dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 21.8 years (captivity)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Untitled

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Coyotes are one of the dominant terrestrial carnivores in North America, with humans and wolves being their greatest enemies.

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Coyotes use auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile signals to communicate. They are the most vocal of all North American wild mammals, using 3 distinct calls (squeak, distress call and howl call) which consist of a quick series of yelps, followed by a falsetto howl. Howling may act to announce where territories are to other packs. Coyotes also howl when two or more members of a pack re-unite and to announce to each other their location. Their sight is less developed and is used primarily to note movement. They have acute hearing and sense of smell. They use stumps, posts, bushes or rocks as "scent posts" on which they urinate and defecate, possibly to mark territory. Coyotes are very good swimmers but poor climbers.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: choruses ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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Coyotes are common and widespread because of their extraordinary adaptability.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Coyotes serves as hosts for a number of diseases, including rabies. They are considered a threat to poultry, livestock, and crops. Coyotes may also compete with hunters for deer, rabbits, and other game species.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
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Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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Coyotes help to control some agricultural pests, such as rodents. Coyote pelts are also still collected and sold in some areas.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
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Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy

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Coyotes are versatile in their eating habits. They are carnivorous; 90% of their diet is mammalian. They eat primarily small mammals, such as eastern cottontail rabbits, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and white-footed mice. They occasionally eat birds, snakes, large insects and other large invertebrates. They prefer fresh meat, but they consume large amounts of carrion. Part of what makes coyotes so successful at living in so many different places is the fact that they will eat almost anything, including human trash and household pets in suburban areas. Plants eaten include leaves of balsam fir and white cedar, sasparilla, strawberry, and apple. Fruits and vegetables are a significant part of the diet of coyotes in the fall and winter months. Coyotes hunt animals in interesting ways. When on a "mousing" expedition, they slowly stalk through the grass and sniff out the mouse. Suddenly, with all four legs held stiffly together, the coyotes stiffen and pounce on the prey. Hunting deer, on the other hand, calls for teamwork. Coyotes may take turns pursuing the deer until it tires, or they may drive it towards a hidden member of the pack. Coyotes sometimes form "hunting partnerships" with badgers. Because coyotes aren't very effective at digging rodents out of their burrows, they chase the animals while they're above ground. Badgers do not run quickly, but are well-adapted to digging rodents out of burrows. When both hunt together they effectively leave no escape for prey in the area. The average distance covered in a night's hunting is 4 km.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution

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Coyotes are native to the Nearctic region. They are found throughout North and Central America. They range from Panama in the south, north through Mexico, the United States, and Canada. They occur as far north as Alaska and all but the northernmost portions of Canada.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
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Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat

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Coyotes are extremely adaptable and use a wide range of habitats including forests, grasslands, deserts, and swamps. They are typically excluded from areas with wolves. Coyotes, because of their tolerance for human activities, also occur in suburban, agricultural, and urban settings.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: taiga ; desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest ; scrub forest ; mountains

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: urban ; suburban ; agricultural ; riparian

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy

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Coyotes have been known to live a maximum of ten years in the wild and 18 years in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
10 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
18 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
14.5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
21.8 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
21.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
14.5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
18.0 years.

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology

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Coloration of coyotes varies from grayish brown to a yellowish gray on the upper parts. The throat and belly are whitish. The forelegs, sides of head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The back has fulvous colored underfur and long, black-tipped guard hairs that produce a black dorsal stripe and a dark cross on the shoulder area. The tail, which is half the body length, is bottle shaped with a black tip. There is also a scent gland located on the dorsal base of the tail. There is one moult per year, which starts in May with light loss of hair and ends in July after profuse shedding. Coyotes are significantly smaller than gray wolves and much larger than foxes. Coyotes are distinguished from domesticated dogs by their pointed, erect ears and drooping tail, which they hold below their back when running. The eyes have a yellow iris and round pupil. The nose is black and usually less than one inch in diameter. The ears are large in relation to the head and the muzzle is long and slender. The feet are relatively small for the size of the body. The pes has four digits and the manus has five with a small first digit. Coyotes run on their toes (digitigrade). The dental formula is 3/3 1/1 4/4 2/3. The molars are structured for crushing and the canines are rather long and slender.

Range mass: 7 to 21 kg.

Range length: 75 to 100 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 19.423 W.

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Coyotes are very secretive. Especially near human habitations they are active mostly early in the morning and late in the evening. Coyotes keep their young in or near the den while they are young so that the pups aren't killed by predators and competitors such as wolves and mountain lions.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • gray wolves (Canis lupus)
  • mountain lions (Puma concolor)
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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations

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Coyotes help in keeping many small mammal populations in check, such as mice and rabbits. If populations of these small mammals were allowed to become too large it would result in habitat degradation

Mutualist Species:

  • American badgers (Taxidea taxus)
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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction

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Courtship lasts for approximately 2 to 3 months. Female coyotes are monoestrous and are in heat for 2 to 5 days between late January and late March. Mating occurs within these 3 months. Once the female chooses a partner, the mates may remain paired for a number of years, but not necessarily for life.

Mating System: monogamous

Spermatogenesis in males takes around 54 days and occurs between January and February depending on geographic location. Gestation lasts from 60 to 63 days. Litter size ranges from 1 to 19 pups; the average is 6. The pups weigh approximately 250 grams. The young are born blind, limp-eared and pug-nosed. After 10 days the eyes open, the pups weigh 600 grams and their ears begin to erect in true coyote fashion. Twenty-one to 28 days after birth, the young begin to emerge from the den and by 35 days they are fully weaned. They are fed regurgitated food by both parents. Male pups disperse from the dens between months 6 and 9, while females usually stay with the parents and form the basis of the pack. Adult size is reached between 9 and 12 months. Sexual maturity is reached by 12 months. Coyotes hybridize with domestic dogs and occasionally with gray wolves.

Breeding interval: Coyotes usually breed once each year.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from January to March.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 19.

Average number of offspring: 5.7.

Range gestation period: 50 to 65 days.

Range weaning age: 35 to 49 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 to 10 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 9 to 10 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 250 g.

Average number of offspring: 6.

Female coyotes gestate and nurse their young. Both male and female coyotes bring food to their young after they are weaned and protect their offspring. The young sometimes stay with the pack into adulthood and learn how to hunt during a learning period.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Tokar, E. 2001. "Canis latrans" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html
author
Erik Tokar, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associated Plant Communities

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: tundra

Coyotes evolved in a plains environment and were historically most
numerous in western grasslands where large ungulate populations were
high. Coyotes flourished in the shortgrass-steppe, semiarid sagebrush
(Artemisia spp.)-grasslands, and deserts, and they ranged from deserts
and plains to alpine areas of adjacent mountains [58].

Today, range expansions indicate that coyotes can be successful in any
plant community from the tropics of Guatemala to the tundra of northern
Alaska [58]. Although they occur in most plant communities throughout
their range, coyotes do show some preferences. In the Intermountain
region, coyotes are closely associated with sagebrush communities.
Coyotes in eastern Nevada preferred black sagebrush (Artemisia nova)
flats to other habitats. These flats were areas of highest black-tailed
jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) densities [44]. In the Sierra Nevada,
California, coyotes inhabit almost every plant community and
successional stage. However, they prefer grass-forb and shrub-conifer
seedling-conifer sapling communities [63].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
coyote
brush wolf
prairie wolf
American jackal
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in
the United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although
recent changes in status may not be included.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Requirements

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, forest

Coyotes commonly hunt in open to semiopen areas [12,18,51]. In
California coyotes used ecotones, fuelbreaks, roads, trails, and open
chaparral more than dense unbroken cover. In southern California where
chaparral is adjacent to unbroken areas, coyotes forage at night along
edges and return during the day to chaparral cover. The steep slopes
and heavy cover of most chaparral communities impede coyote movements
[51]. In Georgia, the proportion of open area in coyote home ranges was
significantly (P less than 0.04) greater than that generally available in the
area, and the proportion of forest was significantly (P less than 0.04) less [59].

Coyotes use cover for daytime resting and den sites. In Georgia, areas
with "sufficient" cover were used more for daytime rest sites, and early
successional and open areas were used more for nocturnal foraging. In
summer, some coyotes used corn fields for cover during the day [59].
Urban coyotes in Seattle, Washington, foraged in residential areas, but
only in areas that were immediately adjacent to forest cover. Forested
areas provided the majority of cover, including denning sites [51].
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
Coyotes are found from Costa Rica to northern Alaska, and from coast to
coast in the United States and Canada. The highest densities occur in
the Great Plains states and in south-central United States. Coyotes are
absent from the barrens and Arctic islands of northern Canada, including
much of northern Quebec, northern Newfoundland, and Labrador. Coyotes
are uncommon where gray wolf populations are high in northeastern
Minnesota, northern Alaska, the Northwest Territories, Manitoba, and
Ontario. The distribution of coyotes in eastern North America has
expanded during this century. In some states such as Florida and
Georgia, coyotes have been introduced [4,12,43]. Today, all eastern
states and provinces have at least a small population of coyotes [64].
Distribution of the subspecies is listed below [61,66]:

Mexican coyote - Occurs in Oaxaca, San Luis Potosi, Pueblo, and
Veracrus, Mexico. Its range may extend into southern Nuevo Leon and
southern Tamaulipas, Mexico.

San Pedro Martir coyote - Occurs in northern Baja California and
southwestern California (mostly San Diego County).

southeastern coyote - Occurs in southeastern and extreme eastern Kansas,
Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, and Arkansas.

Durango coyote - Occurs along the Pacific coast drainage of western
Mexico between about 22 degrees and 26 degrees north latitude, extreme
southern Sonora, extreme southwestern Chihuahua, western Durango,
western Zacatecas, and Sinaloa.

northern coyote - In Canada, northern coyotes occur in Yukon Territory,
the Northwest Territories, northern British Columbia, and northern
Alberta. In the United States, northern coyotes occur in most of Alaska
except the southeastern coastal section.

Tiburon Island coyote - Occurs on Tiburon Island off Baja California.

plains coyote - In Canada, plains coyotes occur in southeastern Alberta,
southern Saskatchewan, and the extreme southwestern corner of Manitoba.
In the United States, they occur in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east
of the Rocky Mountains, and the northeastern corner of New Mexico; North
Dakota except the northeastern quarter; northwestern Oklahoma, and the
northern Panhandle region of Texas.

mountain coyote - In Canada, mountain coyotes occur in southern British
Columbia and southeastern Alberta. In the United States, they occur in
Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Range, northern California,
Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado (except the southeast
corner), northern and central Nevada, and northern and central Utah.

Mearns coyote - Occurs in southwestern Colorado, extreme southern Utah
and Nevada, southeastern California, northeastern Baja California,
Arizona, west of the Rio Grande in New Mexico, and Sonora and Chihuahua
in Mexico.

Lower Rio Grande coyote - Occurs in extreme southern Texas and northern
Tamaulipas, Mexico.

California valley coyote - Occurs in California west of the Sierra
Nevada, except in the northern part.

peninsula coyote - Occurs on the Baja California peninsula.

Texas plains coyote - Occurs in Texas, except for the northern panhandle
region, the eastern part, and the extreme southern tip. Texas plains
coyotes also occur in eastern New Mexico except for the northeastern
corner, and part of northeastern Mexico.

northeastern coyote - In Canada, northeastern coyotes occur in
north-central Saskatchewan, Manitoba (except the extreme southwestern
corner), southern Ontario, and extreme southern Quebec. In the United
States, northeastern coyotes occur along the eastern edge of North
Dakota and in Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri (north of the Missouri River),
Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois (except the extreme southern portion), and
northern Indiana.

northwest coast coyote - Occurs west of the Cascade Range in Oregon and
Washington.

Colima coyote - Occurs along the southwestern Pacific slope of Jalisco,
Michoacan, and Guerrero, Mexico.
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Food Habits

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the term: fruit

Coyotes are opportunistic feeders and eat a variety of food [4,12,64].
About 90 percent of their diet consists of animal matter; however, they
also eat vegetable matter. Some common prey items include deer, elk,
sheep (Ovis spp.), rabbits and hares (Leporidae), various rodents
(Rodentia), ground-nesting birds, amphibians, lizards, snails, fish,
crustaceans, and insects. During winter, much of the diet is made up of
rabbits, hares, and the carrion of large ungulates. Small mammals,
especially voles and mice (Muridae), are important food items during
spring, summer, and fall [4,64]. Various berries are also eaten [4].

An extensive study of coyote food habits conducted in 17 western states
showed that major diet items were lagomorphs (33%), carrion (25%),
rodents (18%), and domestic livestock (13.5%) [56]. Coyote diets in
sagebrush habitat of northeastern Utah and south-central Idaho consisted
of about 75 percent black-tailed jackrabbits year-round [13]. In
northeastern California, meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) occurred
in about half of all coyote scats analyzed. Other important diet items
were mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and cattle, probably eaten as
carrion [33]. Mule deer were also important in coyote diets in two
areas of southern Utah. In central Wyoming, mule deer, pronghorn
(Antilocapra americana), white-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii),
and desert cottontails (Sylvilagus audubonii) were present in 63 percent
of coyote scats [58]. On Arizona cattle ranges, where the habitat was
primarily open grasslands, oak (Quercus spp.), juniper, and ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa), coyote diets contained high percentages of plant
material. Juniper berries were particularly important, followed by
prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) fruit [47].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat-related Fire Effects

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, density, fire exclusion, fire suppression, forest, wildfire

Fire may improve the foraging habitat and prey base of coyotes. In New
England, coyotes are commonly found in forest openings created by fire
or logging [18]. Fires that reduce vegetation height and create open
areas probably increase hunting efficiency by coyotes. Surface fires
often open substrates for quieter stalking and easier capture of prey
than can occur in closed forests [38]. Wirtz [68] noted increases in
consumption of birds and deer by coyotes after a chaparral fire in the
San Dimas Experimental Forest, California. Increased consumption was
presumably the result of increased vulnerability of prey with reduced
cover, but no change was noted in small mammal consumption.

Periodic fire helps to maintain habitat for many prey species of coyote.
Fires that create a mosaic of burned and unburned areas are probably the
most beneficial to many coyote prey species. Several studies indicate
that many small mammal populations increase rapidly subsequent to
burning in response to increased food availability. Fire often improves
hare and rabbit forage quality and quantity for two or more growing
seasons [38]. Hill [67] concluded that burning at intervals longer than
2 years would be less beneficial to rabbits and hares, but any fire is
believed better than fire exclusion. Along the coast of northern
California, black-tailed jackrabbits occurred at highest density in open
brush, moderate density on recent burn areas, and lowest density in
mature chaparral stands [68]. Wagle [65] reported that fire suppression
in grasslands is detrimental to populations of small bird and mammal
herbivores due to organic matter accumulation and reduced plant vigor.

The 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park have probably benefited
coyotes. Fire in combination with drought likely increased available
carrion the fall and winter following the fire. Additionally, the fires
stimulated grass production, which should lead to an increase in small
mammal populations [45].

In California, coyotes are abundant in young chaparral (less than 20
years old) and are rare or absent in chaparral that has not been burned
for 20 years or more [51]. Quinn [51] observed more coyote sign during
the second and third years after a chamise (Adenostoma spp.) chaparral
wildfire in Riverside County than had been observed prior to burning.
Coyote numbers increased during the second and third years following a
chaparral fire in the Sierra Nevada foothills [39].
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bibliographic citation
Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

Coyotes probably occur in all SAF cover types.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White-red-jack pine
FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES19 Aspen-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

Coyotes probably occur in all Kuchler plant associations.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the term: cover

Coyotes probably occur in all SRM (rangeland) cover types.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management Considerations

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More info for the term: competition

Coyotes are the principal predator of domestic sheep in the West [44].
Predation on sheep often occurs in the summer [64]. In 16 studies
reviewed by Sterner and Shumake [60], coyotes were responsible for 82
percent of all sheep losses due to predators. However, only a few
flocks typically showed sizeable losses [12]. Coyote predation is a
minor cause of most livestock losses. Most of the livestock consumed,
except sheep, is carrion [64].

Methods of coyote control have been described in the literature
[1,4,12,64]. The impact of predator control on coyote population
densities, behavior, and ecology are not well known. Coyote populations
are able to maintain themselves under considerable human-induced
mortality. Their means of survival include behavioral adaptations and
biological compensatory mechanisms such as increased rates of
reproduction, survival, and immigration. In most areas, coyote numbers
likely are controlled by competition for food and by social stress,
diseases, and parasites [1]. There is little evidence to support the
notion that coyote predation is a primary limiting factor on populations
of large ungulates [12].

Coyote population control efforts may affect the social organization and
activity patterns of coyotes. In areas where population control is not
practiced, most coyotes exist in relatively "large" groups, whereas
coyotes in areas where populations are controlled generally exist in
"smaller" groups. Coyotes have been reported as more active during the
day in uncontrolled [26,70] than in population-controlled areas [71]. Roy
and Dorrance [72] reported that coyotes avoided open areas near roads
during daylight hours in areas where they were hunted.

Coyotes often aid in the dispersal of seeds. Seeds of oneseed juniper
(Juniperus monosperma) and Indian manzanita (Arctostaphylos mewukka)
have been found in coyote scats [24,31].

Coyotes are inflicted with a wide variety of parasites and diseases
which are described by Gier and others [28].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA

ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD

MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ

NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC

SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY

AB
BC
MB
NB
NF
NT
NS
ON
PE
PQ

SK
YT
MEXICO

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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Predators

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Mountain lions (Felis concolor) sometimes kill and eat coyotes [4].
Other predators of coyotes include humans, gray wolves, black bears
(Ursus americanus), and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). Golden eagles
(Aquila chrysaetos) attack young coyotes [2].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Preferred Habitat

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More info for the terms: cover, grassland, shrubland

Coyotes occupy a broad range of habitats [4,12,64]. Almost any habitat
that supports prey populations also supports coyotes; however, some
preferences have been noted (refer to PLANT COMMUNITIES slot) [64].

Dens - Coyotes den in a wide variety of places, including brush-covered
slopes, steep banks, rock ledges, thickets, and hollow logs. Dens
previously used by other animals (e.g., American badgers [Taxidea
taxus]) are frequently used [12]. Dens are usually about 1 foot (0.3 m)
in diameter and from 5 to 25 feet (1.5-7.5 m) long [4]. They usually
have more than one entrance and many interconnecting tunnels. The same
den may be used from year to year. Den sharing occurs only rarely
[4,12]. Movement of pups from one den to another is very common. The
reason is unknown, but disturbance and possibly infestation by parasites
may be factors. Most moves are over relatively short distances;
however, moves over 2.5 miles (4 km) are not uncommon [12].

Home range and territory - A single home range may be inhabited by a
family of two or more generations, a mated pair, or a single adult.
Home ranges vary from an average of 2 square miles (5 sq km) in Texas
[1] to averages of 21 to 55 square miles (54-142 sq km) in Washington
[57]. Males tend to have larger home ranges than females. In
Minnesota, male home ranges averaged 16 square miles (42 sq km), whereas
those of females averaged 4 square miles (10 sq km). The home ranges of
males overlapped considerably, but those of females did not [4]. In
Arkansas, Gipson and Sealander [26] reported that male coyote home
ranges were 8 to 16 square miles (21-42 sq km) and female home ranges
were 3 to 4 square miles (8-10 sq km).

In southeastern Colorado, the home range size of coyotes varied with
habitat, which was correlated with prey abundance. Coyotes in canyon
woodlands and in hills dominated by pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus
spp.) woodlands interspersed with grassland and shrubland had the
smallest home ranges. Coyotes in pinyon-juniper-prairie had
intermediate-size home ranges, and coyotes in shortgrass prairie had the
largest home ranges. As the amount of pinyon-juniper increased, home
range size decreased, possibly because these areas had high small mammal
populations and provided cover for resting sites and dens. The
shortgrass prairie had the lowest relative abundance of small mammals in
the study area [25].

Group size and social behavior may also influence home range size.
Coyotes living in packs and defending ungulate carrion during winter may
have smaller home ranges than coyotes living in pairs or alone [12,64].
Typically, only pack members defend territories; pairs of coyotes and
solitary individuals do not [4,12].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name for the coyote is Canis latrans
Say. It is in the family Canidae. Nineteen subspecies are currently
recognized, however; only 16 subspecies occur in Mexico, the United
States, and Canada [4,30]:

Canis latrans cagottis (Hamilton-Smith) (Mexican coyote)
Canis latrans clepticus Elliot (San Pedro Martir coyote)
Canis latrans frustror Woodhouse (southeastern coyote)
Canis latrans impavidus Allen (Durango coyote)
Canis latrans incolatus Hall (northern coyote)
Canis latrans jamesi Townsend (Tiburon Island coyote)
Canis latrans latrans (plains coyote)
Canis latrans lestes Merriam (mountain coyote)
Canis latrans mearnsi Merriam (Mearns coyote)
Canis latrans microdon Merriam (Lower Rio Grande coyote)
Canis latrans ochropus Eschscholtz (California valley coyote)
Canis latrans peninsulae Merriam (peninsula coyote)
Canis latrans texesis Bailey (Texas plains coyote)
Canis latrans thamnos Jackson (northeastern coyote)
Canis latrans umpquesis Jackson (northwest coast coyote)
Canis latrans vigilis Merriam (Colima coyote)

Fertile hybrids have been produced by matings of coyotes with feral dogs
(C. familiaris), red wolves (C. rufus), gray wolves (C. lupus), and red
foxes (Vulpes vulpes) [4,12]. Coyote-dog hybrids exhibit decreased
fecundity [12].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Timing of Major Life History Events

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More info for the terms: density, litter, monoestrous

Social organization - There is a considerable amount of variability in
coyote social organizations. In many areas, most coyotes are solitary
outside of the breeding season. In other areas, such as Jackson Hole,
Wyoming, and Jasper, Alberta, groups of coyotes are frequently observed.
Coyote social organization is influenced by prey size. In populations
where the major prey items throughout the year are small rodents,
coyotes tend to be solitary. In populations where large animals are
available (e.g., elk [Cervus elaphus], and deer [Odocoileus spp.]),
large groups of coyotes form [12].

Breeding season - Courtship may begin as early as 2 to 3 months before
coyotes attempt to mate. The female is monoestrous, having one period
of heat per year usually between January and March [4,62]. Estrus lasts
2 to 5 days. Some coyotes mate with the same individual from year to
year, but not necessarily for life [4]. In the Sierra Nevada, coyotes
mate from February to May, with peak breeding time in April and May [63].
Yearling females usually breed later in the season than older females
[12].

Age at first breeding - Both males and females are capable of breeding
as yearlings [4]. However, many coyotes do not breed until their second
year [63]. Generally, about 60 to 90 percent of adult females and 0 to
70 percent of female yearlings produce litters [12]. In years when food
is abundant, more females (especially yearlings) breed. In years when
rodent populations are high, as many as 75 percent of yearling females
may breed [4].

Gestation and litter size - Gestation lasts approximately 63 days. The
average litter size is 6, but may range from 3 to 15 [12,63]. Litter
size can be affected by population density and food availability.
Knowlton [36] reported average litter sizes of 4.3 at high coyote
densities and 6.9 at low coyote densities. In years of high rodent
density, mean litter size is generally higher than in years of low
rodent densities [12].

Development of young - Coyote young are born with their eyes closed.
They are cared for by the mother and sometimes siblings from a previous
year. The father and other males often provide food for the mother and
the young. Pups emerge from the den in 2 or 3 weeks. They begin to eat
solid food at about 3 weeks of age and are weaned at about 5 to 7 weeks
of age [4].

Dispersal of juveniles - Juvenile coyotes usually disperse alone or
sometimes in groups at 6 to 9 months of age during October to February.
However, some juveniles do not disperse until their second year.
Juvenile coyotes may disperse up to 100 miles (160 km) from their den
[4]. In Minnesota, Berg and Chesness [7] reported mean dispersal
distances of 30 miles (48 km) that occurred at a mean rate of 7 miles
(11 km) per week [12]. Juvenile dispersal distances averaged 17 to 19
miles (28-31 km) in Alberta [48], 4 miles (7 km) in Arkansas [26], and 3
to 4 miles (5-6 km) in California [32].

Activity and movements - Coyotes are active day and night, with peaks in
activity at sunrise or sunset. Generally, activity and movements such
as foraging are greatest at night. Andelt [1] found that daytime
activity increased during the breeding season. In Arkansas, Gipson and
Sealander [26] found that young were more active than adults during the
day.

Life span - Coyotes in captivity may live as long as 18 years, but in
wild populations few coyotes live more than 6 to 8 years. The maximum
known age for a wild coyote is 14.5 years [4].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Use of Fire in Population Management

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More info for the term: fire regime

Prescribed burning that favors small mammals by creating ecotones and
different age classes of vegetation would increase the prey base for
coyotes and make hunting easier by opening up the habitat [51].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Tesky, Julie L. 1995. Canis latrans. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Viven en sabanas arboladas, bordes de bosque, zonas áridas. Están asociados con hábitats alterados.
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Behavior ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pueden estar activos de noche y de día son gregarios.Descansan en cuevas, debajo de troncos caídos o en huecos ubicados en el suelo o paredones.Los aullidos se escuchan durante la noche, con más frecuencia en la estación lluviosa que en la estación seca.En Guanacaste, los coyotes juveniles se domestican muy fácilmente.
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Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Hábitats alterados, en la vertiente pacífica (excepto en la Península de Osa, San Vito), desde el nivel del mar hasta los 3.000m., aproximadamente.
Distribucion General: Desde Canadá y Alaska, EE.UU. hasta el oeste de Panamá. Se localiza desde las tierras bajas hasta los 3.000m.s.n.m..
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Trophic Strategy ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Son omnívoros y se alimentan de "ratones o ratas de monte" (ej. Sigmodon hispidus, Liomys salvini), conejos (ej. Sylvilagus floridanus), carroña (aves, mamíferos y reptiles), huevos de tortuga, lechuzas, "guatuzas" (Dasyprocta punctata), "perezosos o pericas ligeras" ( Bradypus variegatus, Choloepus hoffmanni), artrópodos, frutos y bayas (ej. "níspero" (Manilkara zapota), "higuerones" (Ficus spp.), "tempisque" (Mastichodendron capiri)), constituyéndose en importantes dispersores de semillas de estas especies de plantas.Parece que no comen la carnes del "oso colmenero" (Tamandua mexicana), ni de zopilotes.
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Associations ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Constituye un importantes dispersor de semillas de "tempisque" Mastichodendron capiri.
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Reproduction ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Las camadas constan de 4 a 6 crías y su periodo de gestación dura 9 semanas.
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 750-1150mm, longitud de la cola 300-400mm, peso 10-15Kg.Tiene forma de perro. La parte dorsal es café amarillento sombreado, salpicado con negro. La parte ventral es amarillo crema. Las orejas son largas y triangulares, las mantiene erectas y la parte trasera de ellas es rojiza. Los ojos presentan un color amarillo brillante, ante el reflejo de la luz. La cola es larga, con el extremo peludo. Corre con la cola baja. Las patas son largas y de color anaranjado.
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Diagnostic Description ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by INBio
Localidad del tipo: Reportado en Honacki et al. (1982) como Engineer Cantonment, Washington Co., Nebraska, U.S.A., aproximadamente 19.2 km al SE de Blair.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Canis latrans ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Pa ver otros usos d'esti términu, Coyote (dixebra).

.


 src=
Coyote nos montes de California.

El coyote (Canis latrans, que significa "perru lladrador") ye una especie de mamíferu carnívoru de la familia Canidae. Los coyotes solo atópense en América del Norte, América Central y apocayá América del Sur; dende Canadá hasta Colombia. El so nome vien de la pallabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Anque dacuando axúntense en menades, son polo xeneral solitarios. Viven en promediu unos 6 años.

A pesar de ser intensamente cazados, los coyotes son unos de los pocos animales grandes qu'ampliaron el so hábitat dende la conquista d'América polos europeos. Ocuparon árees en Norteamérica primeramente habitaes polos llobos, y afixéronse al consumu de basura y animales domésticos.

El coyote mide menos de 60 cm d'altor, y el so color varia dende'l gris hasta la canela, dacuando con un tinte acoloratáu. Les oreyes y el focico del coyote paecen llongures en rellación al tamañu del so cabeza. Pesa ente 10 y 25 kg, promediando 15. Puede ser identificáu pola so cola trupa y ancha que, de cutiu, lleva cerca del suelu. Pol so aspeutu espodáu puede estremase del so pariente mayor, el llobu gris, que puede pesar de 35 a 70 kg. El coyote ye un animal bien flacu, y puede paecer desnutrido a la primer vista entá si gocia de bona salú.

Comportamientu

 src=
Coyote (izquierda) y llobu (derecha).

Los coyotes son bien adaptables en diversos llugares. El so comportamientu puede variar enforma según el so hábitat, pero polo xeneral viven y cacen solos o en pareyes monógames, buscando mamíferos pequeños, especialmente musarañes, campañoles y coneyus; según pequeños inseutos. Ye omnívoru, y afai la so dieta a les fontes disponibles, incluyendo frutes, yerbes y otros vexetales.

Los coyotes empareyar pa tola vida. El apareamiento tien llugar alredor del mes de febreru, y nacen camaes de 4 a 6 cachorros sobre fines d'abril o empiezos de mayu. Dambos padres —y n'ocasiones los exemplares xuveniles, nacíos l'añu anterior, qu'entá nun abandonaron el xoril paternu— ayuden a alimentar a los cachorros. A los trés selmanes d'edá estos salen del xoril so la vixilancia de los sos padres; cuando algamen ocho a doce semana d'edá los sos padres enséñenlos a cazar. Les families permanecen xuntes a lo llargo del branu, pero los mozos parten a buscar los sos propios territorios escontra la seronda. Suelen treslladase a unos diez milles de distancia. Los mozos maurecen sexualmente al añu d'edá.

Ye muncho más común oyer un coyote que velo. Les llamaes que los coyotes faen son agudes; describir como aullides, gritíos, gañidos y lladrides. Estes llamaes pueden ser una nota llarga que xube y que cai (una aullida) o una serie de notes curties (un gritíu»). Estes llamaes oyer polo xeneral al tapecer o pola nueche, y con menos frecuencia mientres el día.

Anque les llamaes realicen tol añu, son más comunes mientres la estación d'acoplamientu de la primavera y mientres la seronda, cuando los cachorros salen de les sos families pa establecer territorios nuevos. L'aullida ye engañosu; por cuenta de les carauterístiques del soníu a la distancia, puede paecer que'l coyote ta nun llugar, cuando realmente atópase n'otra parte.

Subespecies

Reconócense les siguientes subespecies:[2]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Gese, Y.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F.. «Canis latrans» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.2.
  2. Don Y. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editores).. «Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).» (inglés). Consultáu'l 1 d'agostu de 2010.

Enllaces esternos

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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Canis latrans: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Pa ver otros usos d'esti términu, Coyote (dixebra).

.


 src= Coyote nos montes de California.

El coyote (Canis latrans, que significa "perru lladrador") ye una especie de mamíferu carnívoru de la familia Canidae. Los coyotes solo atópense en América del Norte, América Central y apocayá América del Sur; dende Canadá hasta Colombia. El so nome vien de la pallabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Anque dacuando axúntense en menades, son polo xeneral solitarios. Viven en promediu unos 6 años.

A pesar de ser intensamente cazados, los coyotes son unos de los pocos animales grandes qu'ampliaron el so hábitat dende la conquista d'América polos europeos. Ocuparon árees en Norteamérica primeramente habitaes polos llobos, y afixéronse al consumu de basura y animales domésticos.

El coyote mide menos de 60 cm d'altor, y el so color varia dende'l gris hasta la canela, dacuando con un tinte acoloratáu. Les oreyes y el focico del coyote paecen llongures en rellación al tamañu del so cabeza. Pesa ente 10 y 25 kg, promediando 15. Puede ser identificáu pola so cola trupa y ancha que, de cutiu, lleva cerca del suelu. Pol so aspeutu espodáu puede estremase del so pariente mayor, el llobu gris, que puede pesar de 35 a 70 kg. El coyote ye un animal bien flacu, y puede paecer desnutrido a la primer vista entá si gocia de bona salú.

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Koyyot ( Azerbaijani )

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Çəmənlik canavarı (lat. Canis latrans) — canavar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə


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Koyyot: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Çəmənlik canavarı (lat. Canis latrans) — canavar cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Koiot ( Breton )

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Ar c'hoiot (Canis Latrans) a zo ur bronneg kigdebrer eus kerentiad ar c'hieged.

Emañ o vevañ e hanternoz Amerika, eus Panama betek Alaska. An ergerzhourien european o deus kejet gant an aneval-se evit ar wech kentañ e mervent Amerika an Norzh.

Ar c'hoioted a c'hell bevañ etre 6 ha 10 bloavezh ha daoust ma c'hellont furmiñ bagadoù bihan a-wechoù e vezont o hemolc'hin o-unanig ar peurliesañ. Ar ger koiot a zeu eus ar spagnoleg en deus e amprestet digant an Nahouatleg.

Daoust dezhañ bezañ hemolc'het kalz eo ar c'hoiot unan eus an anevaled ral, krenn o ment, a zo aet o lec'h-annez war ledanaat abaoe donedigezh an Europiz. E kornôg Stadoù-Unanet Amerika e oa o vevañ gwechall hag en em astenn a ra e annez bremañ betek Florida ha Bro-Saoz Nevez.

Perzhioù fizikel

Ar c'hoioted a c'hell tizhout 60 cm ha pouezañ etre 6 ha 22 kg. Liv o blevenn a gemm hervez ar rannvedoù, met gwenn pe gell e vez ar peurliesañ. E zisheñveliñ a reer diouzh ar bleiz dre e vent ha dre e lost a zo brasoc'h ha blevekoc'h.

Heverk eo dalc'h ar c'hoioted a gerzh gant o lost tost ouzh an douar.

Ur c'horf moan en deus ha kastiz e c'hell seblantout hag eñ yac'h. Gant ar bleiz ruz e c'hell parañ ha krediñ a reer ez eo hironed 50% eus koioted ar Biz ha Kap Cod. Gouennañ gant ar bleiz gris e c'hell ober ivez, met daoust d'o menned bezañ frouezhus e vez ral an dra-se en natur. Re zisheñvel eo emzalc'hioù an daou spesad.

Emzalc'h

Anevaled-deiz e veze ar c'hoioted gwechall, met da anevaled-noz int aet abalamour da gwask an Den. Aes en em reont ouzh un endro nevez hag o c'havout a reer e meur a annez. Gallout a ra o emzalc'h kemm kalz hervez al lec'h ma vevont met ar peurliesañ e hemolc'hont o-unanig pe e koubladoù. Bronneged bihan evel konikled, logod, lern, gwiñvered, enezed-ouez hag a-wechoù amprevaned, deñved ha pesked. Beuzel-karv a zebr e-pad ar goañv er rannvedoù yen. Un hollzebrer eo ar c'hoiot. Gallout a ra zoken en em vagañ diwar geot pe frouezh pa vez ezhomm. E Yellowstone, kent ma voe lezet da vont bleizi en-dro, o deus kroget ar c'hoioted da zerc'hel o loch ekologel ha da hemolc'hiñ anevaled bras. Adalek distro ar bleizi, avat, eo aet war zigresk poblañs ar c'hoioted ha distroet int d'o doare-bevañ kozh.

Parañ a reont e miz C'hwevrer hag etre pevar ha c'hwec'h a venned a vez ganet e fin miz Ebrel pe e deroù miz Mae. Ar c'herent (ha, gwechoù 'zo, menned ganet er bloaz a-raok) a ra war-dro ar re yaouank.

Boutinoc'h eo klevout ur c'hoiot eget e welout. Skiltr eo o c'hri a zeskriver evel ur yudadenn pe un harzhadenn. Gallout a ra bezañ hir hag heñvel a-walc'h ouzh hini ur bleiz pe aozet ag ur rummad a grioù berr. Ar c'hoioted a glever e-pad an noz pe war-dro ar serr-noz dreist-holl. Paotoc'h e vez o c'hrioù e-pad an nevez-amzer pe e-pad an diskar-amzer, pa guita ar menned o c'herent.

Niverus e vez ar c'hoioted e bannlevioù ar c'hêrioù ha zoken e kreiz un nebeud anezho. Hervez ur studiadenn savet gant ekologourien Skol-Veur Ohio o defe ar c'hoioted en em graet mat tre ouzh endro ar c'hêrioù. E-barzh an holl garterioù e kavfed koioted. Kuzhat a rafent diouzh an dud hag en em vagfent gant krignerien hag anevaled-ti. War-dro 2000 a goioted a vevfe e bro-Chikago ha moarvat o deus ar c'hêrioù bras amerikan arall poblañsoù damheñvel. E miz Meurzh 2006 e oa bet tapet ur c'hoiot, Hal e anv, e Central Park e kreiz New York.

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Koiot: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar c'hoiot (Canis Latrans) a zo ur bronneg kigdebrer eus kerentiad ar c'hieged.

Emañ o vevañ e hanternoz Amerika, eus Panama betek Alaska. An ergerzhourien european o deus kejet gant an aneval-se evit ar wech kentañ e mervent Amerika an Norzh.

Ar c'hoioted a c'hell bevañ etre 6 ha 10 bloavezh ha daoust ma c'hellont furmiñ bagadoù bihan a-wechoù e vezont o hemolc'hin o-unanig ar peurliesañ. Ar ger koiot a zeu eus ar spagnoleg en deus e amprestet digant an Nahouatleg.

Daoust dezhañ bezañ hemolc'het kalz eo ar c'hoiot unan eus an anevaled ral, krenn o ment, a zo aet o lec'h-annez war ledanaat abaoe donedigezh an Europiz. E kornôg Stadoù-Unanet Amerika e oa o vevañ gwechall hag en em astenn a ra e annez bremañ betek Florida ha Bro-Saoz Nevez.

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Cogollop ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El Cogollop[cal citació] (o Coywolf en anglès) és un terme informal que dóna nom a un híbrid cànid entre els coiots, els llops grisos o vermells i els gossos. Són un híbrid amb capacitat per a reproduir-se. Tenen una càrrega genètica aproximada d'un 25% llop, d'un 65% coiot i un 10% de gos. La mida no és tan gran com la del llop gris però si superior a la dels coiots; no superen els 25 quilos de pes de mitjana.

Aquesta barreja entre especies s'ha donat tant en captivitat com fruit de l'experimentació humana, i també de manera natural als boscos d'algunes zones del sud dels EUA. Tanmateix s'han trobat proves genètiques de la barreja entre espècies en zones verdes del nord-est dels Estats Units i Canadà.[1]

Les seves capacitats adaptatives: es relaciona en llobades socials com les dels llops, però a diferència d'ells, no tenen por a l'home, pel que no és estrany trobar-los prop de nuclis urbans. En les últimes dècades s'han donat molts casos de problemes amb coiots que s'han acostats massa a les ciutats (inclosos molts atacs a gossos) en alguns estats nord-americans. Resulten ésser un hibrid que en realitat pot esdevenir un salt micro-evolutiu rellevant encara desconegut en els cànids moderns. L'hibridació entre les espècies s'ha vist facilitada pel fet que van divergir fa relativament poc (fa uns 6.000-117.000 anys).

Galeria d'imatges

Bibliografia

  • Adams, J.R.; Kelly, B.T.; Waits, L.P. «Using faecal DNA sampling and GIS to monitor hybridization between red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyote (Canis latrans)». Mol. Ecol., 12, 8, 2003, pàg. 2175–2186. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01895.x. PMID: 12859637.
  • McCarley, H. «The taxonomic status of wild Canis (Canidae) in the south central United States». Southwest. Nat., 1962, 7, pàg. 227–235.
  • Wayne, R.K.; Jenks, S.M. «Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus». Nature, 351, 6327, 1991, pàg. 565–568. Bibcode: 1991Natur.351..565W. DOI: 10.1038/351565a0.

Referències

  1. vonHoldt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J. «Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf». Science Advances, 2, 7, 2016, pàg. e1501714–e1501714. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501714.

Enllaços externs

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Cogollop: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El Cogollop[cal citació] (o Coywolf en anglès) és un terme informal que dóna nom a un híbrid cànid entre els coiots, els llops grisos o vermells i els gossos. Són un híbrid amb capacitat per a reproduir-se. Tenen una càrrega genètica aproximada d'un 25% llop, d'un 65% coiot i un 10% de gos. La mida no és tan gran com la del llop gris però si superior a la dels coiots; no superen els 25 quilos de pes de mitjana.

Aquesta barreja entre especies s'ha donat tant en captivitat com fruit de l'experimentació humana, i també de manera natural als boscos d'algunes zones del sud dels EUA. Tanmateix s'han trobat proves genètiques de la barreja entre espècies en zones verdes del nord-est dels Estats Units i Canadà.

Les seves capacitats adaptatives: es relaciona en llobades socials com les dels llops, però a diferència d'ells, no tenen por a l'home, pel que no és estrany trobar-los prop de nuclis urbans. En les últimes dècades s'han donat molts casos de problemes amb coiots que s'han acostats massa a les ciutats (inclosos molts atacs a gossos) en alguns estats nord-americans. Resulten ésser un hibrid que en realitat pot esdevenir un salt micro-evolutiu rellevant encara desconegut en els cànids moderns. L'hibridació entre les espècies s'ha vist facilitada pel fet que van divergir fa relativament poc (fa uns 6.000-117.000 anys).

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Coiot ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El coiot (Canis latrans, que significa "gos lladrador") és una espècie de mamífer pertanyent a la família dels cànids.[2] El seu nom ve de la paraula nàhuatl cóyotl (IPA /ˈkɔ.jɔtɬ/).

Descripció

Mesura menys de 60 cm d'altura. Pot pesar entre 10 i 25 kg i el seu pes mitjà s'acosta als 15 kg. El seu color varia des del gris fins al canyella, de vegades amb un tint vermellós. Les orelles i el musell semblen llargs en relació a la grandària del seu cap. Pot ser identificat per la seva cua espessa i ampla que, sovint, duu prop del sòl. Pel seu aspecte esvelt es pot distingir del seu parent major, el llop gris, que pot pesar de 35 a 60 kg. És un animal molt prim i pot semblar desnodrit a primera vista encara que gaudeixi de bona salut.

