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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 25 years (wild)
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
A large fairly common deepwater dogfish of the outer continental shelves and upper slopes,usually on or near the bottom at depths from 100 to 1200 m, but commonest below 200 m. Ovoviviparous. Eats hake, epigonids and lanternfish.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Size

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Maximum total length at least 150 cm, young are born from 30 to 42 cm or more.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Distribution

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Western North Atlantic: Northern Gulf of Mexico. Eastern Atlantic: France, Portugal, Madeira to Mediterranean, Canaries, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon to Zaire. Western Indian Ocean: Aldabra Island. Western Pacific: Japan (southeastern Honshu).
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Diagnostic Description

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fieldmarks: No anal fin, two dorsal fins with large spines, bladelike unicuspidate teeth in upper and lower jaws, with lowers much larger than uppers, a moderately long and broad snout, fairly short first dorsal fin and high second dorsal, blocklike, very broad, sessile-crowned, wide-spaced, acuspidate lateral denticles, and rear tips of pectoral fins narrowly angular and strongly extended. Snout moderately long, broadly parabolic, preoral snout subequal or somewhat greater than mouth width but shorter than distance from mouth to pectoral origins; upper anterolateral teeth with erect to semioblique cusps. First dorsal fin moderately high and short, second dorsal moderately large, nearly as high as first, with base about 3/4 length of first dorsal base, and spine origin over inner margins of pelvic fins; distance from first dorsal insertion to origin of second dorsal spine about as long as tip of snout to pectoral insertions in adults and subadults; free rear tips of pectoral fins formed into narrow, angular and elongated lobes that reach well beyond the level of first dorsal spine, inner margins longer than distance from second dorsal spine to caudal origin; caudal fin with a shallowly notched posterior margin in adults and subadults. Lateral trunk denticles not overlapping each other, blocklike, with crowns sessile on bases and without pedicels, crowns broad and transversely rhomboidal in adults, without cusps on their posterior edges.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Primarily fished in the eastern Atlantic with bottom trawls, but also caught on hooks and lines and with pelagic trawls. Smoked and dried salted for human consumption; also processed for fishmeal and liver oil. Potentially valuable for its large liver, with high squalene content in the liver oil. The Japanese representative of the species is fished for liver oil.
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FAO species catalogue Vol.4. Sharks of the world. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. Compagno, L.J.V.1984FAO Fisheries Synopsis. , (125) Vol.4, Part 1.
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Diagnostic Description

provided by Fishbase
Light grayish brown dorsally, paler ventrally; eyes greenish (Ref. 6871). Adults with tips of dorsal fins dusky, not prominently marked (Ref. 31367).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle

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Ovoviviparous, embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Young are born from 30 to 42 cm or more (Ref. 247). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
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Susan M. Luna
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Morphology

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Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Cristina V. Garilao
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Trophic Strategy

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A common deepwater dogfish of the outer continental shelves and upper slopes, commonest below 200 m (Ref. 247). Solitary (Ref. 26340). Also mesopelagic (Ref. 27000). Feeds mainly on bony fishes such as hake, epigonids and lanternfish (Ref. 247).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology

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A common deepwater dogfish of the outer continental shelves and upper slopes, commonest below 200 m (Ref. 247); usually benthic and epibenthic at depths from 50-1440 m with most records from 200-600 m (Compagno, pers. comm. 07/07). Solitary (Ref. 26340). Adults feed mainly on bony fishes such as hake, epigonids, lanternfish, herring, smelts, cods, rattails, squid and crustaceans (Ref. 247, IUCN workshop 07/07). Males mature at about 105-118 cm TL (Ref. 94782). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Number of litter recorded, one in Mediterranean females, and possibly 1 or 2 for the species. This species is fished in Eastern Atlantic by bottom trawls, long lines, fixed bottom nets, hook and line and pelagic trawls; caught and discarded, or utilised from by-catch fisheries (IUCN discussion 07/07). Marketed smoked and dried salted for human consumption; also processed into fishmeal and a source of liver oil for squalene (Ref. 247).
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Kent E. Carpenter
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Importance

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fisheries: minor commercial; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Kent E. Carpenter
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於西北太平洋的日本南部及臺灣東北部及南部;中西大西洋的墨西哥灣海域。
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分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-西太平洋區,西起非洲,東至菲律賓,北至日本,南至澳洲等沿海。臺灣台東外海及東北部大溪海域有產。
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利用

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罕見魚種。
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利用

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要以底拖網、流刺網及延繩釣捕獲。肝具大量之角鯊烯,可加工製成維他命及油;剩餘物製成魚粉。
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描述

