Common Morays articles - Encyclopedia of Life

Gymnothorax

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Gymnothorax is a genus of fish in the family Muraenidae found in Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. With more than 120 species, it the most speciose genus of moray eels.

Smith (2012) noted that Gymnothorax as currently recognized is polyphyletic, but cautioned that comparative studies are needed before action is taken to resurrect generic synonyms of Gymnothorax.^[2]

Species

Both FishBase and World Register of Marine Species recognize a total of 128 valid species in the genus.^[3]^[4] However, each database includes three species that the other does not list, which are noted in the list below.

Gymnothorax afer Bloch, 1795 (Dark moray)
Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) (White-margin moray)
Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj & Mohanty, 2019^[5]
Gymnothorax angusticauda (M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1916) (Narrow-tail moray)
Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & F. O. Barton, 1949)
Gymnothorax annasona Whitley, 1937 (Lord Howe Island moray)
Gymnothorax annulatus D. G. Smith & E. B. Böhlke, 1997 (Ringed moray)
Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann, 1935) (Atoll moray)
Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese & Bineesh, 2020 (Goldenhead moray)^[6]
Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg, 1992 (South Pacific moray)
Gymnothorax austrinus E. B. Böhlke & McCosker, 2001 (Southern moray)
Gymnothorax bacalladoi E. B. Böhlke & Brito, 1987 (Canary moray)
Gymnothorax baranesi D. G. Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder, 2008
Gymnothorax bathyphilus J. E. Randall & McCosker, 1975 (Deep-dwelling moray)
Gymnothorax berndti Snyder, 1904 (Y-patterned moray)
Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & J. E. Randall, 1977 (Black-cheek moray)
Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857) (Vagrant moray)
Gymnothorax castaneus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883) (Panamic green moray)
Gymnothorax castlei E. B. Böhlke & J. E. Randall, 1999 (Castle's moray)
Gymnothorax cephalospilus E. B. Böhlke & McCosker, 2001 (Head-spot moray)
Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker, 1864 (Lip-spot moray)
Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder, 1908 (Banded mud moray)
Gymnothorax conspersus Poey, 1867 (Saddled moray)
Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley, 1932 (Sieve-patterned moray)
Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker & J. E. Randall, 2008 (Flores mud moray)
Gymnothorax dorsalis Seale, 1917
Gymnothorax dovii (Günther, 1870) (Fine-spotted moray)
Gymnothorax elaineheemstrae Sithole, Smith, Mwale & Gouws, 2020^[7]
Gymnothorax elegans Bliss, 1883 (Elegant moray)
Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev, 2010^[8]
Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & J. E. Randall, 1982 (Enigmatic moray)
Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand, 1946) (Spot-tail moray)
Gymnothorax eurostus (C. C. Abbott, 1860) (Abbott's moray)
Gymnothorax eurygnathos E. B. Böhlke, 2001
Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Laced moray)
Gymnothorax fimbriatus (E. T. Bennett, 1832) (Fimbriated moray)
Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell, 1830) (Yellow-edged moray)
Gymnothorax flavoculus (E. B. Böhlke & J. E. Randall, 1996) (Pale-nose moray)
Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker, 1864
Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1839 (Green moray)
Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (L. P. Schultz, 1953) (Brown-spotted moray)
Gymnothorax gracilicauda O. P. Jenkins, 1903 (Slender-tail moray)
Gymnothorax griseus (Lacépède, 1803) (Geometric moray)
Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra, 2004
Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell, 1830) (Liver-colored moray)
Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van, 1933 (Herre's moray)
Gymnothorax hubbsi J. E. Böhlke & E. B. Böhlke, 1977 (Lichen moray)
Gymnothorax indicus Mohapatra, D. Ray, D. G. Smith & Mishra, 2016 (Indian unpatterened moray)^[9]^[a]
Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979) (White-tip moray)
Gymnothorax isingteena (J. Richardson, 1845) (Indo-Pacific spotted moray)
Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker, 1859) (Giant moray)
Gymnothorax johnsoni (J. L. B. Smith, 1962) (White-spotted moray)
Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) (Kidako moray)
Gymnothorax kolpos J. E. Böhlke & E. B. Böhlke, 1980 (Black-tail moray)
Gymnothorax kontodontos E. B. Böhlke, 2000 (Short-tooth moray)
Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley, 1948)
Gymnothorax maderensis (J. Y. Johnson, 1862) (Shark-tooth moray)
Gymnothorax mareei Poll, 1953 (Spot-jaw moray)
Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker, 1864 (Blotch-necked moray)
Gymnothorax marshallensis (L. P. Schultz, 1953) (Marshall Islands moray)