Ecologia

Habita a Belize, el Canadà, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hondures, Mèxic, Nicaragua, Panamà i els Estats Units.[3] Malgrat haver estat intensament caçat, el coiot és un dels pocs animals grans que han ampliat el seu hàbitat des de l'arribada dels europeus a Amèrica: ha ocupat àrees de Nord-amèrica prèviament habitades pels llops, ja que s'ha pogut adaptar al consum d'escombraries i animals domèstics.

Pot viure fins a 10 anys en estat salvatge i 18 en captivitat.[4] Viu i caça o sols o en parelles monògames. Menja mamífers petits, especialment musaranyes, talpons i conills, així com petits insectes. És omnívor, i adapta la seva dieta a les fonts disponibles, incloent-hi fruites, herbes i altres vegetals. Al Parc Nacional de Yellowstone, abans de la reintroducció del llop, començaren a ocupar el nínxol ecològic d'aquest, caçant en gossades per a abatre preses de caça major.

L'aparellament és per a tota la vida i el coit ocorre al voltant del mes de febrer. Té ventrades de 4-6 cadells a finals d'abril o començaments de maig. Ambdós pares —i a vegades els exemplars juvenils, nascuts l'any anterior i que encara no han abandonat el cau familiar— ajuden a alimentar els cadells. A les tres setmanes d'edat, aquests, surten del cau sota la vigilància dels seus pares. Quan arriben a vuit-dotze setmanes d'edat els seus pares els ensenyen a caçar. Les famílies romanen juntes al llarg de l'estiu, però els joves parteixen a buscar els seus propis territoris cap a la tardor. Solen traslladar-se a unes deu milles de distància. Els joves maduren sexualment a l'any d'edat.

És molt més comú escoltar un coiot que veure'l. Els sons que fan els coiots són aguts i són descrits com a udols, xiscles o lladrucs. Aquests sons poden ser una nota llarga que puja i que cau (un udol) o una sèrie de notes curtes (un «xiscle») i se senten, en general, al crepuscle o a la nit, i amb menys freqüència durant el dia. Encara que els seus udols es realitzen tot l'any, són més comuns durant l'estació d'acoblament de la primavera i durant la tardor, quan els cadells abandonen les seves famílies per a establir territoris nous. Els seus udols enganyen: pot semblar que el coiot està en un lloc quan, realment, està en un altre indret.

Taxonomia

S'han descrit unes dinou subespècies de coiot:

Galeria d'imatges


Referències

  1. Say, T., 1823. A: Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains : performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war, under the command of Major Stephen H. Long : from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party compiled by Edwin James, botanist and geologist for the expedition; in two vols., H.C. Carey and I. Lea, Filadèlfia, 1822-1823. Vol 1, p 168.
  2. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  3. UICN (anglès)
  4. Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
  5. «Canis latrans cagottis». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  6. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  7. 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 7,13 7,14 7,15 FEIS (anglès)
  8. «Canis latrans clepticus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  9. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  10. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3a edició (en anglès). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 volums, (2.142 pàg.), 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  12. «Canis latrans frustror». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  13. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  14. «Canis latrans goldmani». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  15. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  16. «Canis latrans hondurensis». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  17. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  18. «Canis latrans impavidus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  19. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  20. «Canis latrans incolatus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  21. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  22. «Canis latrans jamesi». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  23. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  24. «Canis latrans latrans». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  25. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  26. «Canis latrans lestes». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  27. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  28. «Canis latrans mearnsi». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  29. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  30. «Canis latrans microdon». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  31. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  32. «Canis latrans ochropus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  33. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  34. «Canis latrans peninsulae». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  35. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  36. «Canis latrans texensis». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  37. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  38. «Canis latrans thamnos». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  39. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  40. «Canis latrans umpquensis». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  41. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)
  42. «Canis latrans vigilis». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  43. Mammal Species of the World (anglès)

Bibliografia

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Coiot Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  • Allen, Stephen i Sargeant, Alan, Observed Interactions Between Coyotes and Red Foxes, Journal of Mammology, Vol. 70, Number 3, pàg. 631-633.
  • Andelt, W. F., 1985. Behavioral ecology of coyotes in south Texas. Wildlife Monographs 94: 45 pp.
  • Andelt, W. F., 1987. Coyote predation. A: M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard i B. Malloch (eds), Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America, pàg. 128-140. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Trappers Association, Ontàrio, el Canadà.
  • Baillie, J. i Groombridge, B. (eds). 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. A: J. Baillie i B. Groombridge (eds), IUCN, Gland, Suïssa.
  • Baker, Rollin H., 1983. Michigan Mammals. Michigan State University Press, Detroit, pg: 390-399.
  • Banfield, A.W.F., 1974. Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto i Buffalo, pg: 286-289.
  • Bekoff, M., 1977. Canis latrans. Mamm. Species 79:1-9. --Distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) includes Oklahoma. Summary of information in literature. Systematics, Paleontology, Distribution, Natural history, Behavior, Ecology, Populations, Parasites, Genetics, Morphology, Physiology, Techniques, Economics, Wildlife management, Bibliographies. Canidae.
  • Beckoff, M., 1978 ed. Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. Nova York, Academic Press.
  • Bekoff, M., 1982. Coyote, Canis latrans. A: J. Chapman i G. Feldhamer (eds), Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and economics, pàg. 447-459. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, els Estats Units.
  • Bekoff, M. i Gese, E. M., 2003. Coyote (Canis latrans). A: G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson i J. A. Chapman (eds), Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and conservation, pàg. 467-481. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, els Estats Units.
  • Bender,D., Bayne, E., Brigham, M. Lunar, Condition Influences Coyote Howling, The American Midland Naturalist, v136, p. 413-17 (1996).
  • Cadieux, Charles, L., 1983, Coyotes: Predators and Survivors, Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-913276-42-1.
  • Fox, M.W., 1975. The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Nova York, Londres i Melbourne, pg: 247-262.
  • Knowlton, F. F., 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population mechanics with some management implications. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 369-382.
  • Moore, G. C. i Parker, G. R., 1992. Colonization by the eastern coyote (Canis latrans). A: A. Boer (ed.), Ecology and management of the eastern coyote, pàg. 23-37. Wildlife Research Unit, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, el Canadà.
  • Nowak, Ronald M. i John L. Paradiso. 1983. Walkers Mammals of the World. Quarta edició. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pg: 949-951.
  • O'Donoghue, M., Boutin, S., Krebs, C. J. i Hofer, E. J., 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150-162.
  • Reid, F., 1997. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press, Nova York, Estats Units
  • Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. i Macdonald, D. W. (eds). 2004. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, Suïssa i Cambridge, el Regne Unit.
  • Windberg L., Lamar A., Ebbert, S., Kelly B., Population Characteristics of Coyotes in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, The American Midland Naturalist, v138. p. 197-207 (juliol de 1997)
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Coiot: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El coiot (Canis latrans, que significa "gos lladrador") és una espècie de mamífer pertanyent a la família dels cànids. El seu nom ve de la paraula nàhuatl cóyotl (IPA /ˈkɔ.jɔtɬ/).

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Kojot prérijní ( Czech )

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ikona
Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

Kojot prérijní (Canis latrans) je severoamerická šelma z čeledi psovitých. Jeho jméno pochází z aztéckého slova coyōtl.

Rozměry

  • Výška v kohoutku: 60 cm
  • Délka: 100 až 135 cm
  • Délka ocasu: 40 cm
  • Hmotnost: samci 8–20 kg (výjimečně až 34 kg), samice 7–18 kg

Rozšíření

Kojoti původně žili na skalnatých rovinách v severním Mexiku, odkud postupně pronikali dále na sever. Dnes se nacházejí v celé Severní Americe, od pouští a polopouští na jihozápadě až po Aljašku.

Potrava

Kojot je masožravec. Loví hlodavce, malé ptáky, různé vodní živočichy, ale i vidlorohy. Dokáže vyvinout poměrně velkou rychlost, na vzdálenost 1,5 km může běžet rychlostí 48 km/h a na kratší vzdálenost i rychleji.[2] Živí se nicméně také zdechlinami, v blízkosti lidských sídel požírá odpadky. V nouzi se dokáže spokojit jen s trávou a ovocem. Je pravda, že napadá i člověka, ale útoky málokdy končí fatálně.[3]

Rozmnožování

Kojotí říje probíhá od února do března. Samci sice mezi sebou bojují, konečná volba však závisí na feně, která si tak může vybrat i poraženého. Takto vzniklé páry spolu zůstávají po celý život. Před porodem si samice za pomoci svého partnera vybuduje doupě, jež se stane útočištěm pro ni a pro štěňata. Někdy kojoti obsadí jezevčí nebo liščí noru. Po devítitýdenní březosti vrhne fena čtyři až deset mláďat, která kojí 7–10 týdnů. Ve stáří tří až čtyř týdnů jsou štěňata schopna přijímat pevnou stravu. Samec se stará o přísun potravy a hlídá okolí brlohu. Dovnitř však již nevstupuje. Do dosažení úplné dospělosti, tj. do věku 20 měsíců, doprovázejí mladí kojoti své rodiče, pak se osamostatňují a zakládají si vlastní rodiny.

Způsob života

 src=
Kojot prérijní v Národním parku Grand Teton

Kojoti žijí v párech nebo v rodinných smečkách. Pečlivě hlídají hranice svého teritoria, jež si značkují močí a trusem.

Uctívané i zatracované zvíře

Kojot hraje významnou roli v mytologii severoamerických Indiánů, kde často vystupuje jako šprýmař, potměšilý šibal, který na jedné straně ostatním tvorům pomáhá, ovšem na druhou stranu si z nich tropí nejapné žerty nebo se je snaží všemožně přelstít, aby získal to, co chce. Ne vždy mu ale jeho plány vyjdou. Některé kmeny, např. Vraní indiáni, Juteové, Pajutové nebo původní obyvatelé Kalifornie ho považují za stvořitele světa. Komančové věŕí, že naučil lidi rozdělávat oheň a lovit bizony. Podle Navahů kojot přinesl na svět smrt, aby zabránil přelidnění. V příbězích Apačů, Čejenů nebo Lakotů je kojot zobrazen především jako drzý a zlomyslný šibal, který se snaží ostatní bytosti přelstít a podvést, což se mu většinou povede, ale mnohdy potom na svou chtivost a zlomyslnost doplatí. Kojota uctívali také Aztékové, a to v podobě božstva hudby a tance jménem Huehuecoyotl „Stařík kojot“. Slovo kojot pochází z aztéckého jazyka nahuatl, kde má podobu coyotl. V aztéckém umění se často objevuje motiv kojota na péřových mozaikách, sochách, reliéfech či ilustracích v kodexech. Indiánskými bajkami a pohádkami o kojotových šibalských koucícch byla inspirována americká animovaná groteska Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner.

Bílí farmáři však mají na kojoty jiný názor. Mnoho z nich je přesvědčeno, že tato zvířata jsou úhlavními nepřáteli jejich stád dobytka, a proto je nemilosrdně střílejí. Dříve byli kojoti rovněž chytáni do želez, tráveni kyanidem a strychninem. Ročně je tak v USA zabito na 90 000 kojotů. Ve skutečnosti kojoti napadají ovce a telata pouze tehdy, není-li v oblasti dostatek potravy.

Kojoti se v Michiganu velmi často odváží až na terasu lidských obydlí, kde rádi olizují tuk z grilů.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. BRYL, Marek; MATYÁŠTÍK, Tomáš. Rychlost savců - Savci, internetová encyklopedie [online]. Univerzita Palackého, upol.cz, 1998-2005. Dostupné online.
  3. COYOTE ATTACKS: AN INCREASING SUBURBAN PROBLEM*. www.co.san-diego.ca.us [online]. [cit. 2007-09-26]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2007-09-26.

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Kojot prérijní (Canis latrans) je severoamerická šelma z čeledi psovitých. Jeho jméno pochází z aztéckého slova coyōtl.

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Prærieulv ( Danish )

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Prærieulv i sne i Yosemite National Park, Californien.

Prærieulven (Canis latrans) er et dyr i hundefamilien. Den når en længde på 70-97 cm med en hale på 30-38 cm og vejer 9-16 kg. Dyret lever i det meste af Nordamerika, fra Alaska til Panama. Hunnen er drægtig i 63 dage. I den tid opholder hun sig i en hule. Den gennemsnitlige kuldstørrelse er 6 unger.

Prærieulven kan løbe op til 65 km/t.

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Coywolf ( German )

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Coywolf

Coywolf (in den USA manchmal auch Woyote genannt) ist ein informeller Begriff für einen Canidenhybrid, der von Kojoten und Grauwölfen abstammt. Alle Mitglieder der Gattung Canis sind genetisch eng miteinander verwandt und können sich untereinander kreuzen, da sie 78 Chromosomen besitzen.[1] Eine genetische Studie zeigt, dass sich diese beiden Arten vor relativ kurzer Zeit (vor etwa 55.000–117.000 Jahren) genetisch getrennt haben. Genomische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass fast alle nordamerikanischen Wolfspopulationen einen gewissen Grad an Vermischung mit Kojoten besitzen, die einer geografischen Kline folgen, wobei die niedrigsten Werte in Alaska und die höchsten in Ontario und Quebec sowie in den atlantischen Provinzen Kanadas vorkommen.[2]

Merkmale

Hybriden jeglicher Kombination sind in der Regel größer als Kojoten, aber kleiner als Wölfe; sie zeigen Verhaltensweisen, die zwischen Kojote und der Spezies des anderen Elternteils liegen.[3][4] In einem in Gefangenschaft durchgeführten Hybrid-Experiment wurden sechs F1-Hybridwelpen eines männlichen nordwestlichen Grauwolfs und eines weiblichen Kojoten kurz nach der Geburt gemessen, wobei der Durchschnitt ihrer Gewichte, Gesamtlängen, Kopflängen, Körperlängen, Hinterbeinlängen, Schulterumfänge und Kopfumfänge mit denen von reinen Kojotenwelpen bei der Geburt verglichen wurde. Obwohl die hybriden Welpen bei der Geburt von einem weiblichen Kojoten geboren wurden, waren sie viel größer und schwerer als normale Kojotenwelpen, die etwa zur gleichen Zeit geboren und gemessen wurden.[3] Im Alter von sechs Monaten wurden diese Hybriden im Wildlife Science Center genau beobachtet. Peggy Callahan, die Exekutivdirektorin der Einrichtung erklärt, dass das Heulen dieser Hybriden ähnlich wie bei normalen Wölfen mit einer tiefen, starken Vokalisierung beginnt, sich aber teilweise in ein kojotenhaftes, hohes Schreien verwandelt.[5]

Im Vergleich zu reinen Kojoten bilden östliche Wolf-Kojoten-Hybride kooperativere soziale Gruppen und sind in der Regel weniger aggressiv, wenn sie miteinander spielen.[6] Außerdem erreichen Hybriden im Alter von zwei Jahren die Geschlechtsreife, also deutlich später als reinrassige Kojoten.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. R. Wayne: Molecular evolution of the dog family. In: Trends in Genetics. 9, Nr. 6, 1993, S. 218–24. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-X. PMID 8337763.
  2. B. M. von Holdt, J. A. Cahill, Z. Fan, I. Gronau, J. Robinson, J. P. Pollinger, B. Shapiro, J. Wall, R. K. Wayne: Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf. In: Science Advances. 2, Nr. 7, 2016, S. e1501714. bibcode:2016SciA....2E1714V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714. PMID 29713682. PMC 5919777 (freier Volltext).
  3. a b L. D. Mech, B. W. Christensen, C. S. Asa, M. Callahan, J. K. Young: Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes. In: PLoS ONE. 9, Nr. 2, 2014, S. e88861. bibcode:2014PLoSO...988861M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861. PMID 24586418. PMC 3934856 (freier Volltext).
  4. J. G. Way: A comparison of body mass of Canis latrans (Coyotes) between eastern and western North America. In: Northeastern Naturalist. 14, Nr. 1, 2007, S. 111–24. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[111:acobmo]2.0.co;2.
  5. Clive Riese: Wildlife Science Center partners in study impacting wolf controversy, Forest Lake Times, 19. März 2014
  6. M. Bekoff: Behavioral Development in Coyotes and Eastern Coyotes, 1978; S. 97–124 In: M. Bekoff, (ed.) Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. Academic Press, New York. ISBN 1-930665-42-3.
  7. J.G. Way; Rutledge L.; Wheeldon T.; White B.N. (2010), Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts Northeastern Naturalist
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Coywolf: Brief Summary ( German )

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Coywolf (in den USA manchmal auch Woyote genannt) ist ein informeller Begriff für einen Canidenhybrid, der von Kojoten und Grauwölfen abstammt. Alle Mitglieder der Gattung Canis sind genetisch eng miteinander verwandt und können sich untereinander kreuzen, da sie 78 Chromosomen besitzen. Eine genetische Studie zeigt, dass sich diese beiden Arten vor relativ kurzer Zeit (vor etwa 55.000–117.000 Jahren) genetisch getrennt haben. Genomische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass fast alle nordamerikanischen Wolfspopulationen einen gewissen Grad an Vermischung mit Kojoten besitzen, die einer geografischen Kline folgen, wobei die niedrigsten Werte in Alaska und die höchsten in Ontario und Quebec sowie in den atlantischen Provinzen Kanadas vorkommen.

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Coiote ( Lingua Franca Nova )

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Coyote by Rebecca Richardson.jpg

La coiote (Canis latrans) es un spesie de canido cual abita America norde e sentral, de Panama en la sude, tra Mexico e la SUA, a Canada e Alaska en la norde. Ave 19 suspesies. An si la lupo gris es un relata cual es orijinal de Eurasia, pare ce la coiote ia evolui en America norde en la eda plestosene (1.8 milion anios a ante oji). La estende de la coiote ia grandi con la aveni de sivilia, e los reprodui fasil an en areas urban.

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Coiòt ( Occitan (post 1500) )

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Lo coiòt (Canis latrans, que significa "can jaupaire") es un membre de la familha Canidae, emparentat amb lo can domestic. Los coiòts se tròban pas qu'en America del Nòrd e America Centrala; dempuèi Canadà fins a Còsta Rica. Lo sieu nom ven del mot nahuatl coyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). E mai que s'amassen de còps que i a en manadas, son en general solitaris. Vivon en mejana 6 ans. Recentament, se son descobèrts de manadas de coiòts dins las montanhas centralas de Panamà, çò que fa pensar a una migracion cap al sud d'aqueste mamifèr.

Malgrat que foguèsson estat intensament caçats, los coiòts son un dels pauques grands animals qu'an alargat son abitat dempuèi la conquista d'America pels europèus. An ocupat d'airals en America del Nòrd ancianament abitats pels lops, e se son abituats a consomar d'escobilhas e a caçar d'animals domestics.

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Coyochichi ( Nahuatl )

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Koyochichi Koyôchichi
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In coyotl nican California tepeticpac.

In coyochichi (latintlahtolcopa Canis latrans), ce chichicenyiliztli, chanti ipan Ixachitlan Mictlampan.

Toquiliztequitl

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In coyochichi (latintlahtolcopa Canis latrans), ce chichicenyiliztli, chanti ipan Ixachitlan Mictlampan.

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Coyote ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Le coyote (Canis latrans) es un specie de Canis.

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Coyote ( Scots )

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The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid native tae North Americae. It is smawer than its close relative, the gray wouf, bein roughly the North American equivalent tae the Auld Warld gowden jackal, tho it is lairger an mair predatory. It is leetit as "least concern" bi the Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur (IUCN), on accoont o its wide distribution an abundance throuoot North Americae, soothwards throu Mexico an intae Central Americae. The species is versatile an able tae adapt tae environs modified bi humans. As human activity haes altered the laundscape, the coyote's range haes expandit. In 2013, coyotes war sichtit in eastren Panama (athort the Panama Canal frae thair hame range) for the first time. The coyote is mair closely relatit tae the common auncestor o woufs an ither canids (mair "basal") nor its relative the gray wouf. As o 2005, 19 coyote subspecies are recognised.

References

  1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). "Canis latrans". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2008. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur. Retrieved May 5, 2008.CS1 maint: uises authors parameter (link)
  2. "Canis latrans". Fossilworks.org. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
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Coyote: Brief Summary ( Scots )

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The coyote (Canis latrans) is a canid native tae North Americae. It is smawer than its close relative, the gray wouf, bein roughly the North American equivalent tae the Auld Warld gowden jackal, tho it is lairger an mair predatory. It is leetit as "least concern" bi the Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur (IUCN), on accoont o its wide distribution an abundance throuoot North Americae, soothwards throu Mexico an intae Central Americae. The species is versatile an able tae adapt tae environs modified bi humans. As human activity haes altered the laundscape, the coyote's range haes expandit. In 2013, coyotes war sichtit in eastren Panama (athort the Panama Canal frae thair hame range) for the first time. The coyote is mair closely relatit tae the common auncestor o woufs an ither canids (mair "basal") nor its relative the gray wouf. As o 2005, 19 coyote subspecies are recognised.

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Kojoot ( North Frisian )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

A Kojoot (Canis latrans, Coyote; faan aztek. cóyotl „bastaard“) hiart tu't famile faan a hünjer (Canidae) an liket en letjen wulew. Hi lewet uun Nuurdameerikoo faan Alaska bit Meksikoo.

Bilen

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Kojoot: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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A Kojoot (Canis latrans, Coyote; faan aztek. cóyotl „bastaard“) hiart tu't famile faan a hünjer (Canidae) an liket en letjen wulew. Hi lewet uun Nuurdameerikoo faan Alaska bit Meksikoo.

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Kojota ( Albanian )

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Kojota është qen-si, me rërë rozë, me veshët ngritur. Ai bredh gjerësisht në të gjithë territorin e tij, gjueti, pushimi dhe gjumi kudo që ai është të kënaqur, që jetojnë në një çerdhe vetëm kur rritin te vegjlit.

Kojotat bashkëshortor zakonisht për jetën dhe rritja zhvillohet midis janarit dhe marsit. Periudhë shtatzënësi është 63 ditë dhe një barelë në vit 1-12 pups (mesatarisht 4-5), është i lindur dhe rritur në një çerdhe ose plasë rock. Të vegjlitjanë lindur të verbër, por me qime, dhe do të kujdeset për 5 to7 javë. Ata fillojnë të largohen më në 3 javë, por është 6 javë para se të fillojnë të vërtetë për të drejtuar me prindërit e tyre dhe ata të gjithë braktisin den. Nëse ju shikoni një grup prej 3-6 kojota, ajo është më e mundshme një palë mated dhe të rinjtë e tyre të vitit, ose ndoshta një grup shokë pjellë. kojotat nuk kanë paketa të mëdha si disa ujq nuk. Jetëgjatësia e tyre të mundshme në të egra është rreth 13 vjet dhe në robëri është 15-20 vjet. Kojotat komunikojnë duke përdorur parfum dhe gjuhën e trupit si dhe shqiptim. Ata nuk bëjnë kafshët mirë.

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Koyot ( Uzbek )

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Koyot

Koyot yoki oʻtloq boʻrisi (Lotincha: Canis latrans), itlar oilasiga mansub yirtqich sutemizuvchi hayvon. Tanasining uzunligi 90 sm gacha, dumi 30 sm gacha, ogʻirligi esa 13 kg gacha yetadi. Juni boʻrinikidan uzunroq, rangi qoʻngʻir, qora va kulrang dogʻlari bor. Koyot Alyaskadan Markaziy Amerikagacha tarqalgan. Yalanglioarda juft-juft boʻlib yashaydi. Yanvar oyida urchiydi. Boʻgʻozlik davri 60–65 kun, 5–10 ta bola tugʻadi. Quyonlar, kemiruvchilar va oʻlik hayvonlar bilan oziqlanadi. Baʼzan qoʻy va echkilarga hujum qiladi. Tashqi muhitga yaxshi moslanishi tufayli areali kengayib bormoqda.[1]

Manbalar

  1. OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil

Havolalar

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Koyot: Brief Summary ( Uzbek )

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Koyot yoki oʻtloq boʻrisi (Lotincha: Canis latrans), itlar oilasiga mansub yirtqich sutemizuvchi hayvon. Tanasining uzunligi 90 sm gacha, dumi 30 sm gacha, ogʻirligi esa 13 kg gacha yetadi. Juni boʻrinikidan uzunroq, rangi qoʻngʻir, qora va kulrang dogʻlari bor. Koyot Alyaskadan Markaziy Amerikagacha tarqalgan. Yalanglioarda juft-juft boʻlib yashaydi. Yanvar oyida urchiydi. Boʻgʻozlik davri 60–65 kun, 5–10 ta bola tugʻadi. Quyonlar, kemiruvchilar va oʻlik hayvonlar bilan oziqlanadi. Baʼzan qoʻy va echkilarga hujum qiladi. Tashqi muhitga yaxshi moslanishi tufayli areali kengayib bormoqda.

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Koyote ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Koyote (paglilinaw).

Ang koyote (mula sa Ingles na coyote, ganito rin sa wikang Kastila; IPA: /kaɪˈoʊti, ˈkaɪoʊt/[3]; Canis latrans), kilala rin bilang lobo ng parang (prairie gray wolf o prairie wolf sa Ingles),[4][5] ay isang mamalyang sa ordeng Carnivora. Matatagpuan ang mga uri sa kabuoan ng Hilaga at Gitnang Amerika (Sentral Amerika), mula Panama sa timog, hilagang tumatawid ng Mehiko, sa Estados Unidos, at Canada. Lumilitaw ito hanggang sa malayong hilaga ng Alaska at lahat maliba sa pinakahilagang bahagi ng Canada.[6] Sa kasalukuyan, mayroong mga kinikilalang mga 19 sub-uri, na 16 ang nasa Canada, Mehiko, at Estados Unidos; at 3 sa Gitnang Amerika.[7] Hindi tulad ng pinsan nitong abong lobo, na nagmula sa Eurasia, nagmula ang koyote sa Hilagang Amerika kasabayan ng lobong Dire. Iniisip ng ilang mga eksperto na ang pinagmulang Hilagang Amerika ng koyote ang dahilan kung bakit mas adaptibo kesa mga lobo; dahil sa mga presyong prehistoriko na kinasasangkutan ng mas malawak o mas malakas na predasyon (paninila ng ibang hayop para kainin).[8]

Pangalan

Hinango ang pangalang "coyote" o koyote mula sa Mehikanong Kastila, na higit namang nagbuhat sa wikang Nahuatl na may salitang coyotl (bigkas: ko-liyo-telh). Nangangahulugang "asong kumakahol" ang pangalang agham nitong Canis latrans.

Mga sanggunian

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (mga pat.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edisyon). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis latrans. 2006 Talaang Pula ng IUCN ng mga Nanganganib na mga Uri. IUCN 2006. Nakuha noong 5 Mayo 2006. Nasa database ang dahilan kung bakit hindi ikinababahala ang uring ito.
  3. coyote - mga kahulugan sa Dictionary.com
  4. prairie wolf. The Columbia Encyclopedia, ika-6 na edisyon. 2001-07
  5. "Coyote, North American prairie wolf". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster Dictionary. Hammond, ISBN 0843709227., pahina 48.
  6. "Canis latrans". Animal Diversity Web. Nakuha noong 2007-08-15.
  7. "Coyote". Lioncrusher's Domain. Nakuha noong 2007-08-15.
  8. "Statement by Valerius Geist pertaining to the death of Kenton Carnegie" (PDF). Wolf Crossing. Nakuha noong 2008-09-17.
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Koyote: Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Koyote (paglilinaw).

Ang koyote (mula sa Ingles na coyote, ganito rin sa wikang Kastila; IPA: /kaɪˈoʊti, ˈkaɪoʊt/; Canis latrans), kilala rin bilang lobo ng parang (prairie gray wolf o prairie wolf sa Ingles), ay isang mamalyang sa ordeng Carnivora. Matatagpuan ang mga uri sa kabuoan ng Hilaga at Gitnang Amerika (Sentral Amerika), mula Panama sa timog, hilagang tumatawid ng Mehiko, sa Estados Unidos, at Canada. Lumilitaw ito hanggang sa malayong hilaga ng Alaska at lahat maliba sa pinakahilagang bahagi ng Canada. Sa kasalukuyan, mayroong mga kinikilalang mga 19 sub-uri, na 16 ang nasa Canada, Mehiko, at Estados Unidos; at 3 sa Gitnang Amerika. Hindi tulad ng pinsan nitong abong lobo, na nagmula sa Eurasia, nagmula ang koyote sa Hilagang Amerika kasabayan ng lobong Dire. Iniisip ng ilang mga eksperto na ang pinagmulang Hilagang Amerika ng koyote ang dahilan kung bakit mas adaptibo kesa mga lobo; dahil sa mga presyong prehistoriko na kinasasangkutan ng mas malawak o mas malakas na predasyon (paninila ng ibang hayop para kainin).

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Koyoto ( Ido )

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Koyoto Canis latrans.jpg Koyoto, en Kalifornia, Usa. Ciencala klasifikuro di speci Rejio: Animalaro Bifurkeyo: Chordata Klaso: Mamifero Rango: Karnivoro Familio: Kanido Genero: Canis Speco: Canis latrans

Koyoto (Canis latrans, qua signifikas hundo aboyanta) esas kanido qua vivas en Nord-Amerika e Central-Amerika. La vorto koyoto havas origino en nahuatl linguo, cóyotl.

Ol povas juntar en mikra grupi, ma kustume chasas sole. La viv-expekto di animalo esas 6-yara. La alimento di koyoto konsistas en mikra animali (rati, kunikli, musareni, uceli) e frukti.

Dum teritorio-augmento por homaro, koyoto prenas teritorio anke de volfo.

Simila speci en Europa, Azia e precipue Afrika esas nomizita shakali.

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Extenseso dil habiteyo di koyoto.
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Koyoto: Brief Summary ( Ido )

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Koyoto (Canis latrans, qua signifikas hundo aboyanta) esas kanido qua vivas en Nord-Amerika e Central-Amerika. La vorto koyoto havas origino en nahuatl linguo, cóyotl.

Ol povas juntar en mikra grupi, ma kustume chasas sole. La viv-expekto di animalo esas 6-yara. La alimento di koyoto konsistas en mikra animali (rati, kunikli, musareni, uceli) e frukti.

Dum teritorio-augmento por homaro, koyoto prenas teritorio anke de volfo.

Simila speci en Europa, Azia e precipue Afrika esas nomizita shakali.

 src= Extenseso dil habiteyo di koyoto.
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Kuyuti ( Quechua )

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Kuyutip uman, kinraymanta rikusqa.

Kuyuti (nawa simimanta koyotl; Canis latrans) nisqaqa Chinchay Awya Yalapi kawsaq aycha uquq ñuñuqmi, atuq hina rikch'aqmi.

Hawa t'inkikuna

  • Plantilla:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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    Kuyuti: Brief Summary ( Quechua )

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     src= Kuyutip uman, kinraymanta rikusqa.

    Kuyuti (nawa simimanta koyotl; Canis latrans) nisqaqa Chinchay Awya Yalapi kawsaq aycha uquq ñuñuqmi, atuq hina rikch'aqmi.

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    Preriuúlvur ( Faroese )

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    Preriuúlvur (frøðiheiti - Canis latrans) er rándýr av hundaætt. Norðuramerikanska preriuúlvurin er í ætt við úlv, sjakal og taman hund. Sum flestu hundar gongur úlvatíkin í 9 vikur og leggur einar fimm hvølpar. Teir súgva tíkina fyrstu sjey vikurnar, men bara fýra vikur gamlir eta teir eisini hálvsodnaða føði, sum foreldrini klíggja upp aftur til teirra. Úlvurin og tíkin halda saman alt lívið og liva saman við hvølpunum í ættflokkum.

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    Prêrjewolf ( Western Frisian )

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     src=
    It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e prêrjewolf.
    1rightarrow.png Dizze side giet oer de bistesoart coyote. Foar oare betsjuttings, sjoch: coyote (betsjuttingsside).

    De prêrjewolf of coyote (Latynske namme: Canis latrans) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), de famylje fan 'e hûneftigen (Canidae) en it skaai fan 'e hûnen (Canis), dat lânseigen is yn it grutste part fan Noard-Amearika en teffens yn Midden-Amearika. De prêrjewolf is in stik lytser as de wolf (Canis lupus), dêr't er net mei betize wurde moat. Fanwegen syn lichemsgrutte en de ekologyske nys dy't er ynnimt, wurdt dit bist ek wol de Amerikaanske jakhals neamd.

    De prêrjewolf ûntjoech him lykwols ûnder it Pleistoseen, sa'n 1,8 miljoen jier lyn, yn Noard-Amearika, en is nauwer besibbe mei de wolf as mei de jakhalzen fan Afrika en Jeraazje. Oars as dat mei de wolf it gefal is, hat de prêrjewolf krekt baat ûnderfûn fan 'e opmars fan 'e minske, û.m. om't er him maklik oanpast oan it libben yn stêden en oare troch de minske makke biotopen, en teffens om't de minske op in protte plakken war dien hat om 'e wolf út te rûgjen, dy't de grutste natuerlike konkurrint en fijân fan 'e prêrjewolf is. De prêrjewolf spilet fierders in wichtige rol yn 'e mytology fan ferskate Noardamerikaanske Yndiaanske folken, yn 'e foarm fan Coyote, in godheid en trickster.

    Namme

    De namme 'prêrjewolf' is ûntliend oan 'e prêrjes, de gersflakten fan Noard-Amearika, dy't in grut part fan it ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e prêrjewolf útmeitsje. Nettsjinsteande dat komt dit bist ek foar yn bergen, wâlden en woastinen. De alternative namme 'coyote' komt fan it Ingelske coyote (útsprutsen mei trije of twa wurdlidden, as "kojoté" of "kojoot"), dat ûntliend is oan 'e Spaanske beneaming coyote (altyd trije wurdlidden), dat wer weromgiet op it Azteekske wurd cóyotl, dat "trickster" betsjut (yn 'e mytologyske betsjutting) of gewoan "skarlún". De wittenskiplike namme Canis latrans is Latyn foar "blaffende hûn".

    Fersprieding

    De prêrjewolf is lânseigen yn it grutste part fan Noard-Amearika, ynklusyf guon eilannen foar de kust, lykas Vancouvereilân, de Keninginne Sjarlotte-eilannen, Prins Edwardeilân en Kaap Bretoneilân. Oarspronklik wied er yn syn fersprieding beheind ta it westlike part fan Noard-Amearika, mar sûnt de kolonisaasje fan dat kontinint troch de blanken hat er him almar mear nei it easten ta ferpraat. De prêrjewolf komt lykwols net foar yn súdwestlik Alaska, en yn Kanada ûntbrekt er yn 'e noardeastlike helte fan 'e Noardwestlike Territoaria, hiel Nûnavût, Labrador en Nijfûnlân, it noardeasten fan Saskatchewan en it noarden fan Manitoba, Ontario en Kebek.

    Yn 'e legere achtenfjirtich Feriene Steaten komt er oeral foar behalven yn in grut diel fan 'e súdeastlike steaten: yn Floarida, Georgia, de Karolina's, Firginia, West-Firginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Delaware, Nij-Jersey en op Long Island ûntbrekt er hielendal of hast hielendal, wylst Marylân, Pennsylvania en Ohio mar foar in part ta syn ferspriedingsgebiet hearre. Fierders mist er ek yn in smelle stripe lân fan 'e Florida Panhandle by de kust fan 'e Golf fan Meksiko lâns nei Louisiana en yn 'e Mississippydelta. Fierder súdlik libbet de prêrjewolf yn hiel Meksiko útsein op it Jûkatan-skiereilân. Teffens komt er yn Midden-Amearika foar yn in stripe by de kust fan 'e Stille Oseaan lâns oant yn Panama.

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    In prêrjewolf yn profyl.

    Uterlike skaaimerken

    De prêrjewolf hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 76-86 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 30-41 sm en in skofthichte fan 58-66 sm. Syn gewicht rint útinoar fan 6,8-20,9 kg. Eksimplaren fan 'e noardlike ûndersoarten binne yn trochsneed in stik grutter en swierder as har súdlike soartgenoaten. De grutste prêrjewolf dy't ea opmetten is, wie fan 'e snút oant de punt fan 'e sturt 1.75 m lang, en hie in gewicht fan 33,9 kg. De pels fan 'e prêrjewolf rint yn kleur útinoar fan griisbrún oant gielgrizich op it boppelichem, wylst de kiel en de bealch ljochter binne, witich of bêzje. De foarpoaten, de sydkanten fan 'e kop, en de snút binne readich brún, wylst der oer de rêch fan 'e boppekant fan 'e kop oant de ein fan 'e sturt in brede dûnkergrize of swarte streek rint, mei in krús boppe de skouders. De sturtpunt is ek swart. Eksimplaren dy't yn 'e bergen libje, binne dûnkerder fan kleur, wylst eksimplaren út 'e woastyn krekt ljochter as gemiddeld binne.

    De snút is by de prêrjewolf spitser as by de wolf, en de earen binne tige grut yn ferhâlding ta de kop. De poaten binne krekt lyts yn ferhâlding ta de rest fan it lichem. De sturt is boarstelich en kin suver wol foar in plomsturt trochgean. De tosken fan binne tige skerp en bedoeld foar it snijen fan fleis. Prêrjewolven kinne lûden oant 80 kHz hearre, wat in tige hege frekwinsje is; de hûn heart mar oan 60 kHz. As er efterneisitten wurdt, en it der dus op oankomt, kin de prêrjewolf in faasje fan 69 km yn 'e oere helje, wêrmei't it ien fan 'e fluchste bisten fan Noard-Amearika is. Ek kin er 4 m fier springe.

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    In boerd dat it fuorjen fan prêrjewolven ûntmoedigje moat, om't soks derta liede kin dat de bisten minsken mei iten begjinne te assosjearjen.

    Biotoop

    Nettsjinsteande de namme 'prêrjewolf' komme prêrjewolven yn in grut ferskaat oan biotopen foar en lykje se har like thús te fielen op 'e prêrje, yn it wâld, yn 'e bergen of yn 'e woastyn. Se passe har tige maklik oan en hawwe der gjin swierrichheden mei om yn grutte stêden of oare troch de minsken makke fermiddens te libjen. Yn sompen binne se lykwols minder thús en dy mije se leaver.

    Hâlden en dragen

    Prêrjewolven libje solitêr of yn lytse troepkes fan likernôch seis nau besibbe eksimplaren (âlden, healwoeksen bisten en jongen). Hoewol't se waarnommen binne wylst se yn gruttere groepen omdoarmen, jeie se yn 'e regel allinnich of yn pearkes. Prêrjewolvetroepen binne minder stabyl as wolvetroepen, in gegeven dat saakkundigen taskriuwe oan it feit dat prêrjewolven earder folgroeid en geslachtsryp binne as wolven (mei 1 jier ynstee fan 2 jier), en dat se dêrom earder agresje foarinoar oer toane.

    Oarspronklik wie de prêrjewolf in deidier, mar ûnder druk fan 'e minske hat er him ûntjûn ta in bist dat yn it foarste plak in nachtdier is, al is er ek deis noch wol aktyf yn gebieten dêr't dat feilich is (net yn stêden of oare tichtbewenne kriten). Prêrjewolven kinne har eigen hoalen grave en dogge dat ek wol, mar jouwe der gauris de foarkar oan om besteande hoalen fan sulverdassen of prêrjehûnen oer te nimmen. Hja hawwe in territoarium dat wol in gebiet mei in middelline fan 19 km om harren hoale hinne beslaan kin. Dêrbinnen meitsje se faak gebrûk fan fêste paden. Krekt as oare hûneftigen sette prêrjewolven har territoarium ôf mei urine.

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    In nijberne prêrjewolvejong.

    De peartiid falt by de prêrjewolf tusken ein jannewaris en begjin maart, wêrby't de wyfkes elts ien kear 2-5 dagen loopsk binne. As in wyfke ienris in mantsje útkeazen hat, komt it foar dat it pear jierrenlang monogaam bliuwt. De draachtiid duorret 60-63 dagen, wêrnei't it wyfke 1-19 jongen smyt. De mânske grutte fan 'e smeten is in evolúsjonêre oanpassing dy't de stjerte fan 50-70% ûnder prêrjewolvejongen kompinsearje moat. By de berte weagje de bline en slopearige jongen likernôch 250 g, mar se groeie folle flugger as wolvejongen. Mei 10 dagen geane de eagen iepen en komme de earen rjochtop te stean. Mei 21-28 dagen komme se foar it earst út 'e hoale en mei 35 dagen wurde se ôfwûn.

    Prêrjewolvejongen wurde fersoarge troch beide âlden, en it is gjin útsûndering dat in prêrjewolvepear de jongen fan oare prêrjewolven adoptearret as de oarspronklike âlden omkommen binne. Sadree't de jongen ôfwûn binne, wurde se fuorre mei fleis dat troch de âlden opkoarre wurdt. Prêrjewolvejongen lykje makliker te learen troch observaasje as dat by hûnen it gefal is. Jonge rikels ferlitte de âlden ornaris as se tusken 6 en 9 moanne âld binne, wylst jonge teven faak by de âlden yn 'e troep bliuwe. Mei 12 moannen binne de jongen geslachtsryp. Prêrjewolven hawwe in libbensferwachting fan maksimaal 18 jier yn finzenskip, wylst se yn it wyld op syn heechsten 14½ jier libje.

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    Prêrjewolvejongen.

