. Ta cubiertu de múltiples capes d'escayos. Les más llargues, d'hasta un terciu del so tamañu, alcontrar nos costazos. La cola tien pequeños escayos que puede faer sonar cuando ye atacáu. Tien pates anches y llargues uñes pa escavar.

Historia natural

Cuando son atacaos, erizen los sos escayos y mueve fuertemente la cola. Si'l predador persiste y supera eses tretas, el puercuspín ataca coles sos garres, deteniendo'l embate del so predador colos sos escayos. Ye tan efectivu qu'el predador puede terminar muertu o bien quebráu.

El so longividad ye desconocida. Produz camaes de distintes tamaños cuatro vegaes al añu. Son nocherniegos y crean abelugos soterraños. Comen dellos vexetales, como frutos, granos, raigaños. La so dieta de plantes convertir nun enemigu mortal pa'l llabradores. Amás, ruca güesos pa estrayer los sos minerales.

Galería

Referencies

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L. J. P. (2008). Hystrix indica. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l 11 de febreru de 2011.
  • IUCN: 2006. Asesores: Baillie. 1996. id: 10751. Hystrix indica. Downloaded: 12 mayu 2006

Enllaces esternos

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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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El puercuspín de la India (Hystrix indica) ye una especie de royedor histricomorfo de la familia Hystricidae. Ye un puercuspín bien adaptable, atopáu dende'l sudeste d'Asia al Mediu Oriente. Tolera distintos hábitats, como montes, pacionales tropicales y subtropicales, montes.

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Hindistan tirəndazı ( Azerbaijani )

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Hindistan tirəndazı (lat. Hystrix indica) – (Rodentia) dəstəsindan bir məməli heyvan növü.

Yayılması

Kiçik və Orta Asiyanın quraq sahələrində, Qazaxıstanın Cənubunda, Levantda, Qərbi Ərəbistanda, Cənubi Qafqazda, İndostanda, Tibetdə və Şri-Lanka adasında məskən salmışlar. Bu növə XIX əsrin sonlarından başlayaraq, Azərbaycanın bütün ərazillərində rast gəlmək mümkündür. XX əsrin başlanğıcında bu növ Talış dağlarında və Kiçik Qafqazın Cənub-qərb hissəsi üçün səciyyəvi idisə, sonralar onun Respublikanın digər arid və meşəli rayonlarında, hətta Dağıstanla sərhəddə yerləşən Samur çayı boyunca yayılması haqqında məlumatlar əldə olunmuşdur..[1]

Yaşayış yeri və həyat tərzi

Müxtəlif landşaftlarda məskən salır. Özləri tərəfdən qazılan və ya porsuq yuvalarında, mağaralarda, qayanın çatlarında, daş qırıntıları və yuyulma nəticəsində əmələ gələn yarğanlarda məskunlaşırlar. Yuvaları mürəkkəb və çoxşaxəli quruluşa malikdir. Yaşayış məntəqələri yaxınlığında tez-tez rast gəlinir. Ailə qrupları əmələ gətirir. Gecə həyat tərzi sürürlər. Su mənbələrinə ehtiyac duyurlar (su axtarışına çıxdıqda gecə ərzində 5 km-ə qədər məsafə qət edə bilərlər).Yazda ot bitkiləri, kökümsovlar, soğanaqlar, yayda və payızda mədəni və vəhşi bitkilərin toxumları və meyvələri ilə (xüsusilə müxtəlif meyvə və tərəvəzlərə, qarpız, yemiş, xiyara üstünlük veririlər), qışda isə kökümsovlar və ağac qabıqları ilə qidalanırlar. Dünyaya 2 - 4 bala gətirməklə, çoxalma dövrü ildə bir dəfə müşahidə olunur (cütləşmə dövrü dəniz səviyyəsi hündürlüyündən asılı olaraq mart ayından iyuna, balalama dövrü isə yay fəslinə təsadüf edir). Balalar gözləri açıq vəziyyətdə və yumşaq iynəli doğulurlar. Yetkinlik dövrü iki yaşına təsadüf edir.

İstinadlar

  1. Məməlilər (AMEA-nın Zoologiya İnstitutu)

Ədəbiyyat

  • Алекперов Х. М. Млекопитающие юго-западного Азербайджана //АН Аз. ССР, Баку, 1966, с. 52 - 54; 2.
  • Верещагин Н. К. Млекопитающие Кавказа. История формирования фауны //АН СССР, Москва – Ленинград, 1959, сc. 474, 681;
  • 3. Рахматулина И. К., Аскеров Э. К. Современный ареал дикобраза (Hystrix indica Kerr, 1799) в Восточном Закавказье //Консервация аридных и семиаридных экосистем в Закавказье (Сбор. науч. трудов), Тбилиси, 2003, cc. 56 - 57; 4.
  • Сатунин К. А. Млекопитающие Кавказского края //Труды музея Грузии, 1920, 2, II, 105 - 107.
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Hindistan tirəndazı: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Hindistan tirəndazı (lat. Hystrix indica) – (Rodentia) dəstəsindan bir məməli heyvan növü.

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Hoc'h-dreinek India ( Breton )

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Hoc'h-dreinek India (Hystrix indica) a zo ur bronneg krigner a zo vev e mervent hag e su Azia.

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Hystrix indica ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Hystrix indica és una espècie de rosegador histricomorf de la família Hystricidae. És porc espí molt adaptable, trobat des del sud-est d'Àsia, el Mig Orient. Tolera diferents hàbitats, com a muntanyes, pasturatges tropicals i subtropicals, arbustals, boscos.

Característiques

És un rosegador gran que aconsegueix més de 80 cm de longitud i pesa fins a 16 kg. Està cobert de múltiples capes de pues. Les més llargues, de fins a un terç de la seva grandària, es localitzen en les espatlles. La cua té petites pues que pot fer sonar quan és atacat. Té potes amples i llargues ungles per excavar.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Hystrix indica Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Hystrix indica és una espècie de rosegador histricomorf de la família Hystricidae. És porc espí molt adaptable, trobat des del sud-est d'Àsia, el Mig Orient. Tolera diferents hàbitats, com a muntanyes, pasturatges tropicals i subtropicals, arbustals, boscos.

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Dikobraz srstnatonosý ( Czech )

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Dikobraz srstnatonosý, též dikobraz běloocasý (Hystrix indica) je dikobraz běžný v jihovýchodní a Střední Asii, vyskytuje se také na Blízkém východě. Mezi všemi dikobrazy je to druh s nejsevernějším rozšířením.

Synonyma

  • Hystrix hirsutirostris Sykes, 1831
  • Hystrix leucura Brandt, 1835

Popis

  • hmotnost: 11–18 kg
  • délka těla: 70–90 cm
  • délka ocasu: 8–10 cm

Dikobraz srstnatonosý je velký hlodavec se zavalitým tělem a silnými končetinami opatřenými dlouhými drápy. Srst na břiše, hlavě a končetinách je tvořena hrubými chlupy tmavě hnědé barvy, na temeni hlavy je delší a tvoří „hřívu“. Chlupy vyrůstající na krku, hřbetě a ocasu jsou přeměněné v typické černo-bílé ostny různé délky.

Nejdelší ostny vyrůstají na krku a ramenou a mohou být až 30 cm dlouhé. Mezi dlouhými úzkými ostny se skrývá další řada kratších, ale za to silnějších bodlin, na ocase jsou pak obecně ostny kratší a téměř bílé. Některé z těchto ocasních ostnů jsou navíc duté a při třesení vydávají chřestivý zvuk.

Rozšíření a stanoviště

Dikobraz srstnatonosý je velice přizpůsobivé zvíře, vyskytuje se prakticky v celé jihozápadní a Střední Asii v pásu od Bangladéše přes Indii a Nepál až po Blízký východ, jeho areál zahrnuje mimo jiné Izrael, Turecko i Saúdskou Arábii. Mezi dikobrazy má nejsevernější rozšíření, je běžný v Kazachstánu, Arménii i Ázerbájdžánu. Vyskytuje se též v Himálaji a to až do výšky 2400 m n. m.

Dávají přednost kamenitým stráním a úbočím kopců, nicméně to není podmínkou a dikobrazi žijí také v travnatých a křovinatých biotopech nebo v lesích.

Biologie

Dikobraz srstnatonosý je zvíře s noční aktivitou, přes den spí ve vyhrabaných norách, ve škvírách pod kameny nebo v jeskyních. Živí se výhradně rostlinami, pojídá hlízy, kůru stromů i listy, mladé výhonky, ovoce i semena. Také okusuje kosti, aby tak získal stopové prvky.

Je monogamní, březost trvá asi 240 dní. Novorozená mláďata jsou dobře vyvinutá, mají otevřené oči a jejich těla jsou už krytá krátkými měkkými bodlinami, které časem ztvrdnou. Obvykle přicházejí na svět 2–4 mláďata. Dikobraz se dožívá v průměru 10 let, ale je zaznamenán i jedinec, který se dožil 22 let.

V případě ohrožení se dikobraz naježí a začne výhrůžně chrastit ostny. V případě, že to nepřítele neodežene, pokusí se jej nabodnout na ostny, které se při zapíchnutí do kůže snadno uvolňují. Dikobraz tak dokáže způsobit těžká zranění nebo dokonce zabít i tygra nebo levharta.

Význam pro člověka

Ve své domovině je zemědělským škůdcem.

Chov v zoo

Dikobraz srstnatonosý je nejčastěji chovaným dikobrazem. V Evropě jej chová asi 220 veřejných institucí.[2] Nejvíce přitom v Německu (takřka 90). V Česku ho proto můžeme nalézt v řadě zoologických zahrad.