Gymnothorax mccoskeri D. G. Smith & E. B. Böhlke, 1997
Gymnothorax megaspilus E. B. Böhlke & J. E. Randall, 1995 (Oman moray)
Gymnothorax melanosomatus K. H. Loh, K. T. Shao & H. M. Chen, 2011 (Black-body moray)^[10]
Gymnothorax melatremus L. P. Schultz, 1953 (Dwarf moray)
Gymnothorax meleagris (G. Shaw, 1795) (Turkey moray)
Gymnothorax microspila (Günther, 1870)^[b]
Gymnothorax microstictus E. B. Böhlke, 2000 (Small-spot moray)
Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856) (Golden-tail moray)
Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
Gymnothorax mishrai D. Ray, Mohapatra & D. G. Smith, 2015 (Bengal moray)^[11]^[a]
Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker, 1864) (Moluccan moray)
Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker, 1856) (Drab moray)
Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan, 1909) (One-spot moray)
Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres, 1859) (California moray)
Gymnothorax moringa (G. Cuvier, 1829) (Spotted moray)
Gymnothorax nasuta F. de Buen, 1961 (Easter Island moray)
Gymnothorax neglectus S. Tanaka (I), 1911
Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard, 1858) (Black-edge moray)
Gymnothorax niphostigmus H. M. Chen, K. T. Shao & C. T. Chen, 1996 (Snowflake-patched moray)
Gymnothorax nubilus (J. Richardson, 1848) (Grey moray)
Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther, 1867) (Yellow-mouth moray)
Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder, 1904
Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley, 1932) (Griffin's moray)
Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz, 1831 (Caribbean ocellated moray)
Gymnothorax odishi Mohapatra, Mohanty, Smith, Mishra, and Roy, 2018^[12]^[a]
Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner, 1876) (Masked moray)
Gymnothorax parini Collette, D. G. Smith & E. B. Böhlke, 1991
Gymnothorax phalarus W. A. Bussing, 1998
Gymnothorax phasmatodes (J. L. B. Smith, 1962) (Ghost moray)
Gymnothorax philippinus D. S. Jordan & Seale, 1907 (Philippines moray)
Gymnothorax pictus (J. N. Ahl, 1789) (Paint-spotted moray)
Gymnothorax pikei Bliss, 1883 (Pike's moray)
Gymnothorax pindae J. L. B. Smith, 1962 (Pinda moray)
Gymnothorax polygonius Poey, 1875 (Polygon moray)
Gymnothorax polyspondylus E. B. Böhlke & J. E. Randall, 2000
Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1854) (Freshwater moray)
Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot, 1848) (Low-fin moray)
Gymnothorax prasinus (J. Richardson, 1848) (Yellow moray)
Gymnothorax prionodon J. D. Ogilby, 1895 (Australian mottled moray)
Gymnothorax prismodon E. B. Böhlke & J. E. Randall, 2000
Gymnothorax prolatus K. Sasaki & Amaoka, 1991
Gymnothorax pseudoherrei E. B. Böhlke, 2000 (False brown moray)
Gymnothorax pseudomelanosomatus K. H. Loh, K. T. Shao & H. M. Chen, 2015 (False black-body moray)^[13]
Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker, 1853) (High-fin moray)
Gymnothorax pseudotile Mohapatra, Smith, Ray, Mishra & Mohanty, 2017 (Bengal low-fin moray)
Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus Bleeker, 1863 (Bars'n-spots moray)
Gymnothorax punctatus Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Red Sea white-spotted moray)
Gymnothorax randalli D. G. Smith & E. B. Böhlke, 1997 (Randall's moray)
Gymnothorax reevesii (J. Richardson, 1845) (Reeve's moray)
Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch, 1795
Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker, 1852) (Richardson's moray)
Gymnothorax robinsi E. B. Böhlke, 1997 (Robins' moray)
Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland, 1844) (Banded moray)
Gymnothorax ryukyuensis Hatooka, 2003
Gymnothorax sagenodeta (Richardson, 1848)^[b]
Gymnothorax sagmacephalus E. B. Böhlke, 1997
Gymnothorax saxicola D. S. Jordan & B. M. Davis, 1891 (Ocellated moray)
Gymnothorax serratidens (Hildebrand & F. O. Barton, 1949)
Gymnothorax shaoi H. M. Chen & K. H. Loh, 2007
Gymnothorax sokotrensis Kotthaus, 1968
Gymnothorax steindachneri D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1903 (Steindachner's moray)
Gymnothorax taiwanensis H. M. Chen, K. H. Loh & K. T. Shao, 2008 (Taiwanese moray)
Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (J. Richardson, 1845) (Grey-face moray)
Gymnothorax tile (F. Hamilton, 1822) (Indian mud moray)
Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacépède, 1803) (Undulated moray)
Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809) (Brown moray)
Gymnothorax vagrans (Seale, 1917)
Gymnothorax verrilli (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1883) (White-edged moray)
Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) (Purple-mouth moray)
Gymnothorax visakhaensis Mohapatra, Smith, Mohanty, Mishra & Tudu, 2017^[b]
Gymnothorax walvisensis Prokofiev, 2009
Gymnothorax woodwardi McCulloch, 1912
Gymnothorax ypsilon Hatooka & J. E. Randall, 1992 (Y-bar moray)
Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale, 1906 (Barred-fin moray)