    De wichtichste natuerlike fijân fan 'e prêrjewolf is de grize wolf (Canis lupus), dy't de prêrjewolf sjocht as in konkurrint, en him deadet wannear't er kin. Nettsjinsteande it feit dat prêrjewolf in stik lytser is as de grize wolf, falt dat noch net ta, want prêrjewolven binne oansjenlik flugger en soms ek slûchslimmer. Ien snoade taktyk dy't se op heuvelich of bercheftich terrein foar de moade hawwe, is om by de lichte del by in wolf wei te draven. As de wolf dan de efterfolging ynset, keart de prêrjewolf om en draaft by de skeante op. De folle swierdere wolf hat dan muoite om te stopjen en om te kearen, sadat de prêrjewolf in grutte foarsprong opbouwe kin. Hoewol't fysike konfrontaasjes yn 'e regel yn it foardiel fan 'e wolf beslist wurde, komt it foar dat prêrjewolven út eigen beweging in wolf oanfalle as se in grutte nûmerike oermacht hawwe. Beide soarten deadzje inoars jongen as se dêr de kâns ta krije. Guon skieppeboeren brûke wolvemiich om oanfallen fan prêrjewolven op harren keppel tsjin te gean.

    Oare natuerlike fijannen fan 'e prêrjewolf binne de poema (Puma concolor) en soms de grizzlybear (Ursus arctos horribilis). Yn konfrontaasjes mei de reade lynks (Lynx rufus) en de Kanadeeske lynks (Lynx canadensis) dominearret de prêrjewolf oer it algemien. De foks (Vulpes vulpes) en de grize foks (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) foarmje gjin gefaar foar de prêrjewolf, en mije prêrjewolven yn 'e regel safolle mooglik. Mei de sulverdas (Taxidea taxus) foarmje prêrjewolven soms in gearwurkingsferbân yn 'e jacht op kjifdieren, wêrby't de prêrjewolf boppegrûnsk wachtet oant de das de proaidieren ûndergrûnsk útgraaft.

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    In prêrjewolf.

    Krusings mei hûnen en wolven

    Soms pearje prêrjewolven mei hûnen, benammen yn gebieten lykas Teksas en Oklahoma, dêr't grutte populaasjes prêrjewolven besteane en de peartiid langer duorret fanwegen it waarme klimaat. De krusingen dy't út sokke pearings fuortkomme, wurde coydogs neamd (in gearlûking fan coyote en dog). Sokken behâlde de rôfdiermentaliteit fan 'e prêrjewolf, mar keppelje dy oan it brekme oan skouwens dat de hûn foar de minske oer hat. Coydogs binne dêrom gefaarliker foar minsken as folbloed-prêrjewolven.

    Inkeld pearje prêrjewolven ek mei wolven, meast fan 'e eastlike ûndersoarten fan 'e grize wolf, hoewol't soks minder foarkomt as pearings mei hûnen, om't wolven fan natuere fijannich foar prêrjewolven oer steane. De krusings fan prêrjewolven en wolven wurde coywolves neamd, en binne grutter as prêrjewolven mar lytser as wolven. Sokken komme benammen yn Nij-Ingelân, de Kanadeeske Kustprovinsjes en Sintraal Kanada foar. By in wittenskiplik ûndersyk yn 'e Amerikaanske steat Maine die bliken dat fan 'e hûndert prêrjewolven 22 eksimplaren foar 50% of mear wolve-DNA hiene. Guon mammalogen binne fan betinken dat de reade wolf (Canis rufus) eins fuortkomt út krusings tusken de grize wolf (Canis lupus) en de prêrjewolf.

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    In prêrjewolf fret fan in wapitykadaver.

    Fretten

    Prêrjewolven wurde gauris omskreaun as karnivoaren, mar eins binne it opportunistyske omnivoaren. Se jeie benammen op lytse sûchdieren, lykas fjildmûzen, prêrjehûnen, kninen, grûniikhoarntsjes en mûzen, mar ek wol op fûgels, slangen, hagedissen, lytse harten, ynsekten en oare wringeleazen en, net te ferjitten, lytsfee, lykas skiep, geiten en keallen (wêrmei't se har tige hate makke hawwe by feehâlders). Troepen prêrjewolven binne by steat om in grut hart, lykas in wapity, te bejeien.

    Prêrjewolven frette ek aaien fan lykfol hokker fûgel dy't op 'e grûn nêstelet, en se binne ek net fiis fan ies, hoewol't se de foarkar jouwe oan farsk fleis. Simmerdeis en hjerstmis foarmje fruchten en oar plantaardich materiaal in oansjenlik diel fan it menu. Yn 'e stêden en op jiskebulten kinne se fierders maklik har kostje gearsykje út ôffal dat troch minsken efterlitten wurdt. Stedske populaasjes prêrjewolven frette brune en swarte rotten, kninen en soms ek lytsere húsdieren, lykas katten en lytse hûnen.

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    In prêrjewolf besiket in skiep te smoaren.

    Status

    De prêrjewolf hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en om't de populaasje stabyl liket te wêzen. Dat nettsjinsteande it feit dat er, benammen yn 'e legere achtenfjirtich Feriene Steaten, fûleindich bejage wurdt troch jachtopsjenners, feehâlders en oare plattelânbewenners. Allinnich al amtners dy't foar de Amerikaanske oerheid wurkje, binne jiers ferantwurdlik foar it ôfsjitten, fergiftigjen en op oare wizen deadzjen fan 90.000 prêrjewolven. De reden foar dy ferfolging is it feit de prêrjewolf op 't heden yn 'e westlike helte fan Noard-Amearika it wichtichste rôfdier is dat it op fee foarsjoen hat. Yn gebieten dêr't de wolf troch de minske útrûge is, florearret de prêrjewolf yn 'e regel. Dat is bygelyks sa yn Nij-Ingelân, dêr't de prêrjewolf de ekologyske nys fan 'e wolf oernommen hat.

    Oanfallen fan 'e prêrjewolf op 'e minske komme net faak foar en resultearje selden yn slimme ferwûnings. Yn 'e tritich jier foarôfgeande oan maart 2006 waarden der yn 'e Feriene Steaten 160 prêrjewolve-oanfallen melden, wêrfan't fierwei de measten yn it gebiet om Los Angeles hinne plakfûnen. Om't prêrjewolven yn 'e stêden net troch de minske bejage wurde, ferlieze se dêr har skouwens. Dat hat deryn resultearre dat soms hurddravers, fytsers en kuierders efterfolge of oanfallen binne. Faak konsintrearje se har dêrby op bern ûnder de tsien jier, om't dy fanwegen behindige lichemsgrutte makliker proaien binne. Undersyk hat útwiisd dat it by sokke oanfallen yn 'e eastlike Feriene Steaten en eastlik Kanada frijwol altyd om coywolves giet ynstee fan om echte prêrjewolven.

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    Fersprieding fan 'e ûndersoarten fan 'e prêrjewolf.

    Undersoarten

    Der binne 19 (stân fan saken yn 2016) erkende ûndersoarten fan 'e prêrjewolf:

    1. de Meksikaanske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans cagottis)
    2. de San Pedro Martir-prêrjewolf (Canis latrans clepticus)
    3. de Salvadoraanske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans dickeyi)
    4. de súdeastlike prêrjewolf (Canis latrans frustor)
    5. de Belizaanske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans goldmani)
    6. de Hondoereeske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans hondurensis)
    7. de Durango-prêrjewolf (Canis latrans impavidus)
    8. de noardlike prêrjewolf (Canis latrans incolatus)
    9. de Tiburóneilânske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans jamesi)
    10. de flakteprêrjewolf (Canis latrans latrans)
    11. de berchprêrjewolf (Canis latrans lestes)
    12. de mearnsprêrjewolf of Mearns' prêrjewolf (Canis latrans mearnsi)
    13. de Neder-Rio Grande-prêrjewolf (Canis latrans microdon)
    14. de Kalifornyske dellingprêrjewolf (Canis latrans ochropus)
    15. de Skiereilânske prêrjewolf (Canis latrans peninsulae)
    16. de Teksaanske flakteprêrjewolf (Canis latrans texensis)
    17. de noardeastlike prêrjewolf (Canis latrans thamnos)
    18. de Noardwestkustprêrjewolf (Canis latrans umpquensis)
    19. de Colima-prêrjewolf (Canis latrans vigilis)
    20. ûnbeskate fariëteiten fan 'e prêrjewolf (Canis latrans "var.")

    Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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    Prêrjewolf: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages
    1rightarrow.png Dizze side giet oer de bistesoart coyote. Foar oare betsjuttings, sjoch: coyote (betsjuttingsside).

    De prêrjewolf of coyote (Latynske namme: Canis latrans) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), de famylje fan 'e hûneftigen (Canidae) en it skaai fan 'e hûnen (Canis), dat lânseigen is yn it grutste part fan Noard-Amearika en teffens yn Midden-Amearika. De prêrjewolf is in stik lytser as de wolf (Canis lupus), dêr't er net mei betize wurde moat. Fanwegen syn lichemsgrutte en de ekologyske nys dy't er ynnimt, wurdt dit bist ek wol de Amerikaanske jakhals neamd.

    De prêrjewolf ûntjoech him lykwols ûnder it Pleistoseen, sa'n 1,8 miljoen jier lyn, yn Noard-Amearika, en is nauwer besibbe mei de wolf as mei de jakhalzen fan Afrika en Jeraazje. Oars as dat mei de wolf it gefal is, hat de prêrjewolf krekt baat ûnderfûn fan 'e opmars fan 'e minske, û.m. om't er him maklik oanpast oan it libben yn stêden en oare troch de minske makke biotopen, en teffens om't de minske op in protte plakken war dien hat om 'e wolf út te rûgjen, dy't de grutste natuerlike konkurrint en fijân fan 'e prêrjewolf is. De prêrjewolf spilet fierders in wichtige rol yn 'e mytology fan ferskate Noardamerikaanske Yndiaanske folken, yn 'e foarm fan Coyote, in godheid en trickster.

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    Κογιότ ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Το κογιότ (επιστημονική ονομασία Canis latrans) είναι ζώο διαδεδομένο στη Βόρεια και Κεντρική Αμερική το οποίο ανήκει στην οικογένεια των κυνιδών. Απαντά από τον Παναμά στα νότια και μέχρι το Μεξικό, τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες και τον Καναδά στα βόρεια, ακόμη και μέχρι την Αλάσκα και τα βορειότερα τμήματα του Καναδά.[2] Χωρίζεται σε 19 υποείδη, τα 16 από τα οποία βρίσκονται στη βόρεια Αμερική και τα υπόλοιπα τρία στην Κεντρική.[3]

    Το κογιότ καταλαμβάνει τον ίδιο οικολογικό θόκο με το τσακάλι, με το οποίο έχει περίπου το ίδιο μέγεθος, στην Ευρασία και στην Αφρική. Σε αντίθεση με τον λύκο, ο οποίος έφτασε στην Αμερική από την Ευρασία, το κογιότ θεωρείται ότι εξελίχθηκε στη Βόρεια Αμερική στο Πλειστόκαινο, πριν περίπου 1,8 εκατομμύρια χρόνια[4]. Επίσης, πάλι αντίθετα με το λύκο, η κατανομή του κογιότ έχει μεγαλώσει εξαιτίας της ανθρώπινης παρουσίας, καθώς μπορεί να αναπαράγεται σε μεγάλες πόλεις.[5][6]

    Κοινωνικές και αναπαραγωγικές συμπεριφορές

     src=
    Κουτάβια κογιότ (υποείδους Canis latrans mearnsi) που παίζουν
     src=
    Αγέλη κογιότ στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Γελοουστόουν

    Όπως και το χρυσό τσακάλι, το κογιότ είναι αγελαίο, αλλά όχι τόσο εξαρτημένο από άλλα ζώα του ιδίου είδους, σαν τα πιο κοινωνικά είδη των κυνίδων όπως είναι οι λύκοι. Αυτό είναι πιθανό επειδή το κογιότ δεν είναι εξειδικευμένος κυνηγός μεγάλου θηράματος, όπως είναι το τελευταίο είδος.[7] Η βασική κοινωνική μονάδα μιας αγέλης κογιότ είναι μια οικογένεια που περιέχει ένα αναπαραγωγικό θηλυκό. Ωστόσο, μη συγγενικά κογιότ μπορούν να ενώσουν τις δυνάμεις τους για συντροφιά ή για να ρίξουν ένα θήραμα που είναι πολύ μεγάλο για να το επιτεθούν μεμονωμένα. Τέτοιες "μη οικογενειακές" αγέλες είναι μόνο προσωρινές και μπορεί να περιέχουν εργένικα αρσενικά, μη αναπαραγωγικά θηλυκά και μη ενήλικα ακόμα νεαρά. Οι οικογένειες δημιουργούνται στα μέσα του χειμώνα, όταν εισέρχονται τα θηλυκά σε οίστρο. Το δέσιμο των ζευγαριών μπορεί να συμβεί 2-3 μήνες πριν από το πραγματικό ζευγάρωμα πάρει θέση.[8] Το δέσιμο του ζευγαρώματος μπορεί να διαρκέσει 5-45 λεπτά.[9] Ένα θηλυκό που εισέρχεται στην οισοφάγο προσελκύει τα αρσενικά με τη μυρωδιά από το σημάδι που αφήνει[10] και αλυχτώντας με αυξανόμενη συχνότητα. Ένα μόνο θηλυκό σε οίστρο μπορεί να προσελκύσει έως και επτά αναπαραγωγικά αρσενικά, τα οποία μπορούν να την ακολουθούν για ένα μήνα. Παρόλο που μπορεί να εμφανιστούν κάποιες περιπλοκές μεταξύ των αρσενικών, αφού το θηλυκό έχει επιλέξει έναν σύντροφο και ζευγαρώνει, τα απορριφθέντα αρσενικά δεν παρεμβαίνουν και μετακινούνται όταν ανιχνεύσουν άλλα οιστρικά θηλυκά. Σε αντίθεση με τον λύκο, που είναι γνωστό ότι ασκεί και μονογαμία και διγαμία,[11] το κογιότ είναι αυστηρά μονογαμικό, ακόμη και σε περιοχές με υψηλές πυκνότητες κογιότ και άφθονο φαγητό.[12] Τα θηλυκά που αδυνατούν να βρούνε σύντροφο μερικές φορές βοηθούν τις αδελφές ή τις μητέρες τους στο να μεγαλώσουν τα κουτάβια τους ή ενώνονται με τα αδέλφια τους μέχρι την επόμενη φορά που μπορούν να ζευγαρώσουν. Το ζευγάρι που πρόσφατα απέκτησε σύντροφο στη συνέχεια δημιουργεί περιοχή και είτε κατασκευάζει τη δική του φωλιά είτε ξεκαθαρίζει τις εγκαταλελειμμένες φωλιές ασβών, μαρμοτών, ή κουναβιών. Κατά τη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης, το αρσενικό κυνηγά τακτικά μόνο του και φέρνει πίσω φαγητό για το θηλυκό. Το θηλυκό μπορεί να παρατάξει τη φωλιά με αποξηραμένο χορτάρι ή με γούνα βγαλμένη από την κοιλιά της. Η περίοδος κύησης είναι 63 ημέρες, με μέσο σύνολο μικρών τα έξι μικρά, αν και ο αριθμός τους κυμαίνεται ανάλογα με την πυκνότητα του πληθυσμού των κογιότ και την αφθονία των τροφίμων.

    Τα κουτάβια κογιότ γεννιούνται σε φωλιές, δέντρα με κουφάλες, ή κάτω από προεξοχές, και ζυγίζουν 200 έως 500 γρ. κατά τη γέννηση. Χρειάζονται φροντίδα και εξαρτώνται απόλυτα από το γάλα για τις πρώτες 10 ημέρες. Οι κοπτήρες ξεπετάγονται σε περίπου 12 ημέρες, οι κυνόδοντες σε 16 και οι δεύτεροι προγόμφιοι σε 21. Τα μάτια τους ανοίγουν μετά από 10 ημέρες, όπου και τα κουτάβια γίνονται όλο και πιο ευκίνητα, περπατώντας στις 20 ημέρες και τρέχοντας στην ηλικία των έξι εβδομάδων. Οι γονείς αρχίζουν να συμπληρώνουν τη δίαιτα των κουταβιών με αναμασημένη στερεά τροφή μετά τις 12-15 ημέρες. Μέχρι την ηλικία των τεσσάρων έως έξι εβδομάδων, όταν οι γαλακτίες είναι πλήρως λειτουργικοί, στα κουτάβια δίδονται μικρά είδη διατροφής όπως ποντίκια, κουνέλια ή κομμάτια κουφαριών οπληφόρων ζώων, με τη γαλακτοφορία να μειώνεται σταθερά μετά από δύο μήνες. Σε αντίθεση με τα κουτάβια λύκων, τα κουτάβια κογιότ αρχίζουν να παλεύουν σοβαρά (σε αντίθεση με το να παλεύουν για παιχνίδι) προτού αποκτήσουν συμπεριφορά παιχνιδιού. Κατά την ηλικία των τριών εβδομάδων, τα κουτάβια κογιότ δαγκώνουν το ένα το άλλο με λιγότερο αυτοπεριορισμό από τα νεαρά λυκάκια. Κατά την ηλικία των τεσσάρων έως πέντε εβδομάδων, τα κουτάβια έχουν καθιερώσει ιεραρχίες κυριαρχίας και είναι μέχρι τότε πιθανότερο να παίζουν παρά να παλεύουν.[13] Το αρσενικό διαδραματίζει ενεργό ρόλο στη σίτιση, τη φροντίδα και τη φύλαξη των κουταβιών, αλλά τα εγκαταλείπει αν το θηλυκό εξαφανιστεί πριν τα κουτάβια απογαλακτιστούν εντελώς. Η φωλιά εγκαταλείπεται κατά τον Ιούνιο με Ιούλιο και τα κουτάβια ακολουθούν τους γονείς τους στη φρούρηση της περιοχής τους και στο κυνήγι. Τα κουτάβια μπορεί να εγκαταλείψουν τις οικογένειές τους τον Αύγουστο, αν και μπορούν να παραμείνουν για πολύ περισσότερο. Τα κουτάβια αποκτούν διαστάσεις ενηλίκων σε οκτώ μήνες και πέρνουν βάρος ενηλίκων ένα μήνα αργότερα.

    Παραπομπές

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). «Canis latrans». Κόκκινος Κατάλογος των Ειδών. IUCN. Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Ιουλίου 2013.
    2. «Canis latrans». Animal Diversity Web. Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Αυγούστου 2007.
    3. «Coyote». Lioncrusher's Domain. Ανακτήθηκε στις 15 Αυγούστου 2007.
    4. PaleoBiology Database: Canis latrans. Paleodb.org. Retrieved on July 9, 2011.
    5. Koler-Matznick, Janice (2002). «The Origin of the Dog Revisited». Anthrozoös 15 (2): 98–118. doi:10.2752/089279302786992595.
    6. Fedriani J. M., T.K. Fuller and R. Sauvajot (2001). «Does availability of anthropogenic foods enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California». Ecography 24 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00205.x. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2012-06-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20120626215430/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Ecography.pdf. Ανακτήθηκε στις 2013-07-15.
    7. Fox, M. W. (1974). «Evolution of Social Behavior in Canids». The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. σελίδες 429–60. ISBN 978-0-442-22430-1. OCLC 1093505.
    8. Bekoff, Marc; Diamond, Judy (1976). «Precopulatory and copulatory behavior in coyotes». Journal of Mammalogy 57 (2): 372–375. doi:10.2307/1379696. ISSN 0022-2372. OCLC 1800234.
    9. Carlson, Debra A.; Gese, Eric M. (2008). «Reproductive biology of the coyote (Canis latrans): integration of mating behavior, reproductive hormones, and vaginal cytology». Journal of Mammalogy 89 (3): 654–664. doi:10.1644/06-mamm-a-436r1.1. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/89/3/654/862352.
    10. Gese, Eric M.; Ruff, Robert L. (1997). «Scent-marking by coyotes, Canis latrans: the influence of social and ecological factors» (PDF). Animal Behaviour 54 (5): 1155–1166. doi:10.1006/anbe.1997.0561. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.540.1024&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
    11. Mech, D. L. (2003). The Wolves of Minnesota: Howl in the Heartland. Voyageur Press. σελ. 75. ISBN 978-0-89658-509-6. OCLC 43694482.
    12. Hennessy, C. A.; Dubach, J.; Gehrt, S. D. (2012). «Long-term pair bonding and genetic evidence for monogamy among urban coyotes (Canis latrans. Journal of Mammalogy 93 (3): 732–742. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-184.1. ISSN 1545-1542. OCLC 39098574. http://www.mammalsociety.org/articles/long-term-pair-bonding-and-genetic-evidence-monogamy-among-urban-coyotes-canis-latrans.
    13. Fox 1978, σελ. 33
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    Κογιότ: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Το κογιότ (επιστημονική ονομασία Canis latrans) είναι ζώο διαδεδομένο στη Βόρεια και Κεντρική Αμερική το οποίο ανήκει στην οικογένεια των κυνιδών. Απαντά από τον Παναμά στα νότια και μέχρι το Μεξικό, τις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες και τον Καναδά στα βόρεια, ακόμη και μέχρι την Αλάσκα και τα βορειότερα τμήματα του Καναδά. Χωρίζεται σε 19 υποείδη, τα 16 από τα οποία βρίσκονται στη βόρεια Αμερική και τα υπόλοιπα τρία στην Κεντρική.

    Το κογιότ καταλαμβάνει τον ίδιο οικολογικό θόκο με το τσακάλι, με το οποίο έχει περίπου το ίδιο μέγεθος, στην Ευρασία και στην Αφρική. Σε αντίθεση με τον λύκο, ο οποίος έφτασε στην Αμερική από την Ευρασία, το κογιότ θεωρείται ότι εξελίχθηκε στη Βόρεια Αμερική στο Πλειστόκαινο, πριν περίπου 1,8 εκατομμύρια χρόνια. Επίσης, πάλι αντίθετα με το λύκο, η κατανομή του κογιότ έχει μεγαλώσει εξαιτίας της ανθρώπινης παρουσίας, καθώς μπορεί να αναπαράγεται σε μεγάλες πόλεις.

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    Койот ( Meadow Mari )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Койот (лат. Canis latrans ) – Йӱдвел Америкын пий-влак (Canidae) йамагатын гыч кугу янлык. Капше 76–86 см, почше 30–41 см, нелытше 6.8–21 кг.

    Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

    • Canis latrans cagottis
    • Canis latrans clepticus
    • Canis latrans dickeyi
    • Canis latrans frustror
    • Canis latrans goldmani
    • Canis latrans hondurensis
    • Canis latrans impavidus
    • Canis latrans incolatus
    • Canis latrans jamesi
    • Canis latrans lestes
    • Canis latrans mearnsi
    • Canis latrans microdon
    • Canis latrans ochropus
    • Canis latrans peninsulae
    • Canis latrans texensis
    • Canis latrans thamnos
    • Canis latrans umpquensis
    • Canis latrans vigilis
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    Койот ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages
     src=
    Койот.

    Койот (лат. Canis latrans) – Америка чөөсү, ит сымалдуулар тукумундагы жырткычтардын бир түрү.

    Колдонулган адабияттар

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    Койот: Brief Summary ( Meadow Mari )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Койот (лат. Canis latrans ) – Йӱдвел Америкын пий-влак (Canidae) йамагатын гыч кугу янлык. Капше 76–86 см, почше 30–41 см, нелытше 6.8–21 кг.

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    Којот ( Macedonian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Којотот е член на семејството кучиња (Canidae) и е сродник на домашното куче. Којотите живеат во Северна Америка и некои делови на Централна Америка. Можат да бидат организирани во мали групи, ама најчесто ловат сами. Којотите живеат помеѓу 6 и 10 години.

    Којотот е еден од ретките животни кај кои постои тренд на зголемување на бројноста на популацијата. Којотите ги заземале сите живеалишта во Северна Америка, кои порано биле населени од волци, а зголемувањето на површината е потпомогнато од менувањето на природните живеалишта од страна на човекот. Густината на популацијата се движат од 0,01-0,09 единки/km² во зима на Јукон до 2, 3 единки/km² во текот на летото во Тексас.

    Наводи

    1. Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009 г). Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). „Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History“ том 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5999/1/B325.pdf.
    2. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2008. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 5. 5. 2008. (англиски)
    3. James, Edwin; Long, Stephen H.; Say, Thomas; Adams, John (1823). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20. 1. London: Longman, Hurst, Pees, Orre, & Brown. стр. 168–174. https://archive.org/stream/accountofexpedit01jame#page/168/mode/2up/search/canis+latrans.
    4. Canis latrans. Fossilworks.org. конс. 5. 9. 2016.

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    Којот: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Којотот е член на семејството кучиња (Canidae) и е сродник на домашното куче. Којотите живеат во Северна Америка и некои делови на Централна Америка. Можат да бидат организирани во мали групи, ама најчесто ловат сами. Којотите живеат помеѓу 6 и 10 години.

    Којотот е еден од ретките животни кај кои постои тренд на зголемување на бројноста на популацијата. Којотите ги заземале сите живеалишта во Северна Америка, кои порано биле населени од волци, а зголемувањето на површината е потпомогнато од менувањето на природните живеалишта од страна на човекот. Густината на популацијата се движат од 0,01-0,09 единки/km² во зима на Јукон до 2, 3 единки/km² во текот на летото во Тексас.

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    कायोटी ( Hindi )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    कायोटी (coyote), जिसे अमेरीकी सियार (American jackal) और झाड़ भेड़िया (brush wolf) भी कहते हैं, उत्तर अमेरिका और मध्य अमेरिका में विस्तृत एक लोमड़ी-जैसी जाति है। यह दक्षिण में पनामा से लेकर उत्तर में अलास्काकनाडा तक पाई जाती है।[2] अमेरिकी प्राकृतिक मंडल में इसका वही स्थान है जो यूरेशिया में सियार (लोमड़ी) का है। मानव सभ्यता के फैलाव के साथ जहाँ लोमड़ी और भेड़ियों का निवास स्थल सिकुड़ा है उसके विपरीत कायोटी ने जंगली रहने के बावजूद मानवों के साथ जीना सीख लिया है और अक्सर यह शहरी क्षेत्रों में भी बच्चे पैदा कर लेते हैं।

    इन्हें भी देखें

    सन्दर्भ

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on May 5, 2008.
    2. [ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Canis_latrans.html Canis latrans], Animal Diversity Web, Accessed August 15, 2007
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    कायोटी: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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    कायोटी (coyote), जिसे अमेरीकी सियार (American jackal) और झाड़ भेड़िया (brush wolf) भी कहते हैं, उत्तर अमेरिका और मध्य अमेरिका में विस्तृत एक लोमड़ी-जैसी जाति है। यह दक्षिण में पनामा से लेकर उत्तर में अलास्काकनाडा तक पाई जाती है। अमेरिकी प्राकृतिक मंडल में इसका वही स्थान है जो यूरेशिया में सियार (लोमड़ी) का है। मानव सभ्यता के फैलाव के साथ जहाँ लोमड़ी और भेड़ियों का निवास स्थल सिकुड़ा है उसके विपरीत कायोटी ने जंगली रहने के बावजूद मानवों के साथ जीना सीख लिया है और अक्सर यह शहरी क्षेत्रों में भी बच्चे पैदा कर लेते हैं।

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    କୋୟୋଟ ( Oriya )

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    କୋୟୋଟ ଏକ କେନାଇନ ବା କୁକୁର (canine) ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଯିଏ ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାରେ (North America) ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ସମ୍ପର୍କୀୟ ଗ୍ରେ ଉଲ୍ଫ ବା ଗଧିଆଠାରୁ ଏହା ଛୋଟ ଓ ପ୍ରାଚ୍ୟ ଉଲ୍ଡ (eastern wolf) ବା ଗଧିଆ ଓ ଲାଲ ଉଲ୍ଫଠାରୁ (red wolf) ଅଳ୍ପ ଛୋଟ । ଏହାର ଅଧିକ ହିଂସ୍ର, ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରାଣୀବିଜ୍ଞାନୀମାନେ ଆମେରିକାନ ଜାକାଲ କ‌ହନ୍ତି । ଏହାର କିଛି ଐତିହାସିକ ନାମ ମଧ୍ୟରରୁ ପ୍ରେୟାରି ଉଲ୍ଫ ଓ ବ୍ରସ ଉଲ୍ଫ ଉଲ୍ଲଖନୀୟ ।

    ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାମେକ୍ସିକୋ ଓ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆମେରିକାରେ ଏମାନେ ବ‌ହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଥିବାରୁ ଏହି ପ୍ରାଣୀ ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ଚିନ୍ତାଜନ‌କ (least concern|) ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ଏ କଥା ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ୟୁନିଅନ ଫର କଞ୍ଜରଭେସନ ଅଫ ନେଚର (International Union for Conservation of Nature) ସଂସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଛି । ଏହି ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ମାନବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିବା ପରିବେଶ ସ‌ହିତ ଖାପ ଖୁଆଇ ପାରିବାର ପ୍ରତିଭା ଅଛି । ନିଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ର କୋୟୋଟ ବିସ୍ତାର କରିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଛି ଓ ପାନାମା କେନାଲ (Panama Canal) ପାରି ହୋଇ ପୂର୍ବ ଆମେରିକାରେ ସ‌ହର ଦିଗକୁ ମୁହାଁଉଥିବା ସନ ୨୦୧୩ରେ ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଲା ।

    ଊନବିଂଶ ପ୍ରକାରର (subspecies) କୋୟୋଟ ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୋୟୋଟର ହାରାହାରି ଓଜନ ୮-୨୦କେଜି/ ୧୬-୪୪ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ଓ ମାଈ କୋୟୋଟର ଓଜନ ୭-୧୮କେଜି/ ୧୫-୪୦ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ତାଙ୍କର ଲୋମ ରଙ୍ଗ ହାଲୁକା ପାଉଁଶିଆ ଓ ଲାଲ ବା ତମ୍ବା ରଙ୍ଗରେ କଳା ଓ ଧଳା ଦାଗ ଥାଏ ଯଦିଓ ସ୍ଥାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆସିପାରେ । ଏହାର ମେଳଜୋଳ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ, କେତେବେଳେ ଏକ‌କ ପରବାରରେ ରହେ ତ ଆଉ କେତେବେଳେ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବିହୀନ ଦଳ ସାଥିରେ ରହେ । ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହା ପଶୁ ମାଂସ ଯେପରିକି ହରିଣ, ଠେକୁଆ, ପକ୍ଷୀ, ମୂଷା ଜାତୀୟ ଜୀବ, ସରୀସୃପ, ମାଛ, ଉଭୟଚର ଜୀବ ଓ ଅମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ମାଂସ ଖାଏ । ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ଏହା ଫଳ ଓ ପରିବା ଆହାର କରେ । ଏହାର ଏକ ନିଜସ୍ୱ ଏକ‌କ ବୋବାଳି ଅଛି । ମାନବ ଏହାର ବଡ଼ ଶତ୍ରୁ, ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର କାଉଜର ଓ ପା‌ଁଉସିଆ ଗଧିଆ । ଏହା ସତ୍ୱେ ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ମାଈ ଲାଲ, ପାଉଁସିଆ ଗଧିଆ ସାଥିରେ ମିଶି ପ୍ରଜନନ କରେ ଓ ହାଇବ୍ରିଡ ଛୁଆ (coywolf) କରେ । ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର ଉତ୍ତରପୂର୍ବ ଇଲାକାରେ ଏହାର ଅନେକ ଉପ‌ପ୍ରଜାତି ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି ଯାହା ଐତିହାସିକ ଓ ଆଧୁନିକ ସଙ୍ଗମ ଯୋଗୁ ହୋଇଥିବା ଜଣାଯାଏ । ଜେନେଟିକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଦ୍ୱାରା ଏମାନଙ୍କର କୋୟୋଟ ଜିନ ଥିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।

    ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର ଆଦିମ ଅଧିବାସୀମାନଙ୍କର (Native American) ଲୋକ‌କଥାରେ କୋୟୋଟ ଏକ ମୂଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ଲୋକକଥାର କାହାଣୀରେ କୋୟୋଟକୁ ଏକ ଠକ ବା ଚାଲବାଜ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଏ ଓ ସେ ତାର ଚେହେରା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ପ୍ରକୃତ କୋୟୋଟରୁ ମଣିଷ ଭାବରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୋଇପାରେ । ସାମାଜିକ ପରମ୍ପରା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଠକାମୀ ଓ ହାସ୍ୟରସ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ କୋୟୋଟ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ କରେ । ମେସୋଆମେରିକାରେ (Mesoamerican cosmology) ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ମିଲିଟାରୀ ଯୋଦ୍ଧା ଭାବରେ ଚିତ୍ରଣ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଆମେରିକାରେ ୟୁରୋପର କଲୋନୀ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବା ପରେ ଆଙ୍ଗ୍ଲୋ-ଆମେରିକା ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ଭୀରୁ ଓ ଅବିଶ୍ୱାସୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।

    ଆଧାର

    1. {{{assessors}}} (2008). Canis latrans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on May 5, 2008.
    2. "Canis latrans". Fossilworks.org. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
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    କୋୟୋଟ: Brief Summary ( Oriya )

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    କୋୟୋଟ ଏକ କେନାଇନ ବା କୁକୁର (canine) ଜାତୀୟ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଯିଏ ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାରେ (North America) ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ସମ୍ପର୍କୀୟ ଗ୍ରେ ଉଲ୍ଫ ବା ଗଧିଆଠାରୁ ଏହା ଛୋଟ ଓ ପ୍ରାଚ୍ୟ ଉଲ୍ଡ (eastern wolf) ବା ଗଧିଆ ଓ ଲାଲ ଉଲ୍ଫଠାରୁ (red wolf) ଅଳ୍ପ ଛୋଟ । ଏହାର ଅଧିକ ହିଂସ୍ର, ଏହାକୁ ପ୍ରାଣୀବିଜ୍ଞାନୀମାନେ ଆମେରିକାନ ଜାକାଲ କ‌ହନ୍ତି । ଏହାର କିଛି ଐତିହାସିକ ନାମ ମଧ୍ୟରରୁ ପ୍ରେୟାରି ଉଲ୍ଫ ଓ ବ୍ରସ ଉଲ୍ଫ ଉଲ୍ଲଖନୀୟ ।

    ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାମେକ୍ସିକୋ ଓ ମଧ୍ୟ ଆମେରିକାରେ ଏମାନେ ବ‌ହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ଥିବାରୁ ଏହି ପ୍ରାଣୀ ସ୍ୱଳ୍ପ ଚିନ୍ତାଜନ‌କ (least concern|) ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ଏ କଥା ଇଣ୍ଟରନ୍ୟାସନାଲ ୟୁନିଅନ ଫର କଞ୍ଜରଭେସନ ଅଫ ନେଚର (International Union for Conservation of Nature) ସଂସ୍ଥା ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଛି । ଏହି ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ମାନବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଥିବା ପରିବେଶ ସ‌ହିତ ଖାପ ଖୁଆଇ ପାରିବାର ପ୍ରତିଭା ଅଛି । ନିଜର କ୍ଷେତ୍ର କୋୟୋଟ ବିସ୍ତାର କରିବାକୁ ଲାଗିଛି ଓ ପାନାମା କେନାଲ (Panama Canal) ପାରି ହୋଇ ପୂର୍ବ ଆମେରିକାରେ ସ‌ହର ଦିଗକୁ ମୁହାଁଉଥିବା ସନ ୨୦୧୩ରେ ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଲା ।

    ଊନବିଂଶ ପ୍ରକାରର (subspecies) କୋୟୋଟ ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୋୟୋଟର ହାରାହାରି ଓଜନ ୮-୨୦କେଜି/ ୧୬-୪୪ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ଓ ମାଈ କୋୟୋଟର ଓଜନ ୭-୧୮କେଜି/ ୧୫-୪୦ପାଉଣ୍ଡ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ତାଙ୍କର ଲୋମ ରଙ୍ଗ ହାଲୁକା ପାଉଁଶିଆ ଓ ଲାଲ ବା ତମ୍ବା ରଙ୍ଗରେ କଳା ଓ ଧଳା ଦାଗ ଥାଏ ଯଦିଓ ସ୍ଥାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଆସିପାରେ । ଏହାର ମେଳଜୋଳ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନଶୀଳ, କେତେବେଳେ ଏକ‌କ ପରବାରରେ ରହେ ତ ଆଉ କେତେବେଳେ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବିହୀନ ଦଳ ସାଥିରେ ରହେ । ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏହା ପଶୁ ମାଂସ ଯେପରିକି ହରିଣ, ଠେକୁଆ, ପକ୍ଷୀ, ମୂଷା ଜାତୀୟ ଜୀବ, ସରୀସୃପ, ମାଛ, ଉଭୟଚର ଜୀବ ଓ ଅମେରୁଦଣ୍ଡୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ମାଂସ ଖାଏ । ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ଏହା ଫଳ ଓ ପରିବା ଆହାର କରେ । ଏହାର ଏକ ନିଜସ୍ୱ ଏକ‌କ ବୋବାଳି ଅଛି । ମାନବ ଏହାର ବଡ଼ ଶତ୍ରୁ, ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର କାଉଜର ଓ ପା‌ଁଉସିଆ ଗଧିଆ । ଏହା ସତ୍ୱେ ବେଳେ ବେଳେ ମାଈ ଲାଲ, ପାଉଁସିଆ ଗଧିଆ ସାଥିରେ ମିଶି ପ୍ରଜନନ କରେ ଓ ହାଇବ୍ରିଡ ଛୁଆ (coywolf) କରେ । ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର ଉତ୍ତରପୂର୍ବ ଇଲାକାରେ ଏହାର ଅନେକ ଉପ‌ପ୍ରଜାତି ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି ଯାହା ଐତିହାସିକ ଓ ଆଧୁନିକ ସଙ୍ଗମ ଯୋଗୁ ହୋଇଥିବା ଜଣାଯାଏ । ଜେନେଟିକ ପରୀକ୍ଷାଦ୍ୱାରା ଏମାନଙ୍କର କୋୟୋଟ ଜିନ ଥିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।

    ଉତ୍ତର ଆମେରିକାର ଆଦିମ ଅଧିବାସୀମାନଙ୍କର (Native American) ଲୋକ‌କଥାରେ କୋୟୋଟ ଏକ ମୂଖ୍ୟ ଚରିତ୍ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହି ଲୋକକଥାର କାହାଣୀରେ କୋୟୋଟକୁ ଏକ ଠକ ବା ଚାଲବାଜ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଏ ଓ ସେ ତାର ଚେହେରା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରି ପ୍ରକୃତ କୋୟୋଟରୁ ମଣିଷ ଭାବରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହୋଇପାରେ । ସାମାଜିକ ପରମ୍ପରା ବିରୁଦ୍ଧରେ ଠକାମୀ ଓ ହାସ୍ୟରସ ସାହାଯ୍ୟରେ କୋୟୋଟ ବିଦ୍ରୋହ କରେ । ମେସୋଆମେରିକାରେ (Mesoamerican cosmology) ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ମିଲିଟାରୀ ଯୋଦ୍ଧା ଭାବରେ ଚିତ୍ରଣ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଆମେରିକାରେ ୟୁରୋପର କଲୋନୀ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବା ପରେ ଆଙ୍ଗ୍ଲୋ-ଆମେରିକା ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ଭୀରୁ ଓ ଅବିଶ୍ୱାସୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।

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    ကွိုင်းယုတ် ( Burmese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    ကွိုင်းယုတ် (Coyote) ကို အမေရိကန် ခွေးအ သို့မဟုတ် ပရေရီဝံပုလွေ ဟုလည်း ခေါ်ဆိုကြသည်။ ခွေးမျိုးရင်းဝင်ဖြစ်ပြီး မြောက်အမေရိက နှင့် အလယ်အမေရိက တလျှောက်တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ တောင်ဘက် ပနားမားနိုင်ငံမှ စ၍ မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံအမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကနေဒါနိုင်ငံများတွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် အလက်စကာပြည်နယ် အထိတွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိပြီး ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံတွင် မြောက်ဘက်ဆုံး အပိုင်းမှ လွဲ၍ တခြားနေရာများတွင် တွေ့ရသည်။

    လက်ရှိတွင် မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၁၉မျိုးကို တွေ့ရပြီး ၁၆ မျိုးကို ကနေဒါ၊ မက္ကဆီကိုနှင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတို့တွင် တွေ့ရကာ ၃ မျိုးကို အလယ်အမေရိက တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ မီးခိုးရောင်မြေခွေးများကဲ့သို့ ဥရောပ-အာရှဘက်မှ ဆင်းသက်လာခြင်း မဟုတ်ပဲ မြောက်အမေရိကတွင် လွန်ခဲ့သော နှစ်ပေါင်း ၁.၈၁ သန်း ခန့်က ပေါ်ထွန်းလာသည်ဟု ယူဆရသည်။

    ကိုးကား

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved May 5, 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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    ကွိုင်းယုတ်: Brief Summary ( Burmese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    ကွိုင်းယုတ် (Coyote) ကို အမေရိကန် ခွေးအ သို့မဟုတ် ပရေရီဝံပုလွေ ဟုလည်း ခေါ်ဆိုကြသည်။ ခွေးမျိုးရင်းဝင်ဖြစ်ပြီး မြောက်အမေရိက နှင့် အလယ်အမေရိက တလျှောက်တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ တောင်ဘက် ပနားမားနိုင်ငံမှ စ၍ မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံအမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုကနေဒါနိုင်ငံများတွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတွင် အလက်စကာပြည်နယ် အထိတွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိပြီး ကနေဒါနိုင်ငံတွင် မြောက်ဘက်ဆုံး အပိုင်းမှ လွဲ၍ တခြားနေရာများတွင် တွေ့ရသည်။

    လက်ရှိတွင် မျိုးကွဲပေါင်း ၁၉မျိုးကို တွေ့ရပြီး ၁၆ မျိုးကို ကနေဒါ၊ မက္ကဆီကိုနှင့် အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုတို့တွင် တွေ့ရကာ ၃ မျိုးကို အလယ်အမေရိက တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။ မီးခိုးရောင်မြေခွေးများကဲ့သို့ ဥရောပ-အာရှဘက်မှ ဆင်းသက်လာခြင်း မဟုတ်ပဲ မြောက်အမေရိကတွင် လွန်ခဲ့သော နှစ်ပေါင်း ၁.၈၁ သန်း ခန့်က ပေါ်ထွန်းလာသည်ဟု ယူဆရသည်။

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    ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

    კოიოტი ( Mingrelian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    კოიოტი (ლათ. Canis latrans) — მახვამილაფარი ძუძუშმაწუალი ჩხოლარი ჯოღორიშობურეფიშ ფანიაშე. თიში რსხულიშ სიგჷრძა 90 სმ-შახ რე, მასა — 13 კგ-შახ. უღჷნა ეშაცქვირინაფილი ჸუჯეფი, გჷრძე, შხირბოწოწამი, გიმე გჷმოკინელი კუდელი, მოტუტაშფერე ვარდა რუმე-ჭითა ოჭიში, ღილე ფერიშ ქვარა. გოფაჩილი რე ოორუე ამერიკაშ ბჟადალ ნორთის — კანადაშე მექსიკაშახ. ხე გოფაჩილ აბანეფს. ჭკომუნს ყურდგელეფს, მორჩილ მაღირღონალეფს, ღურელ ჩხოლარეფს, თაშნეშე მაფურინჯეეფით, ტინტილეფით , ჭანდეფით, ჩანარეფიშ გუმნაღელით. მონოგამი რე, მაკობა 60-65 დღას იგჷნძორებუ. ხანს 5-10 ლაკვის. თელარენს 13 წანაშახ.

