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Biology

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The Madagascar sacred ibis can be found wading through areas of shallow water within its habitat, the long, slender legs raising the body well above the water level (3). When feeding, the Madagascar sacred ibis extends its sinuous neck down to the water and uses its elongated bill to probe above or within the sediment for small invertebrates such as worms, snails and crustaceans (2) (3). It may also take small vertebrates such as frogs and reptiles (1). The Madagascar sacred ibis breeds in colonies, which are often found mixed amongst the breeding colonies of various heron species. The ibis constructs a small nest from twigs, in which it lays a clutch of two eggs. The nest is usually situated in a tree, although, on Aldabra, the Madagascar sacred ibis may also position its nest on the ground (2).
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Conservation

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The Aldabra population of the Madagascar sacred ibis, estimated in 2001 to be around 300 to 750 individuals, currently receives significant protection (2). The entire atoll is designated a Strict Nature Reserve and a Natural World Heritage Site, and only small scale ecotourism, deep-sea fishing and limited exploitation of some resources are permitted. However, the conservation of the island and enforcement of its protection are the responsibility of the Seychelles Island Foundation, which requires subscriptions and donations in order to fund its valuable work (5). In Madagascar, the conservation of the Madagascar sacred ibis is much less stringent; currently, 70 percent of its population is found outside of protected areas. In those areas that are protected, enforcement of legislation is lacking. Hence, there is a clear requirement for the improvement of this enforcement and for the creation of additional areas of protection (2). Recently, there have been some positive developments towards this goal; in 2005 the Malagasy Association Voronosy was formed to specifically protect the Madagascar sacred ibis in the region of Bombetoka Bay. The programmes implemented by this organisation have helped to educate local people about the plight of this species and there are now plans to develop local protected areas. The organisation also intends to benefit the livelihoods of the local people by giving them the chance to offer eco-tourism boat trips, and develop the use of alternative sources of food, such as keeping egg-laying hens (6). As a measure of the organisation's success, the programs that they have already implemented resulted in an increase in numbers of young birds in 2006. The conservation organisation, BirdLife, is also working towards protecting this species. As a result of its ongoing Madagascar Action Plan, in 2007, a temporary decree was made to protect the Mahavavy-Kinkony Wetlands, an area of almost 3,000 square kilometres that harbours a significant number of Madagascar sacred ibis. The organisation is currently working towards making this a permanent zone of protection (7). Conservation efforts such as these will help to assure the survival of this distinctive bird and the other threatened species with which it shares its habitat.
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Description

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Previously considered a subspecies of the African sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus)(1), the common name of these distinctive birds derives from the fact that they were revered by the ancient Egyptians (3). Like its African relative, this bird has starkly contrasting colouring, with the body being mainly white, except for a portion of the tail feathers, which are developed into large, dark ornamental plumes, and the bill, head, neck and legs, which are completely bald and black. The colouring of the body feathers varies between individuals, with some having black wing tips, while others are completely white. The Madagascar species can be differentiated from its African counterpart by its smaller size and pale blue eyes (2) (4). Juveniles possess downy white and greyish feathers on the head and neck, which are lost as the bird matures. A variety of vocalisations are produced by the Madagascar sacred ibis, including groans, squeaks and hisses (4).
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Habitat

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The Madagascar sacred ibis is mainly found in lowland regions around coastal zones where the water is either salty or brackish (1), such as: coral lagoons (4); shallow, coastal lakes; mudflats; estuaries; and mangroves. They have also been sighted in inland rice fields and in freshwater lakes within forested areas, though these are not considered to be major habitats for this species (1).
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Range

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The Madagascar sacred ibis is confined to the west coast of Madagascar and Aldabra, a coral atoll approximately 400 kilometres north-west of Madagascar. The two locations harbour different subspecies of the bird, with Threskiornis bernieri bernieri found on Madagascar and Threskiornis bernieri abbotti found on Aldabra (2).
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Status

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats

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The main threats to the Madagascar sacred ibis come from the harvesting of its eggs, the trapping of adults and the taking of chicks for human consumption. Estimates of this species' population on Madagascar in 2006, indicated that there were less than 2000 mature individuals, a number that is simply too small to support the current levels of exploitation. Unfortunately, the Madagascar sacred ibis displays no fear of humans while nesting or roosting, and is, therefore, an easily obtainable source of food for hunters. While legislation on hunting does exist in Madagascar, it has proved ineffective in reducing hunting pressure on this species, with surveys indicating that populations of the Madagascar sacred ibis are significantly declining (2). Like other large water birds found in coastal wetlands, the Madagascar sacred ibis is also threatened by the degradation and loss of its habitat (1) (2). Pollution and sedimentation are two of the main contributors, with excess sediment being generated from increased soil erosion, as a result of slash-and-burn deforestation methods. Important habitat provided by mangroves is also being lost, as the trees are cut down for charcoal production (2).
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Madagascar Mangroves Habitat

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The endangered Malagasy sacred ibis (Threskiornis bernieri), is found in the Madagascar mangroves ecoregion as well as certain other western coastal Madagascar habitat and the Seychelles. These Madagascar mangroves shelter highly diverse mollusk and crustacean communities, while capturing sediment that threatens coral reefs and seagrass beds. Although up to nine mangrove tree species have been recorded, most of the Madagascar mangrove stands contain six species in four families: Rhizophoracae (Rhizopora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal), Avicenniaceae (Avicennia marina), Sonneratiaceae (Sonneratia alba) and Combretaceae (Lumnitzera racemosa).

Some ot the other notable avian associates of the Madagascar mangroves are: the Madagascar Heron (Ardea humbloti, VU), Madagascar Teal (Anas bernieri, EN), Madagascar plover (Charadrius thoracicus, VU), and Madagascar fish eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides, CR). The Malagasy kingfisher (Alcedo vintsioides) is also thought to occur in these mangroves. This habitat is important for migratory bird species, such as Common ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula), Crab plover (Dromas ardeola), Gray plover (Charadrius squatarola), African spoonbill (Platalea alba) and Great White Egret (Egretta alba).