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c G. indicus, G. mishrai, and G. odishi are listed in FishBase, but not in WoRMS.
^ ^a ^b ^c G. microspila, G. sagenodeta, and G. visakhaensis are listed in WoRMS, but not in FishBase.

References

^ Jordan, David Starr (1926). "Opinion 93: Twelve Generic Names of Fishes Placed in the Official List, by Suspension of the Rules". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 (4): 5–11.
^ Smith, D. G., 2012. A checklist of the moray eels of the world (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). Zootaxa No. 3474: 1-64.
^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2016). Species of Gymnothorax in FishBase. June 2016 version.
^ "Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
^ Mohapatra, Anil; Kiruba-Sankar, R.; Praveenraj, J.; Mohanty, Swarup Ranjan (2019-08-27). "A new short brown unpatterned moray eel Gymnothorax andamanensis (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from Andaman waters, India". Zootaxa. 4661 (1): 189–196. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4661.1.11. ISSN 1175-5334.
^ Nashad, M.; Mohapatra, Anil; Varghese, Sijo P.; Ramalingam, L.; K, Bineesh K.; Mohanty, Swarup Ranjan (2020-11-10). "A new white-spotted moray eel, Gymnothorax aurocephalus sp. nov. (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from Andaman Sea, India". Zootaxa. 4877 (2): 361–372. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4877.2.8. ISSN 1175-5334.
^ Yonela Sithole, David G. Smith, Monica Mwale and Gavin Gouws. 2020. A Taxonomic Revision of Gymnothorax undulatus (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) in the Western Indian Ocean, with Description of A New Species. Zootaxa. 4767(1); 161–181. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.1.7
^ Prokofiev, A.M. (2010): Two New Species of Fishes from Families Muraenidae (Anguilliformes) and Mugiloididae (Perciformes) from the Waters of Vietnam. Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8): 580-589.
^ Mohapatra, A., Ray, D., Smith, D.G. & Mishra, S.S. (2016): A new species of elongate unpatterned moray eel of the genus Gymnothorax (Muraenidae: Muraeninae) from the Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 591–598.
^ Loh, K.-H., Shao, K.-T. & Chen, H.-M. (2011): Gymnothorax melanosomatus, a new moray eel (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from southeastern Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3134: 43–52.
^ Ray, D., Mohapatra, A. & Smith, D.G. (2015): A new species of Short Brown Unpatterned Moray Eel of the Genus Gymnothorax (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from the Bay of Bengal. Zootaxa, 4027 (1): 140–144.
^ Mohapatra, A., S. R. Mohanty, D. G. Smith, S. S. Mishra and S. Roy 2018. Gymnothorax odishi sp. nov. (Muraenidae: Muraeninae), a short brown unpatterned moray eel from Bay of Bengal, India. Zootaxa 4420 (no. 1): 123-130.
^ Loh, K.-H., Shao, K.-T., Ho, H.-C., Lim, P.-E. & Chen, H.-M. (2015): A new species of moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from Taiwan, with comments on related elongate unpatterned species. Zootaxa, 4060 (1): 30-40.

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Common Morays

Gymnothorax

Gymnothorax

Species

Notes

References

Gymnothorax: Brief Summary

Habitat

Reference