    ლიტერატურა

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    კოიოტი: Brief Summary ( Mingrelian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    კოიოტი (ლათ. Canis latrans) — მახვამილაფარი ძუძუშმაწუალი ჩხოლარი ჯოღორიშობურეფიშ ფანიაშე. თიში რსხულიშ სიგჷრძა 90 სმ-შახ რე, მასა — 13 კგ-შახ. უღჷნა ეშაცქვირინაფილი ჸუჯეფი, გჷრძე, შხირბოწოწამი, გიმე გჷმოკინელი კუდელი, მოტუტაშფერე ვარდა რუმე-ჭითა ოჭიში, ღილე ფერიშ ქვარა. გოფაჩილი რე ოორუე ამერიკაშ ბჟადალ ნორთის — კანადაშე მექსიკაშახ. ხე გოფაჩილ აბანეფს. ჭკომუნს ყურდგელეფს, მორჩილ მაღირღონალეფს, ღურელ ჩხოლარეფს, თაშნეშე მაფურინჯეეფით, ტინტილეფით , ჭანდეფით, ჩანარეფიშ გუმნაღელით. მონოგამი რე, მაკობა 60-65 დღას იგჷნძორებუ. ხანს 5-10 ლაკვის. თელარენს 13 წანაშახ.

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    Amaġuuraq ( Inupiaq )

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    Amaġuuraq
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    Amaġuuraq
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    Amaġuuraq (Canis latrans)

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    Vergo deştın ( Diq )

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    Vergo deştın ya zi zıwananê Ewropa dı be namey Koyot zi şınasiyeno, namey cıyo taksonomik Canis latranso, yew kutıko kı keyey Canidae rao, zımey qıtay Amerika dı cıwiyeno. Vergo deştın vergê do qıteko, zey vergo gewr gırd niyo. Zey luyanê sûran ê Ewropa dı zi aseno, vergê deştın zi yenê sûkan u kûçanê sûlan dı zi weşiya xo ramenê, amarê inanê kı sûkan dı cıwiyenê, serranê peyênan dı berz biy.

    Vergo deştın sey u des cm dergo, pancas cm berzo u new u vist u dı kg gıran beno, hema zafê inan nezdiyê des u çehar kg gıranê. Rengê muyê inan tek yew reng niyo, çeqer u qehwe, heto bin ra vergê deştıni be renganê gewr u qehwey zi estê. Hema vıle u sêney vergê deştıni tım sıpêyê. Key raver ewniyeno cı vergo deştın zey vergo gewr aseno hema her dı zi yewbini ra abırriyenê. Vergo deştın qıteko, teniko, çengey cı bariyo, goşê cı gırdê, u lıngê cı kılmê. Boçıkê cı zaf muyıno no zi ey keno cıya. Vergê deştıni zımey qıtay Amerika dı heta Kanada u Alaska ra veroci ro heta Meksiko u Kostarika vıla biy, yewbini ra cıya xeylê cayanê binan dı weşiya xo ramenê. Vergo deştın mêşe, bırr u daran ra heta deştan u çolan, her ca dı şeno bıcıwo. Vergo deştın DAY dı her eyalet dı şeno bıvêniyo, sûkanê zey Los Angeles u binandı merdıman u heywananê merdıman ra şenê zerar do cı.

    Gorey Amerikanan, vergo deştın vêşêr ganiyê kı merdê, leşê inan wenê. Raşta kı vergê deştıni leşanê ganiyan wenê hema vêşêr xo be xo seydê xo tepışeno, mıreno u weno yani leşanê ganiyanê merdeyan zaf nêweno. Sey dı neway ê seydanê verganê deştınan lûr, merre u arwêşanê. Ninan ra cıya mılıçık, mar u lûyan zi seyd keno, weno. Heywano gırd zey kospesi zi eger kospes nêweşo ya zi dırbetıno se şenê hetê gruba verganê deştınan ra bêro werdış. Vergê deştıni vaş u meywan zi weno, eger sûkan dı cıwiyeno se çiyê kı merdımi erzenê teber, inan zi wenê.

    Vergo deştın zey verganê gewran ganiyê do sosyal niyo, hema tım tek teyna be xo zi nêcıwiyeno. Vergê deştıni tayêna yew neri u mayki tayêna zi bıray u way bênê têmiyan, yew grube vırazenê u aniya weşiya xo ramenê. Hema vêşêr teyna be xo cıwiyeno, yani ganiyê do tenyao, gurey xo be xo keno.

    Maykiyê verganê deştınan şeşti roc awriyê u zafêr aşmanê wesari dı zayenê. Yew mayki ra çehar u şeş leyri benê. Vergê deştıni şeş serri weşiya xo ramenê. Vergo deştıno neri u verga deştına mayki piya seyd kenê, seydi anê leyran ver u ê leyranê xo piya kenê pil. Hetana aşmanê payızi leyri benê pil, xo rê cayê seyd kerdışi vênenê, hema mayanê xo ra des u panc kilometran ra dûr nêşınê. Key leyri benê yew serre, ê şenê leyrê xo biyarê dınya. Vergo deştın be cıwiyayışê xo nezdiyê zey çeqalanê Afrika-Asyao. Vergê deştıni u kutıki şenê leyr dê cı, leyrê vergê deştıni u kutıki rê zi Amerikani vanê koydog, yani 'koy'ot u 'dog' (kutık).

    Seydkeran u merdıman vergo gewr wedarıto u kerdo dûr u teber, dışmênê verganê deştınan bi vıni, verganê deştınan dışmênê xo ra xo fılıtnao (xılesnao), verganê deştınan zaf rew leyri day cı coka zi amarê verganê deştınan biy zaf. Çunkê verganê gewran vergê deştıni zaf seyd kerdêni u werdêni. Nafın zi merdıman waşto kı amarê verganê deştınan nızm kerê, biyarê cêr. Coka merdıman zaf kampanyay vıraşti hema inan nêşaê amarê verganê deştınan bêrê peyser, tayn kerê. Wıni zi vergê deştıni zaf asan şınê sûkanê gırdan ser, kûçan dı geyrenê, çı esto se wenê.

    Yew zi kışta mitolociya şaranê zımey qıtay Amerika vergo deştın zaf namdaro. Gorey mitolociya ê şaran dı tewrê verganê deştınan estê. Yewo kı vıraştoğo, her çi o vırazeno, aferneno u her çi paweno, sevekneno yani sıtar keno. Vergo deştıno bin zi sextekaro, duzenbazo wıni şınasniyeno.

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    Vergo deştın: Brief Summary ( Diq )

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    Vergo deştın ya zi zıwananê Ewropa dı be namey Koyot zi şınasiyeno, namey cıyo taksonomik Canis latranso, yew kutıko kı keyey Canidae rao, zımey qıtay Amerika dı cıwiyeno. Vergo deştın vergê do qıteko, zey vergo gewr gırd niyo. Zey luyanê sûran ê Ewropa dı zi aseno, vergê deştın zi yenê sûkan u kûçanê sûlan dı zi weşiya xo ramenê, amarê inanê kı sûkan dı cıwiyenê, serranê peyênan dı berz biy.

    Vergo deştın sey u des cm dergo, pancas cm berzo u new u vist u dı kg gıran beno, hema zafê inan nezdiyê des u çehar kg gıranê. Rengê muyê inan tek yew reng niyo, çeqer u qehwe, heto bin ra vergê deştıni be renganê gewr u qehwey zi estê. Hema vıle u sêney vergê deştıni tım sıpêyê. Key raver ewniyeno cı vergo deştın zey vergo gewr aseno hema her dı zi yewbini ra abırriyenê. Vergo deştın qıteko, teniko, çengey cı bariyo, goşê cı gırdê, u lıngê cı kılmê. Boçıkê cı zaf muyıno no zi ey keno cıya. Vergê deştıni zımey qıtay Amerika dı heta Kanada u Alaska ra veroci ro heta Meksiko u Kostarika vıla biy, yewbini ra cıya xeylê cayanê binan dı weşiya xo ramenê. Vergo deştın mêşe, bırr u daran ra heta deştan u çolan, her ca dı şeno bıcıwo. Vergo deştın DAY dı her eyalet dı şeno bıvêniyo, sûkanê zey Los Angeles u binandı merdıman u heywananê merdıman ra şenê zerar do cı.

    Gorey Amerikanan, vergo deştın vêşêr ganiyê kı merdê, leşê inan wenê. Raşta kı vergê deştıni leşanê ganiyan wenê hema vêşêr xo be xo seydê xo tepışeno, mıreno u weno yani leşanê ganiyanê merdeyan zaf nêweno. Sey dı neway ê seydanê verganê deştınan lûr, merre u arwêşanê. Ninan ra cıya mılıçık, mar u lûyan zi seyd keno, weno. Heywano gırd zey kospesi zi eger kospes nêweşo ya zi dırbetıno se şenê hetê gruba verganê deştınan ra bêro werdış. Vergê deştıni vaş u meywan zi weno, eger sûkan dı cıwiyeno se çiyê kı merdımi erzenê teber, inan zi wenê.

    Vergo deştın zey verganê gewran ganiyê do sosyal niyo, hema tım tek teyna be xo zi nêcıwiyeno. Vergê deştıni tayêna yew neri u mayki tayêna zi bıray u way bênê têmiyan, yew grube vırazenê u aniya weşiya xo ramenê. Hema vêşêr teyna be xo cıwiyeno, yani ganiyê do tenyao, gurey xo be xo keno.

    Maykiyê verganê deştınan şeşti roc awriyê u zafêr aşmanê wesari dı zayenê. Yew mayki ra çehar u şeş leyri benê. Vergê deştıni şeş serri weşiya xo ramenê. Vergo deştıno neri u verga deştına mayki piya seyd kenê, seydi anê leyran ver u ê leyranê xo piya kenê pil. Hetana aşmanê payızi leyri benê pil, xo rê cayê seyd kerdışi vênenê, hema mayanê xo ra des u panc kilometran ra dûr nêşınê. Key leyri benê yew serre, ê şenê leyrê xo biyarê dınya. Vergo deştın be cıwiyayışê xo nezdiyê zey çeqalanê Afrika-Asyao. Vergê deştıni u kutıki şenê leyr dê cı, leyrê vergê deştıni u kutıki rê zi Amerikani vanê koydog, yani 'koy'ot u 'dog' (kutık).

    Seydkeran u merdıman vergo gewr wedarıto u kerdo dûr u teber, dışmênê verganê deştınan bi vıni, verganê deştınan dışmênê xo ra xo fılıtnao (xılesnao), verganê deştınan zaf rew leyri day cı coka zi amarê verganê deştınan biy zaf. Çunkê verganê gewran vergê deştıni zaf seyd kerdêni u werdêni. Nafın zi merdıman waşto kı amarê verganê deştınan nızm kerê, biyarê cêr. Coka merdıman zaf kampanyay vıraşti hema inan nêşaê amarê verganê deştınan bêrê peyser, tayn kerê. Wıni zi vergê deştıni zaf asan şınê sûkanê gırdan ser, kûçan dı geyrenê, çı esto se wenê.

    Yew zi kışta mitolociya şaranê zımey qıtay Amerika vergo deştın zaf namdaro. Gorey mitolociya ê şaran dı tewrê verganê deştınan estê. Yewo kı vıraştoğo, her çi o vırazeno, aferneno u her çi paweno, sevekneno yani sıtar keno. Vergo deştıno bin zi sextekaro, duzenbazo wıni şınasniyeno.

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    Ó'kôhóme

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    Ó'kôhóme Pl: ó'kôhomeho, ó'ôhoméheo'o.

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    Ó'kôhóme' (Okom, ó'kôhóme)
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    Койот ( Avaric )

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    Койот

    Койот (латиназул мацӀалда Canis latrans) – Canidae хъизан гӀалхул гьитӀинаб вахӀшияб хӀайван.

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    Coywolf

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    Captive-bred F1 gray wolf × coyote hybrids, Wildlife Science Center in Forest Lake, Minnesota

    Coywolf is an informal term for a canid hybrid descended from coyotes, eastern wolves, gray wolves, and dogs. All members of the genus Canis are closely genetically related with 78 chromosomes and therefore can interbreed.[1] One genetic study indicates that these two species genetically diverged relatively recently (around 55,000–117,000 years ago). Genomic studies indicate that nearly all North American gray wolf populations possess some degree of admixture with coyotes following a geographic cline, with the lowest levels occurring in Alaska, and the highest in Ontario and Quebec, as well as Atlantic Canada.[2] Another term for these hybrids is sometimes wolfote.

    Description

    Hybrids of any combination tend to be larger than coyotes but smaller than wolves; they show behaviors intermediate between coyotes and the other parent's species.[3][4] In one captive hybrid experiment, six F1 hybrid pups from a male northwestern gray wolf and a female coyote were measured shortly after birth with an average on their weights, total lengths, head lengths, body lengths, hind foot lengths, shoulder circumferences, and head circumferences compared with those on pure coyote pups at birth. Despite being delivered by a female coyote, the hybrid pups at birth were much larger and heavier than regular coyote pups born and measured around the same time.[3] At six months of age, these hybrids were closely monitored at the Wildlife Science Center. Executive Director Peggy Callahan at the facility states that the howls of these hybrids are said to start off much like regular gray wolves with a deep strong vocalization, but changes partway into a coyote-like high pitched yipping.[5]

    Compared with pure coyotes, eastern wolf × coyote hybrids form more cooperative social groups and are generally less aggressive with each other while playing.[6] Hybrids also reach sexual maturity when they are two years old, which is much later than occurs in pure coyotes.[7]

    Varieties

    Eastern coyotes

    An Eastern coyote, a coyote-wolf hybrid in West Virginia near the Virginia state line.

    Eastern coyotes range from New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,[8] Ohio,[9] West Virginia,[10] Maryland,[11] Delaware, and Virginia.[12] Their range also occurs in the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,[13] Nova Scotia,[14] Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador.[15] Coyotes and wolves hybridized in the Great Lakes region, followed by an eastern coyote expansion, creating the largest mammalian hybrid zone known.[16] Extensive hunting of gray wolves over a period of 400 years caused a population decline that reduced the number of suitable mates, thus facilitating coyote genes swamping into the eastern wolf population. This has caused concern over the purity of remaining wolves in the area, and the resulting eastern coyotes are too small to substitute for pure wolves as apex predators of moose and deer.[17]

    The main nucleus of pure eastern wolves is currently concentrated within Algonquin Provincial Park. This susceptibility to hybridization led to the eastern wolf being listed as Special Concern under the Canadian Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife and with the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario. By 2001, protection was extended to eastern wolves occurring on the outskirts of the park, thus no longer depriving Park eastern wolves of future pure-blooded mates. By 2012, the genetic composition of the park's eastern wolves was roughly restored to what it was in the mid-1960s, rather than in the 1980s–1990s, when the majority of wolves had large amounts of coyote DNA.[17]

    Aside from the combinations of coyotes and eastern wolves making up most of the modern day eastern coyote's gene pools, some of the coyotes in the northeastern United States have mild domestic dog (C. lupus familiaris) and western Great Plains gray wolf (C. l. nubilus) influences in their gene pool, suggesting that the eastern coyote is actually a four-in-one hybrid of coyotes, eastern wolves, western gray wolves, and dogs. The hybrids living in areas with higher white-tailed deer density often have higher degrees of wolf genes than those living in urban environments. The addition of domestic dog genes may have played a minor role in facilitating the eastern hybrids' adaptability to survive in human-developed areas.[18]

    The four-in-one hybrid theory was further explored in 2014, when Monzón and his team reanalyzed the tissue and SNP samples taken from 425 eastern coyotes to determine the degree of wolf and dog introgressions involved in each geographic range.[19] The domestic dog allele averages 10% of the eastern coyote's genepool, while 26% is contributed by a cluster of both eastern wolves and western gray wolves. The remaining 64% matched mostly with coyotes. This analysis suggested that prior to the uniformity of its modern-day genetic makeup, multiple swarms of genetic exchanges between the coyotes, feral dogs, and the two distinct wolf populations present in the Great Lakes region may have occurred. Urban environments often favor coyote genes, while the ones in the rural and deep forest areas maintain higher levels of wolf content. A 2016 meta-analysis of 25 genetics studies from 1995 to 2013 found that the northeastern coywolf is 60% western coyote, 30% eastern wolf, and 10% domestic dog. However, this hybrid canid is only now coming into contact with the southern wave of coyote migration into the southern United States.[20]

    Red wolves and eastern wolves

    The taxonomy of the red and eastern wolf of the Southeastern United States and the Great Lakes regions, respectively, has been long debated, with various schools of thought advocating that they represent either unique species or results of varying degrees of gray wolf × coyote admixture.

    In May 2011, an examination of 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in red wolves, eastern wolves, gray wolves, and dogs indicated that the red and eastern wolves were hybrid species, with the red wolf being 76% coyote and 20% gray wolf, and the eastern wolf being 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote, finding no evidence of being distinct species in either.[21] The study was criticized for having used red wolves with recent coyote ancestry,[22] and a reanalysis in 2012 indicated that it suffered from insufficient sampling.[23]

    A comprehensive review in 2012 further argued that the study's dog samples were unrepresentative of the species' global diversity, having been limited to boxers and poodles, and that the red wolf samples came from modern rather than historical specimens.[24] The review was itself criticized by a panel of scientists selected for an independent peer review of its findings by the USFWS, which noted that the study's conclusion that the eastern wolf's two unique nonrecombining markers were insufficient to justify full-species status for the animal.[25]

    In 2016, a whole-genome DNA study suggested that all of the North American canids, both wolves and coyotes, diverged from a common ancestor 6,000–117,000 years ago. The whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf, the red wolf and eastern wolf, are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf.[26][27]

    Mexican wolf × coyote hybrids

    In a study that analyzed the molecular genetics of coyotes, as well as samples of historical red wolves and Mexican wolves from Texas, a few coyote genetic markers have been found in the historical samples of some isolated Mexican wolf individuals. Likewise, gray wolf Y chromosomes have also been found in a few individual male Texan coyotes.[28] This study suggested that although the Mexican wolf is generally less prone to hybridizations with coyotes, exceptional genetic exchanges with the Texan coyotes may have occurred among individual gray wolves from historical remnants before the population was completely extirpated in Texas. The resulting hybrids would later on melt back into the coyote populations as the wolves disappeared.

    The same study discussed an alternative possibility that the red wolves, which also once overlapped with both species in central Texas, were involved in circuiting the gene flows between the coyotes and gray wolves, much like how the eastern wolf is suspected to have bridged gene flows between gray wolves and coyotes in the Great Lakes region, since direct hybridizations between coyotes and gray wolves is considered rare.

    In tests performed on a stuffed carcass of what was initially labelled a chupacabra, mitochondrial DNA analysis conducted by Texas State University showed that it was a coyote, though subsequent tests revealed that it was a coyote × gray wolf hybrid sired by a male Mexican wolf.[29]

    Northwestern wolf × coyote hybrid experiment

    A F1 hybrid coyote-gray wolf hybrid, conceived in captivity

    In 2013, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services conducted a captive-breeding experiment at their National Wildlife Research Center Predator Research Facility in Logan, Utah. Using gray wolves from British Columbia and western coyotes, they produced six hybrids, making this the first hybridization case between pure coyotes and northwestern wolves. The experiment, which used artificial insemination, was intended to determine whether or not the sperm of the larger gray wolves in the west was capable of fertilizing the egg cells of western coyotes. Aside from the historical hybridizations between coyotes and the smaller Mexican wolves in the south, as well as with eastern wolves and red wolves, gray wolves from the northwestern US and western provinces of Canada were not known to interbreed with coyotes in the wild, thus prompting the experiment.

    The six resulting hybrids included four males and two females. At six months of age, the hybrids were closely monitored and were shown to display both physical and behavioral characteristics from both species, as well as some physical similarities to the eastern wolves, whose status as a distinct wolf species or as a genetically distinct subspecies of the gray wolf is controversial. Regardless, the result of this experiment concluded that northwestern wolves, much like the eastern wolves, red wolves, Mexican wolves, and domestic dogs, are capable of hybridizing with coyotes.[3]

    In 2015, a research team from the cell and microbiology department of Anoka-Ramsey Community College revealed that an F2 litter of two pups had been produced from two of the original hybrids. At the same time, despite the six F1's successful delivery from the same coyote, they were not all full siblings because multiple sperm from eight different northwestern wolves were used in their production. The successful production of the F2 litter, nonetheless, confirmed that hybrids of coyotes and northwestern wolves are just as fertile as hybrids of coyotes to eastern and red wolves. Both the F1 and F2 hybrids were found to be phenotypically intermediate between the western gray wolves and coyotes. Unlike the F1 hybrids, which were produced via artificial insemination, the F2 litter was produced from a natural breeding.[30]

    The study also discovered through sequencing 16S ribosomal RNA encoding genes that the F1 hybrids all have an intestinal microbiome distinct from both parent species, but which was once reported to be present in some gray wolves. Moreover, analysis of their complementary DNA and ribosomal RNA revealed that the hybrids have very differential gene expressions compared to those in gray wolf controls.

    Coydogs

    Coydogs in Wyoming, 1951

    Hybrids between coyotes and domestic dogs have been bred in captivity, dating to pre-Columbian Mexico.[31] Other specimens were later produced by mammal biologists mostly for research purposes. Domestic dogs are included in the gray wolf species.[32] Hence, coydogs are another biological sub-variation of hybrids between coyotes and gray wolves - the dog being considered a domesticated subspecies of Canis lupus.[33]

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Wayne, R. (1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". Trends in Genetics. 9 (6): 218–24. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-X. PMID 8337763.
    2. ^ vonHoldt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016). "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2 (7): e1501714. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1714V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714. PMC 5919777. PMID 29713682.
    3. ^ a b c Mech, L. D.; Christensen, B. W.; Asa, C. S.; Callahan, M.; Young, J. K. (2014). "Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes". PLOS ONE. 9 (2): e88861. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988861M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861. PMC 3934856. PMID 24586418.
    4. ^ Way J. G. (2007). "A comparison of body mass of Canis latrans (Coyotes) between eastern and western North America" (PDF). Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (1): 111–24. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[111:acobmo]2.0.co;2. S2CID 85288738.
    5. ^ Riese, Clive (March 19, 2014), Wildlife Science Center partners in study impacting wolf controversy, Forest Lake Times
    6. ^ Bekoff, M. (1978). "Behavioral Development in Coyotes and Eastern Coyotes", pp. 97–124 in M. Bekoff, (ed.) Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. Academic Press, New York. ISBN 1930665423.
    7. ^ Way J.G.; Rutledge L.; Wheeldon T.; White B.N. (2010). "Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts" (PDF). Northeastern Naturalist. 17 (2): 189–204. doi:10.1656/045.017.0202. S2CID 135542.
    8. ^ "Greater than the sum of its parts". The Economist. October 31, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
    9. ^ Update on Coy Wolf sightings in Ohio – Ohio Ag Net | Ohio's Country Journal. Ocj.com. Retrieved on 2018-09-05.
    10. ^ West Virginia DNR – Coyote. Wvdnr.gov. Retrieved on 2018-09-05.
    11. ^ Coyotes in Maryland. Department of Natural Resources. maryland.gov
    12. ^ Coyote-Wolf Hybrids Have Spread Across U.S. East. News.nationalgeographic.com (2011-11-08). Retrieved on 2018-09-05.
    13. ^ "Living with Wildlife – Eastern coyotes" (PDF). Natural Resources website. Government of New Brunswick. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    14. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Eastern Coyote in Nova Scotia". Department of Natural Resources website. Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    15. ^ "Living with Coyotes in Newfoundland and Labrador". The Department of Environment and Conservation website. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
    16. ^ Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Kays, Roland; Pollinger, John P.; Wayne, Robert K. (2016). "Admixture mapping identifies introgressed genomic regions in North American canids". Molecular Ecology. 25 (11): 2443–53. doi:10.1111/mec.13667. PMID 27106273.
    17. ^ a b Rutledge, L. Y.; White, B. N.; Row, J. R.; Patterson, B. R. (2012). "Intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1002/ece3.61. PMC 3297175. PMID 22408723.
    18. ^ Monzón, J; Kays, R; Dykhuizen, D. E. (2013). "Assessment of coyote-wolf-dog admixture using ancestry-informative diagnostic SNPs". Molecular Ecology. 23 (1): 182–197. doi:10.1111/mec.12570. PMC 3899836. PMID 24148003.
    19. ^ Monzon, Javier (January 22, 2014). "It's a "Coyote-wolf-dog eat dog" world". Gotham Coyote Project. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
    20. ^ "Northeastern coyote/coywolf taxonomy and admixture: A meta-analysis" (PDF). Canid Biology & Conservation. 19 (1): 1–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
    21. ^ von Holt, B.M.; et al. (May 12, 2011). "A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids". Genome Res. 21 (8): 1294–305. doi:10.1101/gr.116301.110. PMC 3149496. PMID 21566151.
    22. ^ Beeland, T. DeLene (2013). The Secret World of Red Wolves. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469601991.
    23. ^ Rutledge, L. Y; Devillard, S; Boone, J. Q; Hohenlohe, P. A; White, B. N (July 2015). "RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American Canis". Biology Letters. 11 (7): 20150303. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303. PMC 4528444. PMID 26156129.
    24. ^ Chambers, Steven M.; Fain, Steven R.; Fazio, Bud; Amaral, Michael (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001.
    25. ^ Dumbacher, J. (January 2014). "Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act" (PDF). NCEAS. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
    26. ^ von Holdt, B.M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J.P.; et al. (2016). "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf". Science Advances. 2 (7): e1501714. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1714V. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501714. PMC 5919777. PMID 29713682.
    27. ^ Morell, Virginia (2016). "How do you save a wolf that's not really a wolf?". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aag0699.
    28. ^ Hailer, F.; Leonard, J.A. (2008). "Hybridization among three native North American Canis species in a region of natural sympatry". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3333. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3333H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003333. PMC 2556088. PMID 18841199.
    29. ^ Ardizzoni, S. (September 1, 2013). "Texas State University researcher helps unravel mystery of Texas 'blue dog' claimed to be Chupacabra". Bio News Texas. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
    30. ^ "NCUR". Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    31. ^ Valadez, Raúl; Rodríguez, Bernardo; Manzanilla, Linda; Tejeda, Samuel. "13. Dog-wolf Hybrid Biotype Reconstruction from the Archaeological City of Teotihuacan in Prehispanic Central Mexico" (PDF). In Snyder, Lynn M.; Moore, Elizabeth A. (eds.). 9th ICAZ Conference, Durham 2002: Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic, or Symbolic Interaction. pp. 120–130. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
    32. ^ "ADW: Canis lupus familiaris: Information". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    33. ^ Anderson, T.M.; Vonholdt, B.M.; Candille, S.I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D.R.; et al. (2009). "Molecular and evolutionary history of melanism in North American gray wolves". Science. 323 (5919): 1339–1343. Bibcode:2009Sci...323.1339A. doi:10.1126/science.1165448. PMC 2903542. PMID 19197024.
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    Coywolf: Brief Summary

    provided by wikipedia EN
    Captive-bred F1 gray wolf × coyote hybrids, Wildlife Science Center in Forest Lake, Minnesota

    Coywolf is an informal term for a canid hybrid descended from coyotes, eastern wolves, gray wolves, and dogs. All members of the genus Canis are closely genetically related with 78 chromosomes and therefore can interbreed. One genetic study indicates that these two species genetically diverged relatively recently (around 55,000–117,000 years ago). Genomic studies indicate that nearly all North American gray wolf populations possess some degree of admixture with coyotes following a geographic cline, with the lowest levels occurring in Alaska, and the highest in Ontario and Quebec, as well as Atlantic Canada. Another term for these hybrids is sometimes wolfote.

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    Kojoto ( Esperanto )

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    Disambig-dark.svg Por esperanta revuo, vidu la paĝon La Kojoto.

    La kojoto (Canis latrans}} signifas "bojanta hundo", ankaŭ preria lupo [1]) estas membro de la (hunda) familio de la kanisedoj kaj parenco de la hejma hundo. La kojoto estas indiĝena besto de Nordameriko, kaj oni trovas ilin nur en Nordameriko kaj Centra Ameriko (plejsude en Kostariko). Eŭropaj esploristoj unue renkontis ĉi tiujn kanisedojn dum iliaj vojaĝoj en la sudokcidento de Nordameriko. Ili foje kuniĝas en malgrandaj aroj sed kutime ĉasas sole. Kojotoj meze vivas ses ĝis dek jarojn. La vorto "kojoto" venas al Esperanto de la (meksika) hispana lingvo, kiu siavice pruntis ĝin de la navatla lingvo kie ĝi havis la formon (IPA /ˈkɔ.jɔtɬ/) kaj eble signifis "kantanta hundo".

    Oni trovas tiu nearktisa-neotropisa specio inter alie en jenaj ekoregionoj : la arbaroj de norda-centra Rokmontaro, la alegan-altaĵaj arbaroj, la arbaroj de Frejzer-Altebenaĵo kaj Frejzer-Baseno, la centra-meksikaltebenaĵa kserofitaro, la centra-meksika kserofitaro, la malaltebenaĵaj arbaroj oriente de Grandaj Lagoj kaj la novanglaj-akadiaj arbaroj.

    Kojotoj en Esperanto

    Marjorie Boulton, en sia mikspota libro Faktoj kaj fantazioj, dediĉas ties 21an ĉapitron "Fabeloj de indiana tribo en Usono" al komentoj pri tiuj popoloj, sed ĉefe al du rakontoj pri kojotoj.[2]

    Referencoj

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis latrans. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 05 May 2006. Datumara indiko por ĉi tiu specio enhavas klarigon kial konservado de ĉi tiu specio estas malplej zorgiga
    2. Marjorie Boulton, Faktoj kaj fantazioj, progresiga libro, Universala Esperanto-Asocio, Roterdamo, 1984, dua eldono 1993. Paĝoj 175-179.
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    Kojoto: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

    provided by wikipedia EO
    Disambig-dark.svg Por esperanta revuo, vidu la paĝon La Kojoto.

    La kojoto (Canis latrans}} signifas "bojanta hundo", ankaŭ preria lupo [1]) estas membro de la (hunda) familio de la kanisedoj kaj parenco de la hejma hundo. La kojoto estas indiĝena besto de Nordameriko, kaj oni trovas ilin nur en Nordameriko kaj Centra Ameriko (plejsude en Kostariko). Eŭropaj esploristoj unue renkontis ĉi tiujn kanisedojn dum iliaj vojaĝoj en la sudokcidento de Nordameriko. Ili foje kuniĝas en malgrandaj aroj sed kutime ĉasas sole. Kojotoj meze vivas ses ĝis dek jarojn. La vorto "kojoto" venas al Esperanto de la (meksika) hispana lingvo, kiu siavice pruntis ĝin de la navatla lingvo kie ĝi havis la formon (IPA /ˈkɔ.jɔtɬ/) kaj eble signifis "kantanta hundo".

    Oni trovas tiu nearktisa-neotropisa specio inter alie en jenaj ekoregionoj : la arbaroj de norda-centra Rokmontaro, la alegan-altaĵaj arbaroj, la arbaroj de Frejzer-Altebenaĵo kaj Frejzer-Baseno, la centra-meksikaltebenaĵa kserofitaro, la centra-meksika kserofitaro, la malaltebenaĵaj arbaroj oriente de Grandaj Lagoj kaj la novanglaj-akadiaj arbaroj.

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    Canis latrans ( Spanish; Castilian )

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     src=
    Coyote en las montañas de California.

    El coyote (Canis latrans, que significa «perro aullador») es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Canidae. Los coyotes solo se encuentran en América del Norte, América Central y recientemente América del Sur; desde Canadá hasta Colombia. Habita en una gran diversidad de ecosistemas, tropicales, templados y áridos. Su nombre viene de la palabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Aunque a veces se reúnen en manadas, son por lo general solitarios. Viven en promedio 6 años. No se encuentran en riesgo. A pesar de haber sido intensamente cazados, los coyotes son unos de los pocos animales grandes que han ampliado su hábitat desde la conquista de América por los europeos. Han ocupado áreas en Norteamérica previamente habitadas por los lobos, y se han adaptado al consumo de basura y animales domésticos.

    Descripción

    El coyote mide menos de 60 cm de altura, y su color varía desde el gris hasta el canela, a veces con un tinte rojizo. Las orejas y el hocico del coyote parecen largos en relación al tamaño de su cabeza. Mide entre 74 y 94 cm de longitud, sin la cola, y pesa de 8 a 16 kg.[2]​ Puede ser identificado por su cola espesa y ancha que, a menudo, lleva cerca del suelo. Por su aspecto esbelto se puede distinguir de su pariente mayor, el lobo gris, que puede pesar de 35 a 80 kg. El coyote es un animal muy flaco y puede parecer desnutrido a primera vista aun si goza de buena salud.[cita requerida]

    Comportamiento

     src=
    Coyote (izquierda) y lobo (derecha).

    Los coyotes son muy adaptables en diversos lugares. Su comportamiento puede variar mucho según su hábitat, pero en general viven y cazan solos o en parejas monógamas, buscando mamíferos pequeños, especialmente musarañas, campañoles y conejos; así como pequeños insectos. Es omnívoro, y adapta su dieta a las fuentes disponibles, incluyendo frutas, hierbas y otros vegetales.

    Los coyotes se emparejan de por vida. El apareamiento tiene lugar alrededor del mes de febrero, y nacen camadas de 4 a 6 cachorros sobre fines de abril o comienzos de mayo. Ambos padres —y en ocasiones los ejemplares juveniles, nacidos el año anterior, que aún no abandonaron la guarida paterna— ayudan a alimentar a los cachorros. A las tres semanas de edad estos salen de la guarida bajo la vigilancia de sus padres; cuando alcanzan ocho a doce semanas de edad sus padres les enseñan a cazar. Las familias permanecen juntas a lo largo del verano, pero los jóvenes parten a buscar sus propios territorios hacia el otoño. Suelen trasladarse a unas diez millas de distancia. Los jóvenes maduran sexualmente al año de edad.

    Es mucho más común oír un coyote que verlo. Las llamadas que los coyotes hacen son agudas; se las describe como aullidos, chillidos, gañidos y ladridos. Estas llamadas pueden ser una nota larga que sube y que cae (un aullido) o una serie de notas cortas (un «chillido»). Estas llamadas se oyen por lo general al crepúsculo o por la noche, y con menos frecuencia durante el día.

    Aunque las llamadas se realizan todo el año, son más comunes durante la estación de acoplamiento de la primavera y durante el otoño, cuando los cachorros salen de sus familias para establecer territorios nuevos. El aullido es engañoso; debido a las características del sonido a la distancia, puede parecer que el coyote está en un lugar, cuando realmente se encuentra en otra parte.

    Subespecies

    Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[3]

    Véase también

    Referencias

    1. Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F. (2008). «Canis latrans». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de agosto de 2014.
    2. C. Sillero-Zubiri (2009). «Family Canidae (Dogs)». in: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. eds (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World (en inglés). Vol I. Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. p. 415. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
    3. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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    Canis latrans: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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     src= Coyote en las montañas de California.

    El coyote (Canis latrans, que significa «perro aullador») es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Canidae. Los coyotes solo se encuentran en América del Norte, América Central y recientemente América del Sur; desde Canadá hasta Colombia. Habita en una gran diversidad de ecosistemas, tropicales, templados y áridos. Su nombre viene de la palabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Aunque a veces se reúnen en manadas, son por lo general solitarios. Viven en promedio 6 años. No se encuentran en riesgo. A pesar de haber sido intensamente cazados, los coyotes son unos de los pocos animales grandes que han ampliado su hábitat desde la conquista de América por los europeos. Han ocupado áreas en Norteamérica previamente habitadas por los lobos, y se han adaptado al consumo de basura y animales domésticos.

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    Koiott ( Estonian )

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    Koiott ehk preeriahunt (Canis latrans) on läänepoolkeral elutsev kiskjaliste seltsi koerlaste sugukonda kuuluv loomaliik.

    Nimetus "koiott" on läänemaailma keeltesse laenatud hispaania keele vahendusel nahuakeelsest sõnast coyōtl. Koioti teaduslik nimetus Canis latrans tähendab 'haukuvat koera'.

    Levila ja alamliigid

    Koiott on laialt levinud terves Põhja- ja Kesk-Ameerikas. Pärast Mehhiko vallutamist hispaanlaste poolt on koiott oma levilat aktiivselt lõuna poole laiendanud. [1] Tänapäeval ulatub koioti levila Alaskast põhjas Panamani lõunas. Erinevalt hundist Euraasias on koioti levila laienenud ja arvukus koos inimtsivilisatsiooni arengu ja tõusuga suurenenud. Koiotte ei leidu vaid Labradori poolsaarel ning Kanada põhjaosas.

    Koiotil eristatakse 19 alamliiki, neist 16 Ameerika Ühendriikides, Kanadas ja Mehhikos ning 3 Kesk-Ameerikas.

    Kirjeldus

    Seljaosas varieerub koioti karvastik kollakaspruunist punaka kuni mustjani, alapool on enamasti valkjas.[2] Pea küljed, koon ja käpad on punakaspruunid. Sabaots on must. Saba lähedal asub lõhnanääre. Koiotid vahetavad karva kord aastas. Progresseeruv karvavahetus algab mais ja lõppeb juulis. Kõrvad on peaga võrreldes ebaproportsionaalselt suured. Jalad on ülejäänud kehaga võrreldes suhteliselt väikesed. Mägedes elutsevad koiotid on enamasti tumeda karvaga, kõrbes elavad koiotid kollakamad.

    Koiott võib kasvada kuni 75–87 cm kõrguseks ja kaalub keskmiselt 7–21 kg. Põhja pool elavad koiotid on tavaliselt suuremad kui lõunapoolsed alamliigid. Koioti hammaste asetus on I 3/3, C 1/1, Pm 4/4, M tavaliselt 2/2, mõnikord 3/3, 3/2 või 2/3 x 2 = 40, 42 või 44. Mõned eksperdid on märkinud, et kodustatud koera aju on sarnasem koioti ajuga kui soe omaga.

    Kuulmise ülemine sageduspiir on koiotil 80 kHz võrreldes kodukoera 60 kHz-ga. Jahti pidades võib koiott arendada kiirust kuni 69 km/h ning suudab hüpata rohkem kui 4 m kaugusele.

    Käitumine

    Kuigi on täheldatud suurte rühmadena rändlevaid koiotte, siis jahti peavad nad peamiselt paarikaupa. Tüüpiline kari koosneb kuuest lähedalt suguluses olevast vanemast ja noorloomast. Koiotikari on üldiselt hundikarjast väiksem ning indiviidide vahelised suhted on vähem stabiilsed, seega sarnaneb nende sotsiaalne käitumine rohkem dingo omaga. Oletatavasti on see tingitud koioti kiiremast arengust (koiott saab täiskasvanuks aastaselt, hunt kaheaastaselt). Koiotid on peamiselt öise eluviisiga, kuid neid võib sageli näha ka päevasel ajal.

    Koiotid on suutelised ka ise urgu kaevama, kuid eelistavad kasutada teiste loomade sobiva suurusega urge. Koiotikarja territoorium võib olla kuni 19 ruutkilomeetrit ja nad liiguvad tavaliselt kindlatel radadel.

    Kohtades, kus hunt on hävinud, läheb koiottidel väga hästi. Nad suudavad inimesi tunduvalt paremini taluda, kui hundid.

    Looduses elab koiott kuni 10-aastaseks, vangistuses kuni 18-aastaseks.

    Sigimine

    Koiotid paarituvad jaanuari lõpust märtsi lõpuni. Emase tiinus kestab umbes 60–63 päeva. Pesakonnas võib olla 1–19 kutsikat, keskmiselt on pesakonnas 6 kutsikat. Keskmiselt 50–70% kutsikast sureb enne täiskasvanuks saamist.

    Kutsikad sünnivad pimedatena ja kaaluvad sündides umbes 250 grammi. Kümnepäevastel kutsikate silmad avanevad ja kuulmine teravneb. Umbes 21–28 päeva pärast sündi hakkavad kutsikad urust väljas käima ja 35 päeva pärast elavad juba püsivalt urust väljaspool. Kutsikaid imetatakse 5–7 nädalat. Kutsikate eest hoolitsevad mõlemad vanemad. Isased kutsikad lahkuvad karjast tavaliselt 6–9 kuu vanuselt, emased jäävad vanemate juurde ja moodustavad karja. Kutsikad saavad täiskasvuks 9–12-kuuselt ja suguküpseks aastaselt. Erinevalt hundist talub alfaemakoiott teisi lakteerivaid emaseid.

