dcsimg

Breeding Season

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
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Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Care of Adults

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Fertilization and Cleavage

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Later Stages of Development

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Later Stages of Development

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Living Material

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Living Material

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Methods of Observation

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Preparation of Cultures

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Procuring Gametes

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Special comments

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

The Unfertilized Ovum

provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Donald P. Costello and Catherine Henley
bibliographic citation
Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
author
Costello, D.P.
author
C. Henley

Migration

provided by Fishbase
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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FishBase
Recorder
Susan M. Luna
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Trophic Strategy

provided by Fishbase
Inhabits western Atlantic coast close to shore and in brackish-water marshes, intertidal creeks and estuaries; in coastal habitat, it stays in sandy or gravelly shores following tidal movements up and down the shores, sometimes living among the sedge grass Spartina in the high-tide periods. Parasites of the species include branchiuran Argulus funduli and copepod Ergasilus funduli (Ref. 5951).
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FishBase
Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
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Morphology

provided by Fishbase
Analsoft rays: 23 - 26
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Recorder
Grace Tolentino Pablico
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Biology

provided by Fishbase
Adults feed on copepods, mysids, shrimps, small squids and marine worms (Ref. 7251); also eggs of their own species (Ref. 5951). Preyed upon by striped bass (Ref. 7251) and bluefish (chief predators) (Ref. 5951). Oviparous, eggs are deposited on the substrate during a spawning run along the shore (Ref. 38155). Silversides are sometimes used as live food for trout (Ref. 7251).
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Susan M. Luna
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Importance

provided by Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Susan M. Luna
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Atlantic silverside

provided by wikipedia EN

The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), also known as spearing in the northeastern United States, is a small species of fish from the West Atlantic, ranging from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to northeastern Florida in the USA. It is one of the most common fish in the Chesapeake Bay and in the Barnegat Bay. It is a common subject of scientific research because of its sensitivity to environmental changes.

The fish is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long, mostly silver and white. It eats smaller (biotic) animals and plants – small crustaceans, algae, annelid worms, shrimp, zooplankton, copepods, amphipods, squid, and insects.

The Atlantic silverside's predators are larger predatory fish – striped bass, blue fish, Atlantic mackerel – and many water birds, including egrets, terns, cormorants, and gulls.

The abiotic factors the Atlantic silverside needs to survive varies for populations of fish based on their geographical location. A rule of thumb for the species includes an average temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), a salt content of the water ranging from 0 to 37ppt (Tagatz and Dudley 1961), and a well-mixed body of water to prevent hypoxic conditions.

The Atlantic silverside's habitat is generally near the water's edge. They are mostly found swimming in brackish waters, such as in the mouths of rivers and streams that connect to the ocean. These small schooling fish have been seen to gather in seagrass beds, which can harbor the nearly defenseless fish some form of shelter from predation as well as provide safe haven for spawning. During winter, most Atlantic silversides swim in deeper water to avoid cold/low temperature. During the summer, most are found in the shallows along the shoreline.

The Atlantic silverside's defense is to hide in seagrass beds. They are also quick swimmers and their coloration of silver and a little white makes it confusing to predators to determine the direction the fish are heading. The silverside's strongest form of defense is the strength-in-numbers strategy, where fish will school in large numbers to diminish their chances of being the one picked off by a predator.

References

  1. ^ Carpenter, K.E.; Munroe, T. (2015). "Menidia menidia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T16441575A16510092. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T16441575A16510092.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Menidia menidia" in FishBase. April 2019 version.
  • Tagatz, M. E., and D. L. Dudley. 1961. Seasonal occurrence of marine fishes in four shore habitats near Beaufort, North Carolina, 1957-1960. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 390. 19 pp.

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Atlantic silverside: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), also known as spearing in the northeastern United States, is a small species of fish from the West Atlantic, ranging from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada to northeastern Florida in the USA. It is one of the most common fish in the Chesapeake Bay and in the Barnegat Bay. It is a common subject of scientific research because of its sensitivity to environmental changes.

The fish is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long, mostly silver and white. It eats smaller (biotic) animals and plants – small crustaceans, algae, annelid worms, shrimp, zooplankton, copepods, amphipods, squid, and insects.

The Atlantic silverside's predators are larger predatory fish – striped bass, blue fish, Atlantic mackerel – and many water birds, including egrets, terns, cormorants, and gulls.

The abiotic factors the Atlantic silverside needs to survive varies for populations of fish based on their geographical location. A rule of thumb for the species includes an average temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), a salt content of the water ranging from 0 to 37ppt (Tagatz and Dudley 1961), and a well-mixed body of water to prevent hypoxic conditions.

The Atlantic silverside's habitat is generally near the water's edge. They are mostly found swimming in brackish waters, such as in the mouths of rivers and streams that connect to the ocean. These small schooling fish have been seen to gather in seagrass beds, which can harbor the nearly defenseless fish some form of shelter from predation as well as provide safe haven for spawning. During winter, most Atlantic silversides swim in deeper water to avoid cold/low temperature. During the summer, most are found in the shallows along the shoreline.

The Atlantic silverside's defense is to hide in seagrass beds. They are also quick swimmers and their coloration of silver and a little white makes it confusing to predators to determine the direction the fish are heading. The silverside's strongest form of defense is the strength-in-numbers strategy, where fish will school in large numbers to diminish their chances of being the one picked off by a predator.

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Diet

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on copepods, mysids, shrimps, small squids and marine worms

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
southern Gulf of St. Lawrence region to Florida

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
Pelagic species, found on sandy seashores and in mouths of inlets.

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat

provided by World Register of Marine Species
nektonic

Reference

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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cc-by-4.0
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WoRMS Editorial Board
contributor
Kennedy, Mary [email]