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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Observations: The total gestation time includes a 2 months period of delayed implantation (Ronald Nowak 2003). The actual embryonic development takes about 8.5 months. In the wild, these animals have been reported to live up to 31 years (David Macdonald 1985). Their longevity in captivity has not been studied in detail and hence their maximum longevity must be classified as unknown.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Distribution

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Bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus, are found in the Arctic Ocean, where populations are geographically divided into two subspecies, E. barbatus barbatus and E. barbatus nauticus. Erignathus barbatus barbatus occupies portions the Arctic near the Atlantic Ocean, from the eastern seaboard of Canada at the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the waters around Norway in the western Laptev Sea. Erignathus barbatus nauticus is found in the the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea, and in areas of the Arctic Ocean not occupied by E. barbatus barbatus. Bearded seals have been regularly sighted as far south as the Japanese island of Hokkaido, and there have been sightings in China of E. barbatus nauticus and of E. barbatus barbatus in Portugal. It currently unknown why some animals travel so far south outside their normal range.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); arctic ocean (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: holarctic

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Behavior

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Of all the marine animals, male bearded seals are among the most vocally expressive, especially during spring breeding season. Their minute-long songs can be described as sinister and monotone but also harmonious. They are generally characterized as chirps, ascents, sweeps, or grumbles. During their song, bearded seals begin a slow, circular dive while emitting bubbles until resurfacing. It is believed that these songs are typical of courtship routines and or distinguishing breeding territory. Many underwater recordings of marine mammal communication in the Alaskan/Bering Strait region are predominately composed of songs of bearded seals.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
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Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Conservation Status

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Although bearded seals are not considered threatened, habitat destruction and overfishing of their prey species are their biggest threats. Additionally, global climate change may result in decreased ice floes, which would negatively impact habitat availability for bearded seals.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
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Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
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Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Benefits

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There are no known adverse effects of bearded seals on humans.

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Benefits

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Bearded seals have been traditionally hunted by the Eskimo people for meat, blubber, and leather. Although Eskimos do not rely exclusively on bearded seals for subsistence, hunting pressure on bearded seals is increasing. Bearded seals are important seal species for many Alaskan villages, as native peoples utilize them for their oil, meat, and skin, which is used to make umiaks (boats) and maklak (boots).

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Associations

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Bearded seals are important predators of benthic mollusks, crustaceans, fish, and octopi. They compete with other seal species for food; however walruses tend to be their main food competitor. Bearded seals are also a secondary prey to polar bears (ringed seals are primary prey). Bearded seals also serve as prey to killer whales and walruses.

Bearded seals are the only know definitive host of the nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens, which resides in the animal's stomach and intestinal lumen. The parasitic nematode is transmitted when the seal eats the' intermediate host of the parasite, American Plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides). The bearded seal also hosts the nematode Contracaecum osculatum, which also resides in the stomach.

Numerous trematode species reside in the pancreas and bile duct of the bearded seal, and other parasitic worms reside in the intestine. Abundance of these parasites varies among individual seals.

Protozoan parasites like Sarcocystis species (residing in the tongue) and Giardia species, such as Giardia duodenalis, are often found in the gut of the bearded seal. The protozoan species of Giardia found in bearded seals are not the same species of Giardia that can be transmitted to humans.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Contracaecum osculatum A, B, C, a nematode
  • Pseudoterranova decipiens C, a nematode
  • Giardia duodenalis, a protozoan
  • Sarcocystis, a protozoan genus
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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Trophic Strategy

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Bearded seals are primarily benthic feeders and dive to a maximum of 200 m to obtain food. They primarily eat local mollusks and crustaceans, and also commonly eat Arctic cod. They have also been known to eat benthic fishes such as sculpins and flatfishes, and also American Plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides).

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
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Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
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Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Habitat

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Bearded seals prefer shallow, arctic waters less than 200 meters in depth. They also prefer areas heavy with ice floes or pack ice, as these are areas where adults "haul out." They generally segregate, with one adult per ice floe. Bearded seals ride drifting ice floes for great distances, and their "migration" is thus dependent on the season and distribution of ice floes. Bearded seals follow ice further south during the winter and further north during the summer. Riding drifting ice floes provides access to shallow water, in which they feed. However, they avoid ice floes on which walruses are abundant. Bearded seals rarely choose land over ice floes for hauling out. However, in summertime when ice floes are sparse, they have been known to haul out on land and gravel beaches.

Range depth: 200 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: polar ; saltwater or marine

Terrestrial Biomes: icecap

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; benthic ; coastal

Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Although most bearded seals do not live over 25 years in the wild, some have been recorded to live as long as 31 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
31 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
25 (high) years.

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Morphology

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Bearded seals on average measure 2.3 m in length and 200 to 250 kg in weight, with females larger than males. Between late fall and early spring, however, they can weigh up to 430 kg. At birth, pups average about 130 cm in length and 34 kg in weight. Adult bearded seals possess straight, evenly-colored light gray to dark brown hair, and their back is darker then the rest of their body. Their flippers and face are generally brick to deep rust in color. In contrast, bearded seal pups are born with lighter colored faces with assorted ribbon-like bands across their back and crown. Pups have soft, fluffy fur that tends to be a silvery blue, light brown or gray.

Bearded seals can be distinguished from other northern seals by their distinctive mustaches as well as their squared flippers. Their front and hind flippers have pronounced, pointed claws. Their head appears proportionally small compared to their long body.

Range mass: 200 to 430 kg.

Average length: 2.3 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Associations

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Bearded seals have two main predators, polar bears and killer whales. Polar bears hunt seals by waiting near a breathing hole for their prey to surface. However, breathing holes of bearded seals usually form domes or caps of ice that they must dig through to reach the surface. This may serve as a defensive strategy, obscuring breathing hole positions and making them more difficult for polar bears to locate. Killer whales do not actively hunt bearded seals, but eat them opportunistically. Although rarely observed, pups of bearded seals are occasionally eaten by walruses. Bearded seals are also taken by humans through subsistence fishing by Native Americans in Canada and Alaska.

Known Predators:

  • Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
  • Killer whale (Orcinus orca)
  • Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
  • Humans (Homo sapiens)
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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Bearded seals are promiscuous, having more than one mate during the breeding season. Males leave after mating, providing no care to pups. Due to their solitary nature, bearded seals do not establish long-term bonds with mating partners. Occasionally, males fight over a female mate. Male bearded seals also sing, which may be a courtship routine and/or a territorial warning during the breading season.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Bearded seals breed once a year, though this varies with seasonal ocean productivity. They mate between March and June, and males are at peak potency during May. Due to delayed implantation and a long gestation period (11 months), female bearded seals do not give birth until the following summer. During gestation, females gain weight to build up a supply of milk. Females give birth on pack ice between mid-March and May. Unlike their close relative, ringed seals, bearded seals do not use or assemble subnivean birth lairs. Bearded seals give birth to 1 pup, which weighs approximately 34 kg at birth. Within several days, pups enter the water. Weaning occurs in 18 to 24 days, and pups weaned by late summer have ample time to create blubber before the winter. Females reach sexual maturity at 3 to 8 years of age and males at 6 to 7 years.

Breeding interval: Bearded seals breeds approximately once a year.

Breeding season: Bearded seals breeds in March through June.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 11 months.

Range weaning age: 18 to 24 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 8 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 6 to 7 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed implantation

Average birth mass: 35000 g.

Average gestation period: 259 days.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Male bearded seals leave females after mating and provide no parental care to pups. Like many arctic seals, female bearded seals give birth to their pups on ice floes. Unlike their close relative ringed seals, however, they do not use or assemble subnivean birth lairs. While weaning her pup, a mother does not leave the ice flow. She does not eat until her pup is weaned and can be left alone.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Neuberger, A.; L. Popplewell and H. Richardson 2011. "Erignathus barbatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Erignathus_barbatus.html
author
Anthony Neuberger, San Diego Mesa College
author
Laurel Popplewell, San Diego Mesa College
author
Hillary Richardson, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Paul Detwiler, San Diego Mesa College
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Gail McCormick, Special Projects
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Biology

provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Bearded Seal: A large, bottom-feeding, circumpolar ice seal
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Habitat

provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Circumpolar arctic and subarctic, on continental shelf and in coastal waters; Associated mostly with pack ice, sometimes fast ice
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Comprehensive Description

provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Dark gray/tan, without distinct pattern or spots; Often reddish head and neck (head seems small for body); Square front flippers; Dense thick whiskers on upper lip and cheek
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Life Cycle

provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Size at birth 1.2m (4 ft); Sexual maturity at 5-7 years; Females have pups every year; Short (12-18 day) nursing period; Longevity about 30 years; Behavior; Mostly solitary; Swims with head and upper back above water; Rests on edge of ice floes with head down to escape quickly; Very vocal underwater during breeding season
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Trophic Strategy

provided by Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Feeds mostly at/near the seafloor, also in water column; Prey include fishes, crabs, shrimps, clams
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Bearded seals have been, and continue to be, hunted by humans. Subsistence hunting goes back to prehistoric times, and they are still a mainstay of many local villages in the far north. They are a source of food, but also provide valuable hides for clothing and covering boats. Small-scale commercial harvesting is engaged in by the Russians to this day. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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bibliographic citation
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Pups are born in the open on pack ice, from mid-March to early May. After the breeding season, many seals migrate northward with the retreating ice, returning southward again as the ice advances in autumn and winter. Bearded seals are solitary. Seals rarely haul out on the same ice floe with other seals, and even then, maintain healthy distances from neighbors. At times, however, currents cause ice pile-ups in small areas, forcing aggregation of seals. Bearded seals are exceptionally wary and always haul out with their head very close to the water at an ice edge or breathing hole. In the water, bearded seals are often found "bottling" vertically, asleep. When startled, they swim with strong strokes of the foreflippers. Foreflippers are probably also important in social interactions.Bearded seals feed on many species of small invertebrates that live on, and in, the bottom. It is likely that they supplement their diet with fishes, as well.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Adults range up to 2.5 m in length. Adult females are slightly longer than males. In the Bering Sea, males reach 262 kg and females 361 kg. Pups are, on average, about 1.31 m and 33.6 kg at birth.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
Bearded seals are large, but look even longer because of their small head and relatively short foreflippers. The head is rounded and somewhat narrow, and the eyes are relatively small and close-set. The muzzle is wide and fleshy, with widely spaced nostrils. The abundant vibrissae are pale, not beaded as in other Arctic phocids, and are long and densely packed. When wet they are straight, but when dry they curl inwards at the tips. The whiskers are sufficiently conspicuous to have given rise to the common name, "bearded" seal. The foreflippers are short, relatively broad, and strong, with robust claws. Unlike any other phocid, the bearded seal's foreflippers end in digits of about the same length, though the middle digits may be slightly longer on some individuals. This creates a square, or slightly rounded, end to the flippers. Unlike all other Arctic phocids, bearded seals have 4 retractable teats, instead of 2. Adults are slightly darker above than below. Body coloration varies considerably from light or dark grey to brown: the face and flippers are often rust-coloured. Pups have a long, dark, wavy coat, with up to 4 transverse bands of lighter colour from the back to the crown of the head. The muzzle and the area around the eyes are pale. Sometimes a dark line, originating at the crown, extends between the eyes. The dental formula is I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 5/5. Can be confused with: Bearded seals share their range with 7 other phocids: harbour seal, Larga seal, ringed seal, ribbon seal, harp seal, hooded seal and grey seal. Of these, most are smaller, spotted (or otherwise uniquely coloured), or generally distributed further south. In the North Atlantic, the bearded seal is most likely to be mistaken for the hooded seal on shore, and additonally the harp seal in the water. These latter species have distinctively marked colour patterns, not likely to be confused with the more-or-less uniform pattern of bearded seals.
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bibliographic citation
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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FAO species catalogs

Saqqallı suiti ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ
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Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
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Saqqallı suiti: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Saqqallı suiti (latınca: Erignathus barbatus) - Suitinin bir növüdür.

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Reunig barvek ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Ar reunig barvek (Erignathus barbatus) a zo ur bronneg mor eus ar c'herentiad Phocidae. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Erignathus.

 src=
Tiriad ar reunig barvek
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Foca barbuda ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

La foca barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) és una foca que habita la regió de l'oceà Àrtic. Viu des del nord del Canadà i a tot el nord d'Europa. Arriba fins a 80-85° de latitud nord. Segons les estimacions més recents, té una població de més de 500.000 individus. És molt vulnerable als canvis en el seu hàbitat. Normalment se la caça per la caça de subsistència a Rússia, Alaska i Groenlàndia.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Foca barbuda Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Foca barbuda: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

La foca barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) és una foca que habita la regió de l'oceà Àrtic. Viu des del nord del Canadà i a tot el nord d'Europa. Arriba fins a 80-85° de latitud nord. Segons les estimacions més recents, té una població de més de 500.000 individus. És molt vulnerable als canvis en el seu hàbitat. Normalment se la caça per la caça de subsistència a Rússia, Alaska i Groenlàndia.

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Morlo Barfog ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Mamal sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Phocidae ydy'r morlo barfog sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: morloi barfog (Lladin: Erignathus barbatus; Saesneg: Bearded seal). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Ewrop.

Mae'n famal sy'n byw yn y môr ac ar adegau mae i'w ganfod ger arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[1]

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Morlo Barfog: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Mamal sy'n byw yn y môr ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Phocidae ydy'r morlo barfog sy'n enw gwrywaidd; lluosog: morloi barfog (Lladin: Erignathus barbatus; Saesneg: Bearded seal). Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Ewrop.

Mae'n famal sy'n byw yn y môr ac ar adegau mae i'w ganfod ger arfordir Cymru. Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.

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Tuleň vousatý ( Czech )

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Tuleň vousatý (Erignathus barbatus), jediný druh monotypického rodu Erignathus, je mohutný savec žijící v chladných vodách severní polokoule.

Rozšíření

Žije v Severním ledovém oceánu (Arktickém oceánu) a v místech styku i v Atlantském a Tichém oceánu. Jeho život je svázán s plovoucími krami, na kterých se nechává v období odpočinku, línání a péče o potomky volně unášet, lze ho spatřit po 80. až 85. severní rovnoběžku. V místech s pevným ledem je schopen si udržet otvory nutné pro vstup do vody a pro dýchání celoročně volné, vedle takových děr také odpočívá a v případě nebezpečí uniká do vody. V létě migruje s ustupujícími krami k severu, s příchodem zimy zase k jihu. Na některých místech (např. Hudsonův záliv) bývá k vidění i na pobřežní štěrkové pláži. Je to samotářský živočich, nachází se v obrovském regionu přes svou početnost ojediněle, jen v období línání (od května do června) se shlukuje do malých kolonií. Vyskytuje se ve dvou poddruzích oddělených od sebe geograficky.

Erignathus barbatus barbatus je rozšířen, přibližně vzato, v místech kontaktu Severního ledového oceánu s Atlantským, jeho teritorium je ohraničeno na východě mořem Laptěvů u severního pobřeží Ruska a na západě arktickou Kanadou. Směrem k jihu zasahuje v oblasti Evropy až do Norského moře a po jih Islandu a v oblasti Severní Ameriky po jih Grónska a po Hudsonův záliv.