    Toitumine

    Koiotid on valdavalt loomtoidulised – sõltuvalt aastaajast moodustab liha kuni 90% toidust. Põhiliselt toitub koiott pisiimetajatest, lindudest, madudest, sisalikest, suurtest putukatest ja muust sarnasest. Koiotid söövad ka raipeid, kuigi eelistavad värsket liha. Üks koiottide edu saladusi ongi see, et nad suudavad uute toituallikatega kiiresti harjuda. Inimasulate läheduses toituvad nad prügist ja koduloomadest. Sügis- ja talvekuudel moodustavad koioti toidusedelist suure osa puu- ja juurviljad.

    Koioti jahtimisstiil sõltub saakloomast. Jahtides pisiloomi, näiteks hiiri, liiguvad nad aeglaselt ja võtavad saagi otsimisel appi oma lõhnataju. Kui saak on leitud, hüppavad nad kassitaoliselt saagile peale. Suuremaid saakloomi jälitab rühm koiotte koordineeritult. Saaki aetakse tavaliselt taga vahetustega: sellal kui üks osa karjast saaklooma kurnab, teine puhkab. Koiotid ründavad saaklooma tavaliselt tagant või kõrvalt, keskendudes saaklooma mahatõmbamiseks peamiselt peale ja kaelale. Koiotid on väga järjekindlad kütid: edukas jälitus võib kesta 14 minutist 21 tunnini ning isegi luhtunud jahiretkel on mõnikord saaki jälitatud kuni 8 tundi. Kari koiotte suudab maha murda ka väga suure looma, näiteks kuni 250 kg kaaluda võiva täiskasvanud ameerika punahirve. Keskmiselt läbib koiott öisel jahiretkel 4 km.

    Viited

    1. Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G. et al. 2004. Historical and present distribution of coyote (Canis latrans) in Mexico and Central America. Journal of Biogeography 31, 2025-2038.
    2. Jones, J. Knox. 1985. Guide to mammals of the Plains States. p. 257. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Kirjandus

    • Bekoff, Marc. 1977. Canis Latrans, Species Account. American Society of Mammalogists
    • McClennen, N.; Wigglesworth, R.; Anderson S. H. 2001. The effect of suburban and agricultural development on the activity patterns of coyotes (Canis latrans). American Midland Naturalist 146: 27–36.

    Välislingid

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    Koiott: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

    provided by wikipedia ET

    Koiott ehk preeriahunt (Canis latrans) on läänepoolkeral elutsev kiskjaliste seltsi koerlaste sugukonda kuuluv loomaliik.

    Nimetus "koiott" on läänemaailma keeltesse laenatud hispaania keele vahendusel nahuakeelsest sõnast coyōtl. Koioti teaduslik nimetus Canis latrans tähendab 'haukuvat koera'.

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    Koiote ( Basque )

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    Canis latrans Canis generoko eta Canidae familiako ugaztun haragijale bat da.

    Azpiespezieak

    Hurrengo azpiespezieak ezagutzen dira:

    • Canis latrans latrans
    • Canis latrans cagottis
    • Canis latrans clepticus
    • Canis latrans dickeye
    • Canis latrans frustror
    • Canis latrans goldmani
    • Canis latrans hondurensis
    • Canis latrans impavidus
    • Canis latrans incolatus
    • Canis latrans jamesi
    • Canis latrans lestes
    • Canis latrans mearnsi
    • Canis latrans microdon
    • Canis latrans ochropus
    • Canis latrans peninsulae
    • Canis latrans texensis
    • Canis latrans thamnos
    • Canis latrans umpquensis
    • Canis latrans vigilis

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    Koiote: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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    Canis latrans Canis generoko eta Canidae familiako ugaztun haragijale bat da.

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    Kojootti ( Finnish )

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    Kojootti eli preeriasusi (Canis latrans) on Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä koiraeläin.

    Koko ja ulkonäkö

    Suden näköinen ja värinen, mutta pienempi, alle 60 cm korkea. Korvat isommat kuin sudella ja kuono on pitkä ja kapea, merkkinä sopeutumisesta pienten saaliseläinten kuten hiirien ja myyrien syömiseen ja tappamiseen. Runko on suteen verrattuna melko lyhyt, ja jalat ovat myös hieman matalat, mutta rakenteeltaan jäntevät.

    Levinneisyys

    Kojootti on Pohjois- ja Keski-Amerikan laji. Sen levinneisyysalue ulottuu Pohjois-Alaskasta halki Yhdysvaltain ja Meksikon Costa Ricaan, El Salvadoriin, Guatemalaan, Hondurasiin ja Panamaan asti. Tavattiin alun perin vain läntisessä ja keskisessä Pohjois-Amerikassa Keski-Amerikan lisäksi, mutta niiden luontaisten vihollisten eli susien hävittämisen ja metsien kaatamisen myötä on Yhdysvalloissa levinnyt uusien elinympäristöjen avauduttua myös aivan itään asti, missä se on koettu uhaksi kojootin läsnäoloon sopeutumattoman erittäin uhanalaisen punasusipopulaation geneettiselle puhtaudelle.

    Elinympäristö

    Aavikot, puoliaavikot, preeriat sekä trooppiset ja lauhkean vyöhykkeen metsät. Tavataan myös paikoin hyvin kylmissä oloissa, kuten Kalliovuorten boreaalisissa metsissä, ei kuitenkaan juuri koskaan vuoristossa tai tundralla asti.

    Lisääntyminen

    Kiima-aika kestää useita kuukausia. Naaras saattaa paritella silloin useiden urosten kanssa. Kun se on valinnut mieleisensä kumppanin, pari voi saalistaa ja elää muutenkin yhdessä vuosien ajan. Pari kaivaa jopa 7 metrin pituisen pesäkolon tai laajentaa mäyrän tai haisunäädän käyttämää vanhaa onkaloa.

    Naaras synnyttää pesään keväällä 2-12 sokeaa, lurppakorvaista ja lyttykuonoista pentua. Kahden viikon imetyksen jälkeen poikasten silmät avautuvat ja korvat alkavat terhakoitua. Kuusiviikkoisina pennut vieroitetaan. Useimmat nuoret kojootit jättävät laumansa, kun ovat aikuistuneet 9 kuukauden ikäisinä. Osa niistä jää kuitenkin ryhmään odottamaan pääsyä alfapariksi tai lähteäkseen myöhemmin etsimään omaa elinkumppaniaan.

    Luonnontilallisessa ekosysteemissä kojoottien kantaa tasapainottavat niiden lähisukulaiset, sudet, jotka kilpailevat niiden kanssa elintilasta ja ravinnosta. Ekosysteemissä kojootti onkin ns. mesopredator, pienempi saalistaja jonka määriä jokin suurempi petoeläinlaji verottaa. Susien lisäksi kojootteja tappavat myös joskus puumat tai ilvekset, etelämmässä jopa jaguaarit. Kojootin useista luontaisista vihollisista johtuen se on nopea lisääntymään, joten ekosysteemeissä, joista niiden viholliset ovat kuolleet sukupuuttoon, on kojoottien määrä kaksin- tai jopa kolminkertaistunut.

    Ravinto

    Kojootti käyttää tilanteet tarkoin hyväkseen ja syö kaikkea, mitä vain kiinni saa. Saalistaessaan se pystyy kiihdyttämään vauhtinsa hetkeksi jopa nopeuteen 65 km/h. Kojootti on pääasiassa lihansyöjä. Noin 90 % sen ravinnosta koostuu nisäkkäistä, pääasiassa kaniineista ja jyrsijöistä. Se pyydystää myös lintuja, käärmeitä ja hyönteisiä, joskus jopa kaloja.

    Koska kojootit elävät usein lähellä ihmistä, suurkaupungeissa ja maatilojen liepeillä, ne käyttävät hanakasti ravinnokseen myös ihmisten tuomat ruoanlähteet. Kojootit tappavatkin paljon lampaita, ja kaupungeissa sekä tiheään asutuilla alueilla ne saavat ruokaa myös roska-astioista ja kaduilta.

    Kojootti metsästää joskus myös paksusarvilampaita tai hanka-antilooppeja ja valkohäntäpeuroja. Se hyökkää erittäin harvoin ihmisen kimppuun.[2]

    Lähteet

    1. Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F.: Canis latrans IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 17.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. Iltalehti: Kojootit tappoivat nuoren muusikon iltalehti.fi. Viitattu 23.11.2017.

    Aiheesta muualla

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    Kojootti: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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    Kojootti eli preeriasusi (Canis latrans) on Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä koiraeläin.

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    Coyloup ( French )

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    Coyloup

    Le coyloup (ou coywolf, en anglais) est l'hybride résultant d'un croisement d'un coyote (Canis latrans) et d'un loup (plusieurs espèces concernées : C. lupus, C. lycaon, C. rufus), éventuellement d'un chien. Le loup et le coyote sont interféconds et leurs descendants hybrides sont fertiles. Des analyses génétiques montrent que différentes espèces de loups se sont hybridées au coyote au fil de l'histoire et partagent ainsi une proportion plus ou moins grande de gènes[1].

    La barrière entre loup et coyote n'est pas génétique, mais écologique : les loups vivent en meute tout comme les coyotes, leurs habitats sont théoriquement distincts[réf. nécessaire], plutôt en plaine pour le coyote et en forêt pour le loup. Avec l'urbanisation et la fragmentation des habitats, cette barrière écologique s'estompe. Une étude de l'université de Montréal en 2013 affirme que dans les Prairies canadiennes 6 % des coyotes et 9 % des loups gris sont des descendants d'hybrides. Au Québec, ce taux atteindrait même plus de 12 % des coyotes et plus de 37 % des loups[2].

    Origine de l'hybridation

    On estime que les premiers accouplements entre des loups et des coyotes ont eu lieu dans le parc Algonquin au Canada. La principale espèce de loup qui s’hybride avec les coyotes est le loup de l’Est et c’est celle-ci qui va servir de lien entre le coyote de l’Ouest, le loup gris et le chien pour mener au coyloup qui serait 60 % coyote, 25 % loup et les 15 % restants chien[3].

    Cette hybridation a plusieurs particularités. D'abord, elle est naturelle (donc ce n’est pas le résultat d’une action humaine contrairement au mulet par exemple). Ensuite, les coyloups sont fertiles et ont une espérance de vie proche de celle de leur ancêtre. Notons qu'une coylouve peut se reproduire avec un loup ou un coyote aussi bien qu'un coyloup peut se reproduire avec une louve ou une femelle coyote.

    Le fait que les loups et les coyotes aient normalement des modes de vie et des habitats différents et la tendance naturelle des loups à attaquer et tuer les coyotes sont deux points qui font que l’hybridation entre ces deux espèces n’est pas la plus évidente. Le changement de comportement des loups qui s’accouplent maintenant avec les coyotes est dû aux activités humaines qui ont débuté avec l’arrivée des premiers colons européens sur le continent nord-américain. En effet, avant les années 1500, toute la région à l’est du Mississippi était recouverte de forêts ce qui convenait parfaitement aux loups. Mais, à leur arrivée, les colons ont commencé à déboiser les forêts et à chasser les loups qui, alors devenus bien moins nombreux, ont été contraints à se déplacer. Alors les coyotes venus du sud-ouest en ont profité pour s’installer et ont peu à peu remonté vers le nord pour finalement arriver à l’un des derniers refuges des loups : le parc Algonquin. Les loups — alors peu nombreux et qui manquaient des partenaires sexuels — ont dû être moins exigeants pour choisir leur partenaire, et ont fini par voir les coyotes comme tels. Les premiers coyloups seraient apparus vers les années 1920[4].

    Dans la culture populaire

    Les coyloups sont des ennemis dans le jeu vidéo Deer Hunter 2017 ; ils sont appelés, par erreur de traduction, loups timides (dans la version francophone).

    Voir aussi

    Notes et références

    1. (en) Bridgett M. vonHoldt, James A. Cahill, Zhenxin Fan, Ilan Gronau, Jacqueline Robinson, John P. Pollinger, Beth Shapiro, Jeff Wall et Robert K. Wayne, « Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf », Science Advances,‎ 2016, p. 13 (lire en ligne).
    2. Daniel Baril, « Le patrimoine génétique du loup est menacé au Québec », UdeMNouvelles,‎ 4 février 2013 (lire en ligne).
    3. Hervé Ratel, « Voici le "coywolf", un nouvel hybride naturel », Sciences et Avenir,‎ 28 novembre 2015 (lire en ligne).
    4. « A la rencontre du Coyloup » (consulté le 6 février 2017).
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    Coyloup: Brief Summary ( French )

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     src= Coyloup

    Le coyloup (ou coywolf, en anglais) est l'hybride résultant d'un croisement d'un coyote (Canis latrans) et d'un loup (plusieurs espèces concernées : C. lupus, C. lycaon, C. rufus), éventuellement d'un chien. Le loup et le coyote sont interféconds et leurs descendants hybrides sont fertiles. Des analyses génétiques montrent que différentes espèces de loups se sont hybridées au coyote au fil de l'histoire et partagent ainsi une proportion plus ou moins grande de gènes.

    La barrière entre loup et coyote n'est pas génétique, mais écologique : les loups vivent en meute tout comme les coyotes, leurs habitats sont théoriquement distincts[réf. nécessaire], plutôt en plaine pour le coyote et en forêt pour le loup. Avec l'urbanisation et la fragmentation des habitats, cette barrière écologique s'estompe. Une étude de l'université de Montréal en 2013 affirme que dans les Prairies canadiennes 6 % des coyotes et 9 % des loups gris sont des descendants d'hybrides. Au Québec, ce taux atteindrait même plus de 12 % des coyotes et plus de 37 % des loups.

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    Cadhóit ( Irish )

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    Ainmhí is ea an chadhóit.


    Ainmhí
    Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
    Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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    Coiote ( Galician )

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    Este artigo trata sobre un animal, para o personaxe de debuxos animados véxase: Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner.

     src=
    Coiote nas montañas de California.

    O coiote[2] (Canis latrans, que significa "can ladrador") é un membro da familia Canidae, emparentado co can doméstico. Os coiotes só se atopan en América do Norte e América Central; desde Canadá até Costa Rica. O seu nome vén da palabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Aínda que ás veces se reúnen en mandas, son xeralmente solitarios. Viven unha media duns 6 anos. Recentemente, descubríronse mandas de coiotes nas montañas centrais do Panamá, o que fai pensar nunha migración cara ao sur deste mamífero.

    A pesar de ter sido intensamente cazados, os coiotes son uns dos poucos animais grandes que ampliaron o seu hábitat desde a conquista de América polos europeos. Ocuparon áreas en Norteamérica previamente habitadas polos lobos, e adaptáronse ao consumo de lixo e de animais domésticos.

    O coiote mide menos de 60 cm de altura, e a súa cor varía desde a gris até a canela, ás veces cun cariz arroibado. As orellas e o fociño do coiote parecen grandes en relación ao tamaño da súa cabeza. Pesa entre 10 e 25 kg, promediando 15. Pode ser identificado polo seu rabo espeso e ancho que, a miúdo, leva case a rente do chan. Polo seu aspecto esvelto pódese distinguir do seu parente maior, o lobo gris, que pode pesar de 35 a 70 kg. O coiote é un animal moi fraco, e pode parecer desnutrido a primeira vista aínda que goce de boa saúde.

    Comportamento

    Os coiotes son moi adaptables. O seu comportamento pode variar moito segundo o seu hábitat, pero en xeral viven e cazan ou sós ou en parellas monógamas, buscando mamíferos pequenos, especialmente musarañas, toupas e coellos; así como pequenos insectos. É omnívoro, e adapta a súa dieta ás fontes dispoñibles, incluíndo froitas, herbas e outros vexetais. No parque nacional de Yellowstone, antes da reintrodución do lobo, comenzaron a ocupar o nicho ecolóxico deste, cazando en canineas para derribar presas de caza maior.

    Os coiotes emparéllanse de por vida. O apareamento ten lugar arredor do mes de febreiro, e nacen camadas de 4 a 6 cachorros sobre a finais de abril ou comezos de maio. Ambos os pais —e en ocasións os exemplares xuvenís, nacidos o ano anterior, que aínda non abandonaron a guarida paterna— axudan a alimentar os cachorros. Ás tres semanas de idade estes saen da guarida baixo vixilancia paternal; e cando alcanzan oito a doce semanas de idade, seus pais ensínanlle a cazar. As familias permanecen xuntas ao longo do verán, e os novos parten para buscar os seus propios territorios polo outono. Acostuman trasladarse a unhas dez millas de distancia. Os novos maduran sexualmente ao ano de idade.

    É moito máis común oír un coiote que velo. As chamadas que os coiotes fan son agudas; e pódenselle chamar ouveos ou ladridos. Estas chamadas poden ser ou unha nota longa que sobe e baixa ou unha serie de notas curtas. Estas chamadas óense polo xeral no crepúsculo ou pola noite, e con menos frecuencia durante o día.

    Aínda que as chamadas se realizan todo o ano, son máis comúns durante a estación de emparellamento da primavera e durante o outono, cando os cachorros abandonan as súas familias para establecer territorios novos. O ouveo é enganoso; debido ás características do son na distancia, pois pode parecer que o coiote está nun lugar, cando realmente se encontra noutra parte.

    Subespecies

    Describíronse as seguintes subespecies:[3]

    Notas

    1. Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F. 2008. Canis latrans. IUCN 2010. Lista Vermella de Especies Ameazadas IUCN. Versión 2010.1. . Consultado o 26 de abril de 2012.
    2. Definicións no Dicionario da Real Academia Galega e no Portal das Palabras para coiote.
    3. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editores). (2005). "Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed)." (en inglés). Arquivado dende o orixinal o 29 de abril de 2012. Consultado o 26 de abril de 2012.

    Véxase tamén

    Outros artigos

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    Coiote: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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    Este artigo trata sobre un animal, para o personaxe de debuxos animados véxase: Wile E. Coyote and The Road Runner.

     src= Coiote nas montañas de California.

    O coiote (Canis latrans, que significa "can ladrador") é un membro da familia Canidae, emparentado co can doméstico. Os coiotes só se atopan en América do Norte e América Central; desde Canadá até Costa Rica. O seu nome vén da palabra náhuatl cóyotl (AFI /ˈkojo:tɬ/). Aínda que ás veces se reúnen en mandas, son xeralmente solitarios. Viven unha media duns 6 anos. Recentemente, descubríronse mandas de coiotes nas montañas centrais do Panamá, o que fai pensar nunha migración cara ao sur deste mamífero.

    A pesar de ter sido intensamente cazados, os coiotes son uns dos poucos animais grandes que ampliaron o seu hábitat desde a conquista de América polos europeos. Ocuparon áreas en Norteamérica previamente habitadas polos lobos, e adaptáronse ao consumo de lixo e de animais domésticos.

    O coiote mide menos de 60 cm de altura, e a súa cor varía desde a gris até a canela, ás veces cun cariz arroibado. As orellas e o fociño do coiote parecen grandes en relación ao tamaño da súa cabeza. Pesa entre 10 e 25 kg, promediando 15. Pode ser identificado polo seu rabo espeso e ancho que, a miúdo, leva case a rente do chan. Polo seu aspecto esvelto pódese distinguir do seu parente maior, o lobo gris, que pode pesar de 35 a 70 kg. O coiote é un animal moi fraco, e pode parecer desnutrido a primeira vista aínda que goce de boa saúde.

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    Kojot ( Croatian )

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    Kojot (lat. Canis latrans - „pas koji laje“) je član porodice Canidae i srodnik je domaćeg psa.

    Kojoti žive u Sjevernoj Americi i nekim dijelovima Središnje Amerike. Mogu biti organizirani u malim čoporima, ali najčešće love sami. Prosječno dožive od 6 do 10 godina Naziv kojot (engl. coyote) potječe od riječi iz nahuatl jezika (nah. cóyotl, izgovor:/[ˈkojoːtɬ]/).

    Kojot je jedna od rijetkih životinja kod kojih postoji trend povećanja brojnosti populacija. Kojoti su zauzeli sva staništa Sjeverne Amerike, koja su ranije naseljavali vukovi, a povećanje područja je potpomognuto ljudskim mijenjanjem prirodnih staništa. Gustoće populacija se kreću od 0,01–0,09 jedinki/km² zimi na Yukonu [1] do 2,3 jedinke/km² tijekom ljeta u Teksasu. [2][3]

    Popis podvrsta kojota

    Opisano je 19 podvrsta kojota[4], ali je taksonomska ispravnost ovih podvrsta upitna[5]

    • meksički kojot — Canis latrans cagottis
    • salvadorski kojot — Canis latrans dickeyi
    • jugoistočni kojot — Canis latrans frustor
    • kojot sa Belizea — Canis latrans goldmani
    • kojot iz Hondurasa — Canis latrans hondurensis
    • durango kojot — Canis latrans impavidus
    • sjeverni kojot — Canis latrans incolatus
    • kojot s otoka Tiburon — Canis latrans jamesi
    • prerijski kojot — Canis latrans latrans
    • planinski kojot — Canis latrans lestes
    • Mearnsov kojot — Canis latrans mearnsi
    • kojot donjeg dijela doline Rio Granda — Canis latrans microdon
    • kojot kalifornijske doline — Canis latrans ochropus
    • kojot sa poluotoka — Canis latrans peninsulae
    • kojot teksaških prerija — Canis latrans texensis
    • sjeveroistočni kojot — Canis latrans thamnos
    • sjeverozapadni obalni kojot — Canis latrans umpquensis
    • kolima kojot — Canis latrans vigilis

    Izvori

    1. O'Donoghue, M., Boutin, S., Krebs, C.J. and Hofer, E.J. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80:150-162
    2. Knowlton, F.F. 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population mechanics with some management implications. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:369-382.
    3. Andelt, W.F. 1985. Behavioral ecology of coyotes in south Texas. Wildlife Monographs 94:1-45.
    4. Young, S.P., Jackson, H.H.T. 1951. The clever coyote. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. Conservation Biology 6
    5. Nowak, R.M. 1978. Evolution and taxonomy of coyotes and related Canis, p. 229–247. In: M. Bekoff (ed.). Coyotes: biology, behavior, and management.
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    Kojot: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

    provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

    Kojot (lat. Canis latrans - „pas koji laje“) je član porodice Canidae i srodnik je domaćeg psa.

    Kojoti žive u Sjevernoj Americi i nekim dijelovima Središnje Amerike. Mogu biti organizirani u malim čoporima, ali najčešće love sami. Prosječno dožive od 6 do 10 godina Naziv kojot (engl. coyote) potječe od riječi iz nahuatl jezika (nah. cóyotl, izgovor:/[ˈkojoːtɬ]/).

    Kojot je jedna od rijetkih životinja kod kojih postoji trend povećanja brojnosti populacija. Kojoti su zauzeli sva staništa Sjeverne Amerike, koja su ranije naseljavali vukovi, a povećanje područja je potpomognuto ljudskim mijenjanjem prirodnih staništa. Gustoće populacija se kreću od 0,01–0,09 jedinki/km² zimi na Yukonu do 2,3 jedinke/km² tijekom ljeta u Teksasu.

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    Koyote ( Indonesian )

    provided by wikipedia ID

    Koyote atau serigala prairi (Latin: Canis latrans yang artinya "anjing yang menggonggong") adalah anggota dari keluarga Canidae (anjing) dan kerabat dekat dari Serigala abu-abu. Ada 19 subspesies koyote yang diakui (Voigt dan Berg, 1999). Koyote adalah binatang asli Amerika Utara dan ditemukan dari Alaska hingga Panama. Para penjelajah Eropa pertama kali menemukan jenis anjing ini dalam perjalanan mereka di daerah Amerika barat daya. Mereka kadang-kadang bergerombol dalam sebuah kawanan kecil, tetapi umumnya mereka berburu sendirian. Masa hidup koyote rata-rata 6 hingga 10 tahun. Kata "koyote" dipinjam dari bahasa Spanyol Meksiko, yang pada gilirannya meminjam istilahnya dari bahasa Nahuatl (Aztek) coyōtl (IPA [ˈkojoːtɬ]).

    Profil koyote tampak sangat mirip dengan serigala merah yang terancam punah. Ukurannya, warna, dan bentuk kepala keduanya sama.

    Meskipun diburu besar-besaran, koyote adalah salah satu dari segelintir binatang yang berukuran menengah hingga besar yang berhasil meningkatkan penyebarannya sejak manusia mulai merambah lingkungannya (binatang lainnya adalah rakun). Mulanya koyote menyebar terutama di bagian barat Amerika Utara, namun ia cepat menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan-perubahan yang disebabkan oleh pendudukan manusia, dan sejak akhir abad ke-19, dengan tetap berhasil memperluas daerah penyebarannya. Kini koyote sering terlihat di California, Oregon, New England, dan Kanada timur. Koyote telah pindah ke kebanyakan wilayah Amerika Utara yang tadinya dikuasai oleh serigala, dan seringkali terlihat mencari makan di tempat-tempat sampah di daerah suburbia.

    Anatomi

     src=
    Profil koyote
     src=
    Koyote dari dekat

    Tinggi badan koyote kurang dari 0,6 meter dan warna bulunya berbeda-beda, dari putih-kelabu hingga coklat dan kadang-kadang agak kemerahan. Telinga koyote dan hidungnya panjang dan lancip, khususnya dibandingkan ukuran kepalanya. Beratnya antara 9 hingga 22 kg, dengan berat rata-rata 14 kg. Koyote dapat didentifikasikan melalui ekornya yang tebal dan berbulu lebat, yang seringkali dibiarkannya menjuntai ke tanah. Ia dapat dibedakan dari sanaknya yang lebih besar serigala abu-abu, dari keseluruhan penampilannya yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan serigala abu-abu yang jauh lebih besar dan kekar, yang beratnya biasanya antara 34 hingga 57 kg. Koyote adalah binatang sangat langsing, tampak seolah-olah kurang makan, meskipun sebenarnya ia sehat. Bila sedang mengejar mangsa, koyote dapat mencapai kecepatan hingga 69 km/j.[2]

    Subspesies

    Pranala luar

    Rujukan

    1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis latrans. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Diakses 05 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
    2. ^ http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004737.html
    • "Canis latrans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
    • Robert M. Timm, Hopland Research & Extension Center, University of California, Hopland, California ; Rex O. Baker, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona (retired), Corona, California ; Joe R. Bennett, USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, Taft, California ; and Craig C. Coolahan, USDA APHIS Wildlife Services, Sacramento, California, "Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem" (3 Maret 2004). Hopland Research & Extension Center. Paper timm_baker_P047.
    • http://repositories.cdlib.org/anrrec/hrec/timm_baker_P047
    • Bekoff, Marc. 1977. Canis Latrans, Species Account. American Society of Mammalogists.
    • McClennen, N., R. Wigglesworth, and S. H. Anderson. 2001. "The effect of suburban and agricultural development on the activity patterns of coyotes (Canis latrans), American Midland Naturalist, vol. 146: 27-36.
    • Moehlman, P., and H. Hofer. 1997. "Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids", bab dalam Cooperative Breeding in Canids, ed. N. G. Solomon and J. A. French. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • Morey, Paul. 2004. "Landscape use and diet of coyotes, Canis latrans, in the Chicago metropolitan area", Masters Thesis, Utah State University.
    • Parker, Gerry. 1995. "Eastern Coyote: Story of Its Success", Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada.
    • Voigt, D. R., and W. E. Berg. 1999. "Coyote", bab 28 dalam Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America, Section IV: Species Biology, Management, and Conservation. Queen's Printer for Ontario, Ontario, Kanada.
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    Koyote: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

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    Koyote atau serigala prairi (Latin: Canis latrans yang artinya "anjing yang menggonggong") adalah anggota dari keluarga Canidae (anjing) dan kerabat dekat dari Serigala abu-abu. Ada 19 subspesies koyote yang diakui (Voigt dan Berg, 1999). Koyote adalah binatang asli Amerika Utara dan ditemukan dari Alaska hingga Panama. Para penjelajah Eropa pertama kali menemukan jenis anjing ini dalam perjalanan mereka di daerah Amerika barat daya. Mereka kadang-kadang bergerombol dalam sebuah kawanan kecil, tetapi umumnya mereka berburu sendirian. Masa hidup koyote rata-rata 6 hingga 10 tahun. Kata "koyote" dipinjam dari bahasa Spanyol Meksiko, yang pada gilirannya meminjam istilahnya dari bahasa Nahuatl (Aztek) coyōtl (IPA [ˈkojoːtɬ]).

    Profil koyote tampak sangat mirip dengan serigala merah yang terancam punah. Ukurannya, warna, dan bentuk kepala keduanya sama.

    Meskipun diburu besar-besaran, koyote adalah salah satu dari segelintir binatang yang berukuran menengah hingga besar yang berhasil meningkatkan penyebarannya sejak manusia mulai merambah lingkungannya (binatang lainnya adalah rakun). Mulanya koyote menyebar terutama di bagian barat Amerika Utara, namun ia cepat menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan-perubahan yang disebabkan oleh pendudukan manusia, dan sejak akhir abad ke-19, dengan tetap berhasil memperluas daerah penyebarannya. Kini koyote sering terlihat di California, Oregon, New England, dan Kanada timur. Koyote telah pindah ke kebanyakan wilayah Amerika Utara yang tadinya dikuasai oleh serigala, dan seringkali terlihat mencari makan di tempat-tempat sampah di daerah suburbia.

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    Sléttuúlfur ( Icelandic )

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    Sléttuúlfur er spendýr sem lifir í Norður-Ameríku. Hann nefnist á ensku coyote eða praire wolf. Nafnið má líklega rekja til upprunalegra heimkynna þeirra á sléttum Norður-Ameríku. Orðið coyote kemur hins vegar af orðinu couytl í máli Nahutl-indjána sem bjuggu á svæðum sem tilheyra í dag Mexíkó. Latneska heiti þeirra merkir hins vegar “geltandi hundur”.

    Sléttuúlfar eru afkomendur úlfa fyrir um 1 – 2 milljónum ára. Sléttuúlfar eru þekktir fyrir að vera mjög gáfuð dýr, þeir eru þekktir fyrir að aðlagast og lifa með breytingu náttúrunnar. Sléttuúlfar lifðu upprunalega á opnum sléttum og eyðimörkum, en nú lifa þeir í skógum og upp á fjöllum. Þeir hafa jafnvel numið land í borgum eins og Los Angeles og er nú að finna við flestar borgir í Norður-Ameríku.

    Útlit og samskipti

    Sléttuúlfar hafa verið kallaðir litli bróðir úlfsins því þessar tegundir eru náskyldar og töluvert líkar í útliti. Karlkynið er um 8-20 kg en kvenkynið er um 7-18 kg. Lengd sléttuúlfs er í kringum 100-135 cm og lengd skottsins er um 40 cm. Ríkjandi litur á feldi sléttuúlfa er ljós grár og rauður. Feldur sléttuúlfa samanstendur af stuttum og mjúkum hárum, og löngum og grófum hárum. Sléttuúlfar eru yfirleitt minni heldur en úlfar, Þeir hafa minni líkamsbyggingu, andlit og vöðvabyggingu. Þeir hafa mjög góða heyrn og lyktarskyn. Sléttuúlfar geta gefið frá sér mörg hljóð til að tjá sig. Þeir gefa frá sér langt spangól, gelta og einnig hljóð sem innihalda, "bark-howls" and "yip-howls."

    Lifnaðarháttur

    Coyote portrait.jpg

    Sléttuúlfar lifa í Norður-Ameríku og reika um slétturnar, skóga, fjöll og eyðimerkur í Kanada, Bandaríkjunum, Mexíkó og Mið-Ameríku. Á meðan maðurinn tekur yfir sífellt meira svæði þurfa sléttuúlfarnir að aðlagast því að lifa í borgum til að finna sér mat. Það er orðið frekar algengt að sjá sléttuúlfa í stórborgum eins og New York og Los Angeles. Sléttuúlfar eru einfarar og merkja þeir svæði sitt með þvagi. Þeir verða meiri félagsverur á veturna til þess að auðvelda sér að finna fæðu. Sléttuúlfar eru næturdýr, þeir sofa á daginn og veiða á nóttinni. Þeir spangóla til að tjá sig um staðsetningu þeirra.

    Fæðunám

    Sléttuúlfar eru alætur en um 90% af fæðu sléttuúlfs eru spendýr. Stærstur hluti fæðunnar er þó venjulega smærri spendýr svo sem skógarkanínur, mýs, moldvörpur og jarðíkornar. Á sumum svæðum fella sléttuúlfar jafnvel stærri bráðir eins og elgi, hirti og nautgripi. Einnig éta þeir skriðdýr og fugla og jafnvel skordýr eða aðra landhryggleysingja. Fyrir utan manninn eru úlfar helstu afræningjar sléttuúlfsins. Þessar tegundir eru jafnframt í beinni samkeppni hvor við aðra, en þær lifa að miklu leyti á sömu svæðum. Rannsóknir hafa sýnt að úlfar halda stofnstærð sléttuúlfa niðri. Á svæðum þar sem úlfurinn hefur horfið hefur fjöldi sléttuúlfa margfaldast en stofnstærðin hefur aftur á móti minnkað þegar úlfum hefur fjölgað.

    Coyote in grass.jpg

    Fjölskyldulíf

    Sléttuúlfar lifa saman í mörg ár og deila ábyrgð á ungunum. Í sumum tilvikum sér móðirinn aðeins um ungana. Sléttuúlfar lifa saman í fjölskylduhópum. Þegar ylfingarnir eru fullvaxta að hausti þá er algengt að dæturnar verði eftir hjá foreldrunum og hjálpi til við að undirbúa got mæðra sinna næsta vor en synirnir hverfa á braut.

    Æxlun og félagskerfi

    Sléttuúlfynjan verður kynþroska venjulega á öðru ári. Fengitíminn er í janúar til febrúar en þá gefur úlfynjan frá sér sterka lykt sem laðar að karldýr úr nágrenninu. Þegar úlfynjan hefur valið sér karldýr til að makast við sér parið sameiginlega um uppeldi yrðlinganna. Einkvæni er algengt meðal sléttuúlfa en úlfynjan velur sér venjulega sama karldýr og árið áður. Parið byrjar venjulega á því að leita uppi gamla jarðholu sem hefur verið grafin af greifingja, marðardýri eða jafnvel nagdýri. Afar sjaldgæft er að sléttuúlfar grafi sínar eigin holur. Þegar kemur að goti hverfur úlfynjan niður í jarðholuna og karldýrið sér þá eitt um veiðarnar.

    Meðgöngutíminn er venjulega um 60-65 dagar og er got því venjulega í mars eða apríl. Meðalgotstærð er 5-6 ylfingar. Þeir vega um það bil 250 grömm við fæðingu og eru hárlausir og blindir. Fyrstu tvo mánuðina lifa þeir á blöndu af hálfmeltu kjöti og mjólk. Eftir það fara foreldrarnir að bera ofan í þá hrátt kjöt og jafnvel lifandi veiðidýr sem þeir geta þá æft sig á að veiða. Við 3-4 mánaða aldur er mataræði yrðlinganna og foreldranna orðið það sama og fara þeir þá í vaxandi mæli með foreldrunum til veiða. Fjölskyldan yfirgefur bælið venjulega um hásumarið og þurfa ylfingarnir þá að venjast lífinu algjörlega utan bælisins. Við 9 mánaða aldur eru yrðlingarnir orðnir fullvaxnir og tilbúnir að mæta komandi vetri.


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    Sléttuúlfur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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    Sléttuúlfur er spendýr sem lifir í Norður-Ameríku. Hann nefnist á ensku coyote eða praire wolf. Nafnið má líklega rekja til upprunalegra heimkynna þeirra á sléttum Norður-Ameríku. Orðið coyote kemur hins vegar af orðinu couytl í máli Nahutl-indjána sem bjuggu á svæðum sem tilheyra í dag Mexíkó. Latneska heiti þeirra merkir hins vegar “geltandi hundur”.

    Sléttuúlfar eru afkomendur úlfa fyrir um 1 – 2 milljónum ára. Sléttuúlfar eru þekktir fyrir að vera mjög gáfuð dýr, þeir eru þekktir fyrir að aðlagast og lifa með breytingu náttúrunnar. Sléttuúlfar lifðu upprunalega á opnum sléttum og eyðimörkum, en nú lifa þeir í skógum og upp á fjöllum. Þeir hafa jafnvel numið land í borgum eins og Los Angeles og er nú að finna við flestar borgir í Norður-Ameríku.

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    Coywolf ( Italian )

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     src=
    Branco di coywolf F1 concepiti in cattività nel Wildlife Science Center in Forest Lake, Minnesota

    Coywolf è un termine informale usato per un canide lupino ibrido disceso da coyote e lupi grigi. L'incrocio fra le due specie è facilitato dal fatto che si sono diversificate solo in tempi relativamente recenti, 6.000-117.000 anni fa. Il sequenziamento dell'intero genoma sia dei coyote che dei lupi indica che tutti i lupi grigi nordamericani possiedono vari gradi di DNA di coyote, con i livelli più bassi nell'Alaska e i più alti nell'Ontario, Québec e Canada atlantico.[1] È stato proposto a base di vari studi genetici che certe sottospecie o specie di lupo, come il lupo rosso e il lupo orientale, siano frutto di tali incroci.[2]

    L'incrocio fra coyote e lupi grigi fu inizialmente notato allo stato naturale nei primi anni trenta e negli anni quaranta, probabilmente in seguito all'eccidio di lupi nell'Ontario sudorientale e nelle province marittime orientali del Canada, così permettendo ai coyote di colonizzare le zone precedentemente abitate dai lupi per poi incrociarsi con i superstiti.[3][4] Un processo simile è stato notato negli Stati Uniti d'America orientali, in cui lo sterminio dei lupi e la deforestazione nel diciannovesimo secolo permise ai coyote di espandersi nell'areale per poi incrociarsi con i lupi rimasti. Se non considerato una specie distinta, è probabile che questo avvenimento portò alla creazione del lupo rosso.[1]

    Descrizione

    Gli ibridi tendono ad essere più grandi dei coyote puri e dimostrano comportamenti intermedi fra quelli del coyote e il lupo grigio.[5][6] Un esperimento svolto in cattività che risultò nella nascita di sei cuccioli ibridi partoriti da una coyote femmina inseminata artificialmente con lo sperma di lupo grigio rivelò che gli ibridi neonati sono più grandi dei coyote puri della stessa età.[5] All'età di sei mesi, fu notato che i loro ululati cominciano come quelli dei lupi grigi, con toni baritoni, ma concludendosi con latrati acuti simili a quelli dei coyote,[7] una caratteristica nota anche nei lupi rossi.[8]

    Studi svolti sugli ibridi selvatici degli Stati Uniti nordorientali e il Canada orientale dimostrano che formano gruppi socievoli più cooperativi dei coyote puri, e sono meno aggressivi nel giocare.[9] Se considerati anch'essi come ibridi, lo stesso livello di sociabilità è stato notato anche nei lupi rossi.[10][11] Sia gli ibridi del nordamerica nordorientale che i lupi rossi tendono ad ottenere la maturità sessuale all'età di due anni, molto dopo i coyote puri.[12][3]

    Note

    1. ^ a b B. M. vonHoldt, J. A. Cahill, Z. Fan, I. Gronau, J. Robinson, J. P. Pollinger, B. Shapiro, J. Wall e R. K. Wayne, Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf, in Science Advances, vol. 2, n. 7, 2016, pp. e1501714–e1501714, DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1501714.
    2. ^ BM VonHolt, A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids, in Genome Res, vol. 21, n. 8, 12 maggio 2011, pp. 1294–305, DOI:10.1101/gr.116301.110, PMC 3149496, PMID 21566151.
    3. ^ a b J.G. Way, L. Rutledge, T. Wheeldon e B.N. White, Genetic characterization of Eastern "Coyotes" in eastern Massachusetts (PDF), in Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 17, n. 2, 2010, pp. 189–204, DOI:10.1656/045.017.0202.
    4. ^ Wilson, Paul J., Grewal, Sonya K., Mallory, Frank F. e White, Bradley N., Genetic Characterization of Hybrid Wolves across Ontario (PDF), in Journal of Heredity, 12 giugno 2009, pp. 580–589, DOI:10.1093/jhered/esp034.
    5. ^ a b L. D. Mech, B. W. Christensen, C. S. Asa, M. Callahan e J. K. Young, Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes, in PLoS ONE, vol. 9, n. 2, 2014, pp. e88861, Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988861M, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861, PMC 3934856, PMID 24586418.
    6. ^ Way J. G., A comparison of body mass of Canis latrans (Coyotes) between eastern and western North America (PDF), in Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 14, n. 1, 2007, pp. 111–24, DOI:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[111:acobmo]2.0.co;2.
    7. ^ Riese, Clive (March 19, 2014), Wildlife Science Center partners in study impacting wolf controversy, Forest Lake Times
    8. ^ Riley, Glinn & McBride, Roy T. (1972). A survey of the red wolf (Canis rufus). Washington, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
    9. ^ Bekoff, M. (1978). "Behavioral Development in Coyotes and Eastern Coyotes", pp. 97–124 in M. Bekoff, (ed.) Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. Academic Press, New York. ISBN 1930665423.
    10. ^ Joseph W. Hinton e Michael J. Chamberlain, Space and Habitat Use by a Red Wolf Pack and Their Pups During Pup-Rearing, in Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 74, n. 1, 1º gennaio 2010, pp. 55–58, DOI:10.2193/2008-583, ISSN 1937-2817.
    11. ^ Amanda M. Sparkman, Jennifer Adams, Arthur Beyer, Todd D. Steury, Lisette Waits e Dennis L. Murray, Helper effects on pup lifetime fitness in the cooperatively breeding red wolf (Canis rufus), in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol. 278, n. 1710, 7 maggio 2011, pp. 1381–1389, DOI:10.1098/rspb.2010.1921, ISSN 0962-8452, PMC 3061142, PMID 20961897.
    12. ^ Woodward, D. W. (1980), The Red Wolf, FWS

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    Coywolf: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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     src= Branco di coywolf F1 concepiti in cattività nel Wildlife Science Center in Forest Lake, Minnesota

    Coywolf è un termine informale usato per un canide lupino ibrido disceso da coyote e lupi grigi. L'incrocio fra le due specie è facilitato dal fatto che si sono diversificate solo in tempi relativamente recenti, 6.000-117.000 anni fa. Il sequenziamento dell'intero genoma sia dei coyote che dei lupi indica che tutti i lupi grigi nordamericani possiedono vari gradi di DNA di coyote, con i livelli più bassi nell'Alaska e i più alti nell'Ontario, Québec e Canada atlantico. È stato proposto a base di vari studi genetici che certe sottospecie o specie di lupo, come il lupo rosso e il lupo orientale, siano frutto di tali incroci.