Ze zoo v Unii českých a slovenských zoo se jedná o:[3]

Ve všech zmíněných zoo s výjimkou Zoo Jihlava byla v roce 2017 odchována mláďata.[3]

Chov v Zoo Praha

První příslušníci tohoto druhu přišli do Zoo Praha v roce 1942 a pocházeli z Nizozemska. Další dikobrazi se objevovali průběžně a také se začala rodit mláďata (celkem několik desítek[4]). Jedním z pražských rodáků byl i samec Ferdinand, který se proslavil tím, že se stal nejstarším dikobrazem na světě.[5] V srpnu 2011 oslavil třicáté narozeniny.[5] Zemřel v květnu následujícího roku.[6]

Ke konci roku 2017 bylo chováno 5 zvířat tohoto druhu včetně dvou mláďat toho roku narozených. Zatím poslední mláďata se narodila v březnu 2019.[7][8]

Expozice tohoto druhu dikobraza se nachází v dolní části zoo před pavilonem Sečuán.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-08-03]. Dostupné online.
  3. a b Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017
  4. BRANDL, Pavel. Bodlinatá nadílka. Trojský koník. 2017, čís. 4, s. 6.
  5. a b DOM. Pražská ZOO slaví: Třicetiletý Ferdinand se stal nejstarším dikobrazem na světě. Hospodářské noviny. 2011-08-16. Dostupné online [cit. 2018-08-03]. (česky)
  6. Dikobraz srstnatonosý - lexikon zvířat. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2018-08-03]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  7. Zoo Praha. www.facebook.com [online]. [cit. 2019-03-15]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  8. Přírůstky. www.zoopraha.cz [online]. [cit. 2019-04-24]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Dikobraz srstnatonosý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Dikobraz srstnatonosý, též dikobraz běloocasý (Hystrix indica) je dikobraz běžný v jihovýchodní a Střední Asii, vyskytuje se také na Blízkém východě. Mezi všemi dikobrazy je to druh s nejsevernějším rozšířením.

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Indisches Weißschwanz-Stachelschwein ( German )

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Das Indische Weißschwanz-Stachelschwein (Hystrix indica), auch Indisches Stachelschwein genannt, ist zwischen 60 und 80 Zentimeter groß. Das Gesamtgewicht der Einzeltiere beträgt zwischen 13 und 23 Kilogramm. Damit zählt es zu den größten Vertretern seiner Familie.

Aussehen

Die Tiere haben einen länglichen Körper mit kurzen Beinen. Die Kopfform ist sehr flach. Das vorn am Körper befindliche Fell ist schwarz, am Hals befindet sich ein dicker weißer Streifen. In Richtung Schwanzende geht das Fell fließend in längliche zylindrische schwarz und weiß gefärbte, aufstellbare Stacheln über. Am Kopf tragen sie einen grauen Kamm.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

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Verbreitung des Indischen Weißschwanz-Stachelschweins

Weißschwanzstachelschweine kommen in der Türkei, dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum, in Zentralasien, bis nach Indien, Nepal und der Volksrepublik China vor. In Großbritannien wurden sie vom Menschen eingeführt. Sie bewohnen eine Vielzahl von Lebensräumen wie gemäßigte Wälder, Tropenwälder und Savannen, kommen aber auch landwirtschaftlicher genutzter Flächen wie Äckern, Plantagen oder in menschlichen Gärten vor. Auch im Gebirge sind sie bis in eine Höhe von 2.400 Metern anzutreffen.

Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung

Das nachtaktive Weißschwanz-Stachelschwein ernährt sich von Wurzeln, Pflanzenknollen, Baumrinde, verschiedenen Früchten und auch von Überresten von verendeten Tieren, um seinen Phosphatbedarf zu decken und auch um seine Nagezähne zu schleifen. Die Tiere leben in kleinen Gruppen zusammen und verteidigen sehr energisch ihr Revier gegen fremde Artgenossen. Die Männchen markieren ihr Territorium mit Hilfe von Duftdrüsen. Als Schlafstelle dienen ihnen selbst gegrabene Erdbauten. Die Tragezeit beträgt ca. 90 Tage. Die Zitzen der Weibchen befinden sich an der Körperseite. Die Jungen kommen im Alter von ca. 9 Wochen zum ersten Mal aus ihrem Wurfbau.

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Da diese Art weit verbreitet ist und keinerlei Bedrohungen bekannt sind, wird sie von der IUCN als (Least Concern) nicht gefährdet gelistet.

Literatur

  • David Macdonald: Enzyklopädie der Säugetiere. Könemann, Königswinter 2003, ISBN 3-89731-928-4, S. 686, 687.
  • Heinz Sielmann: Das große Buch der Tierwelt. Weltbild, Augsburg 1993, ISBN 3-89350-374-9, S. 467.

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Indisches Weißschwanz-Stachelschwein: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Indische Weißschwanz-Stachelschwein (Hystrix indica), auch Indisches Stachelschwein genannt, ist zwischen 60 und 80 Zentimeter groß. Das Gesamtgewicht der Einzeltiere beträgt zwischen 13 und 23 Kilogramm. Damit zählt es zu den größten Vertretern seiner Familie.

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Wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch ( Western Frisian )

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De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch (Latynske namme: Hystrix indica) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e kjifstikelbargen fan de Alde Wrâld (Hystricidae) en it skaai fan 'e echte kjifstikelbargen (Hystrix), dat foarkomt op in grut part fan it Yndiaaske subkontinint en yn dielen fan West-Aazje. Dizze soarte is nau besibbe oan 'e bekendere gewoane kjifstikelbaarch (Hystrix cristata), en waard foar it earst wittenskiplik beskreaun yn 1792, troch de Britske biolooch Robert Kerr.

Fersprieding

De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch is lânseigen op it grutste part fan it Yndiaaske subkontinint, útsein it noardeastlike diel. De eastgrins fan syn ferspriedingsgebiet rint fan 'e dielsteat Orissa al bochtsjend nei it noardnoardwesten, roert it uterste súdwesten fan Nepal oan, en rint dan by de Himalaya lâns troch it noarden fan Yndia yn Kasjmier. Ek komt er foar op Sry Lanka. Mear nei it westen ta libje wytsturtkjifstikelbargen yn hast hiel Pakistan, Afganistan, Iraan en Azerbeidzjan.

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It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e wytsturt- kjifstikelbaarch.

Yn Sintraal-Aazje komme se foar yn 'e flakkere dielen fan Tadzjikistan, Kirgyzje en súdlik Oezbekistan. Ek libje se yn it uterste súdeasten fan Kazachstan en yn in grut diel fan Turkmenistan, útsein it woastinige binnenlân. Yn it Midden-Easten binne wytsturtkjifstikelbargen lânseigen yn it gebiet fan 'e Fruchtbere Healmoanne fan Irak, súdeastlik Turkije, Syrje, Libanon, Israel, Palestina en Jordaanje. Ek libje se by de kust fan 'e Perzyske Golf lâns, yn Koeweit en eastlik Saûdy-Araabje. Isolearre populaasje besteane oan 'e kust fan 'e Reade See yn it westen fan Saûdy-Araabje, yn súdwestlik Jemen en oan 'e súdlike en westlike kusten fan Lyts-Aazje.

Uterlike skaaimerken

De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch is in grut kjifdier, dat trochinoar in totale lichemslingte hat fan sa'n 90 sm, en in gewicht fan 14½ kg. Hy is oerdutsen mei boarstelich brún hier, en hat op 'e rêch lange stikels, dy't op 'e sturt koarter en hol binne. De eagen en earen binne lyts, en de poaten binne breed mei lange klauwen, dy't bedoeld binne om mei te graven.

Hâlden en dragen

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In wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch op in Kazachske postsegel.

Wytsturtkjifstikelbargen binne bisten dy't har oan in protte ferskillende biotopen oanpasse kinne, lykas tropysk reinwâld, tuskenbeiden leafwâld, berchtmen, iepen gerslân en steppen. As se har bedrige fiele, rattelje se mei de holle stikels op har sturt, en as dat de oanfaller net ôfskrikt, dan sette se har rêchstikels op en dogge se beklingse útfallen wêrby't se besykje de oanfaller mei har stikels te stekken. Dat is sa'n effektive ferdigening, dat de measte konfrontaasjes tusken wytsturtkjifstikelbargen en rôfdieren einigje mei de dea of slimme ferwûning fan it rôfdier. Yn Yndia is fêststeld dat in soad minske-itende tigers en loaihoarsen ta har dieetkar brocht binne om't se net mear goed jeie kinne fanwegen ferwûnings dy't se oprûn hawwe yn konfrontaasjes mei wytsturtkjifstikelbargen.

De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch is in nachtdier, dat libbet yn ûndergrûnske hoalen en benammen foar 't ljocht komt om te foerazjearjen. Op it menu steane benammen plantaardige saken, lykas fruchten, nôt en plantewoartels, wat dit bist net botte populêr makket by lânbouwers. Fierders gnauje wytsturtkjifstikelbargen gauris op âlde bonken om, nei alle gedachten om't se ferlet hawwe fan kalsium. De wyfkes produsearje ien nêst fan 1-4 jongen it jier. Oer de libbensferwachting fan dit bist is net folle bekend.

Status

De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en om't de populaasje stabyl liket te wêzen.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

De wytsturtkjifstikelbaarch (Latynske namme: Hystrix indica) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e kjifstikelbargen fan de Alde Wrâld (Hystricidae) en it skaai fan 'e echte kjifstikelbargen (Hystrix), dat foarkomt op in grut part fan it Yndiaaske subkontinint en yn dielen fan West-Aazje. Dizze soarte is nau besibbe oan 'e bekendere gewoane kjifstikelbaarch (Hystrix cristata), en waard foar it earst wittenskiplik beskreaun yn 1792, troch de Britske biolooch Robert Kerr.

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Жейре, чүткөр ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Жейре.

Жейре, чүткөр (Hystrix indica), (Kerr, 1792):

Жалпы жана өлкөдө таралышы

Батыш Европанын түштүгү, Алдыңкы жана Орто Азия, Индия. Кыргызстанда чүткөрдүн жашоо аймактары тоо этектеринин булуң-буйткалуу релңефине, деңиз деңгээлинен 2300 м бийиктикке чейинки орто тоолуу райондорго туш келет. Кыргыз, Талас, ошондой эле Фергана жана Чаткал тоо кыркалары. Чоңкеминде жана Боом капчыгайында кездешкендиги жөнүндө маалымат бар.

Жашаган аймактары

Чүткөр Талас жана Чаткал тоо кыркаларынын булактардан алыс эмес, бадалдуу төмөнкү бөлүктөрүн артыксынтат. Кыргыз тоо кыркаларында көбүнчө тоо этектеринде жумшак жана камыштуу жерлерде кездешет.

Саны

Бардык жерде сейрек, бирок азыркы кездеги саны боюнча так маалымат жок.