Erignathus barbatus nautica má svou oblast výskytu ohraničenou na západě Východosibiřským mořem u severního pobřeží Ruska a na východě arktickou Kanadou. V oblasti styku Asie se Severní Amerikou proniká přes Beringův průliv do Ochotského moře až k Hokkaidu, severnímu ostrovu japonského souostroví.[2][3][4]

Popis

Dospělá zvířata dosahují délky 2 až 2,5 m a váhy 250 až 300 kg, samice bývají mírně mohutnější. Hmotnost v průběhu roku značně kolísá, jednou byla zaznamenána váha i 390 kg. Vrstva tuku tvoří 30 až 40 % hmotnosti. Jejich tělo je poměrně dlouhé, malá, úzká, zaoblená hlava s velkýma, blízko sebe posazenýma očima je zakončena širokým, masitým čenichem. Na jeho konci mají obzvláště vyvinuté hmatové husté fousy bílé barvy, mokré jsou rovné, suché se kroutí. Oboje ploutve mají krátké a široké, s robustními drápy. Srst na zádech je tmavě šedá až hnědá, na břiše světlejší, tvář i ploutve jsou narezavělé. Čenich a okolí očí bývají světlé. Obě pohlaví jsou zbarvená obdobně. Dorozumívají se, hlavně ve vodě, širokým spektrem zvuků, které ukazují na možnost složité sociální struktury.

Žijí osaměle, nejčastěji v místech kde se pohybuji volné ledové kry a kde je hloubka 100 až 200 m. Většina ponorů za potravou je do hloubky okolo 100 m, i když byly zaregistrovány případy do 300 až 500 m. Loví převážně bentické živočichy z měkkého dna, přičemž využívají svých specifických dlouhých vousů. Nejčastěji loví korýše, měkkýše, hlavonožce a v menší míře i ryby, převážně z čeledí koruškovitých (Osmeridae), platýsovitých (Pleuronectidae), treskovitých (Gadidae), vrankovitých (Cottidae) a slimulovitých (Zoarcidae). Jejich jídelníček se odlišuje podle míst, kde žijí.[2][3][4][5][6]

Rozmnožování

Přibližně každý druhý rok v dubnu nebo květnu vrhne samice na ledové kře v blízkosti vody jedno mládě s tmavou vlnitou srstí o průměrné váze 35 kg a délce 130 cm, které je schopno okamžitě plavat. Samice, které mají na rozdíl od ostatních tuleňů čtyři mléčné bradavky, mládě kojí 3krát denně mlékem o 50 % tučnosti a učí ho plavat a potápět. Asi po 24 dnech potomka, který váží již asi 85 kg, odstaví a opouští. V té době tráví mládě již polovinu času ve vodě a dokáže se potopit do hloubky 80 m a vydrží pod vodou více než 5 minut. V době výchovy mláďat jsou tuleni vousatí nejvíce ohrožení hlavními suchozemskými predátory, ledními medvědy. Než se mláďata vydají na samostatnou pouť, musí ještě na kře zcela vyměnit dětskou srst.

Po období laktace přicházejí samice do říje. To již se samci snaží svým specifickým hlasovým projevem, slyšitelným pod vodní hladinou na mnoho kilometrů, zaimponovat říjným samicím a spářit se. Někteří samci si střeží svá území a očekávají samice, jiní zase putují na dlouhé vzdálenosti a volné samice hledají. Jsou to promiskuitní tvorové. Samicím se přibližně na dva měsíce zastavuje růst oplodněného vajíčka. Samice je březí celkem asi 11 měsíců, zabřezne většinou co dva roky. Samci dospívají v šesti až sedmi létech a dožívají se asi 25 let, samice v pěti až šesti a žijí až do 30 let.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Ohrožení

Hlavními přirozenými predátory tuleňů vousatých zatoulaných se do větších vzdálenosti od okraje moře jsou lední medvědi (Ursus maritimus), ve vodě pak kosatky dravé (Orcinus orca). Mláďata jsou dále ohrožována i mroži (Odobenus rosmarus). Velkým nebezpečím jsou pro ně ropné skvrny, které narušují izolační vlastnosti srsti.

Tuleni vousatí byli po tisíciletí loveni místními obyvateli jako zdroj potravy a pro své pevné kožešiny používané jako oděv, boty i na stavbu lodí, jejich tuk se používá ke svícení. V současnosti tento lov v omezené míře pokračuje v Kanadě, Spojených státech Amerických, Grónsku a Rusku, kde jsou pro Eskymáky jedním ze zdrojů obživy. Jsou známé jen hrubé odhady jejich celkového počtu, pravděpodobně jich žije asi 500 000 jedinců a trend jejich populace se zdá být stabilní. Červený seznam IUCN je považuje za druh málo dotčený (LC).[4][7]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c NEUBERGER, Anthony; POPPLEWELL, Laurel; RICHARDSON, Hillary. Animal Diversity Web: Erignathus barbatus [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 2011 [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. a b c Erignathus barbatus [online]. MarineBio.org, Inc., Encinitas, CA, USA [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b c d IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Erignathus barbatus [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2011 [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b ARKive: Erignathus barbatus [online]. ARKive, Wildscreen Trading Ltd., Bristol, UK [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. a b SAUNDRY, Peter. Encyclopedia: Erignathus barbatus [online]. The Encyclopedia of Earth, rev. 21.05.2011 [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. a b Environment and Natural Resources: Bearded Seal [online]. Government of the Northwest Territories, Inuvik, NT, CA [cit. 2012-03-08]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Tuleň vousatý: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Tuleň vousatý (Erignathus barbatus), jediný druh monotypického rodu Erignathus, je mohutný savec žijící v chladných vodách severní polokoule.

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Remmesæl ( Danish )

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Remmesæl lever hovedsagelig i drivisen, og man ser den aldrig på land.

Navnet har den fået på grund af dens tykke skind, som man anvendte til at fremstille kamikker, harpunliner og hundeskagler med.

Sælen har en gråbrun pels uden tegninger.

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Bartrobbe ( German )

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Die Bartrobbe (Erignathus barbatus) ist die größte arktische Robbe und hat ihren Namen wegen ihrer auffallend langen weißen Barthaare.

Merkmale

Die Farbe des Pelzes ist bei männlichen und bei weiblichen Bartrobben am Rücken dunkelgrau, auf der Bauchseite etwas heller. Zwischen März und August kommt es zum Fellwechsel. Während des Winters durch sehr dickes Unterhautfettgewebe gegen die arktischen Witterungsbedingungen geschützt, wirkt die Bartrobbe recht plump und ihr Kopf verhältnismäßig klein. Sie wiegt dann bis zu 360 Kilogramm, während sie in den Sommermonaten bei viel geringerem Fettgewebe nur noch bis zu 230 Kilogramm Gewicht hat; das Unterhautgewebe macht 30 bis 40 Prozent des Körpergewichts aus. Ihre durchschnittliche Länge beträgt etwa zweieinhalb Meter. Charakteristisch sind nahezu rechteckig geformte Vorderflossen, deren Jahresringe auf das Alter schließen lassen (Höchstalter etwa 30 Jahre).

Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet (blau) der Bartrobbe

Lebensraum der Bartrobben sind das ganze Jahr über die zirkumpolaren arktischen Treibeisgebiete. Besonders häufig kommen sie im Beringmeer vor, doch ist auch die Zahl von etwa 300.000 in kanadischen Gewässern lebenden Bartrobben nicht unbeträchtlich.

Lebensweise

Gewöhnlich leben Bartrobben einzelgängerisch. Sie halten sich bevorzugt in unmittelbarer Nähe offenen Wassers, vor allem auf treibendem Packeis, wo ihnen Spalten und Polynyas Fluchtwege und Öffnungen zum Atmen bieten und Eisbären, ihre natürlichen Feinde, sie nicht erjagen können. Im Winter sind die Bartrobben zwar generell in der Lage, sich auch unter geschlossener Eisdecke aufzuhalten und Atemluft durch von ihnen im Eis offen gehaltene Atemlöcher zu beziehen, doch bevorzugen sie dabei Meeresregionen mit dünnerem Eis, das sie mit Kopfstößen aufbrechen können. Gelegentlich haben sich Bartrobben im Winter bis an mitteleuropäische Küsten und sogar bis Nordspanien verirrt.

Fühlen die Tiere sich ungestört, schwimmen sie mit Kopf und Rücken über der Wasseroberfläche; beim Schlafen lassen sie sich vertikal mit aus dem Wasser ragender Schnauze treiben.

Als Jagdgebiet ziehen Bartrobben flachere Gewässer vor, doch können sie bis in Tiefen von 220 Metern tauchen. Zur Nahrung dienen ihnen auf dem Meeresboden lebende Organismen, die sie mit ihren Barthaaren aufspüren, zum Beispiel Krebstiere, Muscheln und Schnecken, doch nehmen sie sich auch kleinere Fische zur Beute.

Männliche Bartrobben lassen unter Wasser vokalreiche Gesänge ertönen, die denen der Wale nicht unähnlich sind und die auf eine komplexe soziale Struktur unter den Tieren verweisen. Im April und Mai erreichen diese Gesänge ihren Höhepunkt, vermutlich zwecks Abgrenzung der Reviere und Werbung um die Weibchen. Die Paarungszeit liegt Mitte Mai. Die Einnistung der befruchteten Eizelle erfolgt erst zwei Monate später, und die Tragezeit beträgt dann elf Monate. Die jungen Bartrobben werden Ende April bis Anfang Mai auf dem Eis geboren. Während der Säugezeit von 12 bis 18 Tagen besteht eine sehr enge Mutterbindung, danach werden die nun schwimmfähigen Jungen jedoch sich selbst überlassen. Die mit etwa sechs Jahren geschlechtsreifen Weibchen gebären gewöhnlich in ein- bis zweijährigem Rhythmus.

Bartrobbenjagd

 src=
Inuit-Frau bei der Bearbeitung eines Bartrobbenfells in einem Camp auf der Baffin-Insel am Foxe-Becken

Jährlich werden schätzungsweise 10.000 Bartrobben erlegt, weil sie für die Eskimos nach wie vor wegen ihrer festen und doch flexiblen Haut und auch wegen ihres als Nahrung für Menschen und Hunde geeigneten Fleisches von Bedeutung sind. Die Haut diente früher als Bezugsmaterial für Kajaks und Qarmaqs (Erdsodenhütten) sowie zur Herstellung von Seilen und für Besohlen von Fellstiefeln („Kamit“). Letztere werden auch heute noch aus diesem Material hergestellt.

Infolge ihrer einzelgängerischen Lebensweise und ihres im Handel weniger geschätzten Pelzes war diese Robbenart von Pelzjägern nie massenhaft erlegt worden und deshalb in ihrem Bestand auch nicht gefährdet.

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World, 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  • Seals of the Northwest Territories. Hrsg. Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Yellowknife (1. Auflage 1992)

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Bartrobbe: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Bartrobbe (Erignathus barbatus) ist die größte arktische Robbe und hat ihren Namen wegen ihrer auffallend langen weißen Barthaare.

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Biardselag ( North Frisian )

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Di biardselag (Erignathus barbatus) as di gratst siahünj uun a Arktis an hää üübfaalen lung witj biardhiaren.

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Biardselag: Brief Summary ( North Frisian )

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Di biardselag (Erignathus barbatus) as di gratst siahünj uun a Arktis an hää üübfaalen lung witj biardhiaren.

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Erignathus barbatus ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Erignathus barbatus es un specie de Erignathus.

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Foka birî ( Kurdish )

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Foka birî (Erignathus barbatus), cureyekî bi mezinahiyeke navinçî ji foka bêguh ye ku li nêzî okyanûsa Antartîkayê dijî.

Şayes

Reftar

Jîngeh

Belavbûn

Çavkanî

  1. Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (2008). Erignathus barbatus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 28 January 2009.
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Foka birî: Brief Summary ( Kurdish )

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Foka birî (Erignathus barbatus), cureyekî bi mezinahiyeke navinçî ji foka bêguh ye ku li nêzî okyanûsa Antartîkayê dijî.

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Деңиз коёну ( Kirghiz; Kyrgyz )

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Деңиз коёну.
Erignathus barbatus distribution.png

Деңиз коёну (лат. Erignathus barbatus) — аюбалыктардын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Лахтак ( Tajik )

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Лахтак

Лахтак (Erignathus barbatus) харгӯши баҳрӣ, ҳайвони баҳрӣ аз гурӯҳи белпойҳо. Дарозиаш 2, 2-2, 6м, вазнаш 225-360кг. Нараш аз модааш калонтар. Тахтапушташ бо пашми чигарии ҳокистартоб ва кисми шикамаш бо пашми ҳокистари пушида шудааст. Ранги навзодаш сиёҳ. Лахтак дар минтакаҳои арктикии Атлантика, дар бахрҳои Сафед, Баренц,Кара,Чукот,Беринг ва Охота пахн щудааст. Одатан дар чойҳои тунукоб танҳо-танҳо зиндаги карда, бо ҳайвонҳои майдаи бемухра ва баъзан моҳиҳо ғизо мекунанд. Дар қабати барфҳои доими лона сохта, баҳорон дар яхҳои шиновар якто бача мезоянд.Даври тулаш тобистон. Барои пуст ва равған шикор мекунанд.

Нигаред

Манбаъ

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Лахтак: Brief Summary ( Tajik )

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Лахтак (Erignathus barbatus) харгӯши баҳрӣ, ҳайвони баҳрӣ аз гурӯҳи белпойҳо. Дарозиаш 2, 2-2, 6м, вазнаш 225-360кг. Нараш аз модааш калонтар. Тахтапушташ бо пашми чигарии ҳокистартоб ва кисми шикамаш бо пашми ҳокистари пушида шудааст. Ранги навзодаш сиёҳ. Лахтак дар минтакаҳои арктикии Атлантика, дар бахрҳои Сафед, Баренц,Кара,Чукот,Беринг ва Охота пахн щудааст. Одатан дар чойҳои тунукоб танҳо-танҳо зиндаги карда, бо ҳайвонҳои майдаи бемухра ва баъзан моҳиҳо ғизо мекунанд. Дар қабати барфҳои доими лона сохта, баҳорон дар яхҳои шиновар якто бача мезоянд.Даври тулаш тобистон. Барои пуст ва равған шикор мекунанд.

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Сахалт далайн хав ( Mongolian )

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Сахалт далайн хав (Erignathus barbatus), Дөрвөлжин сэлүүрт далайн хав буюу Далайн туулай нь дунд зэргийн хэмжээтэй сэлүүр хөлтөн бөгөөд Хойд мөсөн далайн орчимд амьдардаг.

Насанд хүрсэн сахалт далайн хав хамрын үзүүрээс сүүлний үзүүр хүртэл 2.25-аас 2.7 метр урттай, 275-аас 340 кг хүртэл жинтэй байдаг.

Сахалт далайн хав нь цагаан баавгай, Арктикийн эргээр оршин суудаг Инуйтуудын гол хоол хүнс болдог. Нутгийн уугуул оршин суугчид арьсаар нь Умиак хэмээх завиа бүрдэг.

Сахалт далайн хавын биеийн жингийн 30-40%-г өөх тос эзэлдэг.

Эшлэл

  1. Воценкрафт, В.К. (2005). “Order Carnivora”, Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd, Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (2008). Erignathus barbatus. IUCN 2008. IUCN ховордсон зүйлүүдийн улаан ном. 28 January 2009-д авсан.
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Сахалт далайн хав: Brief Summary ( Mongolian )

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Сахалт далайн хав (Erignathus barbatus), Дөрвөлжин сэлүүрт далайн хав буюу Далайн туулай нь дунд зэргийн хэмжээтэй сэлүүр хөлтөн бөгөөд Хойд мөсөн далайн орчимд амьдардаг.

Насанд хүрсэн сахалт далайн хав хамрын үзүүрээс сүүлний үзүүр хүртэл 2.25-аас 2.7 метр урттай, 275-аас 340 кг хүртэл жинтэй байдаг.

Сахалт далайн хав нь цагаан баавгай, Арктикийн эргээр оршин суудаг Инуйтуудын гол хоол хүнс болдог. Нутгийн уугуул оршин суугчид арьсаар нь Умиак хэмээх завиа бүрдэг.