    L'incrocio fra coyote e lupi grigi fu inizialmente notato allo stato naturale nei primi anni trenta e negli anni quaranta, probabilmente in seguito all'eccidio di lupi nell'Ontario sudorientale e nelle province marittime orientali del Canada, così permettendo ai coyote di colonizzare le zone precedentemente abitate dai lupi per poi incrociarsi con i superstiti. Un processo simile è stato notato negli Stati Uniti d'America orientali, in cui lo sterminio dei lupi e la deforestazione nel diciannovesimo secolo permise ai coyote di espandersi nell'areale per poi incrociarsi con i lupi rimasti. Se non considerato una specie distinta, è probabile che questo avvenimento portò alla creazione del lupo rosso.

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    Coiotes ( Latin )

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    Coiōtēs (-is, f., seu m.),[2] vel coiōtis (-is), sive cagottis[3] (ex verbo navatlaco coyōtl), Latinitate pura lupus pratensis[4] sive vulpes indica,[5] est canis Americae Septentrionalis cui nomen scientificum est Canis latrans.

    Notae

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    2. Berard, Vita Nostra 2009, Vol. 3, p. 53. Forma ex analogia cum fele, vulpe, mele et ita porro.
    3. Vide fontes hic citatos.
    4. Cf. locutio Italica lupo della prateria.
    5. Francisci Hernandez Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, seu, Plantarum animalium mineralium Mexicanorum historia, 1628: "Coyotl seu vulpes Indica".


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    Coiotes: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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    Coiōtēs (-is, f., seu m.), vel coiōtis (-is), sive cagottis (ex verbo navatlaco coyōtl), Latinitate pura lupus pratensis sive vulpes indica, est canis Americae Septentrionalis cui nomen scientificum est Canis latrans.

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    Kojotas ( Lithuanian )

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    Binomas Canis latrans
    Canis latrans range map.png

    Kojotas (Canis latrans) – šuninių šeimos žinduolis, aptinkamas tik Šiaurės Amerikoje. Paplitęs beveik visame žemyne – nuo Panamos pietuose iki šiaurės Kanados ir Aliaskos. Pavadinimas kildinamas iš actekų kalbos žodžio nah. coyōtl.

    Išvaizda

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    Kojoto galva
     src=
    Kojoto jaunikliai

    Kojotas panašus į vilką, bet mažesnis. Kailis pilkai rudas, dėmėtas, rečiau juodas, papilvė šviesesnė. Priekinės kojos, galvos šonai, snukis, pėdos rausvai rudos. Ties pečiais ir ant nugaros eina juodi dryžiai. Uodegos galiukas juodas. Nosis juoda, akių rainelė geltona. Ausys palyginti didelės, o kojos – laibos.[1] Kūno ilgis 70–95 cm, aukštis ~50 cm, sveria 11–21 kg, uodegos ilgis ~40 cm. Patinai didesni už pateles.[2] Šeriasi nuo gegužės iki liepos.

    Kojotas gerokai mažesnis už pilkąjį vilką, bet didesnis už lapę. Nuo šuns skiriasi stačiomis, smailomis ausimis ir ilga nuleista uodega.[1]

    Dauginimasis

    Kojotų ruja trunka 2–3 mėnesius – tarp sausio ir kovo. Patinas ir patelė sudaro monogaminę, keletą metų kartu gyvenančią porą (bet nebūtinai visą gyvenimą). Nėštumas tęsiasi 60–63 dienas.[1]

    Veda 6–17 (dažniausiai 4–7) jauniklių, kurie slepiami urvuose, kitose priedangose.[2] Tik gimę kojotukai sveria ~250 g, būna akli, nulėpusiomis ausimis. Po 28 dienų jau gali palikti guolį. Po atjunkymo jauniklius maitina abu tėvai. Nuo tėvų atsiskiria po 6–9 mėnesių, nors patelės dažnai lieka su tėvais ir prisijungia prie jų gaujos. Subręsta po metų.[1] Laukinėje gamtoje išgyvena iki 10 metų, nelaisvėje – iki 18.

    Κryžminasi su vilkais ir šunimis, veda hibridus.[1][2]

    Būdas ir buveinė

    Kojotas lengvai prisitaiko prie kintančių aplinkos sąlygų, gyvena įvairiuose kraštovaizdžiuose: miškuose, prerijose, dykumose, pelkėse. Paprastai negyvena ten, kur vyrauja vilkai. Kadangi nevengia žmogaus, įsikuria priemiesčiuose, parkuose, aplink kaimus.

    Priešingai, nei vilkai, kojotai rečiau telkiasi į gaujas. Medžioja po vieną, poromis ar šeimomis savo buveinės apylinkėse. Veikliausi naktimis (ypač tik sutemus ir paryčiais), nors neretai juos galima pamatyti ir dieną. Kojotai geba patys išsikasti guolį, bet dažniausiai užima švilpikų ar barsukų urvus. Guolį naudoja keletą metų, įsirengia kelias landas. Valda tęsiasi 19 km skersmeniu aplink irštvą. Valdas kojotai gina paprastai tik turėdami jauniklių.[1]

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    Kaukiantis kojotas

    Kojotas gali bėgti iki 65 km/h greičiu ir liuoktelėti 4 m šuolį. Tarpusavyje bendrauja garsais, kvapais, prisilietimais, regimais ženklais. Turi labai išvystytą vokalizaciją – loja, kaukia, cypia. Kaukimu skelbia savo teritorijas. Gerai plaukioja, bet į medžius lipa prastai.[1]

    Mityba

    Beveik 90 % kojoto raciono sudaro gyvūninės kilmės maistas. Gaudo kiškius, triušius, smulkius graužikus, taip pat gyvates, vabzdžius, paukščius, tačiau nevengia ir vaisių, uogų, maitos, kartais užpuola naminius gyvulius. Geba prisitaikyti prie įvairiausio maisto – prie miestų ėda šiukšles. Kojotas peliauja uostinėdamas žolėje – aptikęs auką staiga strykteli ir ją čiumpa. Stambius gyvūnus, tokius kaip elniai medžioja gaujomis, auką stengiasi išvarginti vaikydami.[1]

    Pagrindiniai priešai – žmonės, vilkai ir pumos. Serga pasiutlige, kailinių erkių sukeltu susimu, šunų hepatitu. Parazituojami blusų, erkių, kaspinuočių, askaridžių.

    Porūšiai

    Kojotų porūšių žemėlapis

    Išskiriama 19 kojoto porūšių. Stambiausias porūšis yra lygumų kojotas (Canis latrans latrans), gyvenantis Didžiosiose lygumose, panašaus dydžio yra kalninis kojotas (C. l. lestes), gyvenantis daugiausia Uoliniuose kalnuose bei šiaurės rytų kojotas (C. l. thamnos), besilaikantis apie Didžiuosius ežerus. Meksikos, pietų JAV, kai kurie Centrinės Amerikos porūšiai paprastai smulkesnio sudėjimo. Rytinis kojotas (Canis latrans var.) laikomas hibridiniu porūšiu su pilkuoju vilku.

    Šunų ir kojotų hibridai gamtoje pasitaiko retai, nes kojotai priešiški šunims, o net susiporavimo atveju nesudaro nuolatinės poros, todėl jaunikliams gerokai sumažėja galimybė išgyventi. Jaunikliai išlaiko kojoto bruožus, pasižymi sunkiai suvaldomu būdu, palyginus su šuniukais. Hibridai vaisingi.[3]

    Santykis su žmogumi

    Kojotas – svarbus veikėjas indėnų mitologijoje. Dažnai vaizduojamas kaip triksteris, gebantis keisti pavidalus, minimas pasaulėkūros mituose. Actekai kojotą laikė karingumo simboliu, actekų kariai rengdavosi kojotą vaizduojančiais kostiumais. Actekų dievas Huehuekojotlis („senasis kojotas“) laikytas muzikos, šokių, linksmybių, apgaulių viešpačiu. Baltieji atvykėliai kojotą, savo ruožtu, laikė bailumo, nepatikimumo simboliu.

    Žmogaus ir kojoto santykiai keblūs dėl to, kad kojotai nepraleidžia progos užpulti naminius gyvulius – kaimiškose vietovėse jie medžioja avis, ožkas, galvijus, naminius paukščius. Pvz., 2004 m. JAV 60 % laukinių gyvūnų sumedžiotų avių buvo kojotų aukos.[4] Miestuose ir priemiesčiuose kojotai medžioja šunis, kates, kitus naminius gyvūnus, vietomis sulaukėjusios katės netgi sudaro jų raciono pagrindą. Kojotai puola dažniausiai mažas ir vidutinio dydžio šunų veisles, o stambūs šunys (pvz., greihaundai, įvairūs aviganiai) paprastai sugeba kojotus nuvyti.

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    Kojotas, puolantis avį

    XX a. pab.–XXI a. pr. vis daugiau kojotų apsigyvena ne tik JAV ir Kanados priemiesčiuose, bet tiesiog miestuose: parkuose ir kituose žaliuosiuose plotuose, pramoniniuose rajonuose. Jų pastebėta netgi Niujorko Centriniame parke. Kojotus į miestus pritraukia lengvas grobis – šiukšlės, gyvūnams paliekamas maistas, naminiai gyvūnai. Dar labiau kojotų baimę žmogui sumažino tai, kad dalis žmonių šiuos gyvūnus maitina.

    Užfiksuotas ne vienas atvejis, kai kojotai užpuolė žmones. Dažniausiai užpuolimai registruojami Kalifornijoje, ypač Los Andželo apygardoje. Kojotai linkę persekioti arba pulti mažus vaikus, bėgiotojus, dviratininkus, vedžiojamus šunis ginančius šeimininkus, gulinčius žmones. Kadangi kojotai paprastai laikosi po vieną, yra gana smulkaus sudėjimo, jų antpuoliai retai kada sukelia rimtų traumų (smulkūs įkandimai, įdrėskimai), rimčiau nukentėti gali maži vaikai, nes jiems kojotas gali griebti už gerklės ar sprando. Žinomi 2 atvejai, kai kojotai nužudė žmogų – 1981 m. 3 metų mergaitę ir 2009 m. 19-metę dainininkę Teilor Mičel (Taylor Mitchell).[5]

    Šaltiniai

    1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Canis latrans, animaldiversity.org
    2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Kojotas. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, T. X (Khmerai-Krelle). – Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2006
    3. Cartaino, Carol (2011). Myths & Truths about Coyotes: What You Need to Know about America’s Most Misunderstood Predator.
    4. „Sheep and Goats Death Loss“ (PDF). National Agricultural Statistics Service
    5. [1]


    Vikiteka

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    Kojotas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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    Kojotas (Canis latrans) – šuninių šeimos žinduolis, aptinkamas tik Šiaurės Amerikoje. Paplitęs beveik visame žemyne – nuo Panamos pietuose iki šiaurės Kanados ir Aliaskos. Pavadinimas kildinamas iš actekų kalbos žodžio nah. coyōtl.

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    Koijots ( Latvian )

    provided by wikipedia LV

    Koijots (Canis latrans) ir vidēji liels suņu dzimtas (Canidae) plēsējs. To sauc arī par prēriju vilku.[1] Koijots dzīvo Ziemeļamerikas un Centrālamerikas prērijās; Panamā, Meksikā, ASV un Kanādā. To var sastapt arī Aļaskā.[2] Atšķirībā no brālēna pelēkā vilka, kas ir cēlies Eirāzijā, koijota dzimtene tāpat kā briesmīgajam vilkam ir Amerikas kontinents.[3] Salīdzinot abus plēsējus, koijots ātrāk nekā vilks piemērojas jauniem dzīves apstākļiem.

    Vārds "koijots" ir cēlies no Meksikas spāņu valodas. Latīniskais nosaukums Canis latrans nozīmē "rejošais suns".

    Izskats

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    Koijota profils

    Koijota vidējais ķermeņa garums ir 75–78 cm, augums skaustā apmēram 50 cm, svars 7–21 kg. Ziemeļu reģiona koijoti ir lielāki, nekā dienvidu reģionā. Ziemeļos tie pat var svērt virs 30 kg. Koijotam ir 42 vai 44 zobi.[2] Zinātnieki ir novērojuši, ka mājas suņa galvaskauss pēc formas ir līdzīgāks koijotam nekā vilkam.[4] Vēl viena īpašība koijotam ir kopīga ar suni, bet kura nav vilkam - koijotam un sunim karstumā svīst ķepas, vilkam nesvīst. Koijots var skriet ar ātrumu līdz 69 km/h[5] un tas var pārlekt 4 metru šķērsli.[2]

    Koijota kažoka krāsa variē no pelēkbrūnas līdz dzeltenpelēkai uz muguras, ar gandrīz baltu kaklu un vēderu. Priekškājas, galvas sāni, purns un ķepas ir rudi brūnas. Kažoks ir dubults, ar biezu smilšu krāsas pavilnu un garāku akotspalvu. Astes gals ir melns. Reizi gadā koijots maina spalvu, nomainot biezo ziemas kažoku pret plānāko vasaras apspalvojumu. Ausis ir palielas, salīdzinot ar galvas izmēru, toties pēdas mazas. Kalnos dzīvojošie koijoti ir tumšāk brūni, bet prēriju un tuksnešu koijoti ir dzeltenīgāki.[6]

    Ieradumi

    Lai gan bieži var novērot koijotus ceļojam grupās, tomēr tie vislabprātāk medī pāros. Bars parasti sastāv no 6 tuvi radniecīgiem pieaugušiem dzīvniekiem, viengadniekiem un kucēniem. Koijotu bari parasti ir mazāki par vilku bariem un bara attiecības nav tik ciešas. Tas ir saistīts ar to, ka koijoti diezgan ātri nobriest - jau gada vecumā tie ir pieauguši, vilki tikai divu gadu vecumā kļūst patstāvīgi.[7] Visbiežāk koijoti medī naktī, bet reizēm arī dienā. Kādreiz koijots mēdza medīt jebkurā dienakts laikā, bet sakarā ar cilvēku pretdarbību pret koijotiem, tie ir kļuvuši par izteiktiem nakts medniekiem.

    Koijoti rok sev alas, lai gan mēdz ieņemt arī āpša vai bebra alu. Koijotiem ir fiksētas teritorijas, kas parasti ir apmēram 19 km rādiusā ap tā alu. Teritorijas, no kurām tiek aizdzīti vilki, uzreiz ieņem koijoti. Koijoti labāk par vilkiem māk piemēroties kaimiņattiecībām ar cilvēkiem. Tā mūža garums ir apmēram 10 gadi savvaļā, bet nebrīvē tas var nodzīvot līdz 18 gadiem.[2]

    Koijoti mēdz veidot monogāmus pārus uz vairākiem gadiem. Koijotu mātītei grūsnība ilgst 60—63 dienas un vienā metienā piedzimst 1-19 mazuļi, vidēji pieci. Koijotiem 50—70% kucēnu neizdzīvo līdz gada vecumam,[8] tādēļ tas tiek kompensēts ar lieliem metieniem. Kucēni piedzimst akli un kurli. Koijoti diezgan ātri aug, acis un ausis atveras desmitajā dienā un, sasniedzot 21—28 dienu vecumu, kucēni sāk nākt laukā no alas. Mātīte mazuļus baro ar pienu apmēram 35 dienas. Pēc tam vecāki baro savus kucēnus, atvemjot barību. Jaunie tēviņi pamet alu 6-9 mēnešu vecumā, mātītes bieži paliek kopā ar ģimeni uz mūžu.[9] Atšķirībā no vilkiem vecākā mātīte pieļauj savā tuvumā citas barojošas mātītes. Koijoti ir pieauguši apmēram 12 mēnešu vecumā.

    Koijotus ir grūti dabā pamanīt, toties tos var bieži sadzirdēt. Koijotiem ir īpatnēji rējieni augstā tonī. Tie var būt gan īsi, gan savirknēti garā gaudām līdzīgā virknē. Koijoti parasti ir dzirdami naktīs vai vakarā, bet reizēm tos var dzirdēt arī dienā. Lai gan tos var dzirdēt visu gadu, visbiežāk tas ir pārošanās sezonā pavasarī un rudenī, kad jaunie koijoti pamet ģimeni un dodas meklēt savu teritoriju.

    Medījums

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    Pamanījis nelielu medījumu, koijots sastingst un tam pielavās līdzīgi kā kaķis
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    Koijota tipiskais kodiens kaklā aiz žokļa

    Koijoti ir gaļēdāji, kas medī pamatā zīdītājus. 90% medījuma ir siltasiņu dzīvnieki. Koijoti parasti medī nelielus dzīvniekus: peles, lemingus, vāveres, putnus, čūskas, ķirzakas, briežus un mājdzīvniekus. Koijoti medī arī lielos kukaiņus. Tie labprātāk ēd svaigu medījumu, bet neatsakās no maitas. Koijots viegli piemērojas jaunai diētai, tas bez bailēm apmeklē cilvēku ēdienu izgāztuves. Rudenī un ziemā koijoti ēd arī augļus un dārzeņus.

    Koijotu medību paņēmieni mainās atkarībā no tā, ko tas vēlas nomedīt. Ja koijots medī mazu dzīvnieciņu, tas lēni pārvietojas pa lauku un rūpīgi ošņā pēdas. Ja upuris ir ievērots, tas sastingst, un medījums tiek nomedīts līdzīgi tam, kā to dara kaķi. Lielākus dzīvniekus, piemēram, briedi koijoti medī grupās. Tas tiek vajāts līdz pagurumam. Pie labas izdevības briedim uzbrūk, tam tiek iekosts kaklā, cenšoties dzīvnieku nogāzt zemē. Koijoti ir ļoti izturīgi un neatlaidīgi mednieki. Tie var medīt no 14 minūtēm līdz 21 stundai. Neveiksmīgās medībās koijots var atlaist upuri gan pēc 2 minūtēm, gan tikai pēc 8 stundām. Piemēram, sniegs var traucēt veiksmīgām medībām. Koijotu bars ir ļoti neatlaidīgs un izveicīgs, un var nomedīt pat pieaugušu alni, kas var būt smagāks par 250 kg.[10]

    Ienaidnieki

    Vislielākais koijota ienaidnieks ir pelēkais vilks. Teritorijās, kurās vairs nav vilku, dramatiski pieaug koijotu skaits. Jelovstounas nacionālais parks, lai ierobežotu koijotu populāciju, parka teritorijā mērķtiecīgi atgrieza vilkus. Kopš parkā ir vilki, neiejaucoties cilvēkam, koijotu skaits ir nostabilizējies, un tas nevairojas. Pirmajos divos gados pēc vilku populācijas atjaunošanas, koijotu skaits samazinājās uz pusi, par 50%. Lai aizbaidītu kojotu barus, ap ganībām mēdz izlaistīt vilku urīnu.[11]

    Koijotus dažreiz medī arī pumas, no kurām koijoti izvairās. Cilvēki, lai aizbaidītu no kādas teritorijas koijotus, lieto pumas rēcienu atskaņošanu.[12] Reizēm lācis nogalina koijotus, vairāk gan kā sāncensi uz medību teritoriju, nevis kā medījumu.

    Rudās lapsas un koijoti cenšas dzīvot katrs savā teritorijā. Lai gan koijoti biežāk uzbrūk lapsām nekā lapsa koijotam, tomēr arī lapsa sargās savu alu un bērnus. Reizēm ir redzēts, ka koijoti un lapsas mierīgi pastāv līdzās un medī vienotā teritorijā.[13] Koijoti labprāt sadzīvo ar āpšiem. Koijots nav veikls alu racējs, tādēļ sīkos grauzējus parasti neizrok no alām. Tas parasti medī grauzējus, kamēr tie skrien pa zemes virsu. Āpsis nav ātrs skrējējs, bet tas labi rok alas. Tādēļ bieži mēdz abi medīt kopā.[2]

    Koijots un cilvēks

    Šobrīd koijoti ir visnegantākie uzbrucēji mājdzīvniekiem: aitām, kazām un liellopiem. Mājdzīvniekus koijoti medī tikai barā. Parasti tiek iekosts kaklā uzreiz aiz žokļa, un medījums turēts, kamēr noasiņo. Mazos jērus un kazlēnus, koijoti nomedī, pārkožot galvaskausu. Koijoti parasti savu medījumu apēd, atšķirībā no klejojošiem suņiem, tiem pāri paliek tikai lielie kauli un kažoka spalvas.[14]

    Lai arī koijoti tiek nežēlīgi medīti, to skaits nemazinās, bet tieši otrādi - pieaug. Koijots viegli piemērojas jauniem apstākļiem un cilvēku rīcībai. Tas ātri ieņem teritorijas, kurās vairs nedzīvo vilki. Koijoti parasti neuzbrūk cilvēkiem, tomēr no koijotu bara ir jāuzmanās. Līdz šim ir zināms tikai viens letāls notikums, kad koijoti nokoda cilvēku.[15]

    Sistemātika

    Koijotiem ir zināmas 19 pasugas:[16]

    Atsauces

    1. «Arhivēta kopija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 16. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2010. gada 27. februārī.
    2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 ADW: Canis latrans: Information
    3. «Arhivēta kopija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 10. septembrī. Skatīts: 2008. gada 17. septembrī.
    4. Koler-Matznick, Janice (2002). "The Origin of the Dog Revisited". Anthrozoös 15 (2): 98-118.
    5. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004737.html
    6. «Arhivēta kopija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 25. decembrī. Skatīts: 2009. gada 24. janvārī.
    7. Macdonald, David (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals:
    8. DNR - Coyote (Canis latrans)
    9. Kennel.htm
    10. Yellowstone National Park - Coyotes (U.S. National Park Service)
    11. «Predators and Prey». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2008. gada 19. novembrī. Skatīts: 2009. gada 24. janvārī.
    12. qawebsites.com
    13. «NPWRC :: Observed Interactions Between Coyotes and Red Foxes». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2009. gada 7. maijā. Skatīts: 2009. gada 24. janvārī.
    14. «Arhivēta kopija». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2007. gada 6. augustā. Skatīts: 2007. gada 19. augustā.
    15. Coyote Attacks on Children
    16. Canis latrans

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    Koijots: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

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    Koijots (Canis latrans) ir vidēji liels suņu dzimtas (Canidae) plēsējs. To sauc arī par prēriju vilku. Koijots dzīvo Ziemeļamerikas un Centrālamerikas prērijās; Panamā, Meksikā, ASV un Kanādā. To var sastapt arī Aļaskā. Atšķirībā no brālēna pelēkā vilka, kas ir cēlies Eirāzijā, koijota dzimtene tāpat kā briesmīgajam vilkam ir Amerikas kontinents. Salīdzinot abus plēsējus, koijots ātrāk nekā vilks piemērojas jauniem dzīves apstākļiem.

    Vārds "koijots" ir cēlies no Meksikas spāņu valodas. Latīniskais nosaukums Canis latrans nozīmē "rejošais suns".

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    Koyote ( Malay )

    provided by wikipedia MS

    Koyote (Jawi: کويوتي; Sebutan bahasa Melayu: [kojoˈte]; Canis latrans), juga dikenali sebagai jakal Amerika, serigala berus, atau serigala prairie, ialah satu spesies Canidae yang dijumpai di seluruh Amerika Utara dan di Tengah, dari Panama di selatan, ke utara melalui Mexico Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Koyote kerap dijumpai jauh di utara di Alaska dan semua kecuali bahagian paling utara Kanada.[2] Setakat ini, 19 subspesies diakui.[3]

    Koyote berevolusi di Amerika Utara semasa zaman Pleistosen 1.8 juta tahun lalu (jtl),[4] bersama dengan Canis dirus yang kini pupus.[5] Ia mengisi dengan kasar ceruk ekologi sama di Amerika yang diisi di Eurasia dan Afrika oleh canid bersaiz serupa yang dipanggil jakal, yang antaranya koyote kadang-kadang dikira. Kerabat hidupnya yang terdekat walau bagaimanapun merupakan serigala kelabu, yang menjejaskan populasi koyote dengan kedua-dua pemangsaan dalam perseikatan dan saling pembiakbakaan kadang-kadang; koyote timur (Canis latrans var.) mengandungi peratusan ketara keleluhuran Canis lupus lycaon.[6]. Tidak seperti serigala, kawasan koyote telah berkembang pada kebangkitan tamadun manusia, dan koyote dengan sedianya membiak di kawasan metropolitan.[7][8]

    Nama

    Nama "koyote" ialah kata pinjaman daripada bahasa Sepanyol Mexico coyote, pada dasarnya diperoleh daripada perkataan bahasa Nahuatl cóyotl, bererti "penipu licik".[9] Nama saintifiknya, Canis latrans, bererti "anjing menyalak" dalam bahasa Latin.[10]

    Rujukan

    1. ^ Templat:IUCN2013.1
    2. ^ "Canis latrans". Animal Diversity Web. Dicapai 15 Ogos 2007.
    3. ^ "Coyote". Lioncrusher's Domain. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 3 Mei 2008. Dicapai 15 Ogos 2007.
    4. ^ "PaleoBiology Database: ''Canis latrans''". Paleodb.org. Dicapai 14 September 2013.
    5. ^ "Statement by Valerius Geist pertaining to the death of Kenton Carnegie" (PDF). Wolf Crossing. Dicapai 17 September 2008.
    6. ^ Suzuki, David (14 Februari 2013). "Meet the Coywolf". The Nature of Things. CBC-TV. Dicapai 26 Mei 2013.
    7. ^ Koler-Matznick, Janice (2002). "The Origin of the Dog Revisited". Anthrozoös. 15 (2): 98–118. doi:10.2752/089279302786992595.
    8. ^ Fedriani J. M., T.K. Fuller dan R. Sauvajot (2001). "Does availability of anthropogenic foods enhance densities of omnivorous mammals? An example with coyotes in southern California" (PDF). Ecography. 24 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00205.x.
    9. ^ "Coyote". Dictionary.reference.com. Dicapai 14 September 2013.
    10. ^ Williams, Lezle. "Coyote (Canis latrans)". Pemuliharaan Hidupan Liar Barat. Dicapai 29 November 2009.

    Bacaan lanjut

    • "Canis latrans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai 23 Mac 2006.
    • Robert M. Timm, Pusat Penyelidikan dan Pelanjutan Hopland, Universiti California, Hopland, California; Rex O. Baker, Universiti Politeknik Negeri California-Pomona (bersara), Corona, California; Joe R. Bennett, Perkhidmatan Hidupan Liar APHIS USDA, Taft, California; dan Craig C. Coolahan, Perkhidmatan Hidupan Liar APHIS USDA, Sacramento, California, "Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem" (3 Mac 2004). Pusat Penyelidikan dan Pelanjutan Hopland. Paper timm_baker_P047.
    • Bekoff, Marc. 1977. Canis Latrans, Species Account. Persatuan Ahli Mamalogi Amerika Syarikat
    • Moehlman, P., dan H. Hofer. 1997. "Cooperative breeding, reproductive suppression, and body mass in canids", chapter in Cooperative Breeding in Canids, ed. N. G. Solomon dan J. A. French. Akhbar Universiti Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • Morey, Paul. 2004. "Landscape use and diet of coyotes, Canis latrans, in the Chicago metropolitan area", Masters Thesis, Universiti Negeri Utah.
    • Parker, Gerry. 1995. "Eastern Coyote: Story of Its Success", Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada.
    • Voigt, D. R., dan W. E. Berg. 1999. "Coyote", chapter 28 in Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America, Section IV: Species Biology, Management, and Conservation. Queen's Printer untuk Ontario, Ontario, Kanada.

    Pautan luar

    Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Koyote. Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Koyote
    Wikisource-logo.svg
    Wikisource mempunyai sumber asli 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica teks berkaitan kepada: Coyote.

    Templat:Buruan Amerika Utara

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    Koyote: Brief Summary ( Malay )

    provided by wikipedia MS

    Koyote (Jawi: کويوتي; Sebutan bahasa Melayu: [kojoˈte]; Canis latrans), juga dikenali sebagai jakal Amerika, serigala berus, atau serigala prairie, ialah satu spesies Canidae yang dijumpai di seluruh Amerika Utara dan di Tengah, dari Panama di selatan, ke utara melalui Mexico Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Koyote kerap dijumpai jauh di utara di Alaska dan semua kecuali bahagian paling utara Kanada. Setakat ini, 19 subspesies diakui.

    Koyote berevolusi di Amerika Utara semasa zaman Pleistosen 1.8 juta tahun lalu (jtl), bersama dengan Canis dirus yang kini pupus. Ia mengisi dengan kasar ceruk ekologi sama di Amerika yang diisi di Eurasia dan Afrika oleh canid bersaiz serupa yang dipanggil jakal, yang antaranya koyote kadang-kadang dikira. Kerabat hidupnya yang terdekat walau bagaimanapun merupakan serigala kelabu, yang menjejaskan populasi koyote dengan kedua-dua pemangsaan dalam perseikatan dan saling pembiakbakaan kadang-kadang; koyote timur (Canis latrans var.) mengandungi peratusan ketara keleluhuran Canis lupus lycaon.. Tidak seperti serigala, kawasan koyote telah berkembang pada kebangkitan tamadun manusia, dan koyote dengan sedianya membiak di kawasan metropolitan.

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    Coyote ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    Icoontje doorverwijspagina Zie Coyote (doorverwijspagina) voor andere betekenissen van Coyote.

    Een coyote of prairiewolf (Canis latrans) is een roofdier uit de familie der hondachtigen. Hij is een nauwe verwant van de wolf (Canis lupus). Hij komt voor in een gebied dat zich uitstrekt van Alaska tot Midden-Amerika.

    Kenmerken

    Met een lichaamslengte van slechts 90 centimeter en een gewicht van 15 à 20 kilogram is de coyote wezenlijk lichter dan de wolf.

    Leefwijze

    De coyote leeft in kleine groepen of solitair in de prairie en in niet te dichtbegroeide bossen. Hoewel hij hevig vervolgd is door de mens en door zijn eigen verwanten, de wolven, heeft de coyote zich toch sterk kunnen vermenigvuldigen.

    Hij voedt zich vooral met knaagdieren en konijnen en is daardoor eigenlijk nuttig voor de boeren. Verder eet hij slangen en insecten, bessen en gras. Hij haalt zelfs vissen en kikkers uit het water. Katten, kleine honden, elanden[2] en muildierherten lopen ook gevaar om opgegeten te worden door een coyote.

    Voortplanting

    De jonge coyotes worden na een draagtijd van ongeveer 60 dagen geboren. De jongen en het vrouwtje worden de eerste tijd door het mannetje van voedsel voorzien. Wanneer de jongen ongeveer een half jaar oud zijn zoeken ze een eigen territorium.

    Evolutie

    De voorouder van de coyote uit het pleistoceen, C. latrans orcutti, was morfologisch wat anders dan de moderne coyote. C. l. orcutti woog circa 20 kilogram, had een dikkere schedel en kaken en had een bredere snuit en tanden. Hij was zo meer aangepast voor het jagen op grote dieren, die echter op het einde van het pleistoceen, na een ijstijd, 11.000 jaar geleden, uitstierven in Noord-Amerika. Ook stierf zijn concurrent, de reuzenwolf uit. Hierdoor was een grote omvang niet langer nodig. Mogelijk was dat de reden waarom de coyote in de duizend daaropvolgende jaren zijn moderne, kleinere afmetingen en minder forse morfologie kreeg.[3][4]

    Hybriden

    De term coywolf of woyote slaat op afstammelingen van coyotes en echte wolven - meestal gekruist met in Amerika inheemse rode wolf (soms zelf een coywolf geacht) of 'oosterse' timberwolf, uitzonderlijk met de Eurazische grijze wolf.

    Een coydog is gekruist met een tamme hond, meestal bewust door mensen, zelfs al in Precolumbiaans Mexico, maar er zijn ook wilde populaties spontaan ontstaan.

    Afbeeldingen

    Externe link

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
    1. (en) Coyote op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
    2. Coyote More Likely to Make a Meal out of Moose Than Thought (24 oktober 2013). Geraadpleegd op 24 oktober 2013.
    3. Meachena, J.A., Samuels, J.X. (2012). Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions. PNAS . DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113788109.
    4. How Coyotes Dwindled to Their Modern Size. LiveScience (27 februari 2012). Geraadpleegd op 27 februari 2012.
    Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Canis latrans van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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    Coyote: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    Een coyote of prairiewolf (Canis latrans) is een roofdier uit de familie der hondachtigen. Hij is een nauwe verwant van de wolf (Canis lupus). Hij komt voor in een gebied dat zich uitstrekt van Alaska tot Midden-Amerika.

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    Prærieulv ( Norwegian )

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    Prærieulven eller coyoten (Canis latrans) er eit mellomstort hundedyr som lever i heile Nord-Amerika. Han er kanskje framfor alt kjend for hylet sitt, som er ein viktig stemningsskapar i westernfilm.

    Kjenneteikn

    Prærieulven har grå pels med tonar av gult og brunt. Han er svært sjeldan over ein meter lang, og veg mellom 9 og 22 kg. Han skil seg frå andre liknande hundedyr ved å vera mindre og ikkje minst slankare; han treng ikkje vera i fare for å sjå undervektig ut.

    Utbreiing

    Prærieulven finst i heile Nord-Amerika, bortsett frå heilt aust i Canada. Denne store utbreiinga kjem i store trekk av at menneske har utrydja ulv og raudulv frå store område. Ein finn prærieulv i dei fleste landskapstyper, men han likar seg best når han har buskas å luska i.

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    Prærieulv: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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    Prærieulven eller coyoten (Canis latrans) er eit mellomstort hundedyr som lever i heile Nord-Amerika. Han er kanskje framfor alt kjend for hylet sitt, som er ein viktig stemningsskapar i westernfilm.

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    Prærieulv ( Norwegian )

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    Annen betydning: Coyote (Smugler)

    Prærieulv eller coyote er et middels stort rovpattedyr i hundefamilien med vid utbredelse over hele Nord-Amerika. Lokalt i USA går den også under navn som «børsteulv» og «bjeffehund». Sistnevnte kommer av aztecerordet «coyotl», som ga opphav til betegnelsen coyote og betyr «hund som bjeffer». Det latinske navnet har samme betydning.

    Beskrivelse

     src=
    Prærieulven (C. l. lestes) kan minne om en liten ulv eller en sjakal
     src=
    Prærieulv (C. l. incolatus) i Yellowknife, Canada
     src=
    Prærieulv (C. l. texensis) Bandelier, Los Alamos, New Mexico

    Prærieulven blir ca. 70–100 cm lang, ca. 45–53 cm i skulderhøyde og har en hale som er ca. 27–40 cm. Vekten er normalt ca. 7–21 kg. I nord blir de gjerne større (ca. 34 kg) enn i sør (ca. 11 kg i Mexico). Tispene er normalt ca. 20 % mindre enn hannene. Den er hurtigere enn ulven og kjent for å kunne løpe i omkring 50 km/t over lange distanser. Toppfarten sies å være omkring 60-65 km/t. Den kan dessuten lett hoppe over et gjerde på opp mot 240–245 cm.

    Både pels og utseende minner mye om ulvens (Canis lupus), men den er mindre, smalere og har lengre ører. Basisfargen er grå i forskjellige nyanser, varierende etter område (underart), med innslag av gulbrunt-rødbrunt og hvite eller lysere grå markeringer. I gjennomsnitt lever prærieulver ca. 10 år i vill tilstand, og opp til 18 år i fangenskap.

    Utbredelse

    Prærieulv var opprinnelig en art på den amerikanske prærien og de nærliggende fjellstøkene i de nordvestlige statene. Utryddelsesprosessen av ulv gjorde det enklere for prærieulven å innta nye områder, i og med at den slapp konkurranse i næringskjeden. Som følge av at balansen endret seg spredde arten seg til nye områder mot slutten av 1800-tallet og i første halvdel av 1900-tallet, spesielt i østlig retning. I dag er den å finne fra Alaska i nord, via Canada og USA sør til Mexico og de nordlige delene av Sentral-Amerika (Panama) i sør.

    Habitat

    Arten er svært tilpasningsdyktig. Prærieulven trives best i åpent lende, med gressganger (prærie) og krattskog, men finnes også i både lauskog, blandingsskog, fjellskog, ørken, og i nær tilknytning til mennesker og menneskelig aktivitet. Klimaet kan være fra temperert til tropisk.

    Atferd

    Prærieulven er et revirhevdende flokkdyr som danner livslange parforhold, men den sosiale strukturen er ikke like avansert som ulvens. Flokkene vil normalt godta overlapping av andre flokker i reviret, så lenge tilgangen på føde er god. Om tilgangen blir liten vil flokken forsvare grensene av reviret.[2]

    Reviret kan variere i størrelse fra 4-143 km² (Andelt 1985, Springer 1982). I noen tilfeller danner prærieulven sosiale grupper (flokker), hvor bare alfaparet formerer seg (januar-mars). Tispen løper 2-5 dager en gang om året og går drektig i ca. 60-63 dager. Valpekullene er vanligvis på 5-10 valper og fødes i et hi, som de enten har gravd ut selv eller har overtatt etter en skunk eller grevling. Valpene fødes i april-mai og tispen ammer dem i 5-7 uker. Valpene forlater gjerne reviret i 7-10 månedersalderen og regnes som voksne når de er rundt 12 måneder (10 måneder i sørvesten). De kan trekke så langt unna som 160 km (vanligvis 40-50 km).

    Prærieulven er altetende kjøtteter som spiser både kjøtt, planter og rester, men føden består av rundt 98 % kjøtt (herunder også kadavere) og 2 % plantekost. Den jakter gjerne parvis på små pattedyr, f.eks. præriehunder, villkaniner og andre smågnagere, men også i flokk når større byttedyr skal nedlegges, som f.eks. tykkhornsau, hvithalehjort og den meget hurtige gaffelantilopen. Den spiser også insekter og bær. Når den jakter på præriehunder kan prærieulven danne en allianse med en grevling om å fange byttet. Grevlingen graver ut præriehunden, som fanges og drepes av prærieulven når den forsøker å flykte. Prærieulven vil i gjengjeld overlate en del av byttet til grevlingen.[3]

    Prærieulven jakter ofte på husdyr og kan gjøre stor skade om anledningen byr seg. Noen steder rapporteres det at prærieulven tar opp mot 67 % av alle lam og 20 % av de voksne sauene på beite. Det skytes derfor mer enn 20 000 prærieulver i USA hvert år.

    Arten er stort sett skumrings- og nattaktiv, men den kan også jakte på dagtid om nødvendig.

    Fylogeni

    Trærne under viser slektskapsforholdet mellom ulike hundelignende canider. Ifølge nyere forskning skal prærieulv og ulv/tamhund/dingo ha skilt lag fra en felles stamform for omkring 1,1 million år siden.[4] De to trærne tar utgangspunkt i at gruppen splittet fra Caninae for cirka 3,5 millioner år siden.

    Inndelingen følger:

    • (a) Rutkowski et al. (2015)[5]
    • (b) Koepfli et al. (2015).[6]
    (a) Caninae 2,6

    stripesjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg



    svartryggsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg







    1,9 1,3


    tamhund/dingo Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg



    ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg




    prærieulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg




    gullulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg




    gullsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg




    etiopisk ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg




    asiatisk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg





    afrikansk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg





    (b) Caninae 3,0 2,7 1,9 1,6 1,3 1,1


    tamhund Tibetan mastiff (white background).jpg



    ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg




    himalayaulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate III).jpg




    prærieulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg




    gullulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg




    etiopisk ulv Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg




    gullsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg




    asiatisk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg




    afrikansk villhund Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg




    2,6

    stripesjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg



    svartryggsjakal Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg





    Underarter

     src=
    Prærieulv

    Det er beskrevet 19 underarter av prærieulv, hvorav 16 holder til i Alaska, Canada, USA og Mexico. De resterende tre holder til i Sentral-Amerika.[7][8] Underartene har imidlertid vært svært omdiskuterte.

    En omfattende ny studie, som tar i bruk genom og ny teknikk, som for eksempel SNP genotyping (enkelt forklart, en mer presis måte å måle genetisk variasjon på) og SNP-mikromatriseanalyse (en måte å analysere et genom for et stort antall enkeltnukleotidpolymorfier i en og samme operasjon), deler prærieulven inn i kun fire linjer; vestlig prærieulv, nordøstlig prærieulv (fra Vermont), sørøstlig prærieulv (fra Louisiana), og midtvestlig prærieulv (fra Ohio).[4] Den samme studien viser også at det man tidligere trodde var en unik og meget sjelden ulveart, rødulv, egentlig er en stabil hybrid som består av 75 prosent prærieulv og 25 prosent vanlig ulv.[4]

    1. C. l. cagottis – Mexico
    2. C. l. clepticus – San Pedro Martir (CA)
    3. C. l. dickeyi – Panama
    4. C. l. frustor – sørøstlig
    5. C. l. goldmani – Belize
    6. C. l. hondurensis – Honduras
    7. C. l. impavidus – Durango
    8. C. l. incolatus – nordlig
    9. C. l. jamesi – Tiburonøyene
    10. C. l. latrans – prærien
    11. C. l. lestes – fjellene
    12. C. l. mearnsi – Mearns
    13. C. l. microdon – Nedre Rio Grande
    14. C. l. ochropus – Californiadalen (Death Valley)
    15. C. l. peninsulae – Peninsula
    16. C. l. texensis – Texas (prærie)
    17. C. l. thamnos – nordøstlig
    18. C. l. umpquensis – nordvestkysten
    19. C. l. vigilis – Colima (Mexico)
    20. C. l. «var» – østlig

    Hybridisering

     src=
    Prærieulv og hund kan hybridisere

    Prærieulven kan formere seg med andre medlemmer av hundefamilien og gi reproduksjonsdyktig avkom. Krysninger med hunder kalles coydogs, men disse er ofte lite reproduksjonsbare. Krysninger med ulv gir også fruktbart avkom og kalles gjerne wolfcoy eller coywolf, avhengig av blandingsforholdet.