Жашоо тиричилиги (жашоо циклдары)

Адатта чүткөрлөр чоң эмес колониялар менен отурукташчу, бирок акыркы он жылдыктарда санынын азайышына байланыштуу жалгыздан гана кездешет. Тиричилигин түнкүсүн жүргүзөт, ийинин өзү казат, ийиндери туруктуу болот жана сыртка чыгуучу бир нече жолдору бар. Ал эми азыктанууга бир гана жол менен чыгат да, ал жол бутактанбайт. Адабияттагы маалыматка караганда жылда бир гана жолу көбөйөт. Апрелде 2 – 5 чөндөлөй туулат, алар июлдун аягында эле өз алдынча жашоого жөндөмдүү болушат. Жай мезгилинде чүткөрлөр өсүмдүктөрдүн жашыл бөлүктөрү менен, мөмөлөр жана уруктар менен азыктанышат. Бакчаларга жана огороддорго кириши мүмкүн. Кышында анча активдүү эмес, жаш дарактардын кабыгы, бутактар жана чөп өсүмдүктөрүнүн тамырлары менен азыктанат.

Чектөөчү факторлор

Айрым жылдары кардын калыңдыгынын жана жердин тоңушунун себебинен ачкалыктан өлөт. Бирок негизги фактор – бул браконңерлик иш-аракеттер.

Көбөйтүү ( колдо багуу)

Алматы зоопаркында жана Казакстандын сейсмология Институтунун Биополигонунда багылат жана көбөйтүлөт, 7 чүткөр Чымкент жана Караганда зоопарктарында жашайт.

Уюштурулган коргоо аракеттери

Сарычелек, Падышата, Бешарал коруктарында, Бешташ, Карашоро жана Аларча улуттук парктарында корголот. Казакстандын Кызыл китебине киргизилген.

Коргоо үчүн зарыл аракеттер

Сакталып калган жерлерде зоологиялык заказниктерди түзүү.

Статус

VII категория, Lower Risk/least concerned, LR/lc, аз изилденген түр.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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जुरे दुम्सी ( Nepali )

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जुरे दुम्सी नेपाल तथा भारतमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो । यस जनावरको काँडेदार सरिज हुन्छ ।

सन्दर्भ सूची

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L. J. P. (2008). Hystrix indica. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 5 January 2009.
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विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू

जुरे दुम्सी: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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जुरे दुम्सी नेपाल तथा भारतमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो । यस जनावरको काँडेदार सरिज हुन्छ ।

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भारतीय सेही ( Hindi )

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भारतीय सेही एक कृंतक जानवर है। इसका फैलाव तुर्की, भूमध्य सागर से लेकर दक्षिण-पश्चिम तथा मध्य एशिया (अफ़गानिस्तान और तुर्कमेनिस्तान सहित) एवं दक्षिण एशिया (पाकिस्तान, भारत, नेपाल तथा श्रीलंका) और चीन तक में है। हिमालय में यह २,४०० मी. तक की ऊँचाई में पाया जाता है।[1]

विवरण

इसकी लंबाई ६३-९१ से.मी., पूँछ की लंबाई १५-३० से.मी. और वज़न ५-१६ कि. होता है।[2]
इसके शरीर के बाल मोटे, मज़बूत और नुकीले होते हैं जो इसे परभक्षियों से बचने में मदद करते हैं। इन बालों को सेही के काँटे भी कहते हैं। सेही के शरीर हिलाने पर यह काँटे झड़ते हैं, लेकिन यह धारणा ग़लत है कि सेही इन काँटों को अपने दुशमन पर फेंक सकता है।

आहार

यह एक शाकाहारी प्राणी है जो पत्ती, घास और छोटे पौधे खाता है।

प्रजनन

मादा और नर में यौन परिपक्वता क्रमशः २५ तथा २९ महीने में आती है। गर्भ काल २१० दिन का होता है तथा एक बार में मादा १-४ बच्चों को जन्म देती है।[2]

सन्दर्भ

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L.J.P. (2008). Hystrix indica. 2008 संकटग्रस्त प्रजातियों की IUCN लाल सूची. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 18 फ़रवरी 2012.Database entry includes justification for why this species is least concern
  2. [1] Porcupine
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विकिपीडिया के लेखक और संपादक

भारतीय सेही: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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भारतीय सेही एक कृंतक जानवर है। इसका फैलाव तुर्की, भूमध्य सागर से लेकर दक्षिण-पश्चिम तथा मध्य एशिया (अफ़गानिस्तान और तुर्कमेनिस्तान सहित) एवं दक्षिण एशिया (पाकिस्तान, भारत, नेपाल तथा श्रीलंका) और चीन तक में है। हिमालय में यह २,४०० मी. तक की ऊँचाई में पाया जाता है।

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Indian crested porcupine

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The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a hystricomorph rodent species native to southern Asia and the Middle East. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. It belongs to the Old World porcupine family, Hystricidae.[1]

Description

The Indian crested porcupine is a large rodent, weighing 11–18 kg (24–40 lb).[2] Their body (from the nose to the base of the tail) measures between 70 and 90 cm (28 and 35 in) with the tail adding an additional 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in).[3] The lifespan of wild Indian crested porcupines is unknown, but the oldest known captive individual was a female that lived to be 27.1 years old.[2]

It is covered in multiple layers of modified hair called quills, with longer, thinner quills covering a layer of shorter, thicker ones.[2] The quills are brown or black with alternating white and black bands.[4] They are made of keratin and are relatively flexible.[4] Each quill is connected to a muscle at its base, allowing the porcupine to raise its quills when it feels threatened.[4] The longest quills are located on the neck and shoulder, where the quills form a "skirt" around the animal.[4] These quills can grow up to 51 cm (20 in) long,[4] with most measuring between 15 and 30 cm (5.9 and 11.8 in).[5] Smaller (20 cm) and more rigid quills are packed densely on the back and rump.[4] These smaller quills are used to stab at potential threats.[4] The base of the tail contains shorter quills that appear white in color, with longer, hollow quills that the porcupine can rattle to produce a warning sound when threatened.[6] Contrary to popular belief, Indian crested porcupines (like all porcupines) cannot shoot their quills.[4]

The Indian crested porcupine has a stocky build with a low surface area to volume ratio, which aids in heat conservation.[7] It has broad feet with long claws used for burrowing.[2] Like all porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine has a good sense of smell and sharp, chisel-like incisors.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Indian crested porcupine on a rocky hillside

Indian crested porcupines are found throughout southwest and central Asia,[2] including Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Yemen.[1] Due to their flexible environmental tolerances, Indian crested porcupines occupy a broad range of habitats.[1] They prefer rocky hillsides,[2] but are also common in tropical and temperate shrublands, grasslands, forests, plantations, and gardens.[1] Their range seems to be limited by seasonal densities of forage and the availability of suitable substrates for digging burrows.[8] More specifically, the northern range of the Indian crested porcupine is limited by minimum summer night duration: they do not occur above latitudes where minimum night duration is less than 7 hours, presumably because of the amount of foraging time required to meet their dietary needs.[9]

In 2018, a porcupine was spotted at Wadi Wurayah in the United Arab Emirates.[10][11]

Diet

A captive Indian crested porcupine

Indian crested porcupines have a very broad and mostly herbivorous diet.[2] They consume a variety of natural and agricultural plant material, including roots, bulbs, fruits, grains, drupe and tubers, along with insects and small vertebrates.[2][3][12][13] Because they are cecal digesters, they are able to exploit low quality forage.[14] They have also been known to chew on bones to acquire minerals, such as calcium, that aid in quill growth.[3][5] Their capability to form substantial fat reserves is a useful adaptation for living in seasonally fluctuating habitats.[7]

These porcupines can act as substantial habitat modifiers when excavating for tubers.[15][16] They are also considered serious agricultural pests in many parts of their range due to their taste for agricultural crops.[9][17] For these reasons, they are often regarded as a nuisance.[1]

Behaviour

Like other Old World porcupines, the Indian crested porcupine is nocturnal.[2] Both adults and weaned juveniles spend an average of 7 hours foraging every night.[9][18][19] They tend to avoid moonlight in the winter months, which could be a strategy to evade predation.[18] However, during summer months they do not avoid moonlight (likely because there are less dark hours during which to forage), but instead tend to stay closer to their dens.[18] During the day, they remain in their dens,[19][20] but throughout the winter, they occasionally emerge from their dens during daylight hours to bask in the sun.[7]

The Indian crested porcupine is semifossorial.[2] They live in natural caves or in excavated burrows.[19][20] Because they do not climb or jump well, they spend most of their lives on or under the ground.[4] However, they are good swimmers.[4]

Predators of the Indian crested porcupine include large cats,[21][22] caracals, wolves, striped hyenas, Asian wild dogs, Saltwater crocodiles[23] and humans.[18] When excited or scared, a porcupine stands its quills up to appear larger.[4] It can also rattle the hollow quills at the base of its tail, stomp its feet, growl, grunt, or charge backward into the threat.[4]

Reproduction

Indian crested porcupines mate in February and March.[24] Gestation lasts an average of 240 days.[5] A female gives birth to one brood of two to four offspring per year.[3] Young are born with open eyes and are covered in short, soft quills that harden within a few hours after birth.[2] Young are fully weaned 13–19 weeks after birth, but remain in the den with parents and siblings until sexual maturity around 2 years of age.[24] It has been reported that the Indian crested porcupine is usually monogamous and mates every night throughout its life, not only for reproduction, but also to maintain and strengthen the pair bond, the relationship between the male and female partners.[25] Previously, this had only been found in humans, Bonobos, and some dolphins.