Сахалт далайн хавын биеийн жингийн 30-40%-г өөх тос эзэлдэг.

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Ugruk ( Inupiaq )

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Ugruk (Erignathus barbatus)(dual: Ugruuk; plural: Ugruich)

  • Ugrugaq (Tanŋ. young bearded seal; perhaps a year or two years old)
  • Ugruayaaq (Tanŋ. baby bearded seal)
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Bearded seal

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The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), also called the square flipper seal, is a medium-sized pinniped that is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean.[3] It gets its generic name from two Greek words (eri and gnathos) that refer to its heavy jaw. The other part of its Linnaean name means bearded and refers to its most characteristic feature, the conspicuous and very abundant whiskers. When dry, these whiskers curl very elegantly,[3] giving the bearded seal a "raffish" look.

Bearded seals are the largest northern phocid. They have been found to weigh as much as 300 kg (660 lb) with the females being the largest. However, male and female bearded seals are not very dimorphic.[3]

The only member of the genus Erignathus, the bearded seal is unique in that it is an intermediate. Bearded seals belong to the family Phocidae which contains two subfamilies: Phocinae and Monachinae. The bearded seal possesses characteristics of both of these subfamilies.[3]

Fossils first described in 2002 indicate that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals ranged as far south as South Carolina.[4]

Description

Distinguishing features of this earless seal include square fore flippers and thick bristles on its muzzle. Adults are greyish-brown in colour, darker on the back; rarely with a few faint spots on the back or dark spots on the sides. Occasionally the face and neck are reddish brown. Bearded seal pups are born with a greyish-brown natal fur with scattered patches of white on the back and head. The bearded seal is unique in the subfamily Phocinae in having two pairs of teats, a feature it shares with monk seals.

Bearded seals reach about 2.1 to 2.7 m (6.9 to 8.9 ft) in nose-to-tail length and from 200 to 430 kg (441 to 948 lb) in weight.[5] The female seal is larger than the male, meaning that they are sexually dimorphic.

Bearded seals, along with ringed seals, are a major food source for polar bears.[6] They are also an important food source for the Inuit of the Arctic coast. The Inuit language name for the seal is ugjuk[7][8] (plural: ugjuit) or oogrook or oogruk. The Inuit preferred the ringed seal for food and light; the meat would be eaten and the blubber burnt in the kudlik (stone lamp). The skin of the bearded seal is tougher than regular seal and was used to make shoes, whips, dog sled harnesses, to cover a wooden frame boat, the Umiak and in constructing summer tents known as tupiq.[9]

The body fat content of a bearded seal is about 25–40%.[10]

Distribution

Bearded seals are extant in Arctic and subarctic regions. In the Pacific region, they extend from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic, south into the Bering Sea[11] where they span from Bristol Bay on the Alaskan coast to the Sea of Okhotsk on the Russian coast,[12] up to but not including the northern coast of Japan.[12] In the Arctic Ocean, they are found along the northern coasts of Russia, Norway, Canada, and Alaska,[12] including the Norwegian Archipelago of Svalbard[13] and Canadian Arctic Archipelago.[14] In the Atlantic, Bearded seals are found along the northern coast of Iceland, the east and west coasts of Greenland and the Canadian mainland as far south as Labrador.[15]

Although the range typically only extends down into subarctic areas bearded seals have been seen in Japan and China as well as extremely far south of their range in Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, France, Spain and Portugal.[12]

Hunting and diet

Primarily benthic, bearded seals feed on a variety of small prey found along the ocean floor, including clams, squid, and fish. Their whiskers serve as feelers[16] in the soft bottom sediments. Adults tend not to dive very deep, favoring shallow coastal areas no more than 300 m (980 ft) deep. Pups up to one year old, however, will venture much deeper, diving as deep as 450 m (1,480 ft). In a study conducted during the summer months, the seals have been found to feed on invertebrates such as anemones, sea cucumbers, and polychaete worms.[14] The same study found that sculpins and Arctic cod made up most of their summer diet. Sculpin were also found to be the largest fish consumed by the seals. Bearded seals are capable of preying on pelagic and demersal fish in addition to their benthic prey.[17]

Reproduction and lifecycle

Bearded seal pup

Bearded seals give birth in the spring. In the Canadian Arctic, seal pupping occurs in May.[9] In Svalbard, bearded seals reach sexual maturity at 5 or 6 years of age.[18] Further south, in Alaska, most pups are born in late April. Pups are born on small drifting ice floes in shallow waters, usually weighing around 30–40 kg (66–88 lb). They enter the water only hours after they are born, and quickly become proficient divers. Mothers care for the pups for 18–24 days, during which time the pups grow at an average rate of 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) per day. During this time, pups consume an average of 8 L (1.8 imp gal; 2.1 US gal) of milk a day. By the time they are weaned, the pups have grown to about 100 kg (220 lb).

Just before the pups are weaned, a new mating cycle takes place. Females ovulate at the end of their lactation period, but remain close to their pups, ready to defend them if necessary. During the mating season, male seals will "sing," emitting a long-drawn-out warbling note that ends in a sort of moan or sigh. This sound may attract females, or may be used by the males to proclaim their territory or their readiness for breeding. Males occupy the same areas from one year to the next.[19]

Like many Arctic mammals, bearded seals employ a reproductive strategy known as delayed implantation. This means that the blastocyst is not implanted for two months after fertilization, most often becoming implanted in July. Thus, the seal's total gestation period is around eleven months, though its active gestation period is nine months.[20]

Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source.[21] Killer whales also prey on these seals, sometimes overturning ice floes to reach them. Walruses also eat these seals, mainly pups, but such predation is rare.[22]

Bearded seals are believed to live up to 31 years.[23]

Vocalization

The vocalizations produced by the bearded seal are very unique, possibly because their trachea is different from that of other Northern Pacific phocids. A majority of the rings in the trachea are incomplete with only a membrane attaching the two ends.[24]

Sample of underwater bearded seal vocalizations taken using a hydrophone.

The sounds of the bearded seal usually consist of a long oscillating trill lasting for a minute or more followed by a short, deep moan. This "song" is often repeated frequently.[24] The number of call types within a population can vary geographically, with four types found in Svalbard and eleven in the Western Canadian Arctic. The most frequent sounds are trills, moans, and sweeps. A sweep can be compared to a short trill.[25]

Bearded seals produce distinct trills from late March to late June, with a decline in rhythmicity in late May and June. This timeline coincides with their breeding and pupping season, which is from April to May. The repetitive and transmittable nature of bearded seal trills leads researchers to believe that they are utilized for communication, likely during courtship and breeding.[26] Males use these sounds to establish mating territories and communicate their fitness,[25] but it is likely that females produce these sounds as well.[26]

Underwater, bearded seal trills can be heard from a distance of over 30 km, with some types of sounds traveling farther than others. This makes it possible for one animal to communicate with another animal that is far away, although acoustic degradation does occur as the sound passes through the environment. A seal must produce a trill with a sound-pressure of at least 100 dB at 1 m in order for the sound to propagate 30 km, meaning that bearded seals can likely produce sounds at this level.[26]

Bearded seal on ice, Svalbard

Conservation status

On March 28, 2008, the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service initiated a status review[27] under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to determine if listing this species under the ESA is warranted. All bearded seals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and determined by the IUCN to be classified as a "least concern" for extinction.[2] This classification was determined due to various factors including, widespread distribution, stable population size, as well as alternating prey resources. NOAA determined that the factors influencing any change in conservancy status of the bearded seal may include: loss of sea ice by climate change, bycatch from commercial fishing gear, and hunting.[28] Their main predators include polar bears, however, typically pups around age 2 are attacked within birthing lairs, leaving older juveniles and adults commonly unharmed.[29] Due to climate change, factors such as loss of sea ice, as well as decrease in prey population may create negative results on the bearded seal population in the future. Therefore, monitoring of the species as well as influences of human activity, will be vital to ensure species stability.

Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies of this seal:[1]

While the validity of these subspecies has been questioned, and is not yet supported by any molecular data,[4] analysis of the animals' calls does indicate a differentiation between different populations.[30]

Erignathus barbatus 1996-08-04.jpg

Evolutionary history

Bearded seal fossils have been found to be as old as the early to mid Pleistocene. These early fossils were found in northern regions like England, Alaska, and Sweden, as well as the North Sea and the Champlain Sea.[31]

Bearded seals, like all true seals, belong to the family Phocidae which is one of the three families in the clade Pinnipedia, along with Otariidae and Odobenidae. Pinnipeds are thought to have originated 27 to 25 million years ago during the late Oligocene period. One hypothesis for the evolution of pinnipeds is that pinnipeds are a diphyletic group and otariids and odobenids are more closely related to bears, and phocids are more closely related to mustelids like weasels. Another hypothesis suggests that pinnipeds are a monophyletic group that descended from a single ancestor. This has been more supported by phylogenetic analysis than the diphylectic hypothesis. One such study suggests that phocids are sister taxa to the common ancestor to both otariids and odobenids.[31]

Bearded seals belong to the subfamily Phocinae. This subfamily is thought to have evolved after the subfamily Monachinae. Alternative phylogenies show the bearded seal being most closely related to the ribbon seal or the hooded seal. However, molecular evidence suggests that hooded seals are their close relatives.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Kovacs, K.M. (2016). "Erignathus barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T8010A45225428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8010A45225428.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2009-02-26). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080919935.
  4. ^ a b Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
  5. ^ Erignathus barbatus. The Animal Diversity Web
  6. ^ "Arctic Bears". PBS Nature. 17 February 2008.
  7. ^ Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun; B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary (PDF). Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  8. ^ "Bearded seal". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
  9. ^ a b Ugjuk — Bearded Seal
  10. ^ Ryg, Morten; Lydersen, Christian; Markussen, Nina H.; Smith, Thomas G.; Øritsland, Nils Are (18 January 1990). "Estimating the Blubber Content of Phocid Seals". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 47 (6): 1223–1227. doi:10.1139/f90-142. ISSN 0706-652X.
  11. ^ Lowry, Lloyd F.; Frost, Kathryn J.; Burns, John J. (1980). "Variability in the Diet of Ringed Seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37 (12): 2254–2261. doi:10.1139/f80-270. ISSN 0706-652X.
  12. ^ a b c d "Erignathus barbatus: Kovacs, K.M.". 2016-02-17. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-1.rlts.t8010a45225428.en. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Hjelset, A. M.; Andersen, M.; Gjertz, I.; Lydersen, C.; Gulliksen, B. (1999-02-23). "Feeding habits of bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) from the Svalbard area, Norway". Polar Biology. 21 (3): 186–193. doi:10.1007/s003000050351. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 25532134.
  14. ^ a b Finley, K.J.; Evans, C.R. (1983-01-01). "Summer Diet of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) in the Canadian High Arctic". Arctic. 36 (1). doi:10.14430/arctic2246. ISSN 1923-1245.
  15. ^ "Bearded Seal - NAMMCO". NAMMCO. 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
  16. ^ Saundry, Peter. 2010. Bearded seal Archived July 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic editor C. Michael Hogan, Ed.in Chief: Cutler Cleveland, NCSE, Washington DC
  17. ^ Finley, K. J.; Evans, C. R. (1983-01-01). "Summer Diet of the Bearded Seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) in the Canadian High Arctic". Arctic. 36 (1): 82–89. doi:10.14430/arctic2246. ISSN 1923-1245.
  18. ^ Andersen, Magnus; et al. (1999). "Growth, age at sexual maturity and condition in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway" (PDF). Polar Biology. 21 (3): 179–185. doi:10.1007/s003000050350. hdl:11250/174308. S2CID 37623370.
  19. ^ Nuttal; et al. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. New York, NY: Routlelege.
  20. ^ Perry, Judith E. (1983). Seals of the World. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 103.
  21. ^ "Erignathus barbatus – bearded seal". Animal Diversity Web.
  22. ^ Folkens, Peter (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York, pg. 117.
  23. ^ National Marine Mammal Laboratory Bearded Seals Retrieved May 1, 2016
  24. ^ a b Burns, John J. (May 1979). "Natural History and Ecology of the Bearded Seal, Erignathus Barbatus" (PDF).
  25. ^ a b Risch, Denise; Clark, Christopher W.; Corkeron, Peter J.; Elepfandt, Andreas; Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Stirling, Ian; Van Parijs, Sofie M. (May 2007). "Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation". Animal Behaviour. 73 (5): 747–762. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 53187110.
  26. ^ a b c Cleator, Holly J.; Stirling, Ian; Smith, T. G. (5 July 1989). "Underwater vocalizations of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67 (8): 1900–1910. doi:10.1139/z89-272. ISSN 0008-4301.
  27. ^ Federal Register /Vol. 73, No. 61 / March 28, 2008 / Proposed Rules. National Marine Fisheries Service
  28. ^ Fisheries, NOAA (2018-05-24). "Bearded Seal | NOAA Fisheries". www.fisheries.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-06-06.
  29. ^ Smith, Thomas G. (1980). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 58: 2201–2209. doi:10.1139/z80-302.
  30. ^ Risch, D.; et al. (2006). "Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation". Animal Behaviour. 73 (5): 747–762. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012. S2CID 53187110.
  31. ^ a b c Harington, C. R. (March 2008). "The Evolution of Arctic Marine Mammals". Ecological Applications. 18 (sp2): S23–S40. doi:10.1890/06-0624.1. ISSN 1051-0761. PMID 18494361.
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Bearded seal: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), also called the square flipper seal, is a medium-sized pinniped that is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean. It gets its generic name from two Greek words (eri and gnathos) that refer to its heavy jaw. The other part of its Linnaean name means bearded and refers to its most characteristic feature, the conspicuous and very abundant whiskers. When dry, these whiskers curl very elegantly, giving the bearded seal a "raffish" look.

Bearded seals are the largest northern phocid. They have been found to weigh as much as 300 kg (660 lb) with the females being the largest. However, male and female bearded seals are not very dimorphic.

The only member of the genus Erignathus, the bearded seal is unique in that it is an intermediate. Bearded seals belong to the family Phocidae which contains two subfamilies: Phocinae and Monachinae. The bearded seal possesses characteristics of both of these subfamilies.

Fossils first described in 2002 indicate that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals ranged as far south as South Carolina.

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Erignathus barbatus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La foca barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia Phocidae. Es de tamaño mediano y habita en el Océano Ártico y en sus proximidades.

Taxonomía

La especie es la única integrante del género Erignathus y toma su nombre genérico de dos palabras griegas (eri y gnathos) que hacen referencia a su mandíbula prominente. La otra parte de su nombre linneano significa barbuda y hace referencia a su característica más distintiva, sus muy abundantes y conspicuos bigotes. Se reconocen dos subespecies de foca barbuda:[1]

Características

 src=
Foca barbuda sobre el hielo en Svalbard.

Los aspectos distintivos de esta foca sin pabellón auditivo incluye aletas frontales cuadradas y gruesos bigotes en su hocico. Los adultos poseen un tono gris amarronado, más oscuro en su dorso; ocasionalmente con una manchas en la espalda o puntos oscuros en sus flancos. Ocasionalmente su cara y cuello son de color rojizo-amarronado. Las crías de la foca barbuda nacen con una piel gris-amarronada con manchones blancos esparcidos en su espalda y cabeza. La foca barbuda es la única de la subfamilia Phocinae que posee dos pares de pezones, una característica que también se presenta en las focas monje.

Alcanza una longitud de 2.25 m a 2.7 m medida del extremo de su hocico hasta su cola, llegando a pesar entre 275 kg a 340 kg. Ambos sexos tienen dimensiones similares.