    I det østlige USA har såkalt coywolf (østlig prærieulv) stor suksess. Typen kan være en stabil hybrid. Dette er en stabil blanding som består av 1/10 hund, 1/4 ulv og resten prærieulv. Typen oppsto alt for mer enn 200 år siden, da europeiske emigranter dukket opp i Ontario og ryddet land der. Ifølge North Carolina State University teller nå populasjonen av coywolf flere millioner dyr. Typen, som veier omkring 20–25 kg, er nær dobbelt så stor som tradisjonelle prærieulver. Den er hurtig og jager i flokk, og kan legge ned byttedyr så store som elg. Noe forskere hevder nå at typen er eller kan være et bevis for evolusjon i praksis.

    Det har også lenge blitt spekulert i om rødulv er et resultat av slik hybridisering, noe den altså er.[4] Etterhvert som prærieulven har spredt seg har også krysninger med ulv ført til at størrelsen har økt noen steder, spesielt i nord. Kanadisk ulv er et eksempel på dette. Også den ble for en kort periode regnet som en unik og nyoppdaget ulveart, men så viser den seg å være en hybrid.[4] Der er imidlertid forholdet 60 prosent ulv og 40 prosent prærieulv, noe som forklarer at denne ulvehybriden, som regnes som en stabil hybrid, er større enn både rødulv og prærieulv.[4]

    Annet

    Arten, som er svært tallrik, har ifølge IUCNs rødliste ingen legal beskyttelse.[1] Rødlistestatusen er også uendret fra 2004 til 2008. Arten regnes som livskraftig og antallet dyr har en økende tendens, i takt med menneskets modifiseringer av de amerikanske landskapet.[1] Arten er ikke representert i CITES.[1] Mer enn 2000 dyr overlever i fangenskap.[1]

    Se også

    Referanser

    1. ^ a b c d e Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F. 2008. Canis latrans. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Besøkt 2013-09-09
    2. ^ Bekoff, M., and Michael C. Wells. 1982. Behavioral ecology of coyotes, social organization, rearing patterns, space use, and resource defense. Zeitschrift Tierphsycology 60:281-305.
    3. ^ Fisher, J. 1975. The plains dog moves east. National Wildlife 13(2):1417.
    4. ^ a b c d e f Bridgett M. vonHoldt, John P. Pollinger, Dent A. Earl, et al. (2011-05-12). A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids. Genome Res. 2011 21: 1294-1305 originally published online May 12, 2011. Besøkt 2013-09-08
    5. ^ Rutkowski, R., Krofel, M., Giannatos, G., Ćirović, D., Männil, P., Volokh, A.M., Lanszki, J., Heltai, M., Szabó, L., Banea, O., Yavruyan, E., Hayrapetyan, V., Kopaliani, N., Miliou, A., Tryfonopoulos, G.A., Lymberakis, P., Penezić, A., Pakeltytė, G., Suchecka, E. & Bogdanowicz, W. (2015). A European Concern? Genetic Structure and Expansion of Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) in Europe and the Caucasus. PLoS ONE, 10(11), e0141236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141236
    6. ^ Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J.; Godinho, R.; Robinson, J.; Lea, A.; Hendricks, S.; Schweizer, R. M.; Thalmann, O.; Silva, P.; Fan, Z.; Yurchenko, A. A.; Dobrynin, P.; Makunin, A.; Cahill, J. A.; Shapiro, B.; Álvares, F.; Brito, J. C.; Geffen, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Helgen, K. M.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2015-08-17). "Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species". Current Biology. 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
    7. ^ Bekoff, Marc. 1977. Canis latrans. Mammalian Species. 79: 1-9. [24979]
    8. ^ Hall, E. Raymond. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1271 p. [14765]

    Eksterne lenker

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    Prærieulv: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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    Annen betydning: Coyote (Smugler)

    Prærieulv eller coyote er et middels stort rovpattedyr i hundefamilien med vid utbredelse over hele Nord-Amerika. Lokalt i USA går den også under navn som «børsteulv» og «bjeffehund». Sistnevnte kommer av aztecerordet «coyotl», som ga opphav til betegnelsen coyote og betyr «hund som bjeffer». Det latinske navnet har samme betydning.

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    Østlig prærieulv ( Norwegian )

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    Østlig prærieulv Østlig prærieulv Vitenskapelig(e)
    navn
    : Canis latrans var.
    C. latrans × C. lupus × C. familiaris Alt. navn: østlig prærieulv,
    nordøstlig prærieulv,
    coywolf Artstilhørighet: prærieulv/ulv/tamhund,
    hundeslekten,
    hundefamilien Rødlistestatus: ikke evaluert Habitat: terrestrisk, prærie og skog Utbredelse: se kartet Utbredelseskart for Østlig prærieulv
    status per 2001[1]

    Østlig prærieulv (Canis latrans var.) eller (C. latrans × C. lupus × C. familiaris) er en stabil hybrid som kan være en pågående ny artsdannelse,[2] i det forskning utført av Rutledge et al. (2015) bekrefter at østlig prærieulv tilhører en unik genomisk klade i Nord-Amerika.[3] Typen består av cirka 10 % tamhund, 30 % ulv og 60 % prærieulv,[4] men dette forholdet varierer naturlig nok med både individet og utbredelsen. Østlig prærieulv er en toppkonsument i sitt økosystem.

    Beskrivelse

     src=
    Østlig prærieulv er per dags dato (2018) en stabil hybrid, som flere forskere mener kan være i en prosess av artsdannelse.
     src=
    Forskjellene i kraniet mellom C. l. texensis (til venstre, en ordinær prærieulv) og C. l. var. (tiil høyre, østlig prærieulv) er betydelig.

    Østlig prærieulv veier typisk 20–25 kg, og er således nær dobbelt så stor som en prærieulv, men allikevel betydelig mindre enn en ulv. Hannene er tydelig større enn tispene (kjønnsdimorfisme). Østlig prærieulv ligner mer på en liten ulv enn en prærieulv, men selve hodet avslører det nære slektskapet til sistnevnte. Pelsen er lik og viser at det finnes flere fenotyper, men sort er ukjent. Det er større og kjevene betydelig kraftigere enn hos prærieulven.

    Utbredelse

    Typen er nå utbredt i New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vest-Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, og Virginia i USA, samt i Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, og Newfoundland og Labrador i Canada.

    Opphav

    Østlig prærieulv er et resultat av interspesifikk hybridisering. De første tilfellene kan ha oppstått alt for mer enn 200 år siden, da europeiske nybyggere (emigranter) dukket opp i Ontario (Canada) for å rydde nytt land. De førte med seg hunder til området. Dagens østlige prærieulv bærer nemlig preg av slik hybridisering. Først og fremst hybridisering mellom prærieulv og ulv, som fant sted for cirka 100 år siden, men dernest hybridisering mellom prærieulv eller prærieulvhybrider og tamhund, som fant sted for cirka 50 år siden. Det viser forskning med DNA.[2] Forskningen viser imidlertid også at ny hybridisering i dag er svært uvanlig (som i nesten ikke påvist). Det betyr, at populasjonen av østlig prærieulv nå er selvbærende med hensyn til gener, noe som er eller kan være et tidlig trekk for artsdannelse.

    Dagens bestand av østlig prærieulv teller ifølge North Carolina State University flere millioner individer, trolig som følge av at ulv i stor grad var fraværende i store deler av det området der typen oppsto. Dette er tradisjonelt et område som skulle vært dominert av østlig tømmerulv (C. l. lycaon), som kan utgjøre den største andelen med ulv i østlig prærieulv. Det er også en mulighet for at rødulv (C. rufus) inngår. Den prærieulven som normalt fantes i dette området var trolig nordøstlig prærieulv (C. l. thamnos), men akkurat hvilke dyr som inngår er fortsatt uavklart. Det kan ha vært flere enn disse.

    Atferd

    Ulv konkurrerer med prærieulv om føden, og vil naturlig jage eller drepe prærieulven om den tar seg inn i ulvereviret. Det samme gjelder for hunder. Ulv og østlig prærieulv konkurrerer imidlertid i større grad enn andre prærieulver. Østlig prærieulv jager i flokk (noe som ellers er uvanlig for prærieulv) og kan nedlegge betydelig større byttedyr enn hva andre prærieulver kan, blant annet elg (Alces americanus).[5][6] Forskning har imidlertid også vist, at østlig prærieulv har samme atferd overfor hunder som ulven har. Det er uvanlig, siden prærieulven normalt ferdes alene eller i par. Fenomenet har ledet til, at det er initiert flere nye studier, for å avdekke om den østlige prærieulven har avvikende atferd på flere områder.

    Referanser

    1. ^ White, B.N., P.J. Wilson, A. Johnson, S.K. Grewal, and K. Shami. 2001. Status of the eastern wolf (Canis lycaon). Unpublished report submitted to COSEWIC in Backgrounder on Wolf Management in Ontario by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2005.
    2. ^ a b Kays, Roland (2015) Yes, eastern coyotes are hybrids, but the ‘coywolf’ is not a thing. The Conversation, November 13, 2015. Besøkt 2018-03-13
    3. ^ Rutledge, L. Y., Devillard, S., Boone, J. Q., Hohenlohe, P. A., & White, B. N. (2015). RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American Canis. Biology letters, 11(7), 20150303. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303
    4. ^ Way, J. G., & Lynn, W. S. (2016). Northeastern coyote/coywolf taxonomy and admixture: A meta-analysis Arkivert 4. april 2016 hos Wayback Machine.. Canid Biology & Conservation, 19(1), 1-7.
    5. ^ Benson, J.F., B. R. Patterson. 2013. Moose (Alces alces) predation by eastern coyotes (Canis latrans) and eastern coyote × eastern wolf (Canis latrans × Canis lycaon) hybrids. Can J Zool. 91:837–41.
    6. ^ POWER, J. W. B. (2015). GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS, MOVEMENT PATTERNS, SPATIAL DYNAMICS AND DIET OF THE EASTERN COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS VAR.) IN CAPE BRETON HIGHLANDS NATIONAL PARK (Doctoral dissertation, Acadia University).

    Eksterne lenker

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    Østlig prærieulv: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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    Østlig prærieulv (Canis latrans var.) eller (C. latrans × C. lupus × C. familiaris) er en stabil hybrid som kan være en pågående ny artsdannelse, i det forskning utført av Rutledge et al. (2015) bekrefter at østlig prærieulv tilhører en unik genomisk klade i Nord-Amerika. Typen består av cirka 10 % tamhund, 30 % ulv og 60 % prærieulv, men dette forholdet varierer naturlig nok med både individet og utbredelsen. Østlig prærieulv er en toppkonsument i sitt økosystem.

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    Kojot preriowy ( Polish )

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    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

    Kojot preriowy[3], kojot[4], kujot, wilk preriowy Ameryki Północnej (Canis latrans) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae) o wyglądzie pośrednim między małym wilkiem a szakalem. Ma bardziej krępą budowę, krótszą szyję i ostrzejszy pysk niż wilk europejski[5]. Zamieszkuje obszary od Alaski do Meksyku. Wyróżnia się ok. 19 podgatunków kojota.

    Długość bez ogona

    70–100 cm

    Długość ogona

    ok. 40 cm

    Wysokość w kłębie

    do 50 cm

    Masa ciała

    samiec 18 kg, samica 13 kg

    Prawie cały tułów kojotów pokryty jest szarym włosem szerstnym o długości dochodzącej do 10 cm, którego część szczytowa ma ochronny kolor czarny. Ogon jest również pokryty gęstym włosem o zabarwieniu czarnym. Skóra i futro wykorzystywane jest w futrzarstwie[5].

    Podgatunki

    Wyróżnia się kilkanaście podgatunków kojota[6]:

    • C. latrans cagottis C. E. H. Smith, 1839
    • C. latrans clepticus Elliot, 1903
    • C. latrans dickeyi Nelson, 1932
    • C. latrans frustror Woodhouse, 1851
    • C. latrans goldmani Merriam, 1904
    • C. latrans hondurensis Goldman, 1936
    • C. latrans impavidus J. A. Allen, 1903
    • C. latrans incolatus Hall, 1934
    • C. latrans jamesi Townsend, 1912
    • C. latrans latrans Say, 1823
    • C. latrans lestes Merriam, 1897
    • C. latrans mearnsi Merriam, 1897
    • C. latrans microdon Merriam, 1897
    • C. latrans ochropus Eschscholtz, 1829
    • C. latrans peninsulae Merriam, 1897
    • C. latrans texensis Bailey, 1905
    • C. latrans thamnos Jackson, 1949
    • C. latrans umpquensis Jackson, 1949
    • C. latrans vigilis Merriam, 1897

    Kojot w mitologii i kulturze nowej epoki

    Indianie często nazywali kojota „małym wilkiem”. W niektórych wierzeniach indiańskich kojot przedstawiany był jako stworzyciel świata.

    Przypisy

    1. Canis latrans, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F. 2008, Canis latrans [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.1 [dostęp 2015-07-11] (ang.).
    3. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 147. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    4. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 134, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
    5. a b Janusz Kuźniewicz: Skóry dzikich psowatych wykorzystywane do celów kuśnierskich. swiatrolnika.com.pl, 2015. [dostęp 2015-11-15].
    6. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Canis latrans. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 17 października 2009]
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    Kojot preriowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

    provided by wikipedia POL

    Kojot preriowy, kojot, kujot, wilk preriowy Ameryki Północnej (Canis latrans) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae) o wyglądzie pośrednim między małym wilkiem a szakalem. Ma bardziej krępą budowę, krótszą szyję i ostrzejszy pysk niż wilk europejski. Zamieszkuje obszary od Alaski do Meksyku. Wyróżnia się ok. 19 podgatunków kojota.

    Długość bez ogona

    70–100 cm

    Długość ogona

    ok. 40 cm

    Wysokość w kłębie

    do 50 cm

    Masa ciała

    samiec 18 kg, samica 13 kg

    Prawie cały tułów kojotów pokryty jest szarym włosem szerstnym o długości dochodzącej do 10 cm, którego część szczytowa ma ochronny kolor czarny. Ogon jest również pokryty gęstym włosem o zabarwieniu czarnym. Skóra i futro wykorzystywane jest w futrzarstwie.

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    Coylobo ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    Os Coylobos (coywolf em inglês) são híbridos de Coiotes e Lobos.

    Os híbridos foram encontrados na natureza,mas inicialmente achavam-se de que se tratavam de subespécies de coiotes mas ao testarem a genética descobriram que se tratavam de híbridos.

    A espécie recebe as seguintes nomeações quando o pai é um coiote,temos um coylobo mas quando o pai é um lobo temos um lobote(tradução para o pt-br de woyote em inglês),o segundo é menos conhecido e comumente considerado apenas um apelido do primeiro.

    Descrição

    Os coylobos são animais férteis (algo raro em híbridos) e extremamente adaptáveis, são exteriormente quase 100% idênticos aos coiotes (Canis latrans) puros, porém, distinguidos pelo seu tamanho maior e ser mais sociável.

    Os coylobos são uma variação selvagem dos coyogues (Canis lupus x Canis latrans) e ocupam 60% a mais de áreas do que o híbrido anterior, o cruzamento de coyogues e coylobos não é raro.

    Biologia

    Os coylobos são animais sociáveis e caçadores eficientes, costumam se alimentar de castores, cariacus e alces.

    Estes animais são concorrentes fortes para seus progenitores,e podem ser predadores a altura dos mesmos caso em grandes grupos.

    Características

    Captivecoywolfhybrid.jpg Os coylobos costumam pesar entre 20,06 a 40kg, são predadores de grande porte e podem ser ameaças sérias ao ambiente. Estes animais puxam quase que 80% de sua aparência aos coiotes, mas o tamanho e comportamento aos lobos.

    Referências

    Bibliografia

    • Wayne, R. (1993). "Evolução molecular da família canina". Tendências em genética . 9 (6): 218–24. doi : 10.1016 / 0168-9525 (93) 90122-X . PMID 8337763 .
    • vonHoldt, BM; Cahill, JA; Fan, Z .; Gronau, I .; Robinson, J .; Pollinger, JP; Shapiro, B .; Wall, J .; Wayne, RK (2016). "A análise da sequência de genoma inteiro mostra que duas espécies endêmicas de lobo norte-americano são misturas de coiote e lobo cinza" . Avanços da ciência . 2 (7): e1501714. Bibcode : 2016SciA .... 2E1714V . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv.1501714 . PMC 5919777 . PMID 29713682 .
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    Coylobo: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    Os Coylobos (coywolf em inglês) são híbridos de Coiotes e Lobos.

    Os híbridos foram encontrados na natureza,mas inicialmente achavam-se de que se tratavam de subespécies de coiotes mas ao testarem a genética descobriram que se tratavam de híbridos.

    A espécie recebe as seguintes nomeações quando o pai é um coiote,temos um coylobo mas quando o pai é um lobo temos um lobote(tradução para o pt-br de woyote em inglês),o segundo é menos conhecido e comumente considerado apenas um apelido do primeiro.

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    Coiot ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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    Coiotul (Canis latrans) sau „lupul de preerie nordamerican” este un animal carnivor din familia Canidae care are un aspect asemănător lupului.

    Caractere morfologice

    Coiotul are o lungime de 110 cm, înălțimea la umăr de 50 cm, având o greutate între 9 și 22 kg. Blana lui este dungată cu culori alternative de un cenușiu gălbui și brun gălbui, sub bărbie și pieptul fiind de culoare albă. Animalul este mai mic și mai suplu decât lupul. Coiotul are un bot mai lung, mai îngust, urechi mai mari și picioare mai scurte decât lupul. Tipic coioților este coada stufoasă pe care o țin în timpul mersului aproape de sol.

    Arealul de răspândire

    Coiotul trăiește în America de Nord de la regiunile subpolare din Canada și Alaska, pe tot teritoriul SUA și Mexicului până în Costa Rica, fiind adaptat la habitate diferite ca regiuni de preerie sau de pădure.

    Mod de viață

    Animalul consumă în mare parte cadavre, dar și rozătoare ca șoareci, iepuri, mai rar păsări, șerpi sau vulpi. Când sunt bolnavi sau bătrâni cerbii pot fi atacați de o haită de coioți. În afară de carne ei mai consumă fructe de pădure, iar în regiunile locuite consumă resturi de alimente din gunoi. Animalele pot trăi în grupuri ca și lupul, în haită fiind o ierarhie respectată. În perioada de împerechere se separă de grup, femela având de obicei la sfârșitul lui aprile și începutul lui mai între 4 și 6 căței care vor fi hrăniți de ambii părinți, și care toamna sunt deja apți pentru reproducție. Un coiot trăiește în medie 6 ani, teritoriul lui de vânătoare fiind pe o rază de cca. 15 km.

    Specii hibride

    Încălzirea globală și alterarea mediului de către oameni au determinat apariția unei noi specii, un prădător de top care poartă un sfert din ADN-ul de lup, două treimi din cel al coiotului și restul de la câini.[2] Hibrizii încep acum să devină prădătorul dominant în nord-estul SUA.[2]

    Referințe

    1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans. În: IUCN 2008. Lista roșie a speciiilor periclitate IUCN. Descărcat pe May 5, 2008.
    2. ^ a b Încălzirea globală creează o specie de hibrizi între lup, coiot și câine care începe să se înmulțească în SUA, 23 august 2014, Daniel Ionascu, Adevărul, accesat la 24 august 2014

    Legături externe

    Commons
    Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Coiot
     src= Caută coiot în Wikționar, dicționarul liber.
    Wikispecies
    Wikispecies conține informații legate de Coiot
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    Coiot: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

    provided by wikipedia RO

    Coiotul (Canis latrans) sau „lupul de preerie nordamerican” este un animal carnivor din familia Canidae care are un aspect asemănător lupului.

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    Kojot prériový ( Slovak )

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    Kojot prériový alebo kojot (Canis latrans) je severoamerická šelma z čeľade psovitých. Jeho meno pochádza z aztéckého slova coyōtl.

    Rozmery

    • Výška v kohútiku: 60 cm
    • Dĺžka: 100 cm
    • Hmotnosť: samce: 15 – 20 kg

    Rozšírenie

    Kojoty pôvodne žili na skalnatých rovinách v severnom Mexiku, odkiaľ postupne prenikali ďalej na sever. Sú veľmi prispôsobivé a vyskytujú sa v širokej škále biotopov. Môžeme ich nájsť v lesoch, trávnatých porastoch, púštiach a polopúštiach a močiaroch. Vyskytujú sa na území Severnej Ameriky až po Aljašku. Vďaka ich tolerancii k ľudom sa tiež vyskytujú v predmestskom a mestskom prostredí.[2]

    Potrava

    Kojoty majú univerzálne stravovacie návyky. Sú to mäsožravce; 90% ich stravy tvoria cicavce. Jedia predovšetkým malé cicavce, ako sú zajace, sysle a myši. Občas jedia aj vtáky, hady, veľké druhy hmyzu a iné veľké bezstavovce. Síce dávajú prednosť čerstvému mäsu, ale dokážu skonzumovať aj veľké množstvo zdochlín. Časť toho, čo robí kojoty tak úspešné v žití na rôznych miestach, je skutočnosť, že dokážu skonzumovať takmer čokoľvek, vrátane ľudských odpadkov a domácich zvierat v prímestských oblastiach. Ich významnou zložkou potravy počas jesene a zimy je ovocie a zelenina. Kojoty lovia zaujímavým spôsobom. Keď sú na love, pomaly sa pohybujú cez trávu a vycítia korisť svojim ňufákom. Náhle však stuhnú a vrhnú sa na korisť. Lov niektorých zvierat však vyzýva k tímovej práci. Kojoty sa môžu striedať v naháňaní koristi, alebo korisť môžu nahnať pred skrytého člena svorky. Vzhľadom k tomu, že kojoty nie sú efektívne pri vyhrabávaní hlodavcov z ich nôr, korisť radšej chytajú, keď je nad povrchom. Priemerná vzdialenosť prejdená v nočnom love je 4 km. Dokážu vyvinúť pomerne veľkú rýchlosť, na vzdialenosť 1,5 km môže bežať rýchlosťou 48 km/h a na kratšiu vzdialenosť aj rýchlejšie. Je pravda, že napádajú aj človeka, no útoky sa málokedy končia fatálne.[3]

    Spôsob života

    Kojoty žijú v pároch alebo v rodinných svorkách. Starostlivo si strážia hranice svojho teritória, ktoré si značkujú močom a trusom.

    Rozmnožovanie

    Kojotia ruja prebieha jedenkrát do roka a trvá približne 2 – 3 mesiace, väčšinou od februára do marca. Počas týchto mesiacov prebehne párenie. Samci síce medzi sebou bojujú, no konečná voľba závisí od samice, ktorá si môže vybrať i porazeného jedinca. Keď si samica vyberie partnera, môžu zostať spolu niekoľko rokov. Spermatogenéza u samcov trvá približne 54 dní a prebieha medzi januáromfebruárom v závislosti od geografickej polohy. Pred pôrodom si samica s pomocou partnera vybuduje brloh, ktorý sa stane útočiskom pre ňu a pre mláďatá. Niekedy kojoty obsadia jazvečiu alebo líščiu noru. Po deväťtýždňovej gravidite samica vrhne priemerne 6 mláďat. Ich počet sa však môže značne líšiť; sú známe prípady, kedy samica vrhla 19 mláďat. Mláďatá vážia cca 250 gramov a rodia sa slepé. Po desiatich dňoch sa im otvoria oči a priberú na hmotnosť 600 gramov. Vo veku troch až štyroch týždňoch sú už schopné prijímať pevnú potravu, pričom ich kŕmia obidvaja rodičia. V období jedného mesiaca po pôrode začínajú po prvýkrát odchádzať z brlohu. Samci sa väčšinou osamostatnia a odídu z brlohu medzi 6. – 9. mesiacom, zatiaľ čo samice väčšinou zostávajú s rodičmi a tvoria svorku. Občas sa stane, že mláďatá zostanú s rodičmi až do dospelosti, pričom sa učia základy lovu. Veľkosť dospelého jedinca je dosiahnutá medzi 9. – 12. mesiacom. Pohlavnú dospelosť dosahujú vo veku jedného roka.

    Dĺžka života

    Kojoty sa dožívajú maximálne desať rokov vo voľnej prírode a najviac osemnásť rokov v zajatí.

    Uctievané aj nenávidené zviera

    Kojot hrá významnú úlohu v mytológií severoamerických Indiánov, kde sa často vyskytuje ako prefíkaný šibal, ktorý na jednej strane ostatným tvorom pomáha, ale na druhej strane si z nich robí nejaké žarty alebo sa ich snaží všemožne oklamať, aby získal to, čo chce. Niektoré kmene ho považujú za stvoriteľa sveta.

    Bieli farmári však majú na kojoty iný názor. Mnoho z nich je presvedčených, že tieto zvieratá sú úhlavnými nepriateľmi ich dobytka a preto ich nemilosrdne strieľajú. Ročne je tak v USA zabitých cca 90 000 kojotov. V skutočnosti kojoty napádajú tieto zvieratá iba vtedy, keď nie je v oblasti dostatok potravy.

    Referencie

    1. Kays, R. 2018. Canis latrans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T3745A103893556. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T3745A103893556.en. Prístup 13. marec 2019.
    2. Canis latrans [online]. Animal Diversity Web, [cit. 2007-08-15]. Dostupné online.
    3. COYOTE ATTACKS: AN INCREASING SUBURBAN PROBLEM (po anglicky)

    Iné projekty

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    Kojot prériový: Brief Summary ( Slovak )

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    Kojot prériový alebo kojot (Canis latrans) je severoamerická šelma z čeľade psovitých. Jeho meno pochádza z aztéckého slova coyōtl.

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    Kojot ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Kojot (znanstveno ime Canis latrans, tudi severnoameriški prerijski volk) je predstavnik zveri iz družine psov. So predvsem nočno aktivni plenilci v prerijah in gozdovih Severne in Srednje Amerike. Telo je dolgo do 95 cm. Imajo košat rep, kožuh zgoraj je rjavkasto do rdečkasto svetlo siv, spodaj pa belkast. Ušesa, gobec in noge so rjaste barve. Živi posamič ali v manjših skupinah, skriva se v podzemnem brlogu, prehranjuje se z majhnimi živalmi in mrhovino. Človeku ni nevaren.

    Reference

    1. Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2008). Canis latrans . Rdeči seznam IUCN ogroženih vrst 2008. IUCN 2008. Pridobljeno: 5 May 2008. Vnos v podatkovni zbirki vsebuje pojasnilo, zakaj je bila vrsta ovrednotena kot najmanj ogrožena.

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    Kojot: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Kojot (znanstveno ime Canis latrans, tudi severnoameriški prerijski volk) je predstavnik zveri iz družine psov. So predvsem nočno aktivni plenilci v prerijah in gozdovih Severne in Srednje Amerike. Telo je dolgo do 95 cm. Imajo košat rep, kožuh zgoraj je rjavkasto do rdečkasto svetlo siv, spodaj pa belkast. Ušesa, gobec in noge so rjaste barve. Živi posamič ali v manjših skupinah, skriva se v podzemnem brlogu, prehranjuje se z majhnimi živalmi in mrhovino. Človeku ni nevaren.

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    Prärievarg ( Swedish )

    provided by wikipedia SV

    Prärievarg eller koyot, coyote (Canis latrans) är ett rovdjur inom familjen hunddjur som förekommer i Nord- och Centralamerika.

    Artepitet i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin för skälla.[2]

    Utseende

    Prärievargen har spetsig nos, kort och stark hals samt relativt stora och breda öron som slutar i en spets. Den har tjock päls och är genomgående gulgrå på ovansidan, halsen och svansens ovansida är mörkare och undersidan ljusare. Oftast har svansen svart spets.[3] Den är 0,7–1 meter lång (huvud och bål) och har en mankhöjd på upp till 55 centimeter.[4] Svansen är cirka 40 centimeter lång[5] och den väger 8–22 kilogram.[4] Honor är allmänt något mindre och lättare än hanar.[3]

    Tandformeln är I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3, och den har alltså 42 tänder.[3]

    Detta hunddjur har fem fingrar vid framtassarna och fyra tår vid bakfötterna. Tummen är förminskad och ligger på framfötternas sida så att den inte når marken. Alla fingrar och tår är utrustade med något böjda klor.[6]

    Utbredning

    Kojote2010 cut.JPG

    Prärievargens utbredningsområde sträcker sig över stora delar av Nord- och Centralamerika, från Alaska och nordvästra Kanada söderut till västra Panama.[1] Dess utbredning har ökat snabbt på den nordamerikanska kontinenten sedan 1990-talet.[7]

    Ekologi

    Prärievargen förekommer på prärien, i täta skogar och i öken.[1] Djuret har bra förmåga att anpassa sig till människan, varför den inte är ovanlig på jordbruksmark, i trädgårdar och nära bostäder.[1] Prärievargen livnär sig huvudsakligen på möss och hardjur. Mer sällan tar den fåglar, ormar och as.[8] Ibland kan det hända att en flock prärievargar dödar en sjuk eller svag hjort. I motsats till varg lever prärievargen även i mindre utsträckning av vegetabilisk föda. I närheten av människan letar den även föda i avfall och soptunnor.[3]

    Artens lya har vanligen flera ingångar och hålet vid ingången har en diameter av 30 till 45 cm. Bredvid huvudentrén finns en hög med den jord som prärievargen har grävd fram. På högen syns många spår och där lämnas även avföring.[6]

    Det dokumenterades även prärievargar som jagade tillsammans med nordamerikansk grävling (Taxidea taxus). Prärievargen upptäcker gnagarnas bon med hjälp av luktsinnet och sedan kryper grävlingen in i boet och fångar de flesta byten. De gnagare som flyr från boet fångas av prärievargen.[4]

    Arten är främst aktiv tidigt på morgonen och sent på kvällen. Under den kalla årstiden anpassar sig prärievargen efter aktivitetstiden av sina byten. I närheten av människans samhällen är den huvudsakligen aktiv när de flesta människor sover.[3]

    Prärievargen lever oftast i släktgrupper med två till sex individer. Ibland uppträder de även ensamma. Flocken består vanligen av ett dominant föräldrapar, deras ungar och ibland tolereras andra vuxna individer i flocken. Större flockar har cirka 10 medlemmar. För kommunikationen har de olika läten och de ylar liksom vargar för att visa anspråk på ett revir. Dessutom markerar alfahannen reviret med körtelvätska.[3] Honan föder i genomsnitt sex ungar och dräktigheten varar i ungefär sextio dagar.[4]

    Det förekommer hybrider mellan koyoter och hundar[4] men hybrider med varg är mycket ovanlig, eftersom prärievargen utgör ett av dess bytesdjur.[9] Andra fiender i djurriket är puman och olika örnar.[8]

    Prärievargen och människan

    Status och hot

    Prärievargen är inte hotad utan istället har dess utbredningsområde ökat sedan 1990-talet. IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

    Attacker mot människa

    Det har även förekommit attacker av prärievargar mot människor.[10] I sällsynta fall har dessa fått dödlig utgång. Kelly Keen, en treårig flicka dödades i augusti 1981 i Glendale, Kalifornien. Det mest kända händelsen är förmodligen den attack som resulterade i folksångerskan Taylor Mitchells död den 28 oktober 2009.[11]

    Hare Indian dog

    Den utdöda amerikanska hundrasen Hare Indian dog som var vanlig hos indianfolket Sahtú i nordvästra Kanada[12] var möjligen en hybrid mellan prärievarg och tamhund eller en halvtam prärievarg. Liknande uppgifter finns i alla fall i äldre beskrivningar som i Nordisk familjebok.[13] Prärievargen är symbol och smeknamn för NHL-laget från Glendale, som heter Arizona Coyotes.

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b c d e] Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Hoffmann, M. 2004. Canis latrans. Från: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Läst 20061009.
    2. ^ Stangl, Christiansen & Galbraith (1993) Canis latrans, Abbreviated guide to pronunciation and etymology of scientific names for North American land mammals north of Mexico, Museum of Texas Tech University
    3. ^ [a b c d e f] Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffmann, David Whyte Macdonald (21 april 2004). ”Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs”. IUCN. sid. 81-87. http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf.
    4. ^ [a b c d e] R. Edwards (21 april 2009). ”Coyote”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 6 december 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141206040441/http://www.arkive.org/coyote/canis-latrans/. Läst 22 oktober 2013.
    5. ^ Coyote (Canis latrans). University of Washington, Olympic Natural Resources Center
    6. ^ [a b] Naughton, Donna (2012). Canis latrans. The Natural History of Canadian Mammals. University of Toronto Press. sid. 378-379. ISBN 978-1-4426-4483-0
    7. ^ SVT:Naturfilm/Urban Coyote[död länk] (Läst 2013-03-25)
    8. ^ [a b] E. Tokar (21 april 2001). ”Coyote” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_latrans/. Läst 22 februari 2016.
    9. ^ Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society – Eastern Wolf
    10. ^ Robert M. Timm & Rex O. Baker, A history of urban coyote problems (PDF), Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, 2007.
    11. ^ CBSnews,Coyotes kill Toronto singer in Cape Breton, läst 2012-03-04.
    12. ^ ”Hare Indian dogs”. Song Dog Kennels. http://www.indiandogs.com/hare.htm. Läst 23 februari 2009.
    13. ^ Kayoten, Nordisk familjebok, Uggleupplagan, band 13, s.1343

    Externa länkar

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    Prärievarg: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

    provided by wikipedia SV

    Prärievarg eller koyot, coyote (Canis latrans) är ett rovdjur inom familjen hunddjur som förekommer i Nord- och Centralamerika.

    Artepitet i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin för skälla.

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    Kır kurdu ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR
    Başlığın diğer anlamları için Kurt (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız.

    Kır kurdu (Canis latrans), köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının Kuzey Amerika'da rastlanılan bir üyesi. Kısaca kurdun daha küçük bir versiyonu olarak da tarif edilebilir. Diğer bir adı olan Koyote Aztekçe Kóyotl kelimesinden gelmektedir.

    Aynı Avrupa'da kızıl tilkilerde de izlenildiği gibi, Amerika'da da kır kurdunun büyük şehirlere girip şehir sokaklarında yaşamaya ayak uyduranlarının sayılarının son on yılda arttığı görülmektedir.

    Özellikleri

    Kır kurdu 110 cm uzunluğa, 50 cm boyuna ve 9–22 kg ağırlığa ulaşır (ortalama 14 kg). Tüylerinin rengini kesin olarak belirlemek kolay değildir; sarı-kahverengi ve gri-kahverengi tonları arasında değişir. Ama boğazı ve göğsü daima beyazdır.

    Dış görünümü ile ilk bakışda kurta benzetilsede, ikisini ayrıt etmek o kadar zor değildir. Kır kurdu kurttan daha küçük ve daha zayıftır, çenesi daha ince, kulakları daha büyük ve bacakları daha kısadır. Çoğunlukla yere yakın tuttuğu gür tüylü kuyruğu da kır kurdu için tipik bir dış özelliktir.

    Yaşam alanı ve dağılımı

    Kır kurtları tüm Kuzey Amerika'da, Kanada'nın ve Alaska'nın kuzeyinden, Meksiko ve Kosta Rika'ya kadar yaygındır. Birçok farklı yaşam alanlarına ayak uydurmuştur. Ormanların derinliklerinde de, açık alanlarda da yaşayabilir. ABD'nin tüm eyaletlerinde görülen tür, Los Angeles gibi bazı şehirlerde insanlar ve evcil hayvanlar için tehlike oluşturabilir.[1]

    Beslenme

    Amerikalılar kır kurdunu genelde "leş yiyici" olarak görürler. Gerçekten leş yiyor olsa da, aslında beslenmesinin en büyük kısmını kendi avladığı hayvanlar oluşturur. Avladığı hayvanlar %90'ı fare ve tavşanlardır. Bunların yanında çok nadir olarak kuş, yılan veya tilki de avlayabilir. Geyik gibi büyük hayvanlar sadece hasta veya yaralı oldukları zaman ve kendi sürülerinden bu halde uzak kaldıkları zaman bir kır kurdu sürüsü tarafından dize getirilebilirler. Meyve ve böğürtlen gibi bitkisel besinlerle de beslenirler. Yerleşim yerlerinin yakınlarında çöp tenekelerini karıştırıp içinde yenilebilecek şeyler ararlar.

    Yaşam şekli

    Sosyal davranışı kurtda olduğu kadar gelişmiş değildir. Ama daima yalnız yaşadığı da tam olarak söylenememektedir. Kır kurtları bazen bir çift olarak, bazen de birbirlerine fazla bağlı olmayan kardeş hayvanlardan oluşan kücük grupların içinde görülebilir. Ama en sık rastlanılanlar yalnız gezenlerdir.

    Üreme

    Dişileri 60 gün süren ve çoğunlukla Nisan-Mayıs aylarında gerçekleşen bir gebelikten sonra 4-6 yavru dünyaya getirir. Ömürleri ortalama 6 yıl kadar olur. Erkek kır kurdu, dişi ile birlikte yavruları besler. Sonbahara doğru yavrular kendilerine ait bir av bölgesi ararlar, ama annelerinden 15 km'den fazla uzaklaşmazlar. Bir yaşına vardıklarında çiftleşme olgunluğa ulaşırlar.

    Ayrıca

    Kır kurdu yaşam şekli ile Afrika-Asya çakallarının yaşam şekli arasında birçok benzerlikler vardır.

    Köpeklerle çiftleşip türeyebilirler. Ara sıra köpek ile kır kurdu karışımından oluşmuş melezlere rastlanılır. Kuzey Amerika!da bu melezlere Koydog denir.

    Amerika'da gri kurdun insanlar tarafından çoğu bölgelerde ortadan kaldırılması kır kurtlarının fazla sayıda üremelerine yol açmıştır. Kır kurdu böylece en büyük düşmanından kurtulmuştur. Çünkü kurdun av hayvanları listesinde kır kurdu da vardır. Kır kurtlarının sayısını tekrar azaltmak için yapılan dev av kampanyaları, istenen etkiyi getirememiştir. Böylece sayıları artmaya devam etmekte ve hatta artık büyük şehirlere girip yerleşmektedirler. 2006 yılının nisan ayında, son Amerikan büyük şehri olarak, başkent Washington D.C.'de kır kurtları tarafından "feth edilmiştir".

    Mitoloji

    Kuzey Amerika'nın birçok yerli mitolojilerinde kır kurdu önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Aslında yerli mitolojilerinde iki ayrı kır kurdu figürü vardır.Bunlardan yaygın olanı bir yaratıcı,koruyucu ve kahramanken, Navaho mitlerinde daha farklı,olumsuz ve düzenbaz bir kır kurdu figürü vardır. Bu ikinci figür, mitlerde daima kurnaz dolandırıcı olarak tarif edilir.

    Kaynakça

    1. ^ "Coyote Attacks". 12 Mart 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2012.

    Dış bağlantılar

    Familya: Köpekgiller (Canidae)

    Bu şablon nesli tükenmiş türleri içermemektedir.

    Oymak: Asıl tilkiler (Vulpini)
    Kutup tilkisi Kutup tilkisi (A. lagopus) İri kulaklı tilki İri kulaklı tilki (O. megalotis) Urocyon Boz tilki (U. cinereoargenteus) • Ada boz tilkisi (U. littoralis) Vulpes Kızıl tilki (V. vulpes) • Bengal tilkisi (V. bengalensis) • Afgan tilkisi (V. cana) • Güney Afrika tilkisi (V. chama) • Karsak (V. corsac) • Tibet tilkisi (V. ferrilata) • Cüce tilki (V. macrotis) • Soluk tilki (V. pallida) • Kum tilkisi (V. rueppelli) • Ova tilkisi (V. velox) • Çöl tilkisi (V. zerda)
    Oymak: Asıl köpekler (Canini)
    Kısa kulaklı tilki Kısa kulaklı tilki (A. microtis) Canis Kurt (C. lupus) • Kızıl kurt (C. rufus) • Kır kurdu (C. latrans) • Altın çakal (C. aureus) • Kara sırtlı çakal (C. mesomelas) • Çizgili çakal (C. adustus) • Habeş kurdu (C. simensis) Yengeç yiyen tilki Yengeç yiyen tilki (C. thous) Yeleli kurt Yeleli kurt (C. brachyurus) Asya yaban köpeği Asya yaban köpeği (C. alpinus) Falkland tilkisi Falkland tilkisi (D. australis) Afrika yaban köpeği Afrika yaban köpeği (L. pictus) Rakun köpeği Rakun köpeği (N. procyonoides) Pseudalopex And tilkisi (P. culpaeus) • Arjantin gri tilkisi (P. griseus) • Darwin tilkisi (P. fulvipes) • Pampa tilkisi (P. gymnocercus) • Peru çöl tilkisi (P. sechurae) • Brezilya dövüş tilkisi (P. vetulus) Çalı köpeği Çalı köpeği (S. venaticus)
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    Kır kurdu: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR
    Başlığın diğer anlamları için Kurt (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız.

    Kır kurdu (Canis latrans), köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının Kuzey Amerika'da rastlanılan bir üyesi. Kısaca kurdun daha küçük bir versiyonu olarak da tarif edilebilir. Diğer bir adı olan Koyote Aztekçe Kóyotl kelimesinden gelmektedir.

    Aynı Avrupa'da kızıl tilkilerde de izlenildiği gibi, Amerika'da da kır kurdunun büyük şehirlere girip şehir sokaklarında yaşamaya ayak uyduranlarının sayılarının son on yılda arttığı görülmektedir.