A number of mammalian taxa are found in the ecoregion, chiefly lemurs, tenrecs and bats. The sole terrestrial apex mammalian predator of the ecoregion is the Malagasy civet (Fossa fossana), a Madagascar endemic.

Tenrecs occurring in the ecoregion are: Large-eared tenrec (Geogale aurita), the tiniest extant tenrec; Greater hedgehog tenrec found in the Madagascar mangroves, an insectivorous mammal; Lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi); and Tailless tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus). Each of these tenrecs is endemic to Madagascar, save for the Tailless tenrec, which is also found on Comoros and a few other islands in the region.

Primates found in the Madagascar consist of several lemur species: the Endangered Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi), endemic to western and southwestern Madagascar; the Vulnerable Black lemur (Eulemur macaco); the Vulnerable Red-fronted lemur (Eulemur rufus); the Vulnerable Sambirano Bamboo Lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis); the Endangered Coquerel's Mouse-lemur (Microcebus coquereli), a Madagascar endemic; the Vulnerable Decken's sifaka (Propithecus deckenii), a western Madagascar endemic; Sambirano Woolly Lemur (Avahi unicolor), a northwestern Madagascar endemic; Pale-forked crown lemur (Phaner pallescens), endemic to western Madagascar; Fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius); and Grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus).

Bats occurring here are the Near Threatened Malagasy rousette (Rousettus madagascariensis), a cave rooster capable of navigating the airspace of rather dense intact forest; Vulnerable Madagascan fruit bat (Eidolon dupreanum); Near Threatened Commerson's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros commersonii); Near threatened long-fingered bat (Miniopterus schreibersi); Rufous trident bat (Triaenops rufus); Malagasy giant mastiff bat (Otomops madagascariensis), a Madagascar endemic; Malagasy White-bellied Free-tailed Bat (Mops leucostigma), endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros islands of Anjouan and Moheli; Malagasy slit-faced bat (Nycteris madagascariensis), a narrow endemic to the Irodo River Valley in northern Madagascar; Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus); Trouessart's trident bat (Triaenops furculus), endemic to Madagascar and the outer Seychelles atolls; Manavi Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus manavi), endemic to Madagascar and Comoros; Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon leucogaster); Robust yellow bat (Scotophilus robustus); Malagasy mouse-eared bat (Suncus madagascariensis); and Malagasy serotine (Neoromicia matroka). Flying foxes found in the ecoregion are: Madagascan flying fox (Pteropus rufus), an important seed disperser who mates whilst hanging upside down.

Other mammals found in the ecoregion are the Madagascan pygmy shrew (Suncus madagascariensis); The only Rodentia member in the ecoregion is the Dormouse tufted-tailed rat (Eliurus myoxinus).

There are a limited number of reptilian taxa found in the Madagascar mangroves: Snake-eyed skink (Cryptoblepharus boutonii); and aquatic apex predator Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Some sea turtles, primarily green turtle (Chelonia mydas, EN) and Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata, CR), nest along the western coast within the Madagascar mangroves. The declining species Dugong (Dugong dugong, VU) is also found in the mangroves.

There is only one amphibian species present in the Madagascar mangroves: Mascarene ridged frog (Ptychadena mascareniensis).

There is particularly high diversity among the fish populations in the Madagascar mangroves,the families of which include: Mugelidae, Serranidae, Carangidae, Gerridae, Hemiramphidae, Plectrorhynchidae and Elopidae. The neighboring coral reefs that are associated with the mangroves have also been noted for extremely high fish diversity.

References

  • C.MIchael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2015. Madagascar mangroves. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC
  • Hughes, R.H. & Hughes, J.S. 1992. A Directory of African Wetlands. UUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC, Cambridge, UK. ISBN: 2880329493

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bibliographic citation
C.MIchael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2015. Madagascar mangroves. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC
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Ibiz sakr Madagaskar ( Breton )

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Ibiz sakr Madagaskar (Threskiornis bernieri) a zo un evn hag a vev e Sechelez ha Madagaskar.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

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Ibiz sakr Madagaskar: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ibiz sakr Madagaskar (Threskiornis bernieri) a zo un evn hag a vev e Sechelez ha Madagaskar.

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Ibis sagrat de Madagascar ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ibis sagrat de Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) és una espècie d'ocell pertanyent a la família dels tresquiornítids, tot i que, abans, hom considerava que era una subespècie de l'ibis sagrat.[2]

Descripció

  • Fa entre 65 i 89 cm de llargària total.
  • Envergadura alar: entre 115 i 125 cm.
  • Pes: 1,5 kg.
  • És de color negre (bec, cap, coll i potes) i blanc.
  • Els exemplars immadurs tenen plomes blanques i grises al cap i el coll, les quals es perden quan esdevenen adults.
  • Emet una àmplia gamma de vocalitzacions, incloent-hi grunyits, crits i xiulets.[3][4][5]

Subespècies

Alimentació

Menja cucs, petits crustacis, caragols, insectes, aranyes i matèria orgànica diversa. També es nodreix, de vegades, de petits vertebrats, incloent-hi granotes, rèptils i cries d'aus.[6][7][8]

Reproducció

Té lloc a l'inici de l'estació humida, entre el novembre i el desembre. Pon dos ous en un niu situat en un arbre o a terra.[3][9]

Hàbitat

Viu als manglars de clima tropical i subtropical, estuaris, llacunes costaneres i zones intermareals.[2]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'oest de Madagascar -al voltant dels 2.500 exemplars- i Aldabra (les Seychelles) -entre 300 i 750-.[2][10]

Costums

És una espècie sedentària que, de vegades, s'alimenta sola però que, freqüentment, ho fa en parelles o en petits grups.[3][11][12]