Esta especie es la fuente de alimento primaria del oso polar y de los inuit de las costas árticas. El nombre inuktitut de la foca es ugyuk o oogrook. La piel de la foca se utiliza para recubrir un bote con armazón de madera denominado umiak.

El cuerpo de la foca barbuda posee un contenido graso de entre el 30% al 40%.

Caza y dieta

Primariamente bentónica, la foca barbuda se alimenta de una variedad de presas pequeñas que encuentra en el fondo del océano, incluidos almejas, calamares, y peces. Sus bigotes le sirven a guisa de sensores de los sedimentos blandos del fondo marino. Los adultos no se sumergen a grandes profundidades, prefiriendo zonas costeras de no más de 300 m de profundidad. Sin embargo los cachorros menores a un año de edad, se aventuran a profundidades de hasta 450 m.

Reproducción y ciclo de vida

 src=
Foca barbuda sobre una placa de hielo en Wager Bay (Parque nacional Ukkusiksalik, Nunavut, Canadá).

La foca barbuda da a luz en primavera. En el Ártico canadiense, las hembras dan a luz sus cachorros durante el mes de mayo. Mientras que en Alaska, algo más al sur, la mayoría de las crías nace a fines de abril. Las crías nacen sobre pequeños trozos de hielo a la deriva en aguas poco profundas, pesando al nacer unos 30 a 40 kg. A las pocas horas de nacer la cría entra al agua, y rápidamente se transforman en avezados buceadores. Las madres atienden a sus crías durante 18 a 24 días, durante este lapso los cachorros crecen un promedio de 3.3 kg por día. Durante esta época, los cachorros consumen en promedio unos ocho litros de leche por día. Al momento del destete, las crías han crecido hasta alcanzar un peso de unos cien kg.

Justo antes de que los cachorros sean destetados, comienza un nuevo ciclo de apareamiento. Las hembras ovulan al final de su período de amantamiento, pero permanecen junto a sus cachorros, listas para defenderlos. Durante la temporada de apareamiento, los machos "cantan," emitiendo una nota prolongada ondulante que concluye en una especie de gemido o suspiro. Este sonido puede servir para atraer a las hembras, o puede ser utilizado por los machos para reclamar su territorio o su disponibilidad para reproducirse. Los machos ocupan las mismas áreas año tras año.[3]

Al igual que muchos mamíferos del ártico, la foca barbuda posee una estrategia reproductiva denominada implantación diferida. Esto significa que el blastocito no se implanta hasta dos meses después de haberse realizado la fertilización, implantándose más a menudo en el mes de julio. Por lo tanto el período total de gestación es de unos once meses después de la fecundación, si bien el período activo de gestación es de nueve meses posteriores a la implantación.[4]

Estado de conservación

En 2008, el Servicio Nacional de Pesca Marina (National Marine Fisheries Service) de los Estados Unidos inició una revisión del estatus de la especie según la Ley para la Protección de Mamíferos Marinos (Endangered Species Act) (ESA) para determinar si es justiflicable la inclusión de esta especie como amenazada.[5]

Subespecies

Existen dos subespecies reconocidas de esta foca:[1]

Referencias

  1. a b c Wozencraft (2005). «Erignathus barbatus». En Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  2. Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (2008). «Erignathus barbatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de enero de 2009.
  3. Nuttal, et al. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. New York, NY: Routlelege.
  4. Perry, Judith E. (1983). Seals of the World. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 103.
  5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Federal Register /Vol. 73, No. 61. 2008. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2010.
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Erignathus barbatus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La foca barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) es una especie de mamífero pinnípedo de la familia Phocidae. Es de tamaño mediano y habita en el Océano Ártico y en sus proximidades.

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Itsas txakur bizardun ( Basque )

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Itsas txakur bizardun (Erignathus barbatus) Erignathus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Bi azpiespezie ditu:

  • Erignathus barbatus barbatus
  • Erignathus barbatus nautica

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Erxleben (1777) 1 Syst. Regni Anim. 590. or..

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Itsas txakur bizardun: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Itsas txakur bizardun (Erignathus barbatus) Erignathus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Bi azpiespezie ditu:

Erignathus barbatus barbatus Erignathus barbatus nautica
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Partahylje ( Finnish )

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Partahylje (Erignathus barbatus) on suurin Pohjoisen jäämeren alueella esiintyvä hylkeiden heimoon kuuluva laji.[4] Se on sukunsa ainoa laji, ja se jaetaan kahteen alalajiin, jotka ovat Atlantilla elävä nimialalaji Erignathus barbatus barbatus ja Länsi-Kanadan ja Siperian välisellä alueella tavattava Erignathus barbatus nautica.[3][5] Suvun nimi Erignathus juontaa juurensa kreikan kielen sanoista eri ja gnathos, jotka viittaavat lajin raskastekoiseen leukaan. Lajinimi barbatus tarkoittaa partaa ja viittaa partahylkeelle ominaisiin runsaisiin viiksiin.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

 src=
Kanadalainen partahylje jäälautalla.

Partahylkeen pituus on 2,1–2,4 metriä ja paino 200–250 kg, jopa 360 kg.[6] Urokset ja naaraat ovat suunnilleen saman kokoisia. Ohotanmeren alueen yksilöt ovat keskimääräistä pienempiä, sillä ne ovat enintään 200 cm:n mittaisia ja painavat vain 190 kilogrammaa.[5] Partahylkeen ruumiin rasvapitoisuus on 30–40 prosenttia.

Partahylkeiden väritys vaihtelee hopeanharmaasta tummanruskeaan. Varsinkin poikasilla on selässä joskus muutamia vaaleita täpliä.[5] Pää on pieni suhteessa muuhun vartaloon, ja viikset ovat pitkät. Leuat ovat pitkät, mutta hampaat ovat surkastuneet ja voivat puuttua vanhoilta yksilöitä kokonaan.[5] Partahylkeillä on, toisin kuin muilla hylkeillä, neljä nänniä.[4]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Partahylje elää lähinnä Jäämeren alueella, mutta sitä tavataan myös Ohotanmerellä, Beringinmerellä ja Atlantin ja Tyynenmeren pohjoisosissa[1] ja satunnaisesti muun muassa Saksassa, Britanniassa ja Espanjassa[1]. Partahylkeitä on tavattu myös Suomen luovutettuihin alueisiin kuuluvassa Petsamossa.[7]

Partahylje elää suhteellisen matalissa vesissä.[5] Lajin yksilöt lepäilevät yleensä jäälautoilla, mutta toisinaan myös rannoilla.[5]

Lisääntyminen ja elinkaari

Paritteluaikana partahyljeurokset kosiskelevat naaraita päästämällä veden alla laulavaa ääntä.[5] Partahylkeet synnyttävät keväällä, Pohjois-Kanadassa toukokuussa, etelämpänä Alaskassa jo maaliskuun puolivälissä.[5] Kantoaika on yhdeksän kuukautta, ja poikaset syntyvät yleensä pienille jäälautoille. Poikaset ovat syntyessään keskimäärin 1,3 metriä pitkiä ja painavat 34 kilogrammaa.[6] Ne pystyvät sukeltamaan melkein heti syntymän jälkeen ja kykenevät pysyttelemään 75 metrin syvyydessä viiden minuutin ajan jo alle viikon ikäisinä.[8] Emo huolehtii poikasestaan 18–24 päivää, ja poikasen paino nousee nopeasti.[6]

Naaraat saavuttavat sukukypsyyden 3–8-vuotiaina ja urokset 5–7 vuoden iässä.[6][5] Naaras synnyttää ensimmäisen kerran yleensä 6,5–7,2-vuotiaana.[5] Partahylkeet elävät yleensä noin 25 vuotta, mutta pisimpään elänyt yksilö kuoli 31-vuotiaana.[6][9] Naaraat ovat pitkäikäisempiä kuin urokset.[5]

Ravinto

Partahylje saalistaa merenpohjan tuntumasta pieniä eläimiä, kuten simpukoita, mustekaloja, merimakkaroita[5] ja kaloja, etenkin turskakaloja. Saalistussyvyys on yleensä korkeintaan 200 metriä.[4]

Uhat

Alaskan alueella on aikaisemmin arvioitu olleen 250 000–300 000 yksilöä. Nykyään partahylkeiden määrästä ei ole tietoa.[10] Partahyljettä saalistavat jääkarhut, miekkavalaat, ihmiset ja joskus mursut.[4] Partahylkeet lepäävät yleensä jäällä lähellä railoa tai reikää, jotta ne voivat paeta uhkaa nopeasti.[4] Ihmiset saalistavat partahyljettä ruoan, nahan ja siitä saatavan traanin vuoksi. Beringinmerellä E. b. nautica -alalajia metsästetään vuosittain 1 500–2 000 yksilöä.[8] Erityisesti partahylkeitä metsästävät venäläiset ja Amerikan alkuperäisasukkaat.[10] Hylkeiden nahkaa käytetään umiakkien valmistukseen.[4] Partahylkeitä uhkaa muun muassa ilmastonmuutoksesta johtuva merijään katoaminen.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group): Erignathus barbatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 13.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder: Erignathus Mammal Species of the World. 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 30.6.2010. (englanniksi)
  3. a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder: Erignathus barbatus Mammal Species of the World. 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 30.6.2010. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c d e f Bearded Seal: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Viitattu 14.6.2010. (englanniksi)
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Macdonald, David: Nisäkkäät 1, s. 269. Maailman eläimet -sarjan 1. osa. Suomentanut Nurminen, Matti. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, 1986. ISBN 951-30-6530-8.
  6. a b c d e SCS: Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) Seal Conservation Society. Viitattu 26.6.2010. (englanniksi)
  7. Suomessa tavatut nisäkäslajit (V5.0 - 25.11.1997) Suomen Nisäkästieteellinen Seura ry. Viitattu 28.6.2010.
  8. a b Bearded Seal, Erignathus barbatus at MarineBio.org MarineBio.org. Viitattu 26.6.2010. (englanniksi)
  9. Longevity, ageing, and life history of Erignathus barbatus Genomics.senescence.info. AnAge. Viitattu 3.7.2010. (englanniksi)
  10. a b Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) - Office of Protected Resources - NOAA Fisheries NOAA Fisheries. Viitattu 26.6.2010. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Partahylje: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Partahylje (Erignathus barbatus) on suurin Pohjoisen jäämeren alueella esiintyvä hylkeiden heimoon kuuluva laji. Se on sukunsa ainoa laji, ja se jaetaan kahteen alalajiin, jotka ovat Atlantilla elävä nimialalaji Erignathus barbatus barbatus ja Länsi-Kanadan ja Siperian välisellä alueella tavattava Erignathus barbatus nautica. Suvun nimi Erignathus juontaa juurensa kreikan kielen sanoista eri ja gnathos, jotka viittaavat lajin raskastekoiseen leukaan. Lajinimi barbatus tarkoittaa partaa ja viittaa partahylkeelle ominaisiin runsaisiin viiksiin.

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Phoque barbu ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Erignathus barbatus

Le phoque barbu (Erignathus barbatus) est une espèce de mammifères carnivores, de la famille des phocidés, la seule du genre Erignathus.

 src=
Répartition de l'espèce.

Sous-espèces

Cette espèce est répartie en 2 sous-espèces[1] :

  • Lignes 19 à 22 (iks à dix)
  • Page 233/410
  • Volume 21
  • Shelf 5
  • Wall 4

Écologie et comportement

Alimentation

Cette espèce plonge jusqu'à 200 m de profondeur pour se nourrir, elle a une alimentation benthique. Elle se nourrit principalement de mollusques et de crustacés, ainsi que de poissons comme Arctogadus glacialis et Hippoglossoides platessoides[2].

Reproduction

La saison de reproduction a lieu entre mars et juin. La femelle met bas au printemps et donne naissance à un seul petit après une période de gestation de 11 mois[2].

Au Svalbard, les phoques barbus atteingent leur maturité sexuelle à 5 ou 6 ans[3].

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références
  1. Mammal Species of the World, consulté le 27 novembre 2010
  2. a et b (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Erignathus barbatus
  3. (en) M. Andersen, A. M. Hjelset, I. Gjertz et C. Lydersen, « Growth, age at sexual maturity and condition in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway », Polar Biology, vol. 21, no 3,‎ 1er février 1999, p. 179–185 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne)

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Phoque barbu: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Erignathus barbatus

Le phoque barbu (Erignathus barbatus) est une espèce de mammifères carnivores, de la famille des phocidés, la seule du genre Erignathus.

 src= Répartition de l'espèce.
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Rón féasógach ( Irish )

provided by wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí é an rón féasógach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Erignathus barbatus ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

Erignathus barbatus, a foca barbuda, é unha especie de pinnípede de mediano tamaño, que vive no Océano Glacial Ártico e as súas proximidades.[2] O seu nome xenérico, procedente do grego, significa mandíbula pesada, e o seu nome específico refírese á súa peculiar característica de ter uns bigotes moi grandes e abondosos, aos que se debe tamén o nome de foca barbuda ou equivalente que ten en varios idiomas.[2]

Son os fócidos de maior tamaño do Ártico. Poden pesar ata 300 kg e as femias son as máis grandes, aínda que o dimorfismo sexual non é moi acusado.[2]

A especie é o único membro do xénero Erignathus, con características intermedias entre as típicas das dúas subfamilias en que se divide a familia dos fócidos: Phocinae e Monachinae.[2]

Certos fósiles descritos en 2002 indican que, durante o Plistoceno, a especie chegaba moito máis ao sur, ata as costas de Carolina do Sur.[3]

Descrición

As características distintivas desta foca son as aletas anteriores cadradas e os grosos e abondosos bigotes do seu fociño. O adultos son de cor marrón agrisado, máis escuro no dorso e con algunhas manchas difuminadas no dorso ou manchas escuras nos laterais do corpo. Ocasionalmente a cara e pescozo son de cor marrón avermellado. As crías nacen con pelaxe marrón agrisada con manchas espalladas de cor branca no dorso e na cabeza. A especie é única dentro da subfamilia Phocinae porque ten dous pares de mamilas, unha característica que comparte coas focas monxe.

