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Sea urchin studies provided the first evidence of actin in non-muscle cells.
The purple sea urchin has a symbiotic relationship with small grooming organisms that live between their spines. At first they were thought to be parasites, feeding off of the food floating by the urchin. But it was later found that they were an integral part of the animal's care by keeping the surface free from other animal or plant organisms that may have been harmfull.
For many years, Dr. William Speck, Chairman and Director of the Department of Pediatrics of Case Western Reserve University and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital in Cleveland, has been doing research on the causes of birth defects, using sea urchins as model organisms. He has studied various other topics all using Arbacia punctulata as his primary subject. His studies range from the effects of ethanol as a model for fetal alcohol syndrome to the effects of anticonvulsant drugs on urchins as a model for new research and development of phenytoin derivatives.
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Conservation Status
provided by Animal Diversity Web
The purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, has been thriving in waters across the world for years and hopefully will continue to. At this time their main enemy is pollution.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Benefits
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Spines may be poisonous, but only dangerous if stepped on or handled roughly.
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Benefits
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Almost all sea urchin species are harvested for food and for their shells. Their eggs are a delicacy in many countries. They are also common laboratory species used for studying reproduction and development.
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Trophic Strategy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Sea urchins graze on algae and other organisms that grow on the rocks around them, using their Aristotle's lantern.
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Distribution
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Arbacia punctulata is a common urchin from Cape Cod to the West Indies.
Biogeographic Regions: atlantic ocean (Native )
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Habitat
provided by Animal Diversity Web
These purple sea urchins are found most commonly on rocks and shells in somewhat deep salt water. They prefer to live on rocks or shell bottoms from the low-tide line to a water depth of about 750 feet (229 meters).
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; reef
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Morphology
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Purple sea urchins, like all sea urchins, are the porcupines of the sea. They have long spines in order to deter predators. Even the name, Sea Urchin, comes from the Old English term for spiny hedgehog. The Arbacia punctulata has a deep purple color all over the spines and body (test). Their body area, called a test, can grow to a diameter of 3-5 cm. This test is made up of ten fused plates that encircle the urchin. Each of these fused plates has small holes from which the feet extend. These feet are controlled by an internal water vascular system. This sytem works by varing the amount of water inside which regulates if the feet are extended or contracted. Sea urchins also have a unique structure called Aristotle's lantern. This structure is made of five hard plates that move together like a beak. They use this beak like structure to scrape rocks clean of algae. These 'teeth' can also grow back after too much wear. They have a mouth at the underside and an anus at the top of the animal. In addition, they are radially symmetrical.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
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- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Reproduction
provided by Animal Diversity Web
There are male and female purple urchins. The females can release as many as several million eggs at a time. These eggs settle and the sperm released from the males swims and finds the eggs, fertilizes them and creates a large gamete. The larvae that hatches is bilaterally symmetrical, and changes to radial symmetry after it grows.
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- Braccini, S. 2001. "Arbacia punctulata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arbacia_punctulata.html
- author
- Stephanie Braccini, Southwestern University
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- Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
Distribution
provided by Echinoderms of Panama
In Panama this species has been collected from Margarita Island, Limon Bay (USNM E 4872), Canal Zone, Caribbean Sea.
References and links
provided by Echinoderms of Panama
Mortensen, T. (1935). A monograph of the Echinoidea 2. Bothriocidaroida, Meonechinoida, Lepidocentroida and Stiridonta. Copenhagen. 647 pp. 377 figures, 89 pls; pages: 573-575.
Barcode of Life
GenBank
The Echinoid Directory
World Echinoidea Database
LSID urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:158058
Synonymised taxa
provided by Echinoderms of Panama
Breeding Season
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Care of Adults
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Cleavage
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Fertilization
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Later Stages of Development
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Living Material
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Preparing Cultures
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Procuring Gametes
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Special Methods of Observation
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- Ball, E. G. 1936. Echinochrome, its isolation and composition. J. Biol. Chem., 114: vi.
- Boolootian R. A., and A. R. Moore, 1956. Hermaphroditism in echinoids. Biol. Bull., 111: 328-335.
- Cohn, E. J., 1918. Studies in the physiology of spermatozoa. Biol. Bull., 34: 167-218.
- Dan, K., 1954. The cortical movement in Arbacia punctulata eggs through cleavage cycles. Embryologia, 2: 115-122.
- Fry, H. J., 1936. Studies of the mitotic figure. V. The time schedule of mitotic changes in developing Arbacia eggs. Biol. Bull., 70: 89-99.
- Hartmann M., O. Schartau, R. Kuhn and K. Wallenfels 1939. Über die Sexualstoffe der Seeigel. Naturwiss., 27: 433.
- Harvey, E. B., 1939. A method of determining the sex of Arbacia, and a new method of producing twins, triplets and quadruplets. Coll. Net, 14: 211.
- Harvey, E. B., 1940. A note on determining the sex of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 79: 363.
- Harvey, E. B., 1953. A simplified electrical method of determining the sex of sea urchins and other marine animals. Biol. Bull., 105: 365.