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    Койот ( Ukrainian )

    provided by wikipedia UK

    Зовнішній вигляд

    За розміром койот помітно поступається звичайному вовку. Довжина тіла — 75—100 см, хвоста — близько 30 см, висота в плечах — 50 см; маса — до 21 кг. Як і в інших диких псів, у койота стоячі вуха й довгий пухнастий хвіст. Шерсть довша, ніж у вовка. Забарвлення буре, крапчасте чорним і сірим, на череві — дуже світле. Кінець хвоста чорний.

    Розповсюдження

    Поширений в Новому Світі від Аляски до Панами. Існує 18 підвидів. До 50-х рр. 19 століття койот водився тільки від Міссісіпі до гір Сьєрра-Невада, і від провінції Альберта (Канада) до Мексики. Не був відомий і в південно-східних штатах США. Але у зв'язку з масовим зведенням лісів і винищуванням основних харчових конкурентів — звичайного і рудого вовка — койот розповсюдився на нинішньому обширному ареалі. Так, під час «золотої лихоманки» койоти, ув'язавшись за золотошукачами, проникли до Канади й на Аляску; у Джорджію і Флориду були спеціально завезені як дичина. На сьогодні койот зустрічається в 49 з 50 штатів США (окрім Гаваїв).

    Спосіб життя і живлення

    Койот характерний для відкритих рівнин, зайнятих преріями і пустелями. У ліси забігає рідко. Зустрічається як в безлюдних місцях, так і на околицях великих міст, наприклад, Лос-Анджелеса. Легко пристосовується до антропогенних ландшафтів. Спосіб життя, в основному, сутінковий. У біоценозах прерій койот займає місце, схоже з місцем шакала в біоценозах Старого Світу.

    Койот всеїдний і украй невибагливий до їжі. Проте 90% його раціону складають тваринні корми: зайці, кролики, лугові собачки, бабаки і ховрахи (у Канаді), дрібні гризуни. Нападає на ракунів, тхорів, опосумів і бобрів; їсть птахів (фазанів), комах. Добре плаває і ловить водну живність — рибу, жаб і тритонів. На домашніх овець, кіз, диких оленів і вилорогів нападає рідко. В кінці літа і восени із задоволенням поїдає ягоди, плоди і земляні горіхи. У північних районах взимку переходить на живлення падлом; іде за стадами великих копитних, поїдаючи полеглих і дорізуючи ослаблених тварин. Людей не чіпає; у передмістях часом риється в смітті.

    Полюють койоти поодинці, парами, іноді, на крупну дичину (карибу, вапіті) — зграями. Розділення ролей в полюючій зграї таке ж, як у вовків: загоничі виводять дичину на засідку або женуть її по черзі. Іноді койот полює спільно з борсуком, який розриває вхід в нору і виганяє її мешканця прямо на койота. Кожен койот, пара або сімейна група володіють власною територією, центром якої є лігво або нора. Члени зграї регулярно мітять межі своєї ділянки сечею.

    «Найспортивніший» зі всіх диких вовчих, койот здатний здійснювати стрибки в 2—4 м завдовжки і бігти із швидкістю 40—50 км/год; на коротких дистанціях розвиває швидкість до 65 км/год. Може переміщатися на великі відстані; на полюванні за ніч в середньому проходить 4 км. Можливо, у койота найрозвиненіші серед всіх псових органи чуття; він бачить на відстані до 200 м, однаково добре і вдень, і вночі. Крім того, койот — «найголосистіший» серед північноамериканських ссавців: його гучне завивання складає невід'ємну особливість прерій. Основні вороги — пума і вовк. Койот не терпить на своїй території присутності рудої лисиці, свого харчового конкурента.

    Іноді койоти схрещуються з домашніми псами. Схрещення койота з вовком є спірним. Койот часто буває харчовим конкурентом вовка, сам койот як вид також належить до вовчої здобичі. Якщо шляхи вовка і койота перетинаються, вовк загризає койота.

    Соціальна структура і розмноження

    Основною соціальною одиницею у койотів є пара з самця і самки, хоча часто зустрічаються тварини-одиночки і зграї. Зграї утворюються там, де койотів багато, а їжа рясна; у них по 5—6 особин, батьків і молодняка з попереднього року. Зграї з'являються у койотів і тоді, коли знижується чисельність дрібних гризунів, і койоти вимушені об'єднуватися для полювання на крупних тварин. Койоти рідко конфліктують серйозно, навіть вторгнення чужаків на ділянку зграї зазвичай не приводить до сутички.

    Пари у койота утворюються на багато років. Спаровування — в січні—лютому. Вагітність — 60—65 днів; у виводку 5—10, іноді до 19 дитинчат. Виводок народжується в лігві — в печері, міжгір'ї серед скель, в дуплі поваленого дерева або в норі, часом старій борсуковій або лисичій. У койотів зазвичай є запасні житла, куди батьки переносять дитинчат у разі небезпеки. У сімейних турботах беруть участь обидва батьки. Перші дні самиця не виходить з нори, а їжу здобуває самець. Дитинчат годують, відригуючи напівперетравлену їжу. Восени вони стають самостійними; молоді самці йдуть, а самиці часто залишаються в зграї.

    Койоти живуть до 10 років на волі і 16—18 років в неволі.

    Господарське значення

    Койот чудово пристосовується до місця існування, що змінюється. Це один з небагатьох видів тварин, здатних виживати в урбанізованих районах. Койот знищує шкідливих гризунів — мишей, пацюків і кроликів.

    Койот у міфології

    Докладніше: Койот (міфологія)

    В міфах північноамериканських індіанців койот фігурує, як божество — трикстер, хитре, тямуще і пустотливе. У міфах про творіння Койот часом створює світ і перших людей, штовхаючи грудку грязюки або екскрементів.

    Галерея

    Примітки

    Посилання

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    Sói đồng cỏ ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Sói đồng cỏ hay sói đồng hoang hay chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Canis latrans) là một loài chó có họ gần gũi với chó sóichó nhà. Chúng chỉ phân bố ở vùng Bắc Mỹ.[1] Đây là loài vật săn mồi sống theo bầy đàn số lượng ít, chúng có ngoại hình mảnh mai, nhỏ con hơn sói xám nhưng lanh lợi và tháo vát trong việc săn mồi và là động vật săn mồi lành nghề và đáng nể trên thảo nguyên Bắc Mỹ.[2]

    Đặc điểm sinh học

    Kích thước, hình dáng

    Về kích thước, chó sói đồng cỏ có kích thước nhỏ bé, nó chỉ nhỏ bằng loài chó nhà nhỏ ở vùng Đông Nam Á, với kích thước cơ thể từ 9 – 22 kg, trung bình 14 kg. Nhìn bề ngoài, chúng có dáng mảnh mai và rất nhanh nhẹn, có mõm hẹp, tai nhọn.

    Tập tính sống

    Phần lớn thời gian chó sói đồng cỏ sống theo nhóm và chiếm giữ một khu vực nhất định, chó sói đồng cỏ sống rất nhiều trên những cánh đồng của Bắc Mỹ và ở vùng Alaska.[3] Trong hàng ngàn năm qua, cứ vào đầu mùa đông, sói đồng cỏ thường di chuyển và bám theo những bầy hươu đói xơ xác từ các vùng cao bị tuyết phủ dày đặc xuống tìm kiếm đồng cỏ rộng lớn khác để chờ cơ hội ăn xác thối. Một số con sói già yếu, bị bệnh còn thâm nhập và tấn công vào đàn gia súc của con người.

    Sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ là loài thú ăn thịt tháo vát, lắm mưu mô và là kẻ đi săn gan dạ, sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ còn nổi tiếng là loài vật rất thông minh và có khả năng thích ứng rất tốt do đó dù cuộc sống ở các vùng hoang dã của Bắc Mỹ có nhiều khắc nghiệt nhưng sói đồng cỏ vẫn tiếp tục phát triển mạnh mẽ cho đến ngày nay ở những nơi chúng hiện diện.

    Khẩu phần

     src=
    Một con sói đồng cỏ đang tấn công con cừu
     src=
    Sói đồng cỏ tấn công cừu

    Chó sói đồng cỏ là loài ăn tạp, thông thường chúng ăn thịt song đôi khi chúng cũng bổ sung khẩu phần của mình bằng những loại thực vật khác nhau. Con mồi thường xuyên của chó sói đồng cỏ là các loài gặm nhấm như thỏ, chuột đồng,[4] sóc và các loài như gà gô, đôi khi cả hoẵngcáo, mặc dù vậy, thức ăn ưa thích của chúng là cừu hoặc thỏ. Ngoài ra thì chúng còn là động vật ăn xác thối khi di chuyển theo những đàn hươu đói để chờ những cá thể chết dọc đường để ăn xác thối. Một số con sói già yếu, bệnh hoạn còn tấn công vào những đàn gia súc của con người.

    Ở Mỹ, những con chó sói đồng cỏ góp phần làm kiềm chế sự phát triển của loài ngỗng trời tại Canada bằng cách chúng ăn các quả trứng ngỗng, đồng thời sói đồng cỏ còn có tác dụng tiêu diệt một phần các loài gặm nhấm. Ngoài ra thì chó sói đồng cỏ còn giành thức ăn với các loài vật khác trong khu vực dân cư. Chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ là loài thú ăn thịt và kẻ dọn xác chết hàng đầu trên các đồng bằng của Mỹ.

    Tiếng tru

    Sói đồng cỏ còn được biết đến là một trong những loài có vú (hữu nhũ) có tiếng ấn tượng nhất của lục địa Bắc Mỹ, loài này cất tiếng tru ăng ẳng và âm thanh của chúng vang đi rất xa, sói đồng cỏ không sủa như loài chó nhà mà chỉ cất tiếng tru nghe ghê tai mang tính huyền hoặc ghê sợ. Tiếng tru này có tác dụng thu hút bạn tình và làm khiếp sợ đối thủ và các tác dụng khác.

    Khi có một bầy chó sói sống trong cùng một cánh đồng cỏ thì chỉ tiếng tru của một con sẽ là màn mở đầu cho một hồi dài những con chó cùng nhau tru lên đồng loạt làm chấn động cả một cánh đồng vắng. Khi cả đàn chó cùng nhau cất tiếng, con nào cũng muốn âm thanh mà mình phát ra sẽ vang xa và xa nhất trên cánh đồng của Bắc Mỹ điều này khiến bản hòa âm của loài chó sói rất khó nghe. Khi nghe âm thanh của chó sói, các loài vật khác sống lân cận cũng phát ra âm thanh cảnh báo nhau về mối nguy hiểm. Đặc biệt là sóc, khi phát hiện cho sói đồng cỏ, sóc sẽ thông báo cho nhau và chạy trốn an toàn trong các hang động.

    Quan hệ với con người

    Chung sống

    Chó sói đồng cỏ được con người biết đến như một huyền thoại. Nó xuất hiện trong rất nhiều câu chuyện dân gian và cả trong những nền văn hóa cổ, đặc biệt là truyền thuyết về Quỷ hút máu dê, thực chất là những con chó sói đồng cỏ già yếu, bị mắc bệnh ghẻ dẫn đến trụi lông và tấn công hàng loạt vào đàn gia súc như cừu và dê khiến chúng bị mất tai hàng loạt.[5] Chó sói đồng cỏ là biểu tượng cho một đội bóng chày nổi tiếng ở Mỹ ở vùng Chicago. Một người Hàn Quốc tên là Hwang Woo-Suk nhân bản thành công sáu con chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ theo yêu cầu của chính quyền một tỉnh tại Hàn Quốc.[6]

     src=
    Một con sói đồng cỏ

    Tại vùng Chicago, cho sói đồng cỏ của Chicago là những con vật ăn thịt và chúng thích nghi với cuộc sống thành thị tại các khu công nghiệp lớn, có tới hàng trăm, thậm chí hơn một nghìn con chó sói sống tại các vùng thành thị của Chicago. Các con chó sói có mặt ở khắp mọi nơi, kể cả sống trong các công viên hoặc nhiều con khác sống trong các khu công nghiệp hoặc xen kẽ giữa các vùng dân cư hoặc các khu thương mại. Những con chó sói sống ở thành thị có thể sống tốt hơn những con sói đồng quê, chúng có 60% cơ hội sống nhiều hơn 1 năm so với 30% cơ hội khi sống tại nông thôn

    Tấn công con người

    Bài chi tiết: Sói tấn công
     src=
    Một con sói đồng cỏ đang gầm gè dọa một trẻ em

    Thông thường, sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ rất sợ người hiếm khi chúng xuất hiện và tấn công con người, sói đồng cỏ cũng gây rất ít phiền toái đối với con người, trừ khi chúng ăn vụng thức ăn của các loài vật khác trong các nhà máy dẫn đến xung đột. Một số con sói già, yếu bệnh hoạn còn thâm nhập vào các trang trại và tấn công vào các con gia súc như cừu, dê và gây nên hoảng loạn cho con người về truyền thuyết quái vật quỷ hút máu dê.

    Tuy vậy loài vật này được ghi nhận là đã gây ra một số vụ tấn công nhằm vào con người, đặc biệt là ở nước Mỹ. Tuy nhiên một sự kiện đau thương được ghi nhận là Tài năng âm nhạc người Canada là Taylor Mitchell vào năm 19 tuổi đã bất ngờ bị hai con sói đồng cỏ tấn công trong lúc đi dạo và đã qua đời do vết thương quá nặng, một trong hai con chó sói đã bị nhân viên bảo vệ bắn hạ, con kia chạy thoát. Tại vùng Chicago, trong vòng những năm 1990, liên tục xảy ra tình trạng những người hoặc những con vật khác bị làm phiền bởi loài sói này, nguyên nhân là do một số con chó sói bị lạc đường nên gây rối với con người.

    Bị tiêu diệt

    Bắt đầu từ năm 1914, trong cố gắng nhằm bảo vệ quần thể nai sừng tấmVườn quốc gia Yellowstone, Quốc hội Hoa Kỳ đã cho lập quỹ để sử dụng vào mục đích "tiêu diệt chó sói, chó đồng cỏ và các động vật khác gây tổn hại cho nông nghiệp và gia súc" trên các vùng đất công[7] Sau khi chó sói bị tiêu diệt khỏi Yellowstone thì chó sói đồng cỏ nhanh chóng trở thành động vật ăn thịt hàng đầu. Tuy nhiên, do nó không thể hạ được những con thú lớn nên quần thú lớn trở nên què quặt và bệnh hoạn. mất sự kiểm soát của chó sói, loài chó sói đồng cỏ (cũng trở nên táo bạo và ngày càng đông đảo, đây chính là việc một loài động vật ăn thịt nhỏ hơn được phép tiếp quản hệ sinh thái khi một loài động vật ăn thịt lớn nhất biến mất. Khi đó, những động vật có vú nhỏ đã trở thành đối tượng bị loài chó sói đồng cỏ đe dọa. Sau đó khi chó sói được phát triển trở lại thì sói đồng cỏ phát triển chừng mực hơn.

    Chú thích

    1. ^ a ă Sillero-Zubiri & Hoffmann (2004). Canis latrans. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập 5 tháng 5 năm 2006. Mục của cơ sở dữ liệu có kèm lý giải tại sao loài này ít quan tâm Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ không hợp lệ: tên “iucn” được định rõ nhiều lần, mỗi lần có nội dung khác
    2. ^ Mướt xanh đồng cỏ - Báo Đại đoàn kết
    3. ^ “Ảnh đẹp động vật trong tuần - VnExpress”. VnExpress - Tin nhanh Việt Nam. Truy cập 2 tháng 6 năm 2014, 2:47 AM. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp)
    4. ^ “10 cuộc chiến ngoạn mục trong năm”. VnExpress. Ngày 30 tháng 12 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 3 năm 2013.
    5. ^ “Gia súc tại Mỹ mất tai hàng loạt”. VnExpress. Ngày 22 tháng 12 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 3 năm 2013.
    6. ^ 'Cựu anh hùng dân tộc Hàn' quyết hồi sinh voi ma mút”. VnExpress. Ngày 19 tháng 3 năm 2012. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 3 năm 2013.
    7. ^ “Defenders of Wildlife”. A Yellowstone Chronology. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 3 năm 2007.
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    Sói đồng cỏ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Sói đồng cỏ hay sói đồng hoang hay chó sói đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Canis latrans) là một loài chó có họ gần gũi với chó sóichó nhà. Chúng chỉ phân bố ở vùng Bắc Mỹ. Đây là loài vật săn mồi sống theo bầy đàn số lượng ít, chúng có ngoại hình mảnh mai, nhỏ con hơn sói xám nhưng lanh lợi và tháo vát trong việc săn mồi và là động vật săn mồi lành nghề và đáng nể trên thảo nguyên Bắc Mỹ.

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    Койот ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
     src=
    Детёныш койота

    Основной социальной единицей у койотов является пара из самца и самки, хотя часто встречаются животные—одиночки и стаи. Стаи образуются там, где койотов много, а пища обильна; в них по 5—6 особей, родители и молодняк с предыдущего года. Стаи появляются у койотов и тогда, когда снижается численность мелких грызунов, и койоты вынуждены объединяться для охоты на крупных животных. Койоты редко конфликтуют всерьёз, даже вторжение чужаков на участок стаи обычно не приводит к схватке.

    Пары у койота образуются на многие годы. Спаривание — в январе—феврале. Беременность — 60—65 дней; в выводке 5—10, иногда до 19 детёнышей. Выводок рождается в логове — в пещере, расщелине среди скал, в дупле поваленного дерева или в норе, подчас старой барсучьей или лисьей. У койотов обычно есть запасные жилища, куда родители переносят детёнышей в случае опасности. В семейных заботах участвуют оба родителя. Первые дни самка не выходит из норы, а пищу добывает самец. Детёнышей кормят, отрыгивая полупереваренную пищу. Осенью они становятся самостоятельными; молодые самцы уходят, а самки часто остаются в стае.

    Койоты живут до 10 лет на воле и 16—18 лет в неволе.

    Хозяйственное значение

    Койот прекрасно приспосабливается к изменяющейся среде обитания. Это один из немногих видов животных, способных выживать в урбанизированных районах.

    Койот уничтожает вредных грызунов (мышей, крыс) и зайцеобразных (кроликов).

    Койот в культуре и мифологии

    Основная статья: Койот (мифология)

    В мифах североамериканских индейцев койот фигурирует как божество—трикстер, хитрое, сметливое и проказливое. Но в ряде мифологий он также выполняет и иные мифологические роли, так, например, в мифологии навахо Койот, оставаясь трикстером, «по совместительству» является божеством охоты, войны и любви, изобретателем колдовства[7]. В мифах о творении Койот подчас создает мир и первых людей, пиная комок грязи, экскрементов или сгусток крови. У ряда коренных племен Северной Америки койот считается священным, тотемным животным, охота на которое запрещена по религиозным соображениям[7].

    От названия койота происходит, вероятно, название Койоакан.

    Подвиды

    Выделяют 19 ныне живущих подвидов[8]:

    • Canis latrans latrans — номинотипичный таксон своего вида. Обитает от Альберты, Манитобы и Саскечивана на севере до Нью-Мексико и Техаса на юге.
    • Canis latrans cagottis — обитает на части территории Мексики.
    • Canis latrans clepticus — ареал ограничен Калифорнией.
    • Canis latrans dickeyi — обитает на территории Сальвадора
    • Canis latrans frustror — обитает на юго-востоке и востоке штата Канзас, встречается также в штатах Арканзас, Техас, Оклахома и Миссури.
    • Canis latrans goldmani — обитает на территории Белиза.
    • Canis latrans hondurensis — обитает на территории Гондураса.
    • Canis latrans impavidus — обитает на части территории Мексики.
    • Canis latrans incolatus — обитает на Аляске и на части территории Канады.
    • Canis latrans jamesi — обитает на острове Тибурон.
    • Canis latrans lestes — обитает от Британской Колумбии и Альберты на севере до Юты и Невады на юге.
    • Canis latrans mearnsi — обитает на территории Колорадо и Юты, а также на части территории северной Мексики.
    • Canis latrans microdon — обитает на территории южного Техаса и приграничных с Техасом территориях Мексики.
    • Canis latrans ochropus — обитает на территории Калифорнии
    • Canis latrans peninsulae — обитает на территории Калифорнии
    • Canis latrans texensis — обитает на территории Техаса, восточного Нью-Мексико и северо-восточной Мексики
    • Canis latrans thamnos — обитает на территории Саскачевана, Онтарио, Индианы и Миссури
    • Canis latrans umpquensis — обитает на побережье штатов Вашингтон и Орегон
    • Canis latrans vigilis — обитает на тихоокеанском побережье Мексики в штатах Халиско, Мичоакана и Герреро.

    Переносное значение

    В США койотами также называют лиц, оказывающих содействие мигрантам из Латинской Америки в нелегальном пересечении границы.

    Примечания

    1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 94. — 10 000 экз.
    2. Б. Значков. Непобедимый волк-обманщик. — «Вокруг Света» № 10 (2817), октябрь 2008
    3. Койот // Большая советская энциклопедия : [в 30 т.] / гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 3-е изд. — М. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.
    4. В Нью-Йорке и его пригородах участились нападения койотов на людей (недоступная ссылка)
    5. Восходящую звезду канадской фолк-музыки загрызли койоты
    6. 1 2 Эрнест Сетон-Томпсон Рассказы о животных. Тито. — Минск, 1980
    7. 1 2 G.H. Cooper. Coyote in Navajo religion and cosmology. Архивная копия от 22 июля 2012 на Wayback Machine
    8. Mammal Species of the World: Canis latrans (англ.)
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    Койот: Brief Summary ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
     src= Детёныш койота

    Основной социальной единицей у койотов является пара из самца и самки, хотя часто встречаются животные—одиночки и стаи. Стаи образуются там, где койотов много, а пища обильна; в них по 5—6 особей, родители и молодняк с предыдущего года. Стаи появляются у койотов и тогда, когда снижается численность мелких грызунов, и койоты вынуждены объединяться для охоты на крупных животных. Койоты редко конфликтуют всерьёз, даже вторжение чужаков на участок стаи обычно не приводит к схватке.

    Пары у койота образуются на многие годы. Спаривание — в январе—феврале. Беременность — 60—65 дней; в выводке 5—10, иногда до 19 детёнышей. Выводок рождается в логове — в пещере, расщелине среди скал, в дупле поваленного дерева или в норе, подчас старой барсучьей или лисьей. У койотов обычно есть запасные жилища, куда родители переносят детёнышей в случае опасности. В семейных заботах участвуют оба родителя. Первые дни самка не выходит из норы, а пищу добывает самец. Детёнышей кормят, отрыгивая полупереваренную пищу. Осенью они становятся самостоятельными; молодые самцы уходят, а самки часто остаются в стае.

    Койоты живут до 10 лет на воле и 16—18 лет в неволе.

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    郊狼 ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    郊狼学名Canis latrans),也叫草原狼丛林狼北美小狼,是犬科犬属的一种,与是近亲。郊狼产于北美大陆的广大地区,北起阿拉斯加、南到巴拿马。欧洲探险家最初是在美国西南部发现这种动物。郊狼一般单独猎食,偶尔也会组成小型的群体。平均寿命为6-10年。郊狼在其大小、颜色和头部形状都十分相似濒危的红狼。 其英文coyote一詞來自中美洲阿茲特克等部族所用的納瓦特爾語單詞coyōtl,后經西班牙語傳入到英語。

    尽管受到广泛的捕猎,郊狼是少数在人类迁入后,种群数量扩大的大中型动物之一,这一点与浣熊类似。起初郊狼只分布在北美的西半部,但由于人类活动的影响,它们從19世紀初開始扩大分布范围;现在在加利福尼亚俄勒冈新英格兰加拿大东部都十分常见。

    特征

     src=
    郊狼面部特写

    郊狼身高一般小于0.6米,颜色从灰白到黑色都有,有时还略显红色。郊狼的耳朵和鼻子与其头部相比较长。体重为9-30公斤,平均约为14公斤。郊狼的主要特征是厚而多毛的尾部,一般拖在地面上。它的近亲的体型则要粗壮许多(一般为34-57公斤)。郊狼的体型偏瘦,有时即便身体健康,也可能显得消瘦。

    在追逐獵物時,郊狼的奔跑速度可近每小时70公里。

    有学者认为东北郊狼鳕鱼角郊狼可能是与红狼杂交的品种(Parker 1995),但已有研究显示红狼和东北郊狼都是郊狼与灰狼的杂交后代,尤其是东北郊狼,体内的灰狼基因甚至可达89%。郊狼也可以与杂交

    行为

     src=
    森林中的郊狼

    郊狼以前基本是在白天活动,但受到人类活动的压力后,现在主要在夜间出没。

    郊狼的行为与其生活的环境十分相关,差别非常大。通常郊狼以群体生活,但却单独捕猎,主要以小型哺乳類动物、啮齿类动物、腐肉、昆虫为食,有时也捕杀羊和鱼。在郊狼与鹿共生的环境中,成年郊狼每年常会捕捉一只鹿仔。郊狼的食性比较杂,除了吃肉类外,有时也会吃水果、草、蔬菜等。郊狼的天敌是人類、大型的美洲狮。而郊狼则会袭击比它更小的犬科动物,比如狐狸甚至

    根据所处环境的海拔不同,郊狼在一月末或二月初交配。孕期平均63天,一胎产四到六仔,四月末或五月初出生。公郊狼和母郊狼都负责抚养幼仔。三周大的幼仔就能够离开父母的照看,八到十二周时开始学习捕猎。到了秋天,郊狼幼仔便开始出外寻找自己的领地。

    郊狼的声音很容易听到,但想要目击一头郊狼却没那么容易。一般在黄昏或夜晚可以听到郊狼的叫声,在春天发情季节和秋天幼仔离开父母这两个时段中最容易听到。

    与人类的关系

    近年来,郊狼在城市近郊捕捉宠物猫狗甚至袭击人类的例子有增加的趋势,甚至在美国加拿大边境有过袭击徒步者而导致死亡的案例,这在过去是非常罕見的。在美國西岸的城市,如洛杉磯,也有目擊到郊狼出沒的報告。不過郊狼一般对人类十分警觉,很容易受到响声的惊吓。

    此外,郊狼也是華納兄弟動畫樂一通系列中威利狼的造型設計原型。

     src=
    草地和雪地中的郊狼

    亚种

    根据目前的统计,郊狼包括十九个亚种:

    • 墨西哥郊狼 Canis latrans cagottis
    • 圣佩德罗马堤郊狼 Canis latrans clepticus
    • 萨尔瓦多郊狼 Canis latrans dickeyi
    • 东南郊狼 Canis latrans frustor
    • 贝利兹郊狼 Canis latrans goldmani
    • 洪都拉斯郊狼 Canis latrans hondurensis
    • 杜兰戈郊狼 Canis latrans impavidus
    • 北方郊狼 Canis latrans incolatus
    • 蒂布隆岛郊狼 Canis latrans jamesi
    • 平原郊狼 Canis latrans latrans
    • 山地郊狼 Canis latrans lestes
    • 明恩斯郊狼 Canis latrans mearnsi
    • 下格兰德郊狼 Canis latrans microdon
    • 加州峡谷郊狼 Canis latrans ochropus
    • 半岛郊狼 Canis latrans peninsulae
    • 德州平原郊狼Canis latrans texensis
    • 东北郊狼 Canis latrans thamnos
    • 西北海岸郊狼 Canis latrans umpquensis
    • 科利马郊狼 Canis latrans vigilis

    参考

    1. ^ Canis latrans. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
    2. ^ Canis latrans. Fossilworks.org. [5 September 2016].
    • Canis latrans. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2006 [23 March, 2006] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
    • McClennen, N., R. Wigglesworth, and S. H. Anderson. 2001. "The effect of suburban and agricultural development on the activity patterns of coyotes (Canis latrans), American Midland Naturalist, vol. 146: 27-36.
    • Parker, Gerry. 1995. "Eastern Coyote: Story of Its Success", Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

    外部链接

     src= 维基物种中的分类信息:郊狼  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:郊狼
    现存食肉目物种
    雙斑狸科非洲椰子猫属 獴科沼澤獴属 臭獴屬 長毛獴屬 筆尾獴属 草原獴属 貂獴屬 侏獴屬 獴属 白尾獴属 庫氏獴属 缟獴属 塞氏獴属英语Selous' mongoose 梅氏獴属 狐獴属 鬣狗科斑鬣狗属 鬣狗属 土狼属 猫科
    见下方列表
    灵猫科
    见下方列表
    食蟻狸科
    见下方列表
    猫亚科猎豹属英语Acinonyx 狞猫属英语Caracal (genus) 金貓屬 貓屬 虎貓屬 薮猫属 猞猁屬 兔猻屬 纹猫属英语Pardofelis 豹貓屬 美洲金猫属 細腰貓屬 豹亚科豹属 雲豹屬
    灵猫科(包括麝貓
    棕櫚貍亞科熊狸属 小齿狸属 马氏灵猫属 果子狸属 椰子猫属 缟狸亚科带狸属 獭灵猫属 霍氏缟灵猫属 缟椰子猫属 林狸亚科林狸属 灵猫亚科英语Viverrinae非洲灵猫属 獛属
    非洲林狸属 灵猫属 小灵猫属 食蚁狸亚科英语Euplerinae马岛獴属 Eupleres英语Eupleres 马岛灵猫属 环尾獴亚科英语Galidiinae环尾獴属 寬尾獴屬 窄纹獴属 純色獴屬 熊科大熊猫属 马来熊属 懒熊属 眼鏡熊屬 熊属 臭鼬科獾臭鼬属 臭鼬屬 臭獾屬 斑臭鼬屬 浣熊科犬浣熊属 蓬尾浣熊属 南美浣熊属
    (包括Coati英语Coati 长鼻浣熊属英语Nasuella
    (包括Coati英语Coati 蜜熊属 浣熊屬 小熊猫科小熊猫属
    犬型亚目(承上)
    海獅科
    (包括海狗海獅
    (包括鰭足類毛皮海狮属 北海狗属 北海狮属 新海獅屬 南海狮属 新西兰海狮属 Zalophus英语Zalophus 海象科
    (包括鰭足類海象属 海豹科
    (包括Pinniped冠海豹属 髯海豹属 灰海豹属 環海豹屬 豹海豹属 韦德尔氏海豹属 食蟹海豹属 象海豹属 僧海豹属 大眼海豹属 竖琴海豹属 海豹屬 Pusa英语Pusa 犬科
    见下方列表
    鼬科
    见下方列表
    犬科(包括
    小耳犬属 犬属 食蟹狐属 鬃狼属 豺属 伪狐属 非洲野犬属 貉屬 大耳狐属 薮犬属英语Speothos 灰狐屬 狐属
    水獭亚科小爪水獺屬 海獭属 Hydrictis英语Spotted-necked otter 美洲獺屬 水獺屬 江獭属英语Lutrogale 巨獭属 鼬亞科
    (包括badger英语badgers)猪獾属 狐鼬属 巢鼬屬 貂熊属 非洲艾虎屬 草原鼬属 貂屬 Pekania英语Pekania 獾屬 蜜獾属 鼬獾屬 鼬屬
    鼬屬矇眼貂 美洲水鼬属
    Mink英语Mink 白颈鼬属 美洲獾属 虎鼬属 物種識別信息 规范控制
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    郊狼: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    郊狼(学名:Canis latrans),也叫草原狼、丛林狼、北美小狼,是犬科犬属的一种,与是近亲。郊狼产于北美大陆的广大地区,北起阿拉斯加、南到巴拿马。欧洲探险家最初是在美国西南部发现这种动物。郊狼一般单独猎食,偶尔也会组成小型的群体。平均寿命为6-10年。郊狼在其大小、颜色和头部形状都十分相似濒危的红狼。 其英文coyote一詞來自中美洲阿茲特克等部族所用的納瓦特爾語單詞coyōtl,后經西班牙語傳入到英語。

    尽管受到广泛的捕猎,郊狼是少数在人类迁入后,种群数量扩大的大中型动物之一,这一点与浣熊类似。起初郊狼只分布在北美的西半部,但由于人类活动的影响,它们從19世紀初開始扩大分布范围;现在在加利福尼亚俄勒冈新英格兰加拿大东部都十分常见。

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    コヨーテ ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語
    曖昧さ回避 この項目では、コヨーテについて説明しています。その他の用法については「コヨーテ (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。
    コヨーテ
    生息年代: 更新世中期–現世, 0.7–0 Ma
    コヨーテ
    コヨーテ Canis latrans
    保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目(食肉目)Carnivora : イヌ科 Canidae 亜科 : イヌ亜科 Caninae : イヌ属 Canis : コヨーテ C. latrans 学名 Canis latrans (Say, 1823) 和名 コヨーテ 英名 Coyote 生息域
    生息域

    コヨーテ(学名: Canis latransナワトル語: coyōtlスペイン語: coyote英語: coyote)は、ネコ目(食肉目)イヌ科イヌ属に属する哺乳類オオカミに近縁で、形態も似るが小型。

    分布[編集]

    極近くを除く北アメリカ大陸に広く分布。オオカミの衰退に乗じ、分布を広げつつある。

    形態[編集]

    オオカミより小型で頭胴長75 - 101cm、尾長30 - 40cm、体高60cm以内、体重9-20kg(平均14kg)ほど。北のものほど大きくなる傾向がある(ベルクマンの法則)。体毛は全体的に淡い黄褐色で、白い毛が混ざる。四肢は黄色がかっており、尾や胴の背面は灰褐色、腹部は灰白色。頭骨はオオカミに似るが、前頭部の高まりは無い。歯は42本。

    絶滅危惧種のアメリカアカオオカミとの交雑が心配されている。また、オオカミのようにイヌとの間に繁殖能力のある雑種を作ることが可能で、それはコイドッグ (Coydog) と呼ばれている。このコイドッグはコヨーテよりも家畜などを襲う事が多く、問題視されている。

    生態[編集]

     src=
    コヨーテの横顔
     src=
    頭蓋骨の画像

    コヨーテは単独またはペア、ときに小規模な群れで活動する。適応力に優れていて、都市周辺部でも見られる。通常ネズミウサギ、オグロプレーリードッグなどを狩るが、オオカミのいない地域では群れでより大きな獲物を狩ることもある。また人間の残飯や果物を漁ることもある。

    イヌのように尿で縄張りを主張する。コヨーテはオオカミのようによく遠吠えをする。イヌ科ではイエイヌを除いては唯一いつも吠えるイヌであり、これが名の由来である。この遠吠えは明け方と暮れに行われ、一頭が吠え声を上げるとやがて他の個体も加わり、1 - 2分のコーラスになる。

     src=
    コヨーテの仔

    一夫一妻型で年1回冬に繁殖し、春に子が生まれる。妊娠期間は63日前後。子育ては両親によって行われるが、前年に生まれた子が手伝うこともある。子は秋には一頭で狩りをするようになる。北部に産するものは繁殖期が決まっており発情期は1月から3月である。交尾の多くは2月に行われる。一産2-12子・稀に19子である。赤ん坊は250グラムくらいで2週間ほどで目が開き2-3週間後には巣穴から外に出る。5-7週間後には離乳する。オスは巣穴に入らず最初はメスにその後は子供にえさを運ぶ。食べ物は半ば消化したものを吐き戻して与える。3-4ヵ月後には両親と行動を共にするようになる。コヨーテは一家で狩りに出かけ子供はそこでえさの取り方を覚える。子供は9ヶ月で成獣と同じ大きさになる。メスは1歳で繁殖可能になる。しかし行動圏を所有しオスとペアを組むにはもう1年必要である。

    コヨーテの天敵はピューマイヌワシ、オオカミである。

    生息域が人間と接する、重複する地域では牧場や民家の庭に侵入し家畜やペットを襲うこともある。 また2009年10月にはカナダの19歳の女性シンガソングライター、テイラー・ミッチェルがコヨーテ2匹に襲われ死亡する事件が起きた[2]

    文化[編集]

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    米インディアン(カド族)の昔話
    コヨーテとお人好しのオポッサム

    北アメリカインディアンのほとんどの部族が、コヨーテをトリックスターとして崇めている。彼らにとって、大文字で「Coyote」と書くとコヨーテ神の意味を持っている。彼らの伝承で、コヨーテによって人間社会にもたらされたものはタバコ太陽をはじめとして、あらゆるものに及んでいる。

    アメリカ合衆国サウスダコタ州は「コヨーテ州」という愛称がある。

    メキシコの先住民コミュニティでは、非先住民(よそもの)であるメスティーソを「コヨーテ」 (coyote) と呼ぶことがある。現代ナワトル語の coyōtl にもしばしばこの用法がある。

    画像[編集]

    •  src=

      舗装された道路を歩くコヨーテ(アリゾナ州

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      コヨーテに餌を与えないよう警告する看板。給餌され、人に慣れたコヨーテは、やがて人を襲うようになる可能性がある。

    •  src=

      の喉に噛み付くコヨーテ

    飼育状況[編集]

    [icon]
    この節の加筆が望まれています。

    日本国内で見られるコヨーテ[編集]

    日本国内でのコヨーテの展示飼育は、少なくとも3ケ所の動物園において行われている。

    脚注[編集]

    [ヘルプ]
    1. ^ Gese, E.M., Bekoff, M., Andelt,W., Carbyn, L. & Knowlton, F. 2008. Canis latrans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T3745A10056342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3745A10056342.en. Downloaded on 05 February 2018.
    2. ^ 新進の女性フォーク歌手、加国立公園でコヨーテに襲われ死亡 CNN.co.jp 2009年10月30日

    参考文献[編集]

    外部リンク[編集]

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、コヨーテに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにコヨーテに関する情報があります。
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    コヨーテ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語

    コヨーテ(学名: Canis latrans、ナワトル語: coyōtl、スペイン語: coyote、英語: coyote)は、ネコ目(食肉目)イヌ科イヌ属に属する哺乳類オオカミに近縁で、形態も似るが小型。

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    코이늑대 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    코이늑대(영어: Coywolves)는 늑대코요테 사이의 개과 혼종 중 하나이다. 이들은 최근 북아메리카에서 퍼졌으며 동부코요테동부늑대, 붉은늑대의 일부분으로 보기도 한다.

    동부 코요테

    개과의 혼종인 많은 동부코요테는 코요테가 대부분의 유전적 조상을 차지하고, 또한 일부 회색늑대붉은늑대도 유전적으로 가지고 있다. 이들은 끊임없이 유전자풀에서 진화했고 일부 과학자들은 이들을 새로운 종으로 취급하기도 한다.[1] 이 동물의 유전적 구성에는 아직도 많은 논쟁이 벌어지고 있다.[2][3]

    한 연구에서는 메인주에서 수집한 결과 100마리가 코요테, 22마리는 반 이상이 늑대가 조상이었으며 이들의 89%는 회색늑대가 조상으로 나왔다. 이 결과 캐나다에 있는 대규모 동부코요테는 실제로 작은 서부코요테의 잡종이며 회색늑대와 만나 수십년 동안 코요테와 같이 살고 번식하며 뉴잉글랜드 지역으로 퍼졌다는 이론이 제기되었다.[4]

    붉은늑대

     src=
    붉은늑대는 회색늑대의 아종 중 하나이다.

    붉은늑대는 회색늑대의 아종 중 하나이다. 이 혼종의 강력한 증거로는 보인 유전자 테스트 결과 붉은늑대는 회색늑대나 코요테와 오직 5%의 대립 형질을 가진 독특한 종으로 발견되었다. 유전적 거리 계산은 붉은늑대가 코요테와 회색늑대 사이에 위치하며, 이들은 퀘백 남부와 미네소타 주의 늑대-코요테 혼종과 많은 유사성을 가지고 있다. 미토콘드리아 DNA 분석 결과 기존의 붉은늑대 개체는 코요테로부터 기원했다는 증거가 나타났다.[5] 그러나, 또 다른 과학적 증거는 이들이 코요테와 회색늑대의 공통 조상에서 따로 분화한 종이라는 설도 제기되었다.[6]

    온타리오 주의 동부 코요테

    2010년 3월 31일, 천연자원 연구 과학자 브렌트 패터슨(Brent Patterson)은 온타리오 교육부에서 동부 온타리오의 코요테 대부분이 늑대-코요테 혼종이며 앨곤퀸 주립 공원의 동부늑대와도 비슷하다는 점을 발표했다.[7]

    행동

    코이늑대는 무리 사냥에서 늑대의 특성을 보이고 인간과의 접촉에 두려움이 없는 것인 코요테의 특성 둘 다 가지고 있다. 이들은 더욱 대담하고 보통 코요테보다 지능이 높은 것으로 추측한다.[8]

    같이 보기

    • 타일러 미첼(Taylor Mitchell) - 코요테 또는 코이울프의 공격을 받아 부상한 사람.

    각주

    1. Vyhnak, Carola (Aug 15 2009). “Meet the coywolf”. 《Toronto Star》. 21 April 2011에 확인함.
    2. Chambers, Steven M. (Jun 2010). “A Perspective on the Genetic Composition of Eastern Coyotes”. 《Northeastern Naturalist》: 205–210. doi:10.1656/045.017.0203. 2011년 4월 21일에 확인함.
    3. Oosthoek, Sharon (2008년 2월 23일). “The decline, fall and return of the red wolf”. 《New Scientist》. Reed Business Information. 2010년 2월 1일에 확인함.
    4. Zimmerman, David. “Eastern Coyotes Are Becoming Coywolves”. Caledonian-Record. 2010년 2월 1일에 확인함.
    5. “The red wolf (Canis rufus) – hybrid or not?” (PDF). Montana State University. 2009년 2월 7일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 2월 1일에 확인함.
    6. Lee, Philip. “North America's Lone Wolf Unmasked”. 《The Ottawa Citizen》. 2016년 3월 4일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 9월 6일에 확인함.
    7. “Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society - Eastern Wolf”. 2010년 6월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2013년 7월 23일에 확인함.
    8. Carola, Vyhnak (2009년 8월 15일). “Meet the coywolf”. 《Toronto Star》. Torstar. 2010년 2월 1일에 확인함.
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