Chegan a medir entre 2,1 e 2,7 m do fociño á cola e a pesar de 200 a 430 kg.[4] A femia é meirande, o que significa que hai un dimorfismo sexual, pero non moi acusado. O contido en graxa corporal da foca barbuda é do 25 a 40%.[5]

As E. barbatus, xunto coas Pusa hispida, son a principal fonte de alimento do oso polar.[6] Son tamén un importante alimento para o pobo inuit (esquimós), que denominan esta foca no seu idioma ugjuk[7][8] (plural: ugjuit) ou oogrook ou oogruk. Aínda que os inuit prefiren a Pusa hispida como alimento, a pel da E. barbatus úsase para facer zapatos, botes (umiak), tendas (tupiq), látegos e arneses, xa que é moi resistente.[9]

Distribución

Viven nas rexións marítimas árticas e subárticas. Na rexión do Pacífico, esténdense desde o mar de Chukchi no Ártico, cara ao sur no mar de Bering[10] onde se atopan desde a baía Bristol na costa de Alasca ata o mar de Okhotsk na costa rusa,[11] e seguen ata preto da costa norte do Xapón, pero sen incluíla.[11] No Océano Glacial Ártico, atópanse ao longo da costa norte de Rusia, Noruega, Canadá e Alasca,[11] incluíndo as illas Svalbard[12] e o arquipélago ártico canadense.[13] No Atlántico, atópanse nas costas do norte de Islandia, as costas do leste e oeste de Groenlandia e nas costas continentais de Canadá ata o Labrador como límite sur.[14]

Aínda que a súa área de distribución só se estende cara ao sur ás zonas subárticas, foron tamén vistas no Xapón e a China, ou mesmo tan ao sur como nas costas de Alemaña, Países Baixos, Reino Unido, Francia, España (Galicia incluída) e Portugal, polo que figura na Lista dos mamíferos de Galicia.[11]

Alimentación

Teñen unha alimentación principalmente bentónica, e comen diversas pequenas presas que encontran no fondo do océano, como ameixas, luras e peixes. Os seus bigotes sérvenlles para tentear o terreo[15] nos brandos sedimentos do fondo. Os adultos non adoitan mergullarse moito durante os meses de verán, preferindo zonas costeiras pouco profundas de non máis de 300 m de profundidade. As crías dun ano de idade aventúranse a moita maior profundidade, mergullándose ata os 450 m. Nun estudo realizado durante os meses de verán comprobouse que se alimentaban de invertebrados como anemones, cogombros de mar e vermes poliquetos.[13] O mesmo estudo encontrou que os peixes Cottoidea e o Arctogadus glacialis constituían a maior parte da súa dieta de verán. Os cotoideos eran os peixes máis grandes que comían. Poden comer peixes peláxicos e demersais ademais das súas presas bentónicas.[16]

Reprodución e forma de vida

 src=
Cría de foca barbuda

As focas barbudas dan a luz na primavera. No Ártico canadense, as crías nacen en maio.[9] En Svalbard, chegan á madureza sexual aos 5 ou 6 anos de idade.[17] Paren as crías en pequenos xeos flotantes en augas pouco profundas, as cales adoitan pesar de 30 a 40 kg. Entran na auga só unhas horas despois de que nacen e rapidamente se converten en hábiles mergulladores. As nais coidan as crías durante de 18 a 24 días, durante os cales estas aumentan uns 3,3 kg de media por día. Durante este tempo, as cías toman unha media de 8 L de leite diarios. No momento do destete pesan uns 100 kg.

Xusto antes de que as crías sexan destetadas, comeza nas femias un novo ciclo de apareamento. As femias ovulan ao final do seu período de lactación, pero permanecen preto das crías, preparadas para defendelas se for necesario. Durante a estación de apareamento, os machos "cantan", emitindo unha nota trilante moi longa que acaba nunha especie de queixume ou salaio. Este son pode atraer as femias ou pode utilizarse para proclamar o territorio ou a dispoñibilidade para aparearse. Os machos ocupan as mesmas áreas dun ano para outro.[18]

Como moitos mamíferos do Ártico, empregan unha estratexia reprodutora denominada implantación retardada, que consiste en que o blastocisto tarda dous meses en implantarse despois da fecundación, implantándose xeralmente en xullo. Así, o período de xestación total da foca é duns once meses, aínda que a súa xestación activa é de nove meses.[19]

Os predadores naturais desta foca son os osos polares, para os cales estas focas son unha importante fonte de alimento.[20] As candorcas tamén as depredan, ás veces envorcando os xeos flotantes para acceder a elas. As morsas tamén comen estas focas, esencialmente as crías, pero esta depredación é rara.[21]

As focas barbudas crese que viven ata os 31 anos.[22]

Vocalizacións

Mostra das vocalizacións da foca barbuda gravada cun hidrófono.

As voalizacións desta especie son moi peculiares, posiblemente porque a súa traquea é diferente da doutros fócidos do norte do Pacífico. A maioría dos aneis cartilaxinosos da súa traquea son incompletos e os seus dous extremos están unidos só por unha membrana.[23] Os seus sons consisten xeralmente un longo trilo oscilante que dura un minuto ou máis seguido dun curto e profundo xemido. Esta 'canción' adoita repetirse frecuentemente.[23] O número de tipos de chamadas dunha poboación pode variar xeograficamente, e distínguense catro tipos en Svalbard e once no Ártico do Canadá Occidental. Os sons máis frecuentes son trilos vibrantes, xemidos e os chamados varridos. Un destes varridos pode ser comparado a un trilo vibrante curto.[24]

Emiten distintos trilos desde finais de marzo a finais de xuño, cun declive na ritmicidade a finais de maio e xuño. Este momento coincide coa súa estación de reprodución e crianza, que é de abril a maio. A natureza repetitiva e transmisible dos trilos da foca barbuda fixo pensar que son utilizados para a comunicación, probablemente durante o cortexo e reprodución.[25] Os machos usan estes sons para establecer territorios de apareamento e comunicar o seu bo estado físico,[24] pero é probable que as femias produzan estes sons tamén.[25]

Baixo a auga tamén emiten trilos vibrantes que se oen a distancias duns 30 km, e algúns tipos de sons viaxan máis lonxe que outros. Isto fai posible que un animal se comunique con outros animais que están lonxe, aínda que se produce unha degradación acústica a medida que o son atravesa o medio. Unha foca debe producir un trilo cunha presión sonora de polo menos 100 dB a 1 m para que o son se propague 30 km, o que significa que as focas barbudas poden probablemente producir sons a ese nivel.[25]

 src=
Foca barbuda sobre o xeo en Svalbard cos seus característicos bigotes.

Status de conservación

A IUCN clasifica esta especie como en situación "pouco preocupante".[26] Esta clasificación está determinada por varios factores como a súa ampla distribución, tamaño de poboación estable, e recursos de posibles presas alternativos. A NOAA determinou que os factores que inflúen en calquera posible cambio no status de conservación da foca barbuda poden ser: perda de xeo mariño por mor do cambio climático, pesca accidental (bycatch) en aparellos de pesca comerciais e a caza.[27] Os seus principais depredadores son os osos polares.[28] Debido ao cambio climático, os factores como a perda de xeo mariño ou a diminución das poboacións de presas poden producir resultados negativos sobre as poboacións da foca barbuda no futuro. Por tanto, a monitorización da especie e as influencias das actividades humanas serán vitais para asegurar a estabilidade da especie.

Subespecies

Recoñécense dúas subespecies:[29]

  • Erignathus barbatus barbatus
  • Erignathus barbatus nautica

Aínda que a validez destas subespecies foi cuestionada e non está apoiada por datos moleculares,[3] a análise das chamadas dos animais indica unha diferenciación entre distintas poboacións.[30]

Erignathus barbatus 1996-08-04.jpg

Historia evolutiva

Atopáronse fósiles de foca barbuda en estratos do Plistoceno temperán ou medio. Estes fósiles iniciais apareceron en rexións como Inglaterra, Alasca e Suecia, así como no mar do Norte e o mar de Champlain.[31]

As focas barbudas pertencen á familia dos fócidos, que é unha das tres familias do clado dos pinnípedes, xunto coa dos otáridos e a dos odobénidos. Os pinnípedos crese que se orixinaron hai de 27 a 25 millóns de anos durante o Oligoceno tardío. Unha hipótese da evolución dos pinnípedes é que son un grupo difilético e os otáridos e odobénidos están máis estreitamente relacionados cos osos, mentres que os fócidos están máis relacionados con mustélidos como as denosiñas. Outra hipótese suxire que os pinípedes son un grupo monofilético que descende dun único antepasado, o cal está máis apoiado por análises filoxenéticas que a hipótese difilética. Un dos estudos indica que os fócidos son un taxon irmán do antepasado común de otáridos e odobénidos.[31]

As focas barbudas pertencen á subfamilia Phocinae. Pénsase que esta subfamilia evolucionou despois da subfamilia Monachinae. Filoxenias alternativas mostran que a foca barbuda está máis relacionada coas focas Histriophoca fasciata ou Cystophora cristata, aínda que as probas moleculares suxiren que as Cystophora cristata son os seus parentes máis próximos.[31]

Notas

  1. {{{assessors}}} (2008). "Erignathus barbatus". Lista Vermella da IUCN de Especies en Perigo (en inglés). IUCN 2008. Consultado o 28 January 2009.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2009-02-26). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (en inglés). Academic Press. ISBN 9780080919935.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
  4. Erignathus barbatus. The Animal Diversity Web
  5. Ryg, Morten; Lydersen, Christian; Markussen, Nina H.; Smith, Thomas G.; Øritsland, Nils Are (18 January 1990). "Estimating the Blubber Content of Phocid Seals". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47 (6): 1223–1227. ISSN 0706-652X. doi:10.1139/f90-142.
  6. "Arctic Bears". PBS Nature. 17 February 2008.
  7. Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun; B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary (PDF). Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 04 de setembro de 2012. Consultado o 2013-03-20.
  8. "Bearded seal". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Consultado o 2013-03-20.[Ligazón morta]
  9. 9,0 9,1 Ugjuk — Bearded Seal
  10. Lowry, Lloyd F.; Frost, Kathryn J.; Burns, John J. (1980). "Variability in the Diet of Ringed Seals, Phoca hispida, in Alaska". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37 (12): 2254–2261. ISSN 0706-652X. doi:10.1139/f80-270.
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 "Erignathus barbatus: Kovacs, K.M.". 2016-02-17. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-1.rlts.t8010a45225428.en.
  12. Hjelset, A. M.; Andersen, M.; Gjertz, I.; Lydersen, C.; Gulliksen, B. (1999-02-23). "Feeding habits of bearded seals ( Erignathus barbatus ) from the Svalbard area, Norway". Polar Biology (en inglés) 21 (3): 186–193. ISSN 0722-4060. doi:10.1007/s003000050351.
  13. 13,0 13,1 Finley, K.J.; Evans, C.R. (1983-01-01). "Summer Diet of the Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus) in the Canadian High Arctic". ARCTIC (en inglés) 36 (1). ISSN 1923-1245. doi:10.14430/arctic2246.
  14. "Bearded Seal - NAMMCO". NAMMCO (en inglés). 2017-01-16. Consultado o 2018-06-07.
  15. Saundry, Peter. 2010. Bearded seal Arquivado July 4, 2010, en Wayback Machine.. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic editor C. Michael Hogan, Ed.in Chief: Cutler Cleveland, NCSE, Washington DC
  16. Finley, K. J.; Evans, C. R. (1983-01-01). "Summer Diet of the Bearded Seal ( Erignathus barbatus ) in the Canadian High Arctic". ARCTIC (en inglés) 36 (1): 82–89. ISSN 1923-1245. doi:10.14430/arctic2246.
  17. Andersen, Magnus, et al. "Growth, age at sexual maturity and condition in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway." Polar Biology 21.3 (1999): 179-185.
  18. Nuttal; et al. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Arctic. New York, NY: Routlelege.
  19. Perry, Judith E. (1983). Seals of the World. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publishing Associates. p. 103.
  20. "Erignathus barbatus – bearded seal". Animal Diversity Web.
  21. Folkens, Peter (2002). National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York, pg. 117.
  22. National Marine Mammal Laboratory Bearded Seals Retrieved May 1, 2016
  23. 23,0 23,1 Burns, John J. (May 1979). "Natural History and Ecology of the Bearded Seal, Erignathus Barbatus" (PDF).[Ligazón morta]
  24. 24,0 24,1 Risch, Denise; Clark, Christopher W.; Corkeron, Peter J.; Elepfandt, Andreas; Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Stirling, Ian; Van Parijs, Sofie M. (May 2007). "Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation". Animal Behaviour 73 (5): 747–762. ISSN 0003-3472. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012.
  25. 25,0 25,1 25,2 Cleator, Holly J.; Stirling, Ian; Smith, T. G. (5 July 1989). "Underwater vocalizations of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 (8): 1900–1910. ISSN 0008-4301. doi:10.1139/z89-272.
  26. "Erignathus barbatus (Bearded Seal)". www.iucnredlist.org. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 07 de xuño de 2019. Consultado o 2018-06-06.
  27. Fisheries, NOAA (2018-05-24). "Bearded Seal | NOAA Fisheries". www.fisheries.noaa.gov (en inglés). Consultado o 2018-06-06.
  28. "Canadian Science Publishing". doi:10.1139/z80-302#.ww96nkgvziu (inactivo 2019-03-13).
  29. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  30. Risch, D.; et al. (2006). "Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation". Animal Behaviour 73 (5): 747–762. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012.
  31. 31,0 31,1 31,2 Harington, C. R. (March 2008). "The Evolution of Arctic Marine Mammals". Ecological Applications (en inglés) 18 (sp2): S23–S40. ISSN 1051-0761. doi:10.1890/06-0624.1.

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wikipedia gl Galician

Erignathus barbatus: Brief Summary ( Galician )

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Erignathus barbatus, a foca barbuda, é unha especie de pinnípede de mediano tamaño, que vive no Océano Glacial Ártico e as súas proximidades. O seu nome xenérico, procedente do grego, significa mandíbula pesada, e o seu nome específico refírese á súa peculiar característica de ter uns bigotes moi grandes e abondosos, aos que se debe tamén o nome de foca barbuda ou equivalente que ten en varios idiomas.

Son os fócidos de maior tamaño do Ártico. Poden pesar ata 300 kg e as femias son as máis grandes, aínda que o dimorfismo sexual non é moi acusado.

A especie é o único membro do xénero Erignathus, con características intermedias entre as típicas das dúas subfamilias en que se divide a familia dos fócidos: Phocinae e Monachinae.

Certos fósiles descritos en 2002 indican que, durante o Plistoceno, a especie chegaba moito máis ao sur, ata as costas de Carolina do Sur.

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Kampselur ( Icelandic )

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Kampselur (fræðiheiti: Erignathus barbatus) sem einnig hefur verið nefndur nefndur granselur og kampur er að finna í höfunum um allt norðurhvel, allt norður að 80°N. Sjaldgæfur flækingur við Ísland.

Einkenni

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Kampselur á sundi

Kampselurinn er 2 til 2,5 m á lengd og 200 og allt að 360 kg á þyngd og er þar með stærri en landselur en minni en fullvaxin útselur. Urturnar eru víða stærri en brimlarnir.

Kampselurinn hefur hlutfallslega lítið höfuð miðað við skrokkinn og er það einkum áberandi á haustin og fyrri hluta vetrar en þá eru þeir að safna á sig miklu spiki sem vetrarforða. Höfuðið er hnöttótt eins og á landsel, augun fremur lítil og sitja nokkuð þétt og snúa fram. Breitt trýni og mjög aðskildar nasir. Aðaleinkennið og það sem hefur gefið selnum nafn eru þó veiðihárin sem eru áberandi ljós og löng. Framhreifar eru stuttir en breiðir ólíkt öðrum selum eru klærnar allar svipaðar að stærð en miðklóin þó einna stærst.

Ólíkt öðrum selum hafa kampselsurturnar fjóra spena en ekki tvo.

Fullorðnir selir eru heldur dekkri á baki en kviði en litarfarið er margbreytilegt. Kampselir hafa mörg litarafbrigði, grá, brún og gulbrún, ljósu og dökk. Þeir hafa yfirleitt dökka rák frá hvirfli, milli augna og fram á snjáldur.

Eitt sérkenni kampsela er að brimlarnir „syngja“, ekki ósvipað hvölum og gera það ekki aðrir selir. Söngurinn eru flóknar hljóðsyrpur á bilinu 0,02 til 11 kHz. Söngtíminn er á fengitíma og þar um kring um 90 daga tímabil frá seinni hluta mars fram að miðjum júlí [1].

Útbreiðsla og undirtegundir

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Útbreiðsla kampsels

Kampsel má finna á Norður-Íshafi, allt norður að 80-85°N, og á hafsvæðum þar suður af. Dýrafræðingar hafa greint tvær undirtegundir af kampsel:

Engar áreiðanlegar tölur eru um stofnstærð kampsels. Ágiskanir á 8. áratug síðustu aldar voru 300,000 í E. barbatus barbatus stofninum, og á 9. áratugnum 250,000-300,000 í E. barbatus nauticus stofninum [2].