- Harvey, E. B., 1956a. The American Arbacia and Other Sea Urchins. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.
- Harvey, E. B., 1956b. Sex in sea urchins. Pubbl. Stas. Zool., Napoli, 28: 127-135.
- Harvey, E. B., and T. F. Anderson,, 1943. The spermatozoon and fertilization membrane of Arbacia punctulata as shown by the electron microscope. Biol. Bull., 85: 151-156.
- Hayashi, T., 1945. Dilution medium and survival of the spermatozoa of Arbacia punctulata. I. Effect of the medium on fertilizing power. Biol. Bull., 89: 162-179.
- Hoadley, L., 1934. The relation between the position of the female pronucleus and the polar bodies in the unfertilized egg of Arbacia punctulata. Biol. Bull., 67: 220-222.
- Hörstadius, S., 1939. The mechanics of sea urchin development, studied by operative methods. Biol. Rev., 14: 132-179.
- Iwata, K. S., 1950. A method of determining the sex of sea urchins and of obtaining eggs by electric stimulation. Annot. Zool. Jap., 23: 39-42.
- Lillie, F. R., 1915. Studies of fertilization. Vii. Analysis of variations in the fertilizing power of sperm suspensions of Arbacia. Biol. Bull., 28: 229-251.
- Marx, W., 1932. Zum Problem der Determination der Bilateralität im Seeigelkeim. (Nebst einem Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Geschlechtsdimorphismus einiger Seeigel.) Arch. f. Entw., 125: 96-147.
- Moser, F., 1939. Studies on a cortical layer response to stimulating agents m the Arbacia egg. Parts I and Ii. J. Exp. Zool., 80: 423-471.
- Moser, F., 1940. Studies on a cortical layer response to stimulating agents in the Arbacia egg. Parts Iii and Iv. Biol. Bull., 78: 68-91.
- Ohman, L. -O., 1945. On the lipids of the sea-urchin egg. Arch. f. Zoologi, 36A: no. 7, 1-95. Palmer, L., 1937. The shedding reaction in Arbacia punctulata. Physiol. Zool., 10: 352-367.
- Runnström J., 1928. Die Veranderung der Plasmakolloide bei der Entwicklungserregung des Seeigeleis. Protoplasma, 4: 388-514.
- Runnström, J., L. MonnÉ and E. Wicklund, 1944. Mechanisms of formation of the fertilization membrane in the sea urchin egg. Nature, 153: 313-314.
- Tyler, A., 1939. Crystalline echinochrome and spinochrome: Their failure to stimulate the respiration of eggs and of sperm of Strongylocentrotus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 25: 523528.
- Tyler, A., 1949. A simple non-injurious method for inducing repeated spawning of sea urchins and sand-dollars. Coll. Net, 19: 19-20.
- Zeuthen, E., 1955. Mitotic respiratory rhythms in single eggs of Psammechinus miliaris and of Ciona intestinalis., Biol. Bull., 105: 366-385.
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
The Sperm
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
The Unfertilized Ovum
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Time Table of Development
provided by Egg Characteristics and Breeding Season for Woods Hole Species
Woods Hole, Maine
- bibliographic citation
- Costello, D.P. and C. Henley (1971). Methods for obtaining and handling marine eggs and embryos. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA (Second Edition)
- author
- Costello, D.P.
- author
- C. Henley
Comprehensive Description
provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck)
Echinus punctulatus Lamarck, 1816:47. [For synonymy, see Mortensen, 1935:573. For the biology of this species, see Harvey, 1956; Sharp and Gray, 1962; Kier and Grant, 1965:17; and Boolootian and Cantor, 1965.]
Only two specimens were found of this species. They both were living in the Thalassia beds east of Water Cay Range. Because this species does not cover itself, it is readily visible. In spite of this, a careful search for many days revealed no more specimens.
- bibliographic citation
- Kier, Porter M. 1975. "The echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-45. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.206
Arbacia punctulata
provided by wikipedia EN
The Atlantic purple sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) is a species of sea urchins from the family Arbaciidae, native to the Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The Atlantic purple sea urchin is a spherical, dark purple-spined sea urchin, with a nearly flat oral face. It can reach up to 8 cm in diameter, and is native to the North Atlantic Ocean.
Habitat and range
Its natural habitat is in the western Atlantic Ocean. A. punctulata can be found in shallow water from Massachusetts to Cuba and the Yucatan Peninsula, from Texas to Florida in the Gulf of Mexico, the coast from Panama to French Guiana, and in the Lesser Antilles, usually on rocky, sandy, or shelly bottoms.[1]
Ecology and behaviour
A. punctulata is omnivorous, consuming a wide variety of prey[2] although Karlson[3] classified it as a generalized carnivore. Its galactolipids, rather than phlorotannins, act as herbivore deterrents in Fucus vesiculosus against A. punctulata.[4]
Uses in science
For more than a century, developmental biologists have valued the sea urchin as an experimental model organism. Sea urchin eggs are transparent and can be manipulated easily in the research laboratory. Their eggs can be easily fertilized and then develop rapidly and synchronously.[5][6]
For decades, the sea urchin embryo has been used to establish the chromosome theory of heredity, the description of centrosomes, parthenogenesis, and fertilization.[7][8][9] Research work during the last 30 years established such important phenomena as stable mRNA and translational control, isolation and characterization of the mitotic apparatus, and the realization that the major structural proteins of the mitotic apparatus are microtubules.[10][11] Sea urchin studies provided the first evidence of actin in nonmuscle cells.[12][13]
Arbacia punctulata is also a model organism of marine sediments toxicity[14][15] and sperm study.[16][17]
References
-
^ Serafy DK (1979). "Echinoids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)". Mem. Hourglass Cruises. 5: 1–120.