Conservation

Indian crested porcupine in a trap

Due to its adaptability to a wide range of habitats and food types, the Indian crested porcupine is listed by the IUCN Red List as Least Concern as of 2008.[1][2] Populations are stable and not severely fragmented, and while population status varies across its range, in many places it is common enough to be considered a pest.[1] However, as a result of urbanization, infrastructure development, and pesticide use, suitable porcupine habitat is currently declining.[2]

The Indian crested porcupine is protected under the India Schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, amended up to 2002.[2] Nonetheless, because it is destructive to gardens and agricultural crops, it is widely hunted.[5][26] It is traded for consumption and medicinal use.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. (2021). "Hystrix indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T10751A197516522. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10751A197516522.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) - Information on Indian Crested Porcupine - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d Prater, Stanley Henry (1965). The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay: Diocesan Press.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Indian Crested Porcupine". San Diego Zoo. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d Gurung, K.K.; Singh, R. (1996). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent. San Diego: Academic Press.
  6. ^ Ellerman, J.R. (1961). The Fauna of India. New Delhi: Manager of Publications.
  7. ^ a b c Alkon, Philip U.; Degen, A. Allan; Cohen, Anat; Pollak, Haya (1986). "Seasonal Energy Requirements and Water Intakes of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica) in Captivity". Journal of Mammalogy. 67 (2): 333–342. doi:10.2307/1380887. JSTOR 1380887.
  8. ^ Gorbunov, A.V. (1985). "Features of the ecology of porcupines in the deserts of eastern Prikaspia". Soviet Journal of Ecology. 16: 248–253.
  9. ^ a b c Alkon, Philip U.; Saltz, David (1 May 1988). "Foraging Time and the Northern Range Limits of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica Kerr)". Journal of Biogeography. 15 (3): 403–408. doi:10.2307/2845271. JSTOR 2845271.
  10. ^ Haza, Ruba (12 September 2018). "Species of porcupine seen for first time in the Fujairah". The National. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  11. ^ De Leon, Janice Ponce (13 September 2018). "First confirmed sighting of Indian crested porcupine in UAE". Fujairah: Gulf News. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  12. ^ Gutterman, Y.; Herr, Nir (1981). "Influences of porcupine (Hystrix indica) activity on the slopes on the northern Negev mountains – Germination and vegetation renewal in different geomorphological types and slope directions". Oecologia. 51 (3): 332–334. doi:10.1007/BF00540902. PMID 28310016. S2CID 41549116.
  13. ^ Kadhim, A.-H. H. (1997). "Distribution and reproduction of the Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica (Hystricidae: Rodentia) in Iraq". Zoology in the Middle East. 15 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1080/09397140.1997.10637731.
  14. ^ Hanley, T. A. (1982). "The Nutritional Basis for Food Selection by Ungulates". Journal of Range Management. 35 (2): 146–151. doi:10.2307/3898379. hdl:10150/646267. JSTOR 3898379.
  15. ^ Olsvig-Whittaker, L.; Shachak, M.; Yair, A. (1983). "Vegetation patterns related to environmental factors in a Negev Desert watershed". Vegetatio. 54 (3): 153–165. doi:10.1007/BF00047104. S2CID 2152645.
  16. ^ Yair, A.; Shachak, M. (1982). "A case study of energy, water and soil flow chains in an arid ecosystem". Oecologia. 54 (3): 389–397. doi:10.1007/BF00380008. PMID 28309963. S2CID 37783090.
  17. ^ Hafeez, S.; S., K. G.; Khan, M.; H., A. Z. "Food habits of the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Faisalabad, Pakistan". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ^ a b c d Alkon, P. U.; Saltz, D. M. (1988). "Influence of Season and Moonlight on Temporal-Activity Patterns of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica)". Journal of Mammalogy. 69 (1): 71–80. doi:10.2307/1381749. JSTOR 1381749.
  19. ^ a b c Alkon, P. U.; Saltz, D. (1985). "Potatoes and the Nutritional Ecology of Crested Porcupines in a Desert Biome". Journal of Applied Ecology. 22 (3): 727–737. doi:10.2307/2403225. JSTOR 2403225.
  20. ^ a b Harrison, D.L. (1972). The Mammals of Arabia. Vol. 3. London: Ernest Benn.
  21. ^ Kingdon, J.S. (1974). East African Mammals. Vol. 2. London: Academic Press.
  22. ^ Owens, M.; Owens, D. (1984). Cry of the Kalahari. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0395647806.
  23. ^ Samarasinghe, D. J. S.; Alwis, D. (2017). "Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile) diet". Herpetological Review. 48 (3): 630–631.
  24. ^ a b van Aarde, R.J. (1985). "Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis)". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 75 (2): 577–582. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750577. PMID 4067934.
  25. ^ Z Server, Regular sex keeps porcupines faithful, New Scientist, Nov.12, 1988
  26. ^ Qumsiyeh, M. B. (1 January 1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 9780896723641.

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Indian crested porcupine: Brief Summary

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The Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a hystricomorph rodent species native to southern Asia and the Middle East. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. It belongs to the Old World porcupine family, Hystricidae.

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Hystrix indica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El puercoespín de la India (Hystrix indica) es una especie de roedor histricomorfo de la familia Hystricidae. Es un puercoespín muy adaptable, encontrado desde el sudeste de Asia al Medio Oriente. Tolera diferentes hábitats, como montañas, pastizales tropicales y subtropicales, bosques.

Características

Es un roedor grande que alcanza más de 80 cm de longitud y pesa hasta 16 kg. Está cubierto de múltiples capas de púas. Las más largas, de hasta un tercio de su tamaño, se localizan en los hombros. La cola tiene pequeñas púas que puede hacer sonar cuando es atacado. Tiene patas anchas y largas uñas para excavar.

Historia natural

Cuando son atacados, erizan sus púas y mueve fuertemente la cola. Si el predador persiste y supera esas tretas, el puercoespín ataca con sus garras, deteniendo el embate de su predador con sus púas. Es tan efectivo que el predador puede terminar muerto o muy malherido.

Su longividad es desconocida. Produce camadas de diferentes tamaños cuatro veces al año. Son nocturnos y crean refugios subterráneos. Comen varios vegetales, como frutos, granos, raíces. Su dieta de plantas lo convierte en un enemigo mortal para los agricultores. Además, roe huesos para extraer sus minerales.

Galería

Referencias

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Muñoz, L. J. P. (2008). «Hystrix indica». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de febrero de 2011.
  • IUCN: 2006. Asesores: Baillie. 1996. id: 10751. Hystrix indica. Downloaded: 12 de mayo de 2006

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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El puercoespín de la India (Hystrix indica) es una especie de roedor histricomorfo de la familia Hystricidae. Es un puercoespín muy adaptable, encontrado desde el sudeste de Asia al Medio Oriente. Tolera diferentes hábitats, como montañas, pastizales tropicales y subtropicales, bosques.

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Hystrix indica ( Basque )

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Hystrix indica Hystrix generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Hystricidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Kerr (1792) Hystricidae In Linnaeus.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Hystrix indica Hystrix generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Hystricidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Intianpiikkisika ( Finnish )

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Intianpiikkisika eli aasianpiikkisika (Hystrix indica) on piikkisikojen heimoon kuuluva jyrsijälaji. Lajia tavataan koko Etelä-Aasiasta ja Lähi-idästä. Se on hyvin sopeutuvainen erilaisiin elinympäristöihin, kuten vuoriin, trooppisiin ja lauhkeisiin pensasaroihin, ruohomaihin ja metsiin. Intianpiikkisian pituus on 70–90 senttimetriä ja paino 11–18 kiloa. Sen ruumista peittävät piikit, joista pidempiä, onttoja ja kalisevia käytetään petoeläinten pelästyttämiseen.[2] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on ”keski-idänpiikikäs”.[3]

Lähteet

  • Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 4. Perhoskala–Suutari, s. 1405. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-01817-5.

Viitteet

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J.: Hystrix indica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.2. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 22.10.2017. (englanniksi)
  2. Schlimme, K.: Hystrix indica (Indian crested porcupine) Animal Diversity Web. 2000. Viitattu 22.10.2017. (englanniksi)
  3. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet (vahvistamaton ehdotus nisäkkäiden nimiksi) koivu.luomus.fi. 2008. Viitattu 22.10.2017.
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Intianpiikkisika: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Intianpiikkisika eli aasianpiikkisika (Hystrix indica) on piikkisikojen heimoon kuuluva jyrsijälaji. Lajia tavataan koko Etelä-Aasiasta ja Lähi-idästä. Se on hyvin sopeutuvainen erilaisiin elinympäristöihin, kuten vuoriin, trooppisiin ja lauhkeisiin pensasaroihin, ruohomaihin ja metsiin. Intianpiikkisian pituus on 70–90 senttimetriä ja paino 11–18 kiloa. Sen ruumista peittävät piikit, joista pidempiä, onttoja ja kalisevia käytetään petoeläinten pelästyttämiseen. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on ”keski-idänpiikikäs”.

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Hystrix indica ( French )

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Porc-épic indien

Hystrix indica, le Porc-épic indien, est un mammifère de la famille des Hystricidae qui se rencontre en Inde, au Népal, au Bhoutan, au Bangladesh, au Sri Lanka, au Pakistan, en Israël, en Iran et en Arabie saoudite.

Description

Hystrix indica mesure de 70 à 90 centimètres, en ne comptant que le corps ; sa queue mesure de 8 à 10 centimètres.

Sa masse varie de 11 à 18 kilogrammes.

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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( French )

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Porc-épic indien

Hystrix indica, le Porc-épic indien, est un mammifère de la famille des Hystricidae qui se rencontre en Inde, au Népal, au Bhoutan, au Bangladesh, au Sri Lanka, au Pakistan, en Israël, en Iran et en Arabie saoudite.