Æti og lifnaðarhættir

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Kampselur á ísjaka

Kampselir eru einrænir og halda sig aðallega í gisnum ís eða rekís en þá má einnig finna við borgarísjaka og þéttari ís en þeir viðhelda ekki öndunaropi í gegnum lagnaðarís eins og hringanórinn. Kampselir fylgja hafísjaðrinum norður á bóginn á vorin og suður á haustin.

Kampselurinn heldur sig oftast á svæðum sem eru grynnri en 160 metra dýpi. Fæða hans eru aðallega krabbadýr, rækjur og krabbar, skeljar og aðrir botnhryggleysingja og einnig botnfiskar.

Kæping á sér stað frá miðjum mars fram í maí byrjun. Kóparnir fæðast með grábrúnan pels með ljósari flekkjum á höfði og baki. Fæðingarhárið er fallið af áður en þeir fæðast. Þeir eru um 1,3 metra langir við fæðingu og um 34 kg á þyngd. Þeir eru syntir nánast frá fæðingu og fræðimenn hafa séð þá kafa í 5 mínútur niður á 75 metra dýpi einungis viku gamla. Kóparnir eru á spena í 18-24 daga og þyngjast ört á þeim tíma. Þeir fara úr hárum og fá fullorðinsfeld þegar þeir hætta á spena.

Urturnar verða kynþroska 3 til 8 ára og brimlarnir 6 til 7.

Ísbirnir, og háhyrningar eru aðalóvinirnir, fyrir utan veiðimenn, en dæmi er um að rostungar hafi drepið kampselskópa.

Veiði og nyt

Kampselur hefur um aldaraðir verið mikilvægur þáttur í lífsviðurværi frumbyggja við strendur Norðurslóða, skinn í föt og tjöld, kjöt til matar og spikið til brennslu.

Vöðuselur á Íslandi

Kampselur er sjaldgæfur flækingur við strendur Íslands og er oftast einn á ferð. Yfirleitt eru það ung og ókynþroska dýr sem hingað koma. Kampselur er algengastur fyrir norðan og austan land að vetrarlagi.

Tilvísanir

  1. Cleator, H.J., Stirling, I. and Smith, T.G. 1989. Underwater vocalisations of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 1900-1910.
  2. Burns, J. J. 1981. Bearded seal-Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777. Pp. 145-170, In S. H. Ridgway and R. J. Harrison (eds.), Handbook of Marine Mammals. vol. 2. Seals. Academic Press, New York.

Heimildir

  • Páll Hersteinsson, ritstj. og aðalhöfundur: Íslensk spendýr. Með vatnslitamyndum og skýringarmyndum eftir Jón Baldur Hlíðberg. (Reykjavík: Vaka-Helgafell, 2004). ISBN 9979-2-1721-9
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Ítarefni

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Kampselur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Kampselur (fræðiheiti: Erignathus barbatus) sem einnig hefur verið nefndur nefndur granselur og kampur er að finna í höfunum um allt norðurhvel, allt norður að 80°N. Sjaldgæfur flækingur við Ísland.

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Erignathus barbatus ( Italian )

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La foca barbata (Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)) è un mammifero carnivoro appartenente alla famiglia dei Phocidae.

Descrizione

Le caratteristiche distintive di questo focide includono pinne anteriori quadrate e vibrisse spesse sul suo muso. Gli adulti sono di colore grigio-marrone sul corpo e più scuri sul dorso. I cuccioli di foca barbata nascono con una pelliccia grigio-marrone con macchie sparse di bianco sulla schiena e la testa. La foca barbata è unico membro della sottofamiglia Phocinae che presenta due paia di tettarelle, una caratteristica che condivide con le foche monache.

Le foche barbate raggiungono circa 2,1-2,7 m di lunghezza e 200-430 kg di peso. La foca femmina è più grande del maschio.

Le foche barbate sono un'importante fonte di cibo per gli orsi polari. Sono anche un'importante fonte di cibo per gli Inuit della costa artica. Il nome della lingua Inuit per questa foca è ugjuk (plurale: ugjuit).

Caccia e dieta

Le foche barbate si nutrono di una varietà di piccole prede, tra cui vongole, calamari e pesci. I baffi servono come antenne nei sedimenti del fondo morbido. Gli adulti tendono a non immergersi molto in profondità, favorendo le zone poco profonde costiere a non più di 300 m di profondità. i giovani si avventurano in acque molto più profonde fino a 450 m.

Biologia e riproduzione

 src=
Esemplare sul ghiaccio

Queste foche partoriscono in primavera. Nell'Artico canadese, avviene nel mese di maggio. Più a sud, in Alaska, la maggior parte dei cuccioli nascono alla fine di aprile. I cuccioli nascono su piccoli banchi di ghiaccio alla deriva in acque poco profonde, di solito il peso alla nascita è di circa 30-40 kg. Entrano l'acqua solo poche ore dopo la nascita, e rapidamente diventano nuotatori esperti. Le madri si prendono cura dei cuccioli per 18-24 giorni, durante i quali i cuccioli crescono ad un tasso medio di 3,3 kg al giorno. Durante questo periodo, cuccioli consumano mediamente 8 l di latte al giorno. Nel momento in cui sono svezzati, i cuccioli pesano circa 100 kg.

Poco prima che i cuccioli vengano svezzati, avviene un nuovo ciclo di accoppiamento. Durante la stagione degli amori, i maschi fanno largo uso della comunicazione acustica allo scopo di attrarre le femmine e/o proclamare il territorio[1]. Il repertorio vocale di questa specie e notevole e tra le diverse popolazioni si arrivano a enumerare fino a 9 categorie differenti[2][3]. Queste sono caratterizzate, per lo più, da suoni discendenti tra i 100 e 6000 Hz e possono essere costituite da singole unità di breve durata (1-2 secondi) o articolati in forme più complesse costituite da più unità e quindi di maggior durata (fino a 80 secondi)[4]. I maschi occupano le stesse aree da un anno all'altro. Una recente ricerca basata sull'analisi acustica del paesaggio sonoro del Kongsfjorden, ha evidenziato la correlazione positiva esistente tra la concentrazione di ghiaccio e la concentrazione di vocalizzazioni, emesse da questa foca durante il periodo d'accoppiamento. Nello specifico, viene ipotizzato che l'impatto del cambiamento climatico sullo scioglimento anticipato del ghiaccio marino, si traduce in un anticipato inizio della stagione degli amori per questo animale che, a differenza di 20 anni fa, per far fronte alla prematura scomparse del ghiaccio indispensabile per l'accoppiamento, inizia con il suo repertorio vocale in febbraio anziché aprile[5].

I principali predatori naturali della foca barbata sono gli orsi polari, che fanno affidamento su questi pinnipedi come un'importante fonte di cibo. Anche le orche si nutrono di queste foche, a volte le catturano rovesciando banchi di ghiaccio sui quali riposano le foche. I trichechi, anche se raramente, possono nutrirsi dei giovani e dei cuccioli di questa foca.

Note

  1. ^ Sofie M. Van Parijs e Christopher W. Clark, Long-term mating tactics in an aquatic-mating pinniped, the bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus, in Animal Behaviour, vol. 72, n. 6, 2006-12, pp. 1269–1277, DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.03.026. URL consultato il 20 aprile 2020.
  2. ^ Holly J. Cleator, Ian Stirling e T. G. Smith, Underwater vocalizations of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), in Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 67, n. 8, 1º agosto 1989, pp. 1900–1910, DOI:10.1139/z89-272. URL consultato il 20 aprile 2020.
  3. ^ Denise Risch, Christopher W. Clark e Peter J. Corkeron, Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation, in Animal Behaviour, vol. 73, n. 5, 2007-05, pp. 747–762, DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012. URL consultato il 20 aprile 2020.
  4. ^ Ignazio Parisi, Giovanni de Vincenzi e Marco Torri, Underwater vocal complexity of Arctic seal Erignathus barbatus in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard), in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 142, n. 5, 2017-11, pp. 3104–3115, DOI:10.1121/1.5010887. URL consultato il 20 aprile 2020.
  5. ^ Giovanni de Vincenzi, Ignazio Parisi e Marco Torri, Influence of environmental parameters on the use and spatiotemporal distribution of the vocalizations of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, in Polar Biology, vol. 42, n. 7, 29 maggio 2019, pp. 1241–1254, DOI:10.1007/s00300-019-02514-3. URL consultato il 20 aprile 2020.

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Erignathus barbatus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La foca barbata (Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777)) è un mammifero carnivoro appartenente alla famiglia dei Phocidae.

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Jūrų kiškis ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Erignathus barbatus

Jūrų kiškis (lot. Erignathus barbatus, angl. Bearded seal) – tikrųjų ruonių (Phocidae) šeimai priskiriamas plėšrus žinduolis.

Šie ruoniai paplitę aplink Aliaskos vandenis, Arkties vandenyną, Beringo sąsiauryje, Čiukčių ir Boforto jūrose, kur žiemą susiformuoja ledas. Pavieniais atvejais buvo pastebėti prie Kinijos, Škotijos ir Šiaurės Ispanijos krantų.

Žiemą ir anksti pavasarį suaugę individai gali sverti iki 360 kg, o po pavasario gali numesti svorį iki 216–239 kg. Maitinasi negiliose priekrantėse, mėgstamiausią maistą aptinka jautriais ūsais. Minta krabais, krevetėmis, moliuskais. Vikiteka

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Jūrų kiškis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Jūrų kiškis (lot. Erignathus barbatus, angl. Bearded seal) – tikrųjų ruonių (Phocidae) šeimai priskiriamas plėšrus žinduolis.

Šie ruoniai paplitę aplink Aliaskos vandenis, Arkties vandenyną, Beringo sąsiauryje, Čiukčių ir Boforto jūrose, kur žiemą susiformuoja ledas. Pavieniais atvejais buvo pastebėti prie Kinijos, Škotijos ir Šiaurės Ispanijos krantų.

Žiemą ir anksti pavasarį suaugę individai gali sverti iki 360 kg, o po pavasario gali numesti svorį iki 216–239 kg. Maitinasi negiliose priekrantėse, mėgstamiausią maistą aptinka jautriais ūsais. Minta krabais, krevetėmis, moliuskais. Vikiteka

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Baardrob ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De baardrob (Erignathus barbatus) is een zeehondachtige uit de familie Phocidae.

Kenmerken

Baardrobben worden 220 tot 250 centimeter lang en 200 tot 360 kilogram zwaar. Vrouwtjes worden meestal iets groter dan de mannetjes.

Ze hebben een vrij lang lichaam met een in verhouding kleine kop. Ze onderscheiden zich van de andere zeehonden door de veel langere, kleurloze snorharen, die ze gebruiken bij het opsporen van prooidieren onder water. Als de snorharen droog zijn, krullen de punten naar binnen. Baardrobben hebben slechts gereduceerde tanden. Bij volwassen dieren ontbreken deze veelal. De baardrob verschilt ook van andere zeehonden door de tenen op de achterflippers, die bij deze soort praktisch even lang zijn. De voorflippers hebben sterke nagels en zijn schopvormig.

Verspreiding

De baardrob komt voor in ondiepe Arctische kustwateren en nabij pakijs. Ze zijn te vinden rondom het noordpoolgebied, langs de noordkust van IJsland, Noorwegen, Rusland, Siberië, Alaska en Canada en rondom Groenland en Spitsbergen. Ze trekken zelden ver weg van hun leefgebied. Ze houden zich op rondom de grens van het pakijs, en trekken met de grens mee naar het noorden in de zomer (wanneer het zuidelijke gedeelte van het pakijs smelt) en naar het zuiden in de winter (wanneer het weer bevriest).

Met de stevige kop kunnen ze van onderen gaten in het ijs breken, waardoor ze niet eerst een wak hoeven te zoeken. Vijanden van de baardrob zijn ijsberen, orka's, en zelfs walrussen. De baardrobben houden zich meestal op aan de rand van het pakijs, vlak bij het water. Vaak ligt hij met zijn gezicht naar het water gericht, zodat hij kan wegvluchten in het water bij een naderende ijsbeer.

Op het land bewegen ze zich voor door beide voorflippers naar voren te strekken, zich vast te grijpen met de sterke nagels en het lichaam voort te slepen.

Leefwijze

 src=
Een baardrob

Baardrobben jagen voornamelijk op bodemdieren als tweekleppigen, kreeftachtigen en stekelhuidigen, die ze met hun voorpoten opgraven, en op vissen en inktvissen. Baardrobben kunnen tot 30 meter diep duiken en 20 minuten onder water blijven.

Voortplanting

Baardrobben leven solitair. Alleen tijdens de rui leven de dieren in groepen. De paartijd valt in midden-mei. De eigenlijke draagtijd bedraagt ongeveer 8 maanden, maar door een verlengde draagtijd van 10 tot 12 weken worden de dieren pas 11 maanden na de paring geboren, in april of mei.

Het enige jong worden geboren op het pakijs. Het jong heeft een geboortegewicht van gemiddeld 34 kilogram. Hij heeft bij de geboorte een grijzig bruine wollige vacht. Op het midden van de rug is deze lichter van kleur. Aan het einde van de zoogtijd (na 12 tot 18 dagen) is deze vacht ingeruild voor de kortere uit borstelharen bestaande vacht van de volwassen dieren. Vaak hebben de jongen al bij de geboorte een gedeeltelijk geruide vacht. Het jong heeft dus al een deel van de vacht verloren in de baarmoeder.

De baardrob heeft vier tepels. Bij de zeehonden hebben verder alleen de monniksrobben zoveel tepels.

Vrouwtjes worden maximaal 31 jaar oud, mannetjes 25 jaar.

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Baardrob: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De baardrob (Erignathus barbatus) is een zeehondachtige uit de familie Phocidae.

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Storkobbe ( Norwegian )

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Storkobbe eller blåsel (Erignathus barbatus) er ein sel som lever i arktiske og subarktiske strøk, sørover til norskekysten. Storkobben er den største av dei ekte selane på den nordlege halvkula. Hannane kan bli 2,5 meter og vega 300 kilo, medan hoene blir litt større. Dei kan bli 20-25 år gamle. Ungane blir fødd på isen og kan symja etter nokon få timar. Dei finn maten sin hovudsakleg på eller nær havbotnen, og lever difor helst på relativt grunt vatn, på kontinentalsokkelen. Det vert driven fangst av storkobbe av urfolk i arktiske strøk, denne fangsten utgjer om lag 500-1000 dyr i året på Grønland. Sovjetunionen dreiv kommersiell fangst av storkobbe, men denne tok slutt i 1975. Dei naturlege fiendane til storkobben er isbjørn, spekkhoggar, kvalross og håkjerring.[1] Folk som har avlagt jegerprøve og storviltprøve kan jakta på storkobbe på Svalbard utanom naturreservat i jakktida.[2]

Fotnotar

  1. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species på engelsk
  2. Sysselmannen på Svalbard

Kjelder

Bakgrunnsstoff

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Storkobbe: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Storkobbe eller blåsel (Erignathus barbatus) er ein sel som lever i arktiske og subarktiske strøk, sørover til norskekysten. Storkobben er den største av dei ekte selane på den nordlege halvkula. Hannane kan bli 2,5 meter og vega 300 kilo, medan hoene blir litt større. Dei kan bli 20-25 år gamle. Ungane blir fødd på isen og kan symja etter nokon få timar. Dei finn maten sin hovudsakleg på eller nær havbotnen, og lever difor helst på relativt grunt vatn, på kontinentalsokkelen. Det vert driven fangst av storkobbe av urfolk i arktiske strøk, denne fangsten utgjer om lag 500-1000 dyr i året på Grønland. Sovjetunionen dreiv kommersiell fangst av storkobbe, men denne tok slutt i 1975. Dei naturlege fiendane til storkobben er isbjørn, spekkhoggar, kvalross og håkjerring. Folk som har avlagt jegerprøve og storviltprøve kan jakta på storkobbe på Svalbard utanom naturreservat i jakktida.