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體稍側扁而粗壯;吻側緣斜,吻端尖,口前吻長稍小於口寬,明顯短於從口裂到胸鰭起點之距離;鼻孔幾乎橫列,到眼前緣之距離小於到吻端之距離;鼻孔間距為吻長之半,或等於噴水孔間距;前鼻瓣狹小,後部中央具一細尖突起,後鼻緣具一游離皮膜;眼小,眼後角位於口角上方;口裂淺弧形,口前吻長稍小於口寬,亦小於口裂到胸鰭起點之距離,口角具唇褶;口角外側有一斜直深溝;,上顎齒17-1-17,下顎齒為14-1-14,上下顎齒各具一齒尖;上顎齒窄,小三角形,齒緣有細鋸齒,具一正中齒,除後側數齒傾斜外,餘均尖而直立,2-3行在使用;下顎齒寬而斜,每側14齒,具一正中齒,齒冠緣及齒基底均具細鋸齒,一行在使用;噴水孔大,半月形,位於眼後上方,其長為眼徑之半,前緣到眼角之距離約等於噴水孔徑;鰓裂中大,向後漸寬大,第五鰓裂最大,與第四鰓裂緊相鄰;盾鱗大,不重疊,無柄,體側鱗圓錐刺狀,大小不一,排列不緊密,基板圓,鱗外表面有6-10條縱脊,向後在尖端集中。背鰭二枚;第一背鰭低而長,位於全長的前半部,背鰭棘基底被皮膚包埋,起點距吻端約等於到第二背鰭棘基底起點之距離;第二背鰭基底長約為第一背鰭基底長之3/4,後角尖長,第二背鰭起點為於腹鰭內緣3/5的前上方,鰭高約等於第一背鰭高,約等於尾柄長,後角長而尖突;背鰭棘粗大,兩側具溝槽,棘長小於鰭高,外露部分甚短,第一背鰭棘外露部分為棘長的1/7,第二背鰭棘外露部分為棘長的1/2,第一背鰭基底末端到第二背鰭棘起點之距離等於從吻端到胸鰭基底末端之距離;尾鰭高,下葉中大,近末端處有一缺刻;腹鰭大,約等於第二背鰭,後角尖突,末端達第二背鰭基底中央的下方;胸鰭大,寬大於長的1/2,外角寬圓,後角尖突,末端達第一背鰭棘下方,從胸鰭起點到後角末端之長度短於鼻孔到第一鰓裂之距離。體銹褐色,背部色較深,腹部色淡,鰭銹褐色。
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描述

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長;頭平扁;尾柄無尾前凹窪;吻短,背視鈍三角形,側視尖突;口前吻長稍大於口裂寬而短於口裂到胸鰭起點之距離;眼長橢圓形,兩端尖,眼徑約等於眼前吻長,距吻端比距第一鰓裂為近;鼻孔中大,幾乎橫列,外側位,距吻端較距口裂為近,兩鼻孔間隔等於吻端到鼻孔之距離;前鼻瓣中部有個三角形尖突,後鼻瓣舌型,向前方突出;口裂淺弧形,近於橫列;口側具一斜行深溝;唇褶扁狹而短,上下唇褶約等長;上下顎齒不同形,為單齒頭形,上顎齒小,齒頭外斜,尖三角形,邊緣無鋸齒,基底近方形,中央有一突出柄,無正中齒,每側每行16齒;下顎齒大,齒頭外斜,基底方形,中央有一突出柄,無正中齒,每側每行17齒;口裂後方有弧形細頦褶;噴水孔大,半月型,前緣有一瓣,能開閉;鰓裂寬大,最後一個最大;盾鱗互相重疊,具三縱脊,中央脊明顯而長,側脊短而弱,後緣具三棘突。背鰭二枚,各具一硬棘,每棘每側具一溝槽;第一背鰭低而基底頗長,基底長約為鰭高的二倍,起點位於胸鰭基底後上方,距吻端約等於到第二背鰭起點之距離,硬棘短,約2/3被皮膚所包埋;上角鈍圓,後緣稍凹,下角延長尖突;第二背鰭小於第一背鰭,約與第一背鰭等高,基底長為第一背鰭基底長的3/4,起點約位於腹鰭基底末端後上方,距腹鰭比距尾鰭起點為近;第一背鰭基底末端到第二背鰭硬棘基底之距離約等於由吻端到胸鰭基底中點之距離;上角鈍圓,後緣斜直,下角尖突;尾鰭寬短,尾錐軸上翹,上葉發達,有一缺刻;腹鰭低平,起點距第二背鰭較距第一背鰭為近,外角鈍圓,後角稍尖突;胸鰭中大,外緣長小於第一背鰭基底長,外角鈍圓,後緣稍凹,內角尖突,內緣幾乎平直。體灰褐色,腹部色淡。
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棲地

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生態習性不甚明瞭之深水鯊,可以生活在水深200 公尺以上。成熟雄性約為81 公分。
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棲地

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主要生活於大陸棚和島嶼上層斜坡之大型深水鯊,棲息深度在250-