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Hystrix indica ( Italian )

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L'istrice indiano (Hystrix indica Kerr, 1792) è un mammifero della famiglia Istricidi, diffuso in tutta l'Asia meridionale e nel Medio Oriente.[1]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

L'istrice indiano è un roditore grande del peso di 11–18 kg.[2] Il suo corpo (dal naso alla base della coda) misura tra i 70-90 cm, la coda è lunga 8-10 cm.[3] La durata della vita degli esemplari selvatici è sconosciuta, l’esemplare più vecchio conosciuto cresciuto in cattività era una femmina che visse fino a 27,1 anni.[2]

Aspetto

È ricoperto da più strati di peli modificati, chiamati aculei, con aculei più lunghi e sottili che ricoprono uno strato di aculei più corti e spessi.[2] Gli aculei sono marroni o neri con bande alternate bianche e nere.[4] Sono fatti di cheratina e sono relativamente flessibili.[4] Ogni aculeo è collegato ad un muscolo alla sua base, permettendo all'istrice di sollevarli quando si sente minacciata.[4] Quelli più lunghi si trovano sul collo e sulle spalle dove formano una "gonna" attorno all'animale.[4] Questi aculei possono crescere fino a 51 cm di lunghezza,[4] la maggior parte dei quali misura tra i 15 e i 30 cm.[5] Quelli più piccoli (20 cm) e più rigidi sono presenti densamente sul dorso e sulla coda e sono utilizzati per colpire le potenziali minacce.[4] Alla base della coda sono presenti aculei più corti, che appaiono di colore bianco, e aculei più lunghi e cavi che l'istrice può scuotere per produrre un suono di avvertimento quando è minacciata.[6] Contrariamente a quanto si crede, gli istrici indiani (come tutti gli istrici) non possono scagliare i loro aculei.[4]

L'istrice indiano ha una corporatura robusta con un basso rapporto superficie/volume che favorisce la conservazione del calore.[7] Ha zampe larghe provviste di lunghi artigli che vengono utilizzati per scavare.[2] Come tutti gli istrici ha un buon senso dell'olfatto e incisivi affilati, simili a scalpelli.[4]

Biologia

Comportamento

Come gli altri istrici del vecchio mondo, l'istrice indiano è un animale notturno.[2] Sia gli adulti che i giovani svezzati passano in media 7 ore ogni notte per foraggiarsi.[8][9][10] Tendono a evitare il chiaro della luna nei mesi invernali, il che potrebbe essere una strategia per sfuggire alla predazione.[9] Tuttavia, durante i mesi estivi non evitano il chiaro della luna (probabilmente perché ci sono meno ore di buio durante le quali foraggiare), ma tendono invece a stare più vicini alle loro tane.[9] Durante il giorno rimangono al riparo nelle loro tane,[10][11] durante l'inverno però escono occasionalmente durante le ore di luce del giorno per crogiolarsi al sole.[7]

L'istrice indiano è semifossale.[2] Vive in grotte naturali o in cunicoli scavati poiché non si arrampicano o non saltano bene.[4][10][11] Tuttavia sono buoni nuotatori.[4]

I predatori dell'istrice indiano comprendono grandi felini,[12][13] caracal, leopardi, tigri, lupi, iene striate, cani selvatici asiatici, coccodrilli palustri e umani.[9][14] Quando è eccitato o spaventato, un istrice alza i suoi aculei per apparire più grande e minaccioso.[4] Può anche agitare gli aculei alla base della coda, calpestare le zampe, ringhiare, grugnire o caricare per respingere la minaccia.[4]

Alimentazione

 src=
Un esemplare in cattività

Gli istrici indiani hanno una dieta molto ampia e per lo più erbivora.[2] Essi consumano una varietà di materiale vegetale naturale e agricolo, tra cui radici, bulbi, frutti, grani, drupe e tuberi. Essendo dei digestori cecali, sono in grado di sfruttare il foraggio di bassa qualità.[15] Sono anche noti per masticare le ossa per acquisire minerali, come il calcio, che aiutano la crescita degli aculei.[3][5] La loro capacità di formare consistenti riserve di grasso è un utile adattamento per vivere in habitat che variano stagionalmente.[7]

Questi istrici possono agire come sostanziali modificatori dell'habitat quando scavano alla ricerca di tuberi.[16][17] In molte parti sono anche considerati gravi parassiti agricoli a causa del loro gusto per le colture.[8][18] Per queste ragioni, sono spesso considerati un fastidio.[1]

Riproduzione

Gli istrici indiani si accoppiano a febbraio e marzo.[19] La gestazione dura in media 240 giorni.[5] Una femmina dà alla luce una covata di due o quattro cuccioli all'anno.[3] I piccoli nascono con gli occhi aperti e sono ricoperti da brevi e morbidi aculei che si induriscono in poche ore dopo la nascita.[2] I giovani sono completamente svezzati 13-19 settimane dopo la nascita, ma rimangono nella tana con i genitori e i fratelli fino alla maturità sessuale intorno ai 2 anni.[19] L'istrice indiano è di solito monogama ed entrambi i genitori vivono nella tana con la loro prole durante tutto l'anno.[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Un istrice indiano su una collina rocciosa

L'istrice indiano si trova nell'ecozona indomalese, paleartica, afrotropicale,[2] compresi Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaigian, Cina, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israele, Giordania, Kazakistan, Libano, Nepal, Pakistan, Arabia Saudita, Sri Lanka, Turchia, Turkmenistan e Yemen.[1] Grazie alle loro flessibili tolleranze ambientali, gli istrici indiani occupano un'ampia gamma di habitat.[1] Preferiscono i pendii rocciosi delle colline (come i monti Zagros),[2] ma sono comuni anche in arbusti tropicali e temperati, praterie, foreste, piantagioni e giardini.[1]. In particolare delle foreste pluviali montane del Ghats sudoccidentale, dell'altopiano del Chota Nagpur, delle foreste di conifere subalpine dell'Himalaya occidentale, delle foreste umide della costa del Malabar, delle savane e praterie del Terai-Duar, delle foreste di conifere e decidue dell'Anatolia settentrionale, del deserto del Taklamakan, dei boschi montani dell'Arabia sudoccidentale, delle foreste decidue secche del Kathiawar-Gir, del deserto Arabico, delle foreste miste caucasiche, dei prati e steppe alpini del Tian Shan, della steppa boscosa della catena dell'Elburz, delle foreste montane di conifere di Tian Shan, nelle foreste secche di latifoglie della calle del Narmada, delle foreste miste di conifere e decidue dell'Anatolia, delle foreste di conifere e decidue dell'Anatolia meridionale, delle foreste decidue dell'Anatolia centrale, delle foreste decidue dell'Anatolia orientale, delle foreste sclerofille e miste dell'Egeo e della Turchia occidentale, delle foreste di latifoglie del Mar Nero orientale e meridionale, delle foreste decidue umide degli altopiani orientali, del deserto dell'Asia centrale settentrionale, del deserto costiero nebbioso della penisola arabica, delle foreste spinose nord-occidentali, del deserto della depressione caspica, della savana pedemontana dell'Arabia sud-occidentale, del deserto del Thar, delle foreste di conifere, sclerofille e latifoglie del Mediterraneo orientale, delle foreste spinose del Deccan, delle foreste miste ircane del Caspio, delle Rann di Kutch, delle foreste di latifoglie subtropicali dell'Himalaya, del deserto della valle dell'Indo.[2] Il loro raggio d'azione sembra essere limitato dalla densità stagionale del foraggio e dalla disponibilità di substrati adatti per lo scavo di tane.[20] Più specificamente, la gamma settentrionale dell'istrice indiano è limitata dalla durata minima delle notti d'estate: è difficile trovarli al di sopra delle latitudini dove la durata minima delle notti è inferiore a 7 ore, presumibilmente a causa della quantità di tempo di foraggiamento necessaria per soddisfare le loro esigenze alimentari.[8]

Nel 2018, un esemplare è stato avvistato a Wadi Wurayah negli Emirati Arabi Uniti.[21][22]

Tassonomia

Sinonimi

Questa specie di istrice è nota con i seguenti sinonimi:[23]

  • Hystrix hirsutirostris Brandt, 1835

Conservazione

 src=
Istrice indiano in una trappola

Grazie alla sua adattabilità a una vasta gamma di habitat e tipi di cibo, l'istrice indiano è stato valutato come specie a rischio minimo dalla IUCN dal 2008.[1][2] Le popolazioni sono stabili e non gravemente frammentate, e mentre lo stato della popolazione varia in tutta la sua gamma, in molti luoghi è abbastanza comune da essere considerato un parassita.[1] Tuttavia, a causa dell'urbanizzazione, dello sviluppo delle infrastrutture e dell'uso di pesticidi, l'habitat adatto per l'istrice è attualmente in declino.[2]

L'istrice indiano è una specie protetta ai sensi dell'India Schedule IV dell'Indian Wildlife Protection Act del 1972, modificato fino al 2002.[2] Tuttavia, poiché sono distruttivi per gli orti e le colture agricole, l'istrice è ampiamente cacciata.[5][24] Esiste un grande commercio di questi istrici per il consumo e l'uso medicinale.[2] Nonostante sia considerato un parassita per le agricolture, l'istrice indiano svolge un ruolo importante nella diffusione di semi e polline.[2]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h (EN) Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J. 2012, Hystrix indica, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q (EN) Hystrix indica, in Encyclopedia of Life. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  3. ^ a b c (EN) Stanley Henry Prater, The book of Indian animals, Bombay, Bombay Natural History Society, 1965, OCLC 715901458. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (EN) Indian Crested Porcupine, su San Diego Zoo. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 marzo 2018).
  5. ^ a b c d (EN) K. K Gurung e Raj Singh, Field guide to the mammals of the Indian subcontinent: where to watch mammals in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan, San Diego, Academic Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-12-309350-9, LCCN 98086250, OCLC 39454022. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  6. ^ (EN) John R. Ellerman, The Fauna of India, vol. 3, Nuova Delhi, 1961.
  7. ^ a b c (EN) Philip U. Alkon, A. Allan Degen, Anat Cohen e Haya Pollak, Seasonal Energy Requirements and Water Intakes of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica) in Captivity, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 67, n. 2, 15 maggio 1986, pp. 333-342, DOI:10.2307/1380887, JSTOR 1380887. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  8. ^ a b c (EN) Philip U. Alkon e David Saltz, Foraging Time and the Northern Range Limits of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica Kerr), in Journal of Biogeography, vol. 15, n. 3, maggio 1988, p. 403, DOI:10.2307/2845271, JSTOR 2845271. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d (EN) Philip U. Alkon e David Saltz Mitrani, Influence of Season and Moonlight on Temporal-Activity Patterns of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica), in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 69, n. 1, 25 febbraio 1988, pp. 71-80, DOI:10.2307/1381749, JSTOR 1381749. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Philip U. Alkon e David Saltz, Potatoes and the Nutritional Ecology of Crested Porcupines in a Desert Biome, in The Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 22, n. 3, dicembre 1985, pp. 727-737, DOI:10.2307/2403225, JSTOR 2403225. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  11. ^ a b (EN) David L. Harrison, The Mammals of Arabia, vol. 3, Londra, E. Benn, 1972, ISBN 978-0-510-39952-8, OCLC 715866440. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  12. ^ (EN) Jonathan Kingdon, East African mammals: an atlas of evolution in Africa, vol. 2, Academic Press, 1974, ISBN 978-0-12-408342-4, OCLC 768416744. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  13. ^ (EN) Mark Owens e Delia Owens, Cry of the Kalahari, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1984, ISBN 9780395647806, LCCN 85673359, OCLC 10780404. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  14. ^ (EN) Dinal J. S. Samarasinghe e Dilip Alwis, Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile). DIET. (Saltwater Crocodile Preying on an Indian Porcupine-First Record), in Herpetological Review, vol. 48, n. 3, 19 settembre 2017, pp. 630-631. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  15. ^ (EN) Thomas A. Hanley, The Nutritional Basis for Food Selection by Ungulates, in Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, n. 2, marzo 1982, pp. 146-151, DOI:10.2307/3898379, JSTOR 3898379. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  16. ^ (EN) L. Olsvig-Whittaker, M. Shachak e A. Yair, Vegetation patterns related to environmental factors in a Negev Desert watershed, in Vegetatio, vol. 54, n. 3, novembre 1983, pp. 153-165, DOI:10.1007/BF00047104. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  17. ^ (EN) A. Yair e M. Shachak, A case study of energy, water and soil flow chains in an arid ecosystem, in Oecologia, vol. 54, n. 3, settembre 1982, pp. 389-397, DOI:10.1007/BF00380008. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  18. ^ (EN) Shahid Hafeez, G. S. Khan, Ashfaq Muhammad e Z. H. Khan, Food habits of the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Faisalabad, Pakistan, in Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 48, n. 3, 2011, pp. 205-210. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  19. ^ a b (EN) R. J. van Aarde, Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis), in Reproduction, vol. 75, n. 2, 1º novembre 1985, pp. 577-582, DOI:10.1530/jrf.0.0750577. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  20. ^ (EN) A. V. Gorbunov, Features of the ecology of porcupines in the deserts of eastern Prikaspia, in Soviet Journal of Ecology, vol. 16, 1985, pp. 248-253.
  21. ^ Ruba Haza, Species of porcupine seen for first time in the Fujairah, in The National, 12 settembre 2018. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  22. ^ (EN) Janice Ponce de Leon, First confirmed sighting of Indian crested porcupine in UAE, in Gulf News, 12 settembre 2018. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  23. ^ (EN) ITIS Standard Report Page: Hystrix indica, in Integrated Taxonomic Information System. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.
  24. ^ (EN) Mazin B. Qumsiyeh, Mammals of the Holy Land, Lubbock, Texas Tech University Press, 1996, ISBN 9780896723641, LCCN 96033969, OCLC 34321675. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2020.