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Storkobbe ( Norwegian )

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Storkobbe (Erignathus barbatus), også kalt blåsel eller bartesel, er en av de største selene i norske arktiske farvann. De er godt kjent på grunn av de lange fine bartene de har. Storkobben kan bli opptil 3,75 m lang, og veie opp mot 400 kg, men gjennomsnittlig veier de rundt 230 kg.

Storkobben opptrer stort sett alene i de isfylte delene av Barentshavet som regel i drivis, men sjelden blir den observert nedover langs norskekysten. Storkobbene kaster (føder) om våren og selungen veier rundt 35-40 kg og etter tre uker die periode veier selungene rundt 100 kg. Storkobbene har en komplisert diett der de spiser alt fra bunndyr til fisk og da spesielt polartorsk. Etter at ungen er ferdig diet, kommer parringsperioden der de voksne hannene skaper en undervannslyd («sang») for å tiltrekke seg hunnene. Storkobbene kan leve i 25-30 år i naturen, og tilhører de ekte selene (Phocidae).

Fylogeni

Phocidae









ringsel (Pusa hispida)



bajkalsel (Pusa sibirica)




kaspisel (Pusa caspica)





flekksel (Phoca largha)



steinkobbe (Phoca vitulina)





havert (Halichoerus grypus)





harlekinsel (Histriophoca fasciata)



grønlandssel (Pagophilus groenlandicus)





klappmyss (Cystophora cristata)




storkobbe (Erignathus barbatus)







weddellsel (Leptonychotes weddellii)



leopardsel (Hydrurga leptonyx)




krabbeetersel (Lobodon carcinophagus)




ross-sel (Ommatophoca rossii)






sydlig sjøelefant (Mirounga leonina)



nordlig sjøelefant (Mirounga angustirostris)






middelhavsmunkesel (Monachus monachus)



hawaiimunkesel (Monachus schauinslandi)




Kladogrammet over viser slektskapet mellom de eksisterende artene i selfamilien.[1]

Referanser

  1. ^ Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). «Pinniped taxonomy: Review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description». Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–34. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)

Eksterne lenker

zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Storkobbe: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Storkobbe (Erignathus barbatus), også kalt blåsel eller bartesel, er en av de største selene i norske arktiske farvann. De er godt kjent på grunn av de lange fine bartene de har. Storkobben kan bli opptil 3,75 m lang, og veie opp mot 400 kg, men gjennomsnittlig veier de rundt 230 kg.

Storkobben opptrer stort sett alene i de isfylte delene av Barentshavet som regel i drivis, men sjelden blir den observert nedover langs norskekysten. Storkobbene kaster (føder) om våren og selungen veier rundt 35-40 kg og etter tre uker die periode veier selungene rundt 100 kg. Storkobbene har en komplisert diett der de spiser alt fra bunndyr til fisk og da spesielt polartorsk. Etter at ungen er ferdig diet, kommer parringsperioden der de voksne hannene skaper en undervannslyd («sang») for å tiltrekke seg hunnene. Storkobbene kan leve i 25-30 år i naturen, og tilhører de ekte selene (Phocidae).

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Fokowąs brodaty ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Fokowąs brodaty[4], foka wąsata[5], foka brodata[5] (Erignathus barbatus) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny fokowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Erignathus. Największa foka żyjąca w niewielkich stadach na terenie Arktyki. Znaczenie gospodarcze foki wąsatej jest nieduże. Poławiana głównie przez Eskimosów.

Występowanie

Występuje w morzach koła podbiegunowego oraz u wybrzeży Kanady, Islandii, Grenlandii, Japonii, Norwegii, Rosji, wyspy Jan Mayen, prowincji Svalbard i Stanów Zjednoczonych. Zabłąkane osobniki znajdywano u wybrzeży Chin, Wysp Owczych, Francji, Niemiec, Holandii, Portugalii, Hiszpanii i Wielkiej Brytanii[6][3].

Opis

Grzbiet w kolorze ciemnoszarym, przechodzącym do czarnego z jaśniejszymi plamami na łopatkach, spód brzucha jaśniejszy. Jaśniejsze plamy również na górnej powierzchni głowy, po bokach pyska oraz wokół oczu i uszu. Posiada charakterystyczne obfite wąsy, które utworzone są z włosów zatokowych.

Długość
Samiec do 3,7 m. samica do 2,7 m
Waga
275-400 kg
Długość życia
Samice dojrzewają do 6 lat, samce 7

Tryb życia

Zwierzę samotnicze, niekiedy żyjące w grupach. Przebywa na krach, w pobliżu wybrzeży. Potrafi nurkować dość głęboko, dochodząc do głębokości 70 m. Odżywia się rybami, skorupiakami, małżami, ślimakami, pierścienicami, dennymi bezkręgowcami.

Rozród

Dorosła samica rodzi co 2 lata po ciąży trwającej 11 miesięcy. Do porodu dochodzi na wiosnę. Młode osiągają wielkość do 1,2 m. Ich futerko przybiera kolor szary.

Przypisy

  1. Erignathus barbatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. T. N. Gill. Prodrome of a Monograph of the Pinnipedes. „Proceedings (Communications of the) Essex Institute”. 5, s. 5, 1866 (ang.).
  3. a b Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2008, Erignathus barbatus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.1 [dostęp 2015-07-14] (ang.).
  4. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 153. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  5. a b K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 82, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  6. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Erignathus barbatus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 22 września 2009]

Bibliografia

  • K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 82, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
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Fokowąs brodaty: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Fokowąs brodaty, foka wąsata, foka brodata (Erignathus barbatus) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny fokowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Erignathus. Największa foka żyjąca w niewielkich stadach na terenie Arktyki. Znaczenie gospodarcze foki wąsatej jest nieduże. Poławiana głównie przez Eskimosów.

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Foca-barbuda ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

A foca-barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) é uma foca que habita a região do Oceano Ártico.[2] Vive desde o Norte do Canadá aparecendo em todo o Norte da Europa, chegando até 80-85° da latitude Norte.[2] Pelas estimativas mais recentes, em torno de 30 anos, sua população excede os 500 mil indivíduos.[carece de fontes?] É muito vulnerável às mudanças no ecosistema.[2] São caçadas normalmente com fins de subsistência[2]. Na Rússia, Alaska e Groenlândia.

Referências

  1. Kovacs, K.M. (2016). Erignathus barbatus (em inglês). IUCN 2016. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2016 Versão e.T8010A45225428. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T8010A45225428.en Página visitada em 20 de julho de 2021.
  2. a b c d Richardson, Anthony Neuberger; Laurel Popplewell; Hillary. «Erignathus barbatus (bearded seal)». Animal Diversity Web (em inglês). Consultado em 20 de julho de 2021
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Foca-barbuda: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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A foca-barbuda (Erignathus barbatus) é uma foca que habita a região do Oceano Ártico. Vive desde o Norte do Canadá aparecendo em todo o Norte da Europa, chegando até 80-85° da latitude Norte. Pelas estimativas mais recentes, em torno de 30 anos, sua população excede os 500 mil indivíduos.[carece de fontes?] É muito vulnerável às mudanças no ecosistema. São caçadas normalmente com fins de subsistência. Na Rússia, Alaska e Groenlândia.

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Storsäl ( Swedish )

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Storsäl (Erignathus barbatus) är en sälart som lever i Norra ishavet.

Utseende och anatomi

Storsälen har gråbrun päls som är ljusare på buken än på ryggen. På vintern får den ett mycket tjock fettskikt så att huvudet ser ovanligt litet ut. Vikten är på vintern omkring 360 kg (ibland upp till 430 kg) och på sommaren ungefär 230 kg. Djuret är vanligen mellan 230 och 250 cm långt och har ett långt vitt skägg. Bröstfenorna har en kännetecknande fyrkantig form.[2] Mellan mars och augusti byter individerna pälsens hår.

Utbredning

Storsälen förekommer på isflaken i hela Arktis. Många individer lever i Berings hav. Under vandringen händer det ibland att några djur simmar fel så att de kommer till europeiska kustlinjer. En gång har djuret observerats i norra Portugal. Liknande iakttagelser rapporterades i norra Kina och från den japanska ön Hokkaido.[2]

Ekologi

Storsälen lever mestadels ensam. De vistas alltid i närheten av vattnet, så de kan flytta sig när en isbjörn närmar sig. Djuret kan dyka till 200 meters djup men föredrar att förbli i närheten av havsytan. Under sommaren när antalet isflak minskar vilar den ibland på land. Med skägget letar den på havsbotten efter räkor, musslor och snäckor. Dessutom ingår fiskar i födan.[2]

Hannen skapar under vattnet ett ljud som liknar valarnas sång. Troligtvis är ljudet till för att skydda sälens territorium eller för att imponera på honan.[2]

Honan är dräktig i omkring elva månader och föder i april eller maj ett ungdjur. Under dessa elva månader stannar embryots utveckling av en tid så att ungen inte föds för tidig. Kuten väger vid födelsen omkring 34 kg. Honan ger di till kuten två till tre veckor (18 till 24 dagar) och lämnar den sedan ensam på isen. Oftast kan kuten simma redan vid denna ålder. Unga honor blir efter 3 till 8 år könsmogna och unga hannar efter 6 till 7 år. Vanligen blir storsälar inte äldre än 25 år men enskilda individer med en livslängd på 31 år är dokumenterade.[2]

Storsälar jagas aktiv av isbjörnar och de dödas ibland av späckhuggare. Sällsynt faller ungar offer för valross.[2]

Storsäl och människan

 src=
En inuitkvinna förarbetar storsälens hud till kläder.

Jakt på storsäl för kött och hud har bedrivits länge. Men storsälen lever inte i flockar och är därför inte lika lättjagad som andra sälarter. Huden används till exempel för umiak och skor.[2] Själva pälsen är inte eftertraktad. Under senare 1900-talet och början av 2000-talet uppskattades antalet dödade individer per år till 6 800 i Alaska, 2 400 i Kanada och 500 till 1 000 på Grönland. En mera omfattande jakt skedde efter andra världskriget i de sovjetiska delarna av Arktiska havet, där upp till 13 000 individer dödades per år. När arten blev sällsynt under 1970-talet minskade jakten betydlig. Den sovjetiska/ryska fångsten under 1980-talet uppgick bara till 2 000 individer per år. IUCN listar arten som livskraftig (LC) på grund av det stora utbredningsområdet och eftersom beståndsutvecklingen bedöms som stabil.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. 2008 Erignathus barbatus Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 28 november 2011.
  2. ^ [a b c d e f g] Neuberger, A., L. Popplewell & H. Richardson. 2011 Erignathus barbatus på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), läst 28 november 2011.
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Storsäl: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Storsäl (Erignathus barbatus) är en sälart som lever i Norra ishavet.

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Sakallı fok ( Turkish )

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Sakallı fok (Erignathus barbatus), fokgiller (Phocidae) familyasının Halichoerus cinsine mensub, Arktik Okyanusunda yaşayan bir fok türü. İlkbaharda deniz üzerinde yüzen buz parçacıkları üzerinde, Alaska'da nisan sonunda, Arktik Kanada'da ise mayıs ayında doğururlar. Doğduklarında 30–40 kg ağırlığındadırlar.

Arktik Alaska'da İnyupikler ve Yupikler gibi Eskimo halklarının en yaygın avlarından biridir ve kültürlerinde önemli bir yer tutar.

Özellikleri

En karakteristik özelliği bıyıklarının dikkat çekecek kadar uzun ve çok olmasıdır. Bıyıkları avlanırken duyarga vazifesi görür[1]. Erginleri grimsi kahverengi olup sırtı daha koyudur ve arkasında birkaç soluk benek, yanlarda ise daha koyu benekler bulunur.

Besini

Bentik bölgede midye, kalamar ve balıklarla beslenir.

Alt türleri

İki alt türe ayrılır[2]

  • Erignathus barbatus barbatus
  • Erignathus barbatus nautica

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Saundry, Peter. 2010. Bearded seal. Encyclopedia of Earth. Topic editor C. Michael Hogan, Ed.in Chief: Cutler Cleveland, NCSE, Washington DC
  2. ^ Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532–628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.).
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Sakallı fok: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Sakallı fok (Erignathus barbatus), fokgiller (Phocidae) familyasının Halichoerus cinsine mensub, Arktik Okyanusunda yaşayan bir fok türü. İlkbaharda deniz üzerinde yüzen buz parçacıkları üzerinde, Alaska'da nisan sonunda, Arktik Kanada'da ise mayıs ayında doğururlar. Doğduklarında 30–40 kg ağırlığındadırlar.

Arktik Alaska'da İnyupikler ve Yupikler gibi Eskimo halklarının en yaygın avlarından biridir ve kültürlerinde önemli bir yer tutar.

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Лахтак ( Ukrainian )

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Лахтак, або морський заєць (Erignathus barbatus) — ссавець підряду псовидих (Caniformia) родини тюленеві (Phocidae), єдиний вид роду Erignathus.

Довжина тіла до 240 см, вага до 300 кг.

Населяє мілководні прибережні райони. Тримаються самітньо або групами. Живляться придонними молюсками, крабами, креветками, рідше — рибою. Статеве дозрівання відбувається в 4—7-літньому віці. Самки лахтака в березнітравні після майже річної вагітності (11-12 місяців) народжують одне дитинча (покрите м'яким темно-бурим хутром).

Ареал: розповсюджений повсюдно в Арктичному (помічений навіть на Північному полюсі), а також в прилеглих морях Атлантичного і Тихого океанах.

Література

  1. Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (2008). Erignathus barbatus. 2008 Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи. МСОП 2008. Переглянуто 28 January 2009.
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Лахтак: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Лахтак, або морський заєць (Erignathus barbatus) — ссавець підряду псовидих (Caniformia) родини тюленеві (Phocidae), єдиний вид роду Erignathus.

Довжина тіла до 240 см, вага до 300 кг.

Населяє мілководні прибережні райони. Тримаються самітньо або групами. Живляться придонними молюсками, крабами, креветками, рідше — рибою. Статеве дозрівання відбувається в 4—7-літньому віці. Самки лахтака в березнітравні після майже річної вагітності (11-12 місяців) народжують одне дитинча (покрите м'яким темно-бурим хутром).

Ареал: розповсюджений повсюдно в Арктичному (помічений навіть на Північному полюсі), а також в прилеглих морях Атлантичного і Тихого океанах.

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Hải cẩu râu ( Vietnamese )

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Erignathus barbatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hải cẩu thật sự, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Erxleben mô tả năm 1777.[2] Hải cẩu có râu sinh sống ở và gần Bắc Băng Dương. Hải cẩu có râu đạt chiều dài khoảng 2,1 đến 2,7 m từ mũi đến đuôi và nặng từ 200 đến 430 kg. Hải cẩu cái lớn hơn con đực, nghĩa là chúng dị hình giới tính. Hải cẩu râu, cùng với hải cẩu đeo vòng, là nguồn thức ăn chính của gấu Bắc Cực. Chúng cũng là một nguồn thực phẩm quan trọng cho người Inuit ở bờ biển Bắc Cực.