Estat de conservació

Més del 70% de la seua població a Madagascar es troba fora de les àrees protegides i les seues principals amenaces són el seu nombre escàs i minvant a causa de la recollida insostenible dels seus ous, la pertorbació dels llocs de nidificació, la degradació dels aiguamolls de Madagascar (principalment per la contaminació, la sedimentació i la intrusió de sorres fluvials), l'ús dels manglars per produir carbó i, possiblement també, la rivalitat amb Egretta dimorpha per obtindre aliments.[3][13]

Referències

  1. uBio (anglès)
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 ARKive (anglès)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 BirdLife International (anglès)
  4. Sinclair, I. i Langrand, O., (2004). Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Struik Publishers, Ciutat del Cap, Sud-àfrica.
  5. Laberinto en extinción (castellà)
  6. Andrianarimisa, A. i Razafimanjato, G.: Madagascar Sacred Ibis, Theskiornis bernieri: current population status, distribution and implications for conservation.
  7. Langrand, O., (1990). Guide to the birds of Madagascar. New Haven, els Estats Units: Yale University Press.
  8. Burnie, D., (2001). Animal. Dorling Kindersley, Londres.
  9. Morris, P. i Hawkins, F., (1998). Birds of Madagascar: a photographic guide. Robertsbridge, la Gran Bretanya: Pica Press.
  10. IUCN (anglès)
  11. Hancock, J. A., Kushlan, J. A. i Kahl, M. P., (1992). Storks, ibises and spoonbills of the world. Londres: Academic Press.
  12. Langrand, O., (1990).
  13. Perschke, M., (2006). Voronosy: une association pour la sauvegarde de l'ibis sacré de Madagascar dans le Baie de Bombetoka. CEPA Mag. 14: 13-16.


Bibliografia

  • BirdLife International, 2004. Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, la Gran Bretanya. (anglès)
  • Delany, S. i Scott, D., (2002). Waterbird population estimates. 3a edició. Wageningen, els Països Baixos: Wetlands International. (anglès)
  • Dowsett, R. J. i Forbes-Watson, A. D., (1993). Checklist of birds of the Afrotropical and Malagasy regions. Lieja, Bèlgica: Tauraco Press. (anglès)
  • Lowe, K. W. i Richards, G. C., (1991). Morphological variation in the Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus susperspecies complex. Emu 91: 41-45. (anglès)
  • Sibley, C. G. i Monroe, B. L., (1990). Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. New Haven, els Estats Units: Yale University Press. (anglès)
  • Tingay, R. E. i Gilbert, M., (1999). Annotated list of the birds of Lacs Soamalipo, Befotaka and Ankerika and surrounding Tsimembo forest, western Madagascar. Work. Group. Birds Madag. Reg. Newsl. 9: 26-30. (anglès)


Enllaços externs

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Ibis sagrat de Madagascar: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'ibis sagrat de Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) és una espècie d'ocell pertanyent a la família dels tresquiornítids, tot i que, abans, hom considerava que era una subespècie de l'ibis sagrat.

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Madagaskaribis ( Danish )

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Madagaskaribis (latin: Threskiornis bernieri) er en storkefugl, der lever på Aldabra og Madagaskar.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

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Madagaskaribis: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Madagaskaribis (latin: Threskiornis bernieri) er en storkefugl, der lever på Aldabra og Madagaskar.

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Malagasy sacred ibis

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The Malagasy sacred ibis (Threskiornis bernieri) is a relatively large, heavily built ibis endemic to the west coast of Madagascar, and Aldabra on the Seychelles.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Malagasy sacred ibis was formerly considered a subspecies of the African sacred ibis.[2][3] It is now however classified as a separate species from the African sacred ibis due to considerable differences observed in the former’s ecology and morphology.[4][5] It is hypothesized that the Malagasy sacred ibis evolved from the African sacred ibis when the latter supposedly spread to and colonized Madagascar from mainland Africa.[2]

There are two different subspecies of the Malagasy sacred ibis: Threskiornis bernieri bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) on Madagascar, and T.b. abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) on Aldabra in the Seychelles.[6]

Description

The adult stands 65–89 cm tall,[1] with a wingspan of 112–124 cm.[7] The plumage is predominantly white, often with brownish-yellow staining. There are also black ornamental plumes on the back with a blue or green gloss formed from the lower scapulars and tertials, which are most prominent in the breeding season.[7] The bill, head, neck and legs are black.

This ibis is morphologically similar to the African sacred ibis, but is slightly smaller,[3] more slender-billed, lacks the black trailing edge to the wings, has bluish-slate tertials (purplish-slate in the African sacred ibis), differently structured ornamental neck sacs, less developed ornamental plumes and a different display.[6][3][5][8] Unlike the African sacred ibis, there is also little or no black on the wing tips and duller display plumes from the innermost secondaries.[2]

Both the bernieri and abbotti race have a light blue or white iris, both of which differ markedly from the brown iris of the African sacred ibis.[3] The abbotti race also has a black wing stripe.[3] Although this ibis is unlikely to be confused with other species in the field, it may sometimes be mistaken for the African sacred ibis which may occasionally visit Madagascar as a vagrant.[7]

The juvenile appears similar to the adult, but the head and neck are feathered black with white streaks, the ornamental plumes on the back are absent, and there may be some black on the wing tips.[7]

It is generally non-vocal, but the voice is probably similar to that of the African Sacred Ibis.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Apart from its occurrence on Aldabra, the Malagasy sacred ibis is sparsely distributed along and restricted to the west coast of Madagascar,[5] especially between Port-Berge and Moromoe.[3] Although uncommon, some high densities of resident breeding populations have been observed in mangroves and estuaries near Soalala and Sahamalaza Bay and Baie de Baly; the region encompassed between these locations appears to be a species’ stronghold.[5]

The Malagasy sacred ibis is generally restricted to coastal mudflats, estuaries, mangrove swamps and shallow brackish coastal lakes; but is occasionally found on freshwater wetlands.[7][1] It preferentially frequents wide, open pools without surrounding vegetation; as well as sand bars and sandy beaches for general resting places.[9] In one survey, over 80% of individuals recorded were found within 2 km of the coastline.[5] Its habitat is situated 0-150m above sea level.[7][1] This species is considered more ecologically restricted than its mainland African counterpart, which is found in a wider range of habitats at a wider range of altitudes.[1]

Ecology

Feeding

The Malagasy sacred ibis feeds on crustaceans, diverse invertebrates, vegetable refuse[7] and more occasionally takes frogs, reptiles and young birds.[10] It forages mainly on mud in tidal areas,[5] thrusting its bill into the mud up to the eyes.[9] The abbotti race on the Seychelles feeds in coral pools and along lagoon shores (King, 1981 in Hancock). Feeding is often solitary, although some individuals have been observed foraging in pairs or threes.[5]

Breeding

Egg-laying occurs at the beginning of the wet season in November and December.[9][6] The clutch size is usually 2 eggs.[6] Average egg measurements for T.a. abbotti have been reported as 59.5mm long and 41.3mm broad and weighing 55g.[11]

This ibis nests colonially, sometimes with mixed heron species such as the Humblot's heron [12] or egret species such as cattle egret and dimorphic egret.[5] The nest lies 2-3m above the surface of the water in forks of Avicennia and Rhizophora trees and largely comprises twigs, some of which are still living with leaves attached.[9] The nest is structurally sturdy and measures 450-500mm across and 250mm deep.[9] Other nests have been reported to be smaller, measuring approximately 250mm across.[5]

Threats and survival

The Madagascan population has been markedly declining mainly through unsustainable harvesting of eggs, nest site disturbance and wetland habitat degradation.[6] Human interference and habitat loss also pose threats to the abbotti race.[13] Because nesting individuals are apparently fearless of humans, this species is an easy target for hunters.[5] Habitat loss and degradation pose another serious threat to the population. Important areas of this species’ habitat are threatened with pollution, sedimentation and encroachment of alluvial sands. Such sedimentation is caused by soil erosion from slash and burn cultivation (Birdlife International, 2013). Its mangrove habitat is also threatened with destruction for charcoal production.[14] This ibis may further be in competition for food with egret species such as the dimorphic egret.[1]

Because this ibis has historically been widely considered conspecific with the African sacred ibis, no early separate conservation measures have been proposed for the former.[5] Coastal sites are generally poorly protected in western Madagascar, although new wetland conservation initiatives now include the species as a conservation target.[1] On the Seychelles, the Aldabra atoll has been designated a Special Reserve.[1]

In culture and relationship to humans

This species has been popularly hunted and its eggs harvested for food by local villagers, and young nestlings have even been raised to serve as food for seasonal events.[5] This ibis is easily captured because of its passiveness and incautiousness when feeding and nesting.[5]

Two Malagasy sacred ibis individuals were once received by London Zoo from the Societe d’Acclimatation, Paris, in 1870.[15]

Status

The Madagascan population size has been estimated at 1500-2000 mature individuals,[6][5] and the population of the abbotti race on Aldabra has been estimated at 300-750 individuals, with a total estimated population of 2300-3250 individuals.[1] Its estimated global range is 25500 km2.[6] The species global’ population is estimated to have declined by over 20% over the last 16 years, most of which has probably occurred in recent decades.[1] The Malagasy sacred ibis has therefore been classified as Endangered by the IUCN and is generally considered rare throughout its range.[1] Historical accounts suggest that it was once commoner.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k BirdLife International (2016). "Threskiornis bernieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22731855A95038024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22731855A95038024.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Holyoak D. 1970. Comments on the classification of the Old World ibises. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 90: 67-73.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hancock JA, Kushlan JA, Kahl MP. 1992. Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Academic Press.
  4. ^ Roselaar CS. 1977. Sacred Ibis – geographical variation. In: Cramp S, Simmons KEL (eds). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 1. Pp 351. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Andrianarimisa A, Razafimanjato G. 2010. Madagascar sacred ibis Threskiornis bernieri: current population distribution, and implications for conservation. Pp. 120-130. In: Harebottle DM, Craig AJFK, Anderson MD, Rakotomana H, Muchai M.Proceedings of the 12th Pan-African Ornithological Congress, 2008. Cape Town, Animal Demography Unit. (ISBN 978-0-7992-2361-3).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Del Hoyo JA, Elliott A, Sagatal J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol.1 (eds). Barcelona, Lynx Edicions.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Morris P, Hawkins F.1998. Birds of Madagascar: a photographic guide. Yale University Press.
  8. ^ Salford RJ, Hawkins AFA. 2013. The Birds of Africa. Vol. 8: The Malagasy Region. Christopher Helm, London.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Rand AL. 1936. The distribution and habits of Madagascar birds. Summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 72: 143-499.
  10. ^ Langrand O. 1990. Guide to the birds of Madagascar. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
  11. ^ Schönwetter M. 1967. Handbuch der Oologie (W. Meise, ed) Band I. Akademie – Verlag, Berlin.
  12. ^ Razafindrajao F. 2015. Waterbird survey of Loza, North West of Madagascar. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Programme Madagascar.
  13. ^ Byers O, Brouwer K, Coulter M, Seal US. 1995. Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Conservation Assignment Management Plan: Working Document. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN.
  14. ^ Perschke, M. 2006. Voronosy: une association pour la sauvegarde de l'ibis sacré de Madagascar dans le Baie de Bombetoka. CEPA Magazine: 13-16.
  15. ^ Brouwer K, Schifter H, Jones ML. 1994. Longevity and breeding records of ibises and spoonbills in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook 33: 94-102.

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Malagasy sacred ibis: Brief Summary

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The Malagasy sacred ibis (Threskiornis bernieri) is a relatively large, heavily built ibis endemic to the west coast of Madagascar, and Aldabra on the Seychelles.

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Madagaskara ibiso ( Esperanto )

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La Madagaskara ibiso (Threskiornis bernieri) estas specio de birdoj de la familio Treskiornitedoj, foje konsiderata kiel subspecio de la Afrika blanka ibiso, Threskiornis aethiopicus bernieri. Ĝi troviĝas en Madagaskaro kaj Sejŝeloj. Ties natura habitato estas subtropikajtropikaj mangrovaj arbaroj, kotejoj de estuaroj, intertajdaj kotejoj, kaj mabordaj salakvaj lagunoj. Ĝi estas minacata pro habitatoperdo. Ĝi estas ĝenrala blanka ibiso kun nigraj senplumaj kapo kaj kolo. La beko estas longa kaj subenkurba.

Referencoj

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Madagaskara ibiso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Madagaskara ibiso (Threskiornis bernieri) estas specio de birdoj de la familio Treskiornitedoj, foje konsiderata kiel subspecio de la Afrika blanka ibiso, Threskiornis aethiopicus bernieri. Ĝi troviĝas en Madagaskaro kaj Sejŝeloj. Ties natura habitato estas subtropikajtropikaj mangrovaj arbaroj, kotejoj de estuaroj, intertajdaj kotejoj, kaj mabordaj salakvaj lagunoj. Ĝi estas minacata pro habitatoperdo. Ĝi estas ĝenrala blanka ibiso kun nigraj senplumaj kapo kaj kolo. La beko estas longa kaj subenkurba.

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Threskiornis bernieri ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El ibis sagrado de Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) es una especie de ave pelecaniformes de la familia Threskiornithidae[1]​ en peligro de extinción.[2]​ Sus últimas poblaciones se encuentran en zonas costeras de Madagascar y de la isla de Aldabra, en las Seychelles.

Taxonomía

Anteriormente esta especie fue considerada una subespecie del Ibis sagrado.[3][2]​ Sin embargo, actualmente se lo clasifica como una especie separada debido a las considerables diferencias ecológicas y morfológicas observadas entre ambas especies. Se ha especulado que los ibis sagrados de Madagascar descienden de los Ibis sagrados que se extendieron y colonizaron Madagascar desde el continente africano. Se diferencian dos subespecies:

  • T. b. abbotti (Ridgway, 1893) - nativa de la isla de Aldabra
  • T. b. bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) - vive en zonas costeras del norte y del oeste de la isla de Madagascar

Descripción

Este ibis mide entre 65 y 89 cm de altura, alcanza una envergadura de entre 112 y 124 cm y su peso ronda el 1,5 kg. Su plumaje es predominantemente blanco con toques de color amarillento. En la parte posterior de la espalda presenta plumas negras con reflejos azules o verdes que son más llamativas durante la época reproductiva. El pico, la cabeza, el cuello (que carece de plumas) y las patas son también de color negro. Es morfológicamente similar al Ibis sagrado pero es un poco más pequeño, de pico más delgado, carece del borde negro en las plumas de las alas y las terciarias de color pizarra azulado (pizarra violáceo en el ibis sagrado).

Ambas subespecies tienen un iris azul claro o blanco que las diferencia del iris marrón del ibis sagrado. La subespecie de Aldabra presenta una franja negra en el ala. Aunque es poco probable confundirlo con otra especie en su área de distribución, a veces puedes confundirse con ibis sagrados que visitan Madagascar esporádicamente.

Los ejemplares inmaduros se parecen bastante a los adultos aunque presenta en cabeza y cuello plumas negras con rayas blancas, las plumas ornamentales de la espalda aun están ausentes y puede haber algo de negro en la punta de las alas.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra escasamente distribuido y restringido a las costas norte y oeste de Madagascar, especialmente entre Port-Berge y Moromoe. Aunque es poco común, se lo ha observado en concentraciones más altas en manglares y estuarios cerca de Soalala y Sahamalaza Bay y Baie de Baly. También se encuentra presente en la isla de Aldabra.

El ibis sagrado de Madagascar está más ecológicamente limitado que su contraparte del continente, que se encuentra en una gama más amplia de hábitats y altitudes. Su hábitat natural se restringe a marismas costeras, estuarios, manglares y lagos costeros salobres poco profundos, aunque ocasionalmente también se lo puede encontrar en humedales de agua dulce. Prefiere masas de agua amplias y abiertas sin abundante vegetación en los alrededores, así como bancos de arena y playas como lugares de descanso. Normalmente no se aleja más de 2 km de la línea de costa y no suele vivir en una altitud mayor a los 150 Msnm.

Comportamiento

Se trata de una especie sedentaria que no suele realizar migraciones, salvo movimientos locales. Su dieta la componen crustáceos, gusanos, caracoles, insectos, invertebrados y desechos vegetales, aunque ocasionalmente también consume ranas, reptiles y aves jóvenes. Se alimenta introduciendo el pico entre el lodo y la arena de las marismas y la costa, sondeando en busca de presas. La subespecie abbotti de la isla de Aldabra se alimenta en lagunas cercanas a la orilla del mar. Se suelen alimentar solos aunque también suelen hacerlo en parejas o en pequeños grupos. Sin embargo, se suene posar para descansar en grupos que alcanzan las varias docenas de ejemplares, normalmente en isletas o árboles no muy lejanos de su zona de alimentación.

La época reproductiva ocurre al comienzo de la temporada de lluvias en noviembre y diciembre. El tamaño de la puesta suele ser de 2 huevos que se incubarán durante 29 días. Construyen el nido entre las ramas de los árboles sobre 2-3 me sobre la superficie del agua. En nido tiene forma de cesta y está construido con ramas, palos y otra materia vegetal. El ibis sagrado de Madagascar anida en colonias, que a veces pueden incluir a otras especies como garzas y garcetas. Los polluelos abandonarán el nido a los 38 días de su nacimiento.

Conservación

El ibis sagrado de Madagascar se encuentra en peligro de extinción según la clasificación de la UICN. Su población total se estima entre 2.300 y 2.750 ejemplares, de los cuales solo 300-750 corresponden a la subespecie abbotti. Sobre el 70% de la población total de este ave reside fuera de espacios protegidos. Se encuentra amenazada particularmente por la recolección de huevos, la caza de adultos y de jóvenes polluelos que sirven de alimento para las poblaciones humanas locales. La naturaleza confiada de estas aves los hace especialmente vulnerables a la caza. Además su hábitat natural esta desapareciendo o siendo degradado por la contaminación. Las previsiones para el futuro hacen pensar que la población de esta especie seguirá disminuyendo si no se toman medidas urgentes para su protección.

Referencias

  1. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2010. The Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.5. Cornell University Press. Downloadable from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  2. a b BirdLife International 2008. Threskiornis bernieri. In: IUCN 2009. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
  3. Peterson, A. P. 2010. Birds of the World -- current valid scientific avian names. Consultado en enero de 2011.

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Threskiornis bernieri: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El ibis sagrado de Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) es una especie de ave pelecaniformes de la familia Threskiornithidae​ en peligro de extinción.​ Sus últimas poblaciones se encuentran en zonas costeras de Madagascar y de la isla de Aldabra, en las Seychelles.

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Threskiornis bernieri ( Basque )

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Threskiornis bernieri Threskiornis generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Threskiornithidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Threskiornis bernieri: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Threskiornis bernieri Threskiornis generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Threskiornithidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Ibis malgache ( French )

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Threskiornis bernieri

L’Ibis malgache (Threskiornis bernieri) est une espèce d’oiseaux de la famille des Threskiornithidae. Elle a été séparée de l’Ibis sacré (T. aethiopicus) dont elle est distinguée par ses yeux bleus.

Noms vernaculaires : Vorombengy, Fitilimbengy, Voronosy

Morphologie

Il ressemble beaucoup à l'ibis sacré africain Treskiornis aethiopicus. Son plumage est blanc, avec des plumes ornementales noires sur la tête et la queue. Le bout des ailes et le bas de sa queue sont noirs. Le cou et la tête sont dénudés avec une peau fripée de couleur noire.

Comportement

Cette espèce est moins grégaire, soit il vit en couple ou en solitaire[1].

Habitats

Cet oiseau vit à Madagascar, il fréquente les zones humides en particulier les embouchures, lacs, et mangroves.

Menaces

Selon l'IUCN, il est classifié dans les espèces en danger mais ne présente aucun mesure particulière de protection à Madagascar. Les principales menaces sont la chasse et les collectes des œufs et des oisillons dans leurs nids.

 src=
Threskiornis bernieri au complexe de Mahavavy Kinkony, Madagascar

Voir aussi

Références taxinomiques

Références bibliographiques

  1. O. Langrand,Guides des Oiseaux de Madagascar: Threskiornis bernieri

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Ibis malgache: Brief Summary ( French )

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Threskiornis bernieri

L’Ibis malgache (Threskiornis bernieri) est une espèce d’oiseaux de la famille des Threskiornithidae. Elle a été séparée de l’Ibis sacré (T. aethiopicus) dont elle est distinguée par ses yeux bleus.

Noms vernaculaires : Vorombengy, Fitilimbengy, Voronosy

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Threskiornis bernieri ( Italian )

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L'ibis del Madagascar o ibis sacro del Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855)) è un uccello che appartiene alla famiglia dei Threskiornithidae.

Distribuzione e habitat

Si trova in Madagascar e nelle Seychelles.[1]

Il suo habitat naturale comprende le foreste tropicali e subtropicali di mangrovie, gli estuari dei fiumi, le zone intertidali e le lagune costiere. È minacciato dalla distruzione del suo habitat.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2008, Threskiornis bernieri, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

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Threskiornis bernieri: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'ibis del Madagascar o ibis sacro del Madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855)) è un uccello che appartiene alla famiglia dei Threskiornithidae.

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Madagaskarinis šventasis ibis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Threskiornis bernieri

Madagaskarinis šventasis ibis (Threskiornis bernieri) – ibinių (Threskiornithidae) šeimos paukštis. Paplitęs Madagaskare ir Seišeliuose.

Yra du porūšiai: Threskiornis bernieri bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) ir Threskiornis bernieri abbotti (Ridgway, 1893).

Išvaizda

Mažesnis už baltajį gandrą. Kūno ilgis 65 – 59 cm. Visas kūnas baltas, tik plačios uodegos plunksnos yra juodos spalvos. Plunksnomis neapaugę galva ir kaklas, snapas ir kojos juodos spalvos.

Biologija

Sėslus paukštis. Biotopaslagūnos, seklūs pakrančių ežerai, dumblėtos seklumos, estuarijos ir mangrovės. Nors pirmenybę teikia druskingo vandens telkiniams.

Dažniausiai maitinasi pavieniai arba mažose grupėse, kartais – pavieniai. Minta kirmėlėmis, smulkiais vėžiagyviais, sraigėmis, vabzdžiais ir vorais. Kartais grobiu tampa varlės, ropliai ar paukščių jaunikliai.

Veisimosi sezonas sutampa su liūčių sezono pradžia. Peri 200 – 250 lizdų kolonijose kartu su įvairiaisgarniniais paukščiais. Lizdą krauna medžiuose, kartais ant žemės. Lizdas nedidelis, sukrautas iš šakų. Dėtyje du kiaušiniai.

Kartos trukmė – 8 metai.

Apsaugos būklė

Pasaulinės gamtos apsaugos organizacijos duomenimis yra nykstanti rūšis. populiacijoje yra 1500-1850 suaugusių individų. Populiacijos mažėjimo priežąstys:

Rūšies apsaugos priemonės:

  • 2001 m Seišeluose, Aldabros atole įsteigtas Įpatingasis rezervatas, kur leidžiama tik ta veikla, kuri susijusi su gamtos apsauga.
  • Nuo 2005 m Bombetokos įlankos (Madagaskaras) vietiniai gyventojai mokomi saugoti šiuos paukščius.
  • Žvejų ir ekoturistų laivais patruliai pasiekia paukščių perimvietes ir jas stebi.
  • Valsrodės pasaulio paukščių parke (Vokietija) paukščiai veisiami nelaisvėje.
  • Konkurencijos dėl maisto išteklių tyrinėjimas.

Šaltiniai

Vikiteka

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Madagaskarinis šventasis ibis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Madagaskarinis šventasis ibis (Threskiornis bernieri) – ibinių (Threskiornithidae) šeimos paukštis. Paplitęs Madagaskare ir Seišeliuose.

Yra du porūšiai: Threskiornis bernieri bernieri (Bonaparte, 1855) ir Threskiornis bernieri abbotti (Ridgway, 1893).

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Madagaskaribis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De madagaskaribis (Threskiornis bernieri) is een vogel uit de familie van de ibissen en lepelaars (Threskiornithidae). Het is een endemische vogelsoort van Madagaskar die tot in de jaren 1990 als ondersoort van de heilige ibis werd beschouwd.

Herkenning

De madagaskaribis lijkt sterk op de heilige ibis. Het is een overwegend witte vogel met een zwarte nek. Hij is gemiddeld iets kleiner (65 tot 89 cm lang). Het meest opvallende verschil is de lichtblauwe iris, die bij de heilige ibis donkerbruin is. Verder is de snavel dunner en ontbreken soms de zwarte uiteinden aan de slagpennen en zijn de zwarte sierveren bij de staart wat minder ontwikkeld dan bij de heilige ibis.[2]

 src=
Kop van de madagaskaribis.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Er zijn twee ondersoorten:

Naast de uiterlijke verschillen met de heilige ibis, is er een groot ecologisch verschil. De madagaskaribis is in zijn habitatkeuze veel meer beperkt. De vogel komt uitsluitend voor in leefgebieden die in het laagland liggen zoals moddervlaktes langs de kust, riviermondingen, mangroven en ondiepe zoutmeren. Bij onderzoek bleek dat de grote meerderheid van de plaatsen waar de ibissen werden aangetroffen lagen binnen twee kilometer van de kust.[3]

Status

De grootte van de populatie van de madagaskaribis werd in 2016 geschat op 1,500 tot 1.850 volwassen dieren en dit aantal daalt. Omdat meer dan 70% van de broedgebieden buiten natuurreservaten ligt, wordt de vogel bedreigd door het rapen van eieren en het verzamelen van jonge ibissen voor consumptie. Het handhaven van wetten om de vogel te beschermen is problematisch op Madagaskar. Daarnaast vindt habitatvernietiging plaats door de zwerflandbouw. Om deze redenen staat de madagaskaribis als bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Madagaskaribis op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. website BirdLife
  3. (en) Andrianarimisa, A. & Razafimanjato, G.. 2010. Madagascar Sacred Ibis Threskiornis bernieri: current population status, distribution, and implications for conservation. pp. 120–130. In: Harebottle, D.M. Craig, A.J.F.K., Anderson, M.D. Rakotomanana, H. & Muchai, M. (eds). Proceedings of the 12th Pan-African Ornithological Congress, 2008. Cape Town, Animal Demography Unit. ISBN 978-0-7992-2361-3 full text
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Madagaskaribis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De madagaskaribis (Threskiornis bernieri) is een vogel uit de familie van de ibissen en lepelaars (Threskiornithidae). Het is een endemische vogelsoort van Madagaskar die tot in de jaren 1990 als ondersoort van de heilige ibis werd beschouwd.

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Íbis-sagrado-de-madagascar ( Portuguese )

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O íbis-sagrado-de-madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) é uma espécie de ave da família Threskiornithidae. A espécie pode ser encontrada na ilha de Madagáscar e nas ilhas Seychelles. Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas de mangal tropicais ou subtropicais, águas estuarinas, zonas intertidais e lagoas costeiras de água salgada. Esta espécie está ameaçada pela perda de habitat.

Taxonomia

Foi anteriormente tratado como coespecífico com o íbis-sagrado (Threskiornis aethiopicus) da África subsaariana pela maioria, mas não por todos os autores.[2] Também é intimamente relacionado com T. melanocephalus e T. moluccus, e no passado todos foram ocasionalmente considerados coespecíficos. Duas subespécies são reconhecidas: T. bernieri bernieri, que ocorre em Madagascar, e T. bernieri abbotti, que ocorre nas ilhas Seychelles.[3][4]

Descrição

O adulto possui em média 70–85 cm de altura,[5] e uma envergadura de 112–124 cm.[6] A plumagem é predominantemente branca, frequentemente com coloração amarelo-acastanhada. Existem também plumas ornamentais pretas no dorso, com um brilho azul ou verde formado a partir das escapulares inferiores e terciários, que são mais proeminentes na época de reprodução. O bico, a cabeça, o pescoço e as pernas são pretos.[7]

Os íbis-sagrados-de-madagascar se assemelham aos íbis-sagrados africanos (T. aethiopicus), mas são mais delgados, não têm bordas pretas nas asas e têm íris brancas (T. bernieri bernieri) ou azuladas (T. b. abbotti),[3] sacos de pescoço ornamentais de estrutura diferente, plumas ornamentais menos desenvolvidas e uma exibição diferente.[4][8] A subespécie T. b. abbotti também possui uma listra preta na asa.[8] Embora seja improvável que este íbis seja confundido com outras espécies no campo, às vezes pode ser confundido com o íbis sagrado africano que pode ocasionalmente visitar Madagascar como um vagabundo.[7]

O juvenil é semelhante ao adulto, mas a cabeça e o pescoço são emplumados de preto com listras brancas, as plumas ornamentais no dorso estão ausentes e pode haver um pouco de preto nas pontas das asas.[7]

Distribuição e habitat

É endêmico do Madagascar e Seychelles, onde habita florestas subtropicais ou tropicais de mangue, águas estuarinas, planícies intertidais e lagoas salinas costeiras.[9] Esta espécie é considerada ecologicamente mais restrita que o íbis-sagrado africano. Em Madagascar, ocorre no oeste, onde é amplamente confinado a habitats de planície em zonas costeiras salgadas, principalmente lodaçais, estuários, manguezais e lagos costeiros salobras rasos.[3]

Comportamento

A espécie é sedentária, não apresentando evidências de dispersão ou migração. A reprodução é colonial e frequentemente ocorre em colônias mistas de garças, com alguns locais de nidificação mista contendo até 200-250 ninhos desta espécie. O empoleiramento também ocorre colonialmente em grupos de várias dezenas. Às vezes, se alimenta sozinho, mas com mais frequência em pares ou pequenos grupos.[1]

Reprodução

A reprodução foi observada em Madagascar no início da estação chuvosa, em novembro e dezembro. Nidifica em árvores ou arbustos ou em solo descoberto,[3] e os ninhos são construídos em plataformas rasas em forma de copo com gravetos, gramíneas e jungos que normalmente são situados próximos a um corpo d'água, como rios, pântanos ou lagos. A ninhada consiste de 2 a 4 ovos.[9]

Conservação

Esta espécie está listada como ameaçada de extinção, pois tem uma população muito pequena que está diminuindo devido em grande parte à coleta insustentável de seus ovos, perturbação dos locais de nidificação e degradação dos habitats dos pântanos em Madagascar.[1]

Referências

  1. a b c «IUCN red list Threskiornis bernieri». Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 21 de abril de 2022
  2. Safford, Roger; Hawkins, Frank (2020). The Birds of Africa. VIII. [S.l.: s.n.] pp. 225–227. ISBN 9781472982896
  3. a b c d del Hoyo, J.; N. Collar; Garcia, E. F. J. (2020). «Madagascar Sacred Ibis (Threskiornis bernieri)». In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, & E. de Juana. Birds of the World. Ithaca, Nova Iorque: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.sacibi3.01 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  4. a b del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, S., eds. (1992). Handbook of the birds of the world. 1. Barcelona, Espanha: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-8487334108
  5. Sinclair, Ian (2013). Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Cidade do Cabo, África do Sul: Penguin Random House South Africa. pp. 197–198. ISBN 9781920572037
  6. Skerrett, Adrian; Disley, Tony (2016). Birds of Seychelles. [S.l.]: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 9781472946010
  7. a b c Morris, Pete; Hawkins, Frank (1998). Birds of Madagascar: a photographic guide. [S.l.]: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300077551
  8. a b Hancock, James A.; Kushlan, James Anthony; Kahl, M. Philip (1992). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. [S.l.]: Academic Press. ISBN 9780123227300
  9. a b AvianWeb. «Malagasy or Madagascar Sacred Ibises». beautyofbirds.com. Consultado em 24 de novembro de 2020
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Íbis-sagrado-de-madagascar: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O íbis-sagrado-de-madagascar (Threskiornis bernieri) é uma espécie de ave da família Threskiornithidae. A espécie pode ser encontrada na ilha de Madagáscar e nas ilhas Seychelles. Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas de mangal tropicais ou subtropicais, águas estuarinas, zonas intertidais e lagoas costeiras de água salgada. Esta espécie está ameaçada pela perda de habitat.

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Madagaskaribis ( Swedish )

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Madagaskaribis[2] (Threskiornis bernieri ) är en hotad fågel i familjen ibisar inom ordningen pelikanfåglar.[3]

Utseende

Madagaskaribisien är en omisskännlig stor (65-89 cm) svartvit ibis. Näbb, ben samt det bara huvudet och nacken är alla svarta, liksom spetsarna på handpennor och armpennor. I övrigt är den vit. Till skillnad från närbesläktade arten helig ibis har den ljus iris.[1]

Utbredning och systematik

Madagaskaribis delas in i två underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

  • T. b. bernieri – förekommer på Madagaskar
  • T. b. abbotti – förekommer på Aldabra

Den betraktas ibland som underart till helig ibis (T. aethiopicus).[4]

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som starkt hotad.[1]

Namn

Fågelns vetenskapliga artnamn hedrar franske kirurgen och naturforskaren Alphonse Charles Joseph Bernier (1802-1858), verksam som samlare på Madagaskar.[5]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2013 Threskiornis bernieri Från: IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2015-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2015. IOC World Bird List (v 5.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.5.1.
  4. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-01-01
  5. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

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Madagaskaribis: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Madagaskaribis (Threskiornis bernieri ) är en hotad fågel i familjen ibisar inom ordningen pelikanfåglar.

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Threskiornis bernieri ( Turkish )

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Binominal adı Threskiornis bernieri
(Bonaparte, 1855)

Threskiornis bernieri, aynakgiller familyasından bir aynak türüdür. Madagaskar ve Seyşeller'de yaşar. Yaşam ortamının yok olmasından ötürü, tehdit altındaki türlerdendir.

Dış bağlantılar

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Threskiornis bernieri ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Threskiornis bernieri ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Stub icon Kuşlar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Threskiornis bernieri: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Threskiornis bernieri, aynakgiller familyasından bir aynak türüdür. Madagaskar ve Seyşeller'de yaşar. Yaşam ortamının yok olmasından ötürü, tehdit altındaki türlerdendir.

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Cò quăm Madagscar ( Vietnamese )

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Threskiornis bernieri là một loài chim trong họ Threskiornithidae. Loài này được tìm thấy ở MadagascarSeychelles. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ngập mặn, cửa sông ven biển, bãi triều, và đầm phá mặn ven bới ở vùng nhiệt đới hoặc cần nhiệt đới. Hiện chúng bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

Một số tác giả xem phân loại này là một phân loài của Threskiornis aethiopicus.[2]

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

Bản mẫu:Threskiornithidae


Bản mẫu:Pelecaniformes-stub

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Cò quăm Madagscar: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Threskiornis bernieri là một loài chim trong họ Threskiornithidae. Loài này được tìm thấy ở MadagascarSeychelles. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ngập mặn, cửa sông ven biển, bãi triều, và đầm phá mặn ven bới ở vùng nhiệt đới hoặc cần nhiệt đới. Hiện chúng bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

Một số tác giả xem phân loại này là một phân loài của Threskiornis aethiopicus.

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