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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'istrice indiano (Hystrix indica Kerr, 1792) è un mammifero della famiglia Istricidi, diffuso in tutta l'Asia meridionale e nel Medio Oriente.

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Witstaartstekelvarken ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Het witstaartstekelvarken (Hystrix indica) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de stekelvarkens van de Oude Wereld (Hystricidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Kerr in 1792.

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Geplaatst op:
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Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Jeżozwierz indyjski ( Polish )

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Jeżozwierz indyjski (Hystrix indica) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny jeżozwierzowatych. Zasięg jego występowania obejmuje obszary południowo-zachodniej Azji (Indie, Cejlon, Turkiestan i Bliski Wschód)[2][3]. Jeżozwierz indyjski jest dość tolerancyjnym gatunkiem - może zamieszkiwać różnorodne środowiska, takie jak góry, sawannę, scrub i lasy.

Wygląd
  • Długość do 80 cm, ogon do 20 cm
  • Ubarwienie brunatne, na grzbiecie i ogonie występują długie kolce.

Zamieszkuje skaliste tereny, żywi się roślinami.

Przypisy

  1. Hystrix indica, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Hystrix indica. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Hystrix indica. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2009-11-26]
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Jeżozwierz indyjski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Jeżozwierz indyjski (Hystrix indica) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny jeżozwierzowatych. Zasięg jego występowania obejmuje obszary południowo-zachodniej Azji (Indie, Cejlon, Turkiestan i Bliski Wschód). Jeżozwierz indyjski jest dość tolerancyjnym gatunkiem - może zamieszkiwać różnorodne środowiska, takie jak góry, sawannę, scrub i lasy.

Wygląd Długość do 80 cm, ogon do 20 cm Ubarwienie brunatne, na grzbiecie i ogonie występują długie kolce.

Zamieszkuje skaliste tereny, żywi się roślinami.

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Hystrix indica ( Portuguese )

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Hystrix indica é uma espécie de roedor da família Hystricidae.

Pode ser encontrado no sudoeste e sul da Ásia.

Referências

  • WOODS, C. A.; KILPATRICK, C. W. Infraorder Hystricognathi. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 2, p. 1538-1600.
  • AMORI, G.; HUTTERER, R.; KRYSTUFEK, B.; YIGIT, N.; MITSAIN, G.; MUÑOZ, L. J. P. 2008. Hystrix indica. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 11 de novembro de 2008.
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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Hystrix indica é uma espécie de roedor da família Hystricidae.

Pode ser encontrado no sudoeste e sul da Ásia.

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Vithalsat piggsvin ( Swedish )

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Vithalsat piggsvin (Hystrix indica[2][3]) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Kerr 1792. Hystrix indica ingår i släktet egentliga piggsvin och familjen jordpiggsvin.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[4]

Utseende

Arten är med en vikt av 11 till 18 kg en medelstor medlem i släktet egentliga piggsvin. Den blir 70 till 90 cm lång (huvud och bål) och har en 8 till 10 cm lång svans. Ovansidan är täckt av många taggar som varierar i längd och tjocklek. Kortare taggar är vanligen tjockare. De längsta taggarna med en längd på 15 till 30 cm börjar vid axlarna. Taggarna har brun eller svart grundfärg och flera vita band. Några taggar är ihåliga och med deras hjälp kan det vithalsade piggsvinet framkalla ett skallande ljud för att varna artfränder för fiender. På svansen är taggarna kortare och vitaktiga. Arten är dessutom utrustad med breda tassar och bakfötter som bär kraftiga klor.[6] Det svenska trivialnamnet syftar på vitaktiga borstiga hår på halsens undersida som förekommer hos flera, men inte alla individer.[7]

Utbredning och habitat

Piggsvinet förekommer i västra och sydvästra Asien från västra Turkiet och Israel till Kazakstan, Indien och Sri Lanka. Isolerade populationer finns i Saudiarabien och Jemen. Arten vistas i olika habitat som skogar, busk- och gräsmarker samt jordbruksmark och trädgårdar.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna är aktiva på natten och vilar på dagen i grottor, i bergssprickor eller i underjordiska håligheter. Boet grävs vanligen själv och har en längre tunnel samt en större kammare. Vithalsat piggsvin äter främst växtdelar som frukter, spannmål och rötter. Ibland gnager det på ben eller på mineraler. I jordbruksområden betraktas arten som skadedjur på grönsaker.[6]

Arten jagas av stora kattdjur som tiger och leopard samt av människor.[6]

En hane och en hona lever vanligen i monogama par. Efter dräktigheten som varar cirka 240 dagar föds två till fyra ungar. Ungarna har vid födelsen öppna ögon och redan mjuka taggar.[6]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Hystrix indica Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (2005) , website Hystrix indica, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ [a b c d] Kurt Schlimme (14 april 2000). ”Indian crested porcupine” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hystrix_indica/. Läst 7 mars 2016.
  7. ^ Foto Arkiverad 12 mars 2016 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. på ARKive.org, besökt 2016-03-07.

Externa länkar

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Vithalsat piggsvin: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Vithalsat piggsvin (Hystrix indica) är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Kerr 1792. Hystrix indica ingår i släktet egentliga piggsvin och familjen jordpiggsvin. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade.

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Hint oklu kirpisi ( Turkish )

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 src=
Bu madde herhangi bir kaynak içermemektedir. Lütfen güvenilir kaynaklar ekleyerek bu maddenin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olunuz. Kaynaksız içerik itiraz konusu olabilir ve kaldırılabilir.

Hint oklu kirpisi (Hystrix indica), oklu kirpigiller (Hystricidae) familyasından bir kemirici türü.

"Kirpi" olarak adlandırılsa da kirpiler ile akrabalığı yoktur.

Özellikleri

Boyları 55–60 cm civarında olup kuyruk uzunluğu 10–12 cm.dir. 18–22 kg. kadar olurlar. Başları açık, diğer tarafları oldukça koyu boz veya kahverengidir. Boyunları kalın, kulaklar ve gözler küçüktür. Sırt, omuz ve ense kalın ve sivri ok gibi dikenlerle (3–8 mm.kalınlık ve 15–35 cm. boyunda) kaplıdır. Vücutlarının diğer kısımları ise sert kıllarla kaplıdır. Kuyrukları, 15-16 adet, 8–12 mm. kalınlıkta, uçları koyu renkli, içi boş dikenler taşır.Ön bacakları arka bacaklarına nazaran daha kısadır. Ayakizi küçük bir çocuk ayakizini anımsatır.

Yaşam alanı

Yağışı az, insan ayağından uzak, Akdeniz ikliminin hakim olduğu ıssız yamaçlarda yaşar. Meşelik, fundalık gibi bitki örtülerinin bulunduğu, bazı kaynaklara göre de su kanallarının civarındaki otluk ve sulak yerleri tercih ederler.

Dağılımı

Arap Yarımadası’ndan Orta Asya, Hindistan ve Sri Lanka’ya kadar; Türkiye’de daha çok İskenderun çevresinde, Kahramanmaraş, Adana, Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Siirt , Mersin, Antalya, Muğla, Aydın, İzmir’de görülür. Bursa, Balıkesir, Kütahya ve Kocaeli’nden de kayıtlar vardır.

Yaşam şekli ve beslenme

Genellikle yalnız yaşar. Gececildirler. İyi yüzerler. Gündüzleri ininde ya da fundalıklar arasında gizlenerek dinlenirler. Çok su içerler. Tehlike anında oklarını kabartır, kuyruk dikenlerini birbirine çarparak hışırtılı bir ses çıkarırlar. Söylenenin aksine dikenlerini fırlatmazlar. Ortalama ömrü, 15-20 yıldır. Bitki kökleri, patates, soğan, kavun, yumru ve meyve yerler.

Üreme

Nisan ayında çiftleşirler. Erkek ve dişi uzun süre birlikte kalır ve yuvalarında çiftleşirler. 60-70 gün (dokuz hafta) süren gebelikten sonra, dişi kendi yuvasında gözleri açık ve yumuşak dikenli 2-4 yavru doğurur. Erginleşmeleri 1 yılı bulur.