Phân bố

Hải cẩu râu còn tồn tại ở khu vực Bắc Cực và cận Bắc Cực. Ở khu vực Thái Bình Dương, chúng kéo dài từ biển Chukchi ở Bắc Cực, phía nam vào biển Bering nơi chúng trải dài từ vịnh Bristol trên bờ biển Alaska đến biển Okshotsk trên bờ biển Nga, nhưng không bao gồm cả bờ biển phía bắc của Nhật Bản. Ở Bắc Băng Dương, chúng được tìm thấy dọc theo bờ biển phía bắc của Nga, Na Uy, Canada và Alaska, bao gồm Quần đảo Na Uy Svalbard và Quần đảo Bắc Cực Canada. Ở Đại Tây Dương, hải cẩu râu được tìm thấy dọc theo bờ biển phía bắc của Iceland, bờ biển phía đông và phía tây của Greenland và lục địa Canada ở tận phía nam tận Labrador.

Mặc dù phạm vi thường chỉ kéo dài xuống các khu vực cận Bắc cực, hải cẩu râu đã được nhìn thấy ở Nhật Bản và Trung Quốc, cũng như cực xa về phía nam của phạm vi của họ ở Đức, Hà Lan, Vương quốc Anh, Pháp, Tây Ban Nha và Bồ Đào Nha.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Kovacs, K. & Lowry, L. (2008). Erignathus barbatus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Erignathus barbatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


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Hải cẩu râu: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Erignathus barbatus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hải cẩu thật sự, bộ Ăn thịt. Loài này được Erxleben mô tả năm 1777. Hải cẩu có râu sinh sống ở và gần Bắc Băng Dương. Hải cẩu có râu đạt chiều dài khoảng 2,1 đến 2,7 m từ mũi đến đuôi và nặng từ 200 đến 430 kg. Hải cẩu cái lớn hơn con đực, nghĩa là chúng dị hình giới tính. Hải cẩu râu, cùng với hải cẩu đeo vòng, là nguồn thức ăn chính của gấu Bắc Cực. Chúng cũng là một nguồn thực phẩm quan trọng cho người Inuit ở bờ biển Bắc Cực.

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Морской заяц ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Морской заяц (значения).
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Хищные
Подотряд: Собакообразные
Семейство: Настоящие тюлени
Род: Erignathus Gill, 1866
Вид: Морской заяц
Международное научное название

Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777

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ITIS 180655NCBI 39304EOL 328631FW 80719

Морско́й за́яц, или лахтак[1] (Erignathus barbatus) — ластоногое семейства тюленьих (Phocidae). Единственный вид рода Erignathus.

Название

Название «лахтак», в северных говорах означающее не только конкретный вид тюленей, но и тюленью шкуру (с салом или идущую на ремни), лоскуты и лохмотья, этимологический словарь Фасмера связывает с саамским словом lǫttâd — «толстый», обычно применяемым по отношению к шерстяной и меховой одежде[2]. Название «морской заяц», как предполагается, дали тюленю русские зверобои. Объяснений такому названию два — «заячья» пугливость крупного животного и его манера передвигаться по суше прыжками, сильно отталкиваясь задними ластами[3].

Внешний вид

Один из самых крупных представителей семейства настоящих тюленей (и самый крупный в фауне России). Длина тела — до 2,5 м, подмышечный обхват 148—161 см. Масса изменчива по сезонам в зависимости от упитанности, зимой достигая 360 кг. Круглая голова и ласты кажутся небольшими по сравнению с массивным телом. От других тюленей отличается более близким расположением передних ласт к переднему концу тела. Челюсти у лахтака мощные, но зубы мелкие и слабые; часто снашиваются и выпадают ещё до наступления старости.

Волосяной покров сравнительно негустой и грубый. Окраска буро-серая, на спине темнее. Молодые тюлени тёмные, со светлой мордой. Вибриссы у лахтака длинные, толстые и гладкие, а не волнистые, как у других тюленей.

Распространение

Распространён почти повсеместно на мелководьях Северного Ледовитого океана и в примыкающих водах Атлантического и Тихого (Берингово и Охотское моря) океанов. Лахтаки были замечены даже в районе Северного полюса. В Атлантике к югу он встречается до Гудзонова залива и прибрежных вод Лабрадора включительно. В бассейне Тихого океана известен до северной части Татарского пролива.

Образ жизни и питание

Обитает лахтак в прибрежных мелких водах с глубинами до 50—70 м. Такая дислокация связана с тем, что питается он преимущественно беспозвоночными бентоса (креветки, крабы, моллюски, морские черви, голотурии) и придонной рыбой (камбала, сайка, бычок, мойва). Интересно, что в местах совместного проживания с моржами лахтак не является их пищевым конкурентом. Он питается в основном брюхоногими моллюсками, тогда как морж предпочитает двустворчатых.

Летом и осенью лахтак наиболее многочислен у низких изрезанных побережий, где есть галечные косы, острова и обнажающиеся во время отлива отмели. Здесь образуются лежбища, на которых залегают десятки, а то и сотни тюленей. По мере появления льдов (в конце октября — начале ноября) лахтаки переходят на них. На льдах держатся одиночно или группами по 2—3 зверя. Лахтак — медлительный, грузный зверь и не может быстро передвигаться по льду; для лёжек он использует низкие неторосистые льдины, ложась на краю или около проталины. Некоторые особи и на зиму остаются в прибрежной полосе, устраивают во льду лазки, через которые выходят из воды. Иногда лунку заносит толстым слоем снега, и звери сооружают в нём нору. Весеннее залегание на дрейфующих льдах связано с щенкой, линькой и спариванием.

Лахтаки преимущественно одиночные звери. Очень миролюбивы друг к другу. Социальные отношения изучены мало. Главным их врагом является белый медведь и, на Дальнем Востоке, бурый. Также врагами являются косатки. Смертность лахтаков, однако, больше зависит от степени зараженности гельминтами.

Социальная структура и размножение

Спаривание происходит в апреле — начале мая на дрейфующих льдах. Во время гона самцы издают брачный свист[4]. Беременность длится 11—12 месяцев; в её начале бывает 2—3—месячная задержка в развитии и имплантация яйца (латентная фаза). Щенка происходит в марте — мае; так, в Охотском море она заканчивается в апреле, в Беринговом — в мае. Щенка происходит в определённых районах, однако самки не образуют скоплений. Самка приносит одного детёныша. Длина тела новорожденного около 120 см, вскоре после рождения он уже способен плавать и нырять. Молочное кормление продолжается около 4 недель. Следующее спаривание бывает через две недели после окончания лактации; таким образом, у этого вида беременность почти годовая.

Половой зрелости самки достигают в возрасте 4—6 лет, а самцы — в 5—7 лет. Продолжительность жизни у самок до 31 года, у самцов — 25 лет.

Хозяйственное значение

Шкура морского зайца настолько прочна и толста, что население севера изготавливало из неё байдарки, нарезало ремни для нарт, лыж и упряжи для собак, выкраивало подошвы для сапог. Мясо, ласты и жир шли в пищу; последний применялся и для освещения. В России лахтак промышлялся в Охотском и Беринговом морях, занимая 3—5 места по объёму добычи. Сейчас добыча запрещена. Входит в число эскимосских продуктов питания.

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 111. — 10 000 экз.
  2. лахтак // Этимологический словарь русского языка = Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : в 4 т. / авт.-сост. М. Фасмер ; пер. с нем. и доп. чл.‑кор. АН СССР О. Н. Трубачёва. — Изд. 2-е, стер. — М. : Прогресс, 1986. — Т. II : Е — Муж.
  3. Почему лахтака называют «морским зайцем»? (неопр.). Национальный парк «Русская Арктика». Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерации (17 июля 2013). Проверено 17 января 2019.
  4. Александр Агафонов: Зачем свистят морские зайцы?
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Морской заяц: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Морско́й за́яц, или лахтак (Erignathus barbatus) — ластоногое семейства тюленьих (Phocidae). Единственный вид рода Erignathus.

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髯海豹 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Erignathus barbatus
Erxleben,1777)[2] 髯海豹分布区域(红色)
髯海豹分布区域(红色)

髯海豹学名Erignathus barbatus),又名髭海豹,为海豹科髯海豹属唯一一種动物,多见于寒带海域。在中国大陆,分布于黄海东海等海域。该物种的模式产地在格陵兰南部。[2]

保护

参考文献

  1. ^ Erignathus barbatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 髯海豹. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:髯海豹  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:髯海豹 小作品圖示这是一篇與哺乳动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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维基百科作者和编辑

髯海豹: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

髯海豹(学名:Erignathus barbatus),又名髭海豹,为海豹科髯海豹属的唯一一種动物,多见于寒带海域。在中国大陆,分布于黄海东海等海域。该物种的模式产地在格陵兰南部。

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维基百科作者和编辑

アゴヒゲアザラシ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
アゴヒゲアザラシ Bearded Seal.jpg
アゴヒゲアザラシ
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目(食肉目) Carnivora 亜目 : アシカ亜目(鰭脚亜目) Pinnipedia : アザラシ科 Phocidae : アゴヒゲアザラシ属 Erignathus : アゴヒゲアザラシ E. barbatus 学名 Erignathus barbatus
(Erxleben, 1777) 和名 アゴヒゲアザラシ 英名 Bearded Seal アゴヒゲアザラシ生息域
アゴヒゲアザラシ生息域

アゴヒゲアザラシ(顎鬚海豹)はアザラシ科アゴヒゲアザラシ属に属する海棲ほ乳類。

分布[編集]

北極海周辺からベーリング海オホーツク海に分布するアザラシ。 また、個体数は50万頭で半数がアラスカ海域に生息する。

形態[編集]

体長は200-260cm・体重200-360kgになり、北極海に生息するアザラシの中では最大である。 体表に模様はなく、体色は淡灰色から暗褐色。体の大きさに比べ頭部が著しく小さい。 名前の通り他のアザラシに比べヒゲがよく発達しているが、ヒゲは名前に含まれる顎からではなく上唇付近から生えている。 日本近海に生息するアザラシ5種のうち4種(ゼニガタアザラシゴマフアザラシクラカケアザラシワモンアザラシ)はゴマフアザラシ属に属するが本種のみがアゴヒゲアザラシ属に属する。

生態[編集]

単独性で流氷野が移動する比較的浅い沿岸域を好む。流氷とともに春から夏は北へ、秋から冬は南へ移動する。北海道では流氷域に少数の子供が見られるが成獣は稀である。ゆえに日本の首都圏にアゴヒゲアザラシのタマちゃんが現われたことはきわめて稀なケースである。

天敵はホッキョクグマシャチなどである。

潜水に適したアザラシであり、水深50-200mの海底で各種のカニやエビ、貝などの底性無脊椎動物やタラなどの底性魚を吸引し採食する。

 src=
氷上のアゴヒゲアザラシ

性成熟年齢はメスで5-6歳、オスで6-7歳である。

4月に氷上で一子を産む。産後の体重は35kg前後あることや、既に防水性の毛を持ち、生まれたときから10%近くの皮下脂肪を蓄えていることから、すぐに子は親と共に海に入り、徐々にではあるが泳ぎ始める。皮下脂肪が3%ほどしかなく白い産毛のままでは水を通してしまう産後のタテゴトアザラシが、10日ほどたってから海に入るのとは対照的である。

交尾は5月である。この時期になると、オスがを膨らませ水中で発声し、メスへ求愛する。この発声は1年のうちの数週間だけである。

寿命は25-30年である。

人間との関係[編集]

 src=
ナカちゃん (2006年6月24日撮影)
 src=
おたる水族館の飼育個体(2005年5月)

20世紀の初頭、オホーツク海には23万頭生息していたといわれるが、ソ連が捕獲し減少した。獲頭数に規制を設けた結果、1980年代の初めには19万頭にまで回復したとしている。

2002年東京都多摩川にオスのアゴヒゲアザラシが出没し、タマちゃんと名付けられブームが起こった。また、2005年11月頃から徳島県那賀郡那賀川町(現・阿南市)の那賀川にアゴヒゲアザラシのナカちゃんが現れブームになっていたが、2006年8月末に中州で死んでいるのが見つかった。

日本においては「日本の動物」として海洋堂の食玩チョコQでフィギュアが商品化された。

関連項目[編集]

参考文献[編集]

 src=
出典は列挙するだけでなく、脚注などを用いてどの記述の情報源であるかを明記してください。記事の信頼性向上にご協力をお願いいたします。2013年5月
  • Ronald M. Nowak " Walker's Mammals of the World(Walker's Mammals of the World)" Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press(1999). ISBN 0801857899
  • 和田一雄・伊藤徹魯 『鰭脚類 : アシカ・アザラシの自然史』東京 : 東京大学出版会 、1999年、284頁。 ISBN 4130601733
  • 和田一雄編著 『海のけもの達の物語 : オットセイ・トド・アザラシ・ラッコ』東京 : 成山堂書店、2004年 172頁。 ISBN 4425981316
  • 斜里町立知床博物館編 『知床のほ乳類』斜里町 : 斜里町教育委員会、 2000年。 ISBN 4894530813
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wikipedia 日本語

アゴヒゲアザラシ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

アゴヒゲアザラシ(顎鬚海豹)はアザラシ科アゴヒゲアザラシ属に属する海棲ほ乳類。

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턱수염물범 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

턱수염물범(Erignathus barbatus)은 북극해 근처에서 발견되는 중형 크기 기각류의 일종이다. 속명은 "굵은 턱"(heavy jaw)이라는 의미의 2개 그리스어 단어(erignathos)의 합성어에서 유래했다. 턱수염물범속(Erignathus)의 유일종이다. 2002년 처음 기술된 화석은 플라이스토세 동안에 턱수염물범이 사우스캐롤라이나주와 같은 아래의 남쪽 지역까지 분포했음을 시사하고 있다.[3]

아종

2종의 아종이 알려져 있지만,[1] 이들 아종이 유효한 지는 의문이며, 아직은 분자생물학적 정보로 지지되고 있지 않다.[3][4]

  • Erignathus barbatus barbatus
  • Erignathus barbatus nautica

계통 분류

다음은 물범과의 계통 분류이다.[5]

물범과 남방물범아과 몽크물범족 몽크물범속

지중해몽크물범

네오모나쿠스속

카리브해몽크물범

   

하와이몽크물범

        코끼리물범족

남방코끼리물범

   

북방코끼리물범

    게잡이물범족    

웨들해물범

   

얼룩무늬물범

       

게잡이물범

   

로스해물범

          북방물범아과

턱수염물범

     

두건물범

       

띠무늬물범

   

하프물범

       

회색물범

    물범속

잔점박이물범

   

점박이물범

    고리무늬물범속

바이칼물범

     

고리무늬물범

   

카스피해물범

                 

각주

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). 〈Order Carnivora〉 [식육목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Erignathus barbatus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 28일에 확인함.
  3. Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). “Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies”. 《Mammal Review》 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  4. Risch, D.; 외. (2006). “Vocalizations of male bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus: classification and geographical variation”. 《Animal Behavior》 73 (5): 747–762. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.06.012.
  5. Dirk-Martin Scheel, Graham Slater, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Charles Potter, David Rotstein, Kyriakos Tsangaras, Alex Greenwood, Kristofer M. Helgen: Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409 (2014), Pages: 1-33, doi: 10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
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턱수염물범: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

턱수염물범(Erignathus barbatus)은 북극해 근처에서 발견되는 중형 크기 기각류의 일종이다. 속명은 "굵은 턱"(heavy jaw)이라는 의미의 2개 그리스어 단어(eri 및 gnathos)의 합성어에서 유래했다. 턱수염물범속(Erignathus)의 유일종이다. 2002년 처음 기술된 화석은 플라이스토세 동안에 턱수염물범이 사우스캐롤라이나주와 같은 아래의 남쪽 지역까지 분포했음을 시사하고 있다.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
circumpolar in the Arctic

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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cc-by-4.0
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WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Jacob van der Land [email]

Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Western Atlantic: Arctic. James Bay, along the coast of Labrador and northwards until permanent ice is met.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Kennedy, Mary [email]