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^ Sharp, D. T.; Gray, I. E. (1962). "Studies on factors affecting the local distribution of two sea urchins, Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus variegatus". Ecology. 43 (2): 309–313. doi:10.2307/1931986. JSTOR 1931986.
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^ Karlson R (1978). "Predation and space utilization patterns in a marine epifaunal community". J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31 (3): 225–239. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(78)90060-6.
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^ Deal MS (2003). "Galactolipids rather than phlorotannins as herbivore deterrents in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus". Oecologia. 136 (1): 107–114. Bibcode:2003Oecol.136..107D. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1242-3. PMID 12684854. S2CID 5821145.
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^ RULON O (December 1947). "The modification of developmental patterns in Arbacia eggs with malonic acid". Anat. Rec. 99 (4): 652. PMID 18895450.
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^ Kanungo J (June 2002). "Prolonged incubation in seawater induces a DNA-dependent protein phosphorylation activity in Arbacia punctulata eggs". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294 (3): 667–71. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00539-9. PMID 12056821.
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^ FAILLA PM (June 1965). "Recovery from Division Delay in Irradiated Gametes of Arbacia punctulata". Radiat. Res. 25 (2): 331–40. Bibcode:1965RadR...25..331F. doi:10.2307/3571975. JSTOR 3571975. PMID 14295124.
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^ Sachs MI, Anderson E (October 1970). "A cytological study of artificial parthenogenesis in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata". J. Cell Biol. 47 (1): 140–58. doi:10.1083/jcb.47.1.140. PMC 2108410. PMID 4327513.
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^ Kite GL (October 1912). "The Nature of the Fertilization Membrane of the Egg of the Sea Urchin (Arbacia Punctulata)". Science. 36 (930): 562–564. Bibcode:1912Sci....36..562K. doi:10.1126/science.36.930.562-a. PMID 17812420.
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^ ZIMMERMAN AM, MARSLAND D (July 1964). "Cell division: Effects of pressure on the mitotic mechanisms of marine eggs (Arbacia punctulata)". Exp. Cell Res. 35 (2): 293–302. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(64)90096-5. PMID 14195437.
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^ SCOTT A (October 1950). "A cytological analysis of the effects of cyanide and 4,6-dinitro-orthocresol on the mitotic phases in Arbacia punctulata". Biol. Bull. 99 (2): 362–3. doi:10.1086/BBLv99n2p321. PMID 14791535.
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^ Henson JH, Schatten G (1983). "Calcium regulation of the actin-mediated cytoskeletal transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes". Cell Motil. 3 (5–6): 525–34. doi:10.1002/cm.970030519. PMID 6420068.
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^ Kabat-Zinn J, Singer RH (April 1981). "Sea urchin tube feet: unique structures that allow a cytological and molecular approach to the study of actin and its gene expression". J. Cell Biol. 89 (1): 109–14. doi:10.1083/jcb.89.1.109. PMC 2111775. PMID 6894447.
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^ Jäntschi L, Bolboaca SD (2008). "A structural modelling study on marine sediments toxicity". Mar Drugs. 6 (2): 372–88. doi:10.3390/md20080017. PMC 2525494. PMID 18728732.
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^ Rudolph A, Medina P, Urrutia C, Ahumada R (July 2008). "Ecotoxicological sediment evaluations in marine aquaculture areas of Chile". Environ Monit Assess. 155 (1–4): 419–29. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0444-x. PMID 18633720. S2CID 41962710.
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^ Lillie FR (March 1915). "The Fertilizing Power of Sperm Dilutions of Arbacia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1 (3): 156–60. Bibcode:1915PNAS....1..156L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1.3.156. PMC 1090763. PMID 16575966.
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^ Inamdar MV, Kim T, Chung YK, Was AM, Xiang X, Wang CW, Takayama S, Lastoskie CM, Thomas FI, Sastry AM (November 2007). "Assessment of sperm chemokinesis with exposure to jelly coats of sea urchin eggs and resact: a microfluidic experiment and numerical study". J. Exp. Biol. 210 (Pt 21): 3805–20. doi:10.1242/jeb.005439. PMID 17951422.
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Arbacia punctulata: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Atlantic purple sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) is a species of sea urchins from the family Arbaciidae, native to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Distribution
provided by World Register of Marine Species
Virginian, southside of Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras
North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)
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