Tükenme tehlikesi

Oklukirpiler, popülasyon yoğunluklarının çok düşük olması nedeniyle yok olma sürecine girmişlerdir. Üzüm, bağ-bahce gibi tarım alanlarına zararlıdır. Ekonomik değeri yoktur. Bazı kesimler tarafından çok sevilerek yenilirler. Türkiye’de avlanmaları yasaktır. Çevrenin bozulması ve tarımsal ilaçlar, türü tehlikeye sürükleyen diğer nedenlerdir.

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Hint oklu kirpisi: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Hint oklu kirpisi (Hystrix indica), oklu kirpigiller (Hystricidae) familyasından bir kemirici türü.

"Kirpi" olarak adlandırılsa da kirpiler ile akrabalığı yoktur.

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Їжатець індійський ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення

Населяє ліси, скелясті пагорби, чагарники тропічних і помірних широт, луки, орні землі, плантації, сади та яри у країнах близького сходу, південної і центральної Азії, в тому числі на острові Шрі-Ланка. У Гімалаях вони досягають висоти до 2400 метрів. Назва indica стосується Індії, де цей вид був вперше описаний. Каріотип: 2n=60.

Зовнішня морфологія

Морфометрія Довжина голови й тіла: 70-90 сантиметрів, довжина хвоста: 8-10 см, вага: 10-17 кг.

Опис Тіло кремезне й добре пристосоване до копання з широкими ступнями й довгими кігтями. Поверхня спини вкрита голками які сягають в довжину 30-40 см. Під довшими й тоншими голками лежить шар коротких й товстих. Кожна голка має коричневий або чорний колір, зі смугами білого кольору. Колючки різняться по довжині; на шиї та плечах голки найдовші, досягаючи 15-30 см в довжину. Хвіст покритий коротшими і білішими колючками. Серед них є довші, порожнисті; їжатець трясе ними щоб попередити потенційних хижаків.

Відтворення

Вагітність для виду, в середньому, триває 240 днів; може відбуватись раз на рік. Розмір потомства від двох до чотирьох. Молодь народжуються з відкритими очима, а тіло покрите короткими м'якими колючками. Як правило індійський їжатець моногамний; потомство залишається з обома батьками протягом року.

Поведінка

Він проводить велику частину дня у своїй норі, виходячи за продовольством уночі, або при потребі у сутінках. Притулок знаходить у печерах, між скель, або в норах. Нори, як правило, побудовані ним самим, з довгим вхідним тунелем, кількома виходами і великою внутрішньою камерою. Обгризені кістки і більшість викопаної землі, як правило, залишає біля входу. Бурчання індійського їжатця нагадує бурчання свині.

Поведінка при загрозі

При роздратуванні чи стривоженні індійський дикобраз підіймає колючки і гримить порожнистими колючками на хвості. Якщо порушення спокою триває, він атакує задом наперед і б'є спиною ворога. Це занурює голки глибоко у супротивника, що часто призводить до тяжких травм або смерті. Більшість пошкоджень робиться короткими голками, що приховане під довшими, тоншими голками на хвості й спині. Досить часто ці голки вбивають і залишаються в жертві.

Місце в харчовому ланцюзі

Основним джерелом їжі для індійського їжатця є рослинний матеріал усіх видів, включаючи фрукти, зерно і коріння, в тому числі сільськогосподарські культури. Відомо також, що вони жують кістки задля корисних речовин (наприклад, кальцію), які потрібні для росту хребта. Іншими основними хижаками для нього є великі кішки. Іноді знаходять тигрів і леопардів, які загинули від голок індійського їжатця, який захищався.

Відносини з людиною

Hystricidae leucura satunini.jpg

Місцеві жителі вважають, що H. indica може кидати свої голки в нападників як дротик, проте це помилкове уявлення. Стривожені, вони брязкають голками, щоб зробити попереджувальний звук. У ході цього процесу деякі зі старих голок можуть впасти, що може призвели до цієї віри. Ці тварини вважаються сільськогосподарськими шкідниками на думку місцевих жителів, які також використовують їх для харчування. Аль Мнейсах, село в північній частині Йорданії, отримало назву від назви цього виду. Зображення цього виду розміщено на пам'ятній нейзильберовій монеті в 50 тенге[2].

Примітки

  1. (англ.) Lunde, D., Aplin, K. & Molur, S. (2008). Hystrix brachyura. 2008 Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи. МСОП 2008. Переглянуто 5 січня 2009.
  2. Казахстан 50 тенге, 2009

Джерела

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Hystrix indica ( Vietnamese )

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Hystrix indica là một loài nhím thuộc họ Nhím lông Cựu Thế giới (Hystricidae).[1] Đây là loài bản địa Nam ÁTrung Đông.[1]

Mô tả

H. indica là một loài nhím lớn, nặng 11–18 kg.[3] Thân mình chúng (từ chóp mũi đến gốc đuôi) dài 70–90 cm, đuôi dài 8–10 cm.[4] Không rõ tuổi thọ của H. indica ngoài tự nhiên, nhưng cá thể nuôi nhốt sống lâu nhất là một con cái 27,1 tuổi.[3]

Trên người chúng có nhiều lớp gai; những gai dài, mảnh che trên một lớp gai ngắn và dày.[3] Gai có màu đen với nhiều mảng trắng,[5] làm từ keratin và khá uốn ẻo.[5] Mỗi gai đều nối với bắp thịt, giúp H. indica dựng gai lên khi nó thấy mình bị đe doạ.[5] Gai nhím có khi đạt tới 51 cm (20 in),[5] nhưng thường thì dài chừng 15–30 cm.[6] Gai ngắn và cứng mọc tua tủa trên lưng và mông.[5] Những gai ngắn này được dùng để đâm kẻ thù.[5] Trái với quan niệm thông thường, nhím không bắn gai của chúng ra.[5]

Chúng có bàn chân rộng với móng dài để đào hang.[3] Như mọi loài nhím, H. indica có khứu giác tốt và một cặp răng cửa sắc bén.[5]

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă â {{{assessors}}} (2008). Hystrix indica. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 19 November 2015.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Hystrix indica”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a ă â b “Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) - Information on Indian Crested Porcupine - Encyclopedia of Life”. Encyclopedia of Life. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 11 năm 2015.
  4. ^ Prater, Stanley Henry (1965). The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay: Diocesan Press.
  5. ^ a ă â b c d đ e “Indian Crested Porcupine”. San Diego Zoo. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 11 năm 2015.
  6. ^ Gurung, K.K.; Singh, R. (1996). Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent. San Diego: Academic Press.

Tham khảo

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Hystrix indica: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Hystrix indica là một loài nhím thuộc họ Nhím lông Cựu Thế giới (Hystricidae). Đây là loài bản địa Nam ÁTrung Đông.

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Индийский дикобраз ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
IndPorcupine.jpg

Индийский дикобраз[1][2] (лат. Hystrix indica) — животное семейства Дикобразовые (Hystricidae).

Может весить до 15 кг. Индийские дикобразы обитают не только в Индии, но и почти по всей южной части Азии, от восточного Закавказья, Казахстана и Средней Азии до стран Юго-Восточной Азии. Ведут ночной образ жизни. Обитают в пустынях, саваннах, лесах, горах. Может подниматься на высоту до 3900 м над уровнем моря. Живут в норах (длиной до 18 метров) или расщелинах скал.

Роль в нападении бенгальских тигров на человека

Считается, что бенгальские тигры-людоеды могут нападать на человека из-за неудачной охоты на дикобраза, так как после этого иглы глубоко вонзаются в шкуру неудачливого хищника и не выходят оттуда, вызывая боль. Такой тигр обычно уже не в состоянии поймать крупную резвую добычу и выбирает мелкую дичь, иногда людей. Рекордные находки игл в коже убитых тигров: до 50 штук; длиной до 25 см; иглы толщиной с карандаш.[3]

Примечания

  1. Млекопитающие. Большой энциклопедический словарь / науч. ред. д. б. н. И. Я. Павлинов. — М.: ACT, 1999. — С. 72—73. — 416 с. — ISBN 5-237-03132-3.
  2. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 195. — 10 000 экз.
  3. Игорь Акимушкин. Мир животных. Млекопитающие, или звери. — М.: «Мысль», 1998. — С. 131—132.
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Индийский дикобраз: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
IndPorcupine.jpg

Индийский дикобраз (лат. Hystrix indica) — животное семейства Дикобразовые (Hystricidae).

Может весить до 15 кг. Индийские дикобразы обитают не только в Индии, но и почти по всей южной части Азии, от восточного Закавказья, Казахстана и Средней Азии до стран Юго-Восточной Азии. Ведут ночной образ жизни. Обитают в пустынях, саваннах, лесах, горах. Может подниматься на высоту до 3900 м над уровнем моря. Живут в норах (длиной до 18 метров) или расщелинах скал.

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인도호저 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

인도호저 또는 인도갈기산미치광이(학명: Hystrix indica)는 호저과에 속하는 대형 설치류의 일종으로 가장 큰 구대륙호저 종이다.[2][1] 아시아 남부와 중동의 토착종이다.[1]

특징

몸무게가 11~18kg에 이르는 대형 설치류다.[3] 꼬리 길이 8~10cm를 제외한 몸통 길이가 70~90cm이다.[4] 야생에서 기대 수명은 알려져 있지 않지만 포획된 암컷 중에서 최대 27.1년까지 살았던 기록이 있다.[3] 온 몸이 가시로 불리는 여러 겹의 변형된 털로 덮여 있으며, 더 길고 가는 가시가 짧고 굵은 가시 층을 덮고 있다.[3] 가시는 갈색 또는 검은색이고 희고 검은 띠가 번갈아 나타난다.[5] 가시는 케라틴으로 이루어져 있고 비교적 유연하다.[5]

각 가시는 피부 밑의 근육과 연결되어 있어서 호저가 위험을 느낄 때 깃털을 들어 올릴 수 있다.[5] 가장 긴 깃털은 목과 어깨 부위에 있고 몸 둘레에 일종의 "치마"를 형성한다.[5] 가시털 길이는 최대 51cm까지 자랄 수 있고[5] 대부분 15~30cm이다.[6] 등과 엉덩이 쪽에는 작고 더 딱딱한 가시는 촘촘히 나 있다. 작은 가시털은 잠재적인 위험이 있을 때 상대방을 찌르는 데 사용한다.[5] 꼬리 밑 부분에는 흰색으로 보이는 짧은 가시털 있고, 길고 속이 비어 있어서 외부로부터 위협을 받을 때 가시털을 흔들어 경고음을 낼 수 있다.[7] 대부분의 사람들이 믿고 있는 것과 달리 인도호저는 다른 모든 호저와 마찬가지로 깃털을 쏠 수 없다.[5]

