Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
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Maximum longevity: 48.1 years (captivity)
Observations: One specimen lived 48.1 years at the Amsterdam Zoo (Brouwer et al. 1992).
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Biology
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Arrival at the breeding sites occurs in April, when the Oriental white stork begins building a new nest, or repairing an old one (3). The female lays between two and six eggs which are incubated for 32 to 35 days (7). Following hatching in late May and early June, the chicks are fed by both parents until July. The chicks' survival is largely dependent on the amount of local rainfall, as feeding conditions are improved by heavy rain (3). Feeding takes place in water and the Oriental white stork will take fish, frogs, invertebrates, insects, voles, snakes, and even the chicks of other species (3) (7). In July and August the storks return to the wintering grounds, where they forage in the morning and late afternoon for clams, fish, snails, shrimps, crabs, frogs, snakes, bamboo and other plant material (3) (7).
Conservation
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The Oriental white stork is legally protected in Russia, Mongolia, China, North Korea, South Korea and Japan. It also benefits from many protected areas in both Russia and China. Re-introduction programmes in South Korea and Japan should help to reduce declines, but further protected areas are necessary to prevent habitat loss being the cause of this species' extinction. The maintenance of tall trees and the addition of artificial nest poles in potential breeding areas, as well as control of human disturbance at nest sites during the breeding season should also encourage increased breeding success. Further action includes campaigns against the use of fire by farmers in the breeding grounds and against poaching (2).
Description
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This tall and elegant bird can be identified by the ruff of longer feathers across the throat and upper breast. It is white apart from the contrasting black edges to the wings, the long, straight, black bill, and the bright red legs. Juveniles have brown edges to their wings and duller, reddish-brown legs (2).
Habitat
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During the breeding season the Oriental white stork is found nesting in tall trees and on man-made structures such as electricity pylons located in open freshwater wetlands and tidal flats (2). In winter it occupies a variety of wetland habitats, both estuarine and freshwater. It can be seen in paddy fields, shallow rivers, on beaches, in inter-tidal marshes, and on agricultural land near lakes, rivers and reservoirs. It roosts in coniferous trees at night (6).
Range
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The Oriental white stork breeds along the border of Russia and mainland China, particularly in the Amur River and Ussuri River basins. It winters in the lower Yangtze River basin and southern China, although small numbers are also found in North Korea, South Korea, Japan, and occasionally in the Philippines, northeastern India, Burma and Bangladesh. It may also be found as a summer vagrant in eastern Mongolia. The current population is thought to stand at 3,000 birds, following considerable declines in Russia (2).
Status
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The Oriental white stork is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). It is also listed on Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention) (4) and on Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (5).
Threats
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Wetlands around the world have been drained for agricultural development, and the habitat of the Oriental white stork is no exception, particularly at the breeding sites. In Russia, breeding sites are also at risk from spring fires, which bring down tall trees suitable for nesting, forcing delayed nesting and reduced reproductive success. At the wintering sites in China, over-fishing has reduced the availability of prey species for the Oriental white stork. Throughout the range, this stork is hunted and collected for zoos, despite legal protection (3).
Oriental stork
provided by wikipedia EN
The Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana; Japanese: コウノトリ Konotori[3]) is a large, white bird with black wing feathers in the stork family Ciconiidae.
Taxonomy
The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1873. It is closely related to and resembles the European white stork (C. ciconia), of which it was formerly often treated as a subspecies.
Description
It is typically larger than the white stork, at 100–129 cm (39.5–51 in) long, 110–150 cm (43–59 in) tall, a weight of 2.8–5.9 kg (6.2–13.0 lb) and a wingspan of 2.22 m (7.3 ft).[4][5] Unlike its more widespread cousin, the Oriental stork has red skin around its eye, with a whitish iris and black bill. Both sexes are similar. The female is slightly smaller than male. The young are white with orange bills.
Distribution and habitat
The Oriental stork is found in Japan, Manchuria, Korea and Siberia. It was once extirpated from Japan and the Korean Peninsula. However, in May 2007 a hatchling was reported in Japan for the first time in 40 years in the wild. It was an offspring of two storks who were bred in captivity.[6]
Conservation
Due to habitat loss and overhunting, the Oriental stork is classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. There have been efforts to reintroduce the storks to the wild, but there must be changes to the environment first.[7] The storks were harshly impacted by the growth of the rice industry and the subsequent use of pesticides.[8][9] There is a push for rice farmers to grow their plants organically so that the storks may breed and grow safely in their environments.[10]
Diet and behaviour
The Oriental stork is a solitary bird except during the breeding season. It likes to wade in marshes, pond's edges, coastal beaches, and other wetlands. These birds are apex predator in their habitat. Its diet consists mainly of fish, frog, insects, small birds and reptiles, as well as rodents. [11]
Breeding
The female usually lays between two and six eggs. After breeding, the storks migrate to eastern China in September and return in March.[1][12]
See also
References
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^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Ciconia boyciana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697695A131942061. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697695A131942061.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
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^ "Inter-institutional Panel on Population Management of the Oriental White Stork". ippm-ows.jp. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
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^ Hancock & Kushan, Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Princeton University Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-12-322730-0
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^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5
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^ Endangered white storks hatch egg, Steve Jackson, BBC News, 20 May 2007.
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^ "Sustaining Agrarian Futures | Anthropology-News". www.anthropology-news.org. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
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^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten. "Endangered and Targeted: Fight to Save Oriental Stork Captivates China". IHT Rendezvous. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
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^ "Japan looks to ancient wisdom to save biodiversity". Retrieved 2018-07-18.
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^ "Reintroducing the oriental white stork in Toyooka City | Payments for ecosystem services (PES)". www.biodic.go.jp. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
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^ Naito, Kazuaki, and Hiroshi Ikeda. "Habitat restoration for the reintroduction of oriental white storks." GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH-ENGLISH EDITION- 11.2 (2007): 217.
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^ "Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2018-07-18.
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Oriental stork: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana; Japanese: コウノトリ Konotori) is a large, white bird with black wing feathers in the stork family Ciconiidae.
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