인도호저는 몸 부피에 비해 표면적이 낮아 열 보전에 도움이 되는 땅딸막한 몸을 갖고 있다.[8] 굴을 파는 데 쓰는 긴 발톱과 함께 넓은 발을 갖고 있다.[3] 다른 모든 호저와 마찬가지로 인도호저는 냄새에 예민한 날카로운 끌 모양의 앞니를 갖고 있다.[5]

분포 및 서식지

인도호저는 서남아시아중앙아시아 전역에서 발견되며,[3] 분포 지역은 아프가니스탄아르메니아, 아제르바이잔, 중국, 조지아, 인도, 이란, 이라크, 이스라엘, 요르단, 카자흐스탄, 레바논, 네팔, 파키스탄, 사우디아라비아, 스리랑카, 터키, 투르크메니스탄, 예멘을 포함하고 있다.[1] 환경에 대한 저항성이 유연하기 때문에 넓은 서식지 분포 지역을 차지하고 있다.[1] 암반 구릉 지대를 좋아하지만[3] 열대와 온대 관목 지대, 초원 지대, 숲, 농장, 교외 지역에서도 흔하게 발견된다.[1] 분포 지역은 풀의 계절성 밀집도와 굴을 파기에 적합한 땅을 사용할 수 있는 지에 제한을 받는 것으로 보인다.[9] 보다 구체적으로 인도호저의 분포 지역 북쪽 범위는 최소 여름밤 기간에 제한 받는다. 최소 밤 기간이 7시간 이하인 위도 지역에서는 발견되지 않고, 이는 아마도 식이적인 요구를 충족시키는 데 필요한 먹이를 찾는 시간때문으로 추정된다.[10]

2018년 아랍에미리트 와디 우라야에서 인도호저가 발견되었다.[11][12]

먹이

인도호저의 먹이는 아주 다양하고 대부분 초식을 한다.[3] 뿌리와 열매, 곡물, 핵과, 덩이줄기 뿐만 아니라 곤충과 작은 무척추동물을 포함한 다양한 자연 식물과 농작물을 먹는다.[3][4][13][14] 맹장이 소화를 돕는 동물이기 때문에 질이 낮은 식물도 먹을 수 있다.[15] 뼈를 씹어 가시 깃털의 성장을 돕는 칼슘과 같은 미네랄을 섭취하는 것으로 알려져 있다.[4][6] 충분한 지방 축적물을 형성하는 능력은 계절에 따라 변경되는 서식지에서 살기 위해 적절하게 적응한 결과로 추정된다.[8]

덩이줄기를 파내는 과정에서 서식지를 변화시키는 역할을 할 수도 있다.[16][17] 또한 농작물을 좋아하기 때문에 분포 지역 대부분에서 심각한 농업 해충으로 간주되기도 한다.[10][18] 이런 이유로 성가신 동물 취급을 받기도 한다.[1]

습성

구대륙의 다른 호저처럼 야행성 동물이다.[3] 성체 호저와 젖을 뗀 새끼 모두 먹이는 구하는 데 매일밤 하루 평균 7시간을 보낸다.[10][19][20] 겨울철에 달빛을 피하는 경향이 있는 데 이는 포식자를 피하기 위한 전략으로 보인다.[19] 그러나 여름철에는 달빛을 피하지 않고(먹이는 구하기 위한 활동하는 시간이 적기 때문에) 대신 굴 근처에 머무는 경향이 있다.[19] 낮에는 굴 속에 머물지만 겨울에는 낮 동안 굴에서 나와 햇빛을 쬐기도 한다.[20][21][8]

인도호저는 반지중성 동물이다.[3] 천연 동굴이나 만든 굴 속에서 서식한다.[20][21] 잘 오르거나 뛰지 못하기 때문에 대부분의 시간을 땅 위 또는 땅 아래에서 보낸다.[5] 그러나 헤엄을 잘 친다.[5] 인도호저의 포식자는 큰 고양이와[22][23] 카라칼, 늑대, 줄무늬하이에나, 아시아들개, 인도악어,[24] 사람 등이다.[19] 흥분하거나 겁을 먹으면 깃을 세워 더 크게 보인다.[5] 꼬리의 밑 부분의 속이 빈 깃을 덜컥거리거나 발을 구르고 으르렁거리거나 위협의 뒷쪽을 공격할 수 있다.[5]

번식

인도호저는 2월과 3월에 짝짓기를 한다.[25] 임신 기간은 평균 240일 동안 지속된다.[6] 암컷은 1년에 2~4마리의 새끼를 낳는다.[4] 새끼는 눈을 뜬 채로 태어나고 생후 몇 시간 이내에 단단해지는 짧고 부드러운 깃털로 덮여 있다.[3] 새끼는 생후 13~19주가 지나면 완전히 젖을 떼지만 2살 경에 성적으로 성숙해지기 전까지는 부모 형제와 함께 굴에서 지낸다.[25]

각주

  1. Amori, G., Hutterer, R., Kryštufek, B., Yigit, N., Mitsain, G. & Palomo, L.J. 2016. Hystrix indica (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T10751A115099509. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10751A22231834.en. Downloaded on 08 September 2020.
  2. Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). 〈SPECIES Hystrix (Hystrix) indica. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. “Indian Crested Porcupine (Hystrix indica) - Information on Indian Crested Porcupine - Encyclopedia of Life”. 《Encyclopedia of Life》. 2015년 11월 19일에 확인함.
  4. Prater, Stanley Henry (1965). 《The Book of Indian Animals》. Bombay: Diocesan Press.
  5. “Indian Crested Porcupine”. 《San Diego Zoo》. 2018년 3월 15일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 9월 9일에 확인함.
  6. Gurung, K.K.; Singh, R. (1996). 《Field Guide to the Mammals of the Indian Subcontinent》. San Diego: Academic Press.
  7. Ellerman, J.R. (1961). 《The Fauna of India》. New Delhi: Manager of Publications.
  8. Alkon, Philip U.; Degen, A. Allan; Cohen, Anat; Pollak, Haya (1986년 5월 1일). “Seasonal Energy Requirements and Water Intakes of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica) in Captivity”. 《Journal of Mammalogy》 67 (2): 333–342. doi:10.2307/1380887. JSTOR 1380887.
  9. Gorbunov, A.V. (1985). “Features of the ecology of porcupines in the deserts of eastern Prikaspia”. 《Soviet Journal of Ecology》 16: 248–253.
  10. Alkon, Philip U.; Saltz, David (1988년 5월 1일). “Foraging Time and the Northern Range Limits of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica Kerr)”. 《Journal of Biogeography》 15 (3): 403–408. doi:10.2307/2845271. JSTOR 2845271.
  11. Haza, Ruba (2018년 9월 12일). “Species of porcupine seen for first time in the Fujairah”. The National. 2020년 9월 9일에 확인함.
  12. De Leon, Janice Ponce (2018년 9월 13일). “First confirmed sighting of Indian crested porcupine in UAE”. Fujairah: Gulf News. 2020년 9월 9일에 확인함.
  13. Gutterman, Yitzchak; Herr, Nir (1981년 1월 1일). “Influences of porcupine (Hystrix indica) activity on the slopes on the northern Negev mountains — Germination and vegetation renewal in different geomorphological types and slope directions”. 《Oecologia》 51 (3): 332–334. doi:10.1007/BF00540902. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 28310016.
  14. Kadhim, Abdul-Hassain H. (1997년 1월 1일). “Distribution and reproduction of the Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica (Hystricidae: Rodentia) in Iraq”. 《Zoology in the Middle East》 15 (1): 9–12. doi:10.1080/09397140.1997.10637731. ISSN 0939-7140.
  15. Hanley, Thomas A. (1982년 3월 1일). “The Nutritional Basis for Food Selection by Ungulates”. 《Journal of Range Management》 35 (2): 146–151. doi:10.2307/3898379. JSTOR 3898379.
  16. Olsvig-Whittaker, L.; Shachak, M.; Yair, A. (1983년 11월 1일). “Vegetation patterns related to environmental factors in a Negev Desert watershed”. 《Vegetatio》 54 (3): 153–165. doi:10.1007/BF00047104. ISSN 0042-3106.
  17. Yair, A.; Shachak, M. (1982년 9월 1일). “A case study of energy, water and soil flow chains in an arid ecosystem”. 《Oecologia》 54 (3): 389–397. doi:10.1007/BF00380008. ISSN 0029-8549.
  18. Hafeez, Shahid; S., Khan, G.; Ashfaq, Muhammad; H., Khan, Z. “Food habits of the Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) in Faisalabad, Pakistan.”. 《www.cabdirect.org》. 2015년 11월 20일에 확인함.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  19. Alkon, Philip U.; Mitrani, David Saltz (1988년 2월 25일). “Influence of Season and Moonlight on Temporal-Activity Patterns of Indian Crested Porcupines (Hystrix indica)”. 《Journal of Mammalogy》 69 (1): 71–80. doi:10.2307/1381749. ISSN 0022-2372. JSTOR 1381749.
  20. Alkon, P. U.; Saltz, D. (1985년 12월 1일). “Potatoes and the Nutritional Ecology of Crested Porcupines in a Desert Biome”. 《Journal of Applied Ecology》 22 (3): 727–737. doi:10.2307/2403225. JSTOR 2403225.
  21. Harrison, D.L. (1972). 《The Mammals of Arabia》 3. London: Ernest Benn.
  22. Kingdon, J.S. (1974). 《East African Mammals》 2. London: Academic Press.
  23. Owens, Mark; Owens, Delia (1984년 1월 1일). 《Cry of the Kalahari》. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0395647806.
  24. Samarasinghe, Dinal J. S.; Alwis, Dilip (September 2017). “Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile). DIET”. Research Notes. 《Herpetological Review》 48 (3): 630–631 – ResearchGate 경유.
  25. van Aarde, R.J. (1985). “Reproduction in captive female Cape porcupines (Hystrix africaeaustralis)”. 《Journal of Reproduction and Fertility》 75 (2): 577–582. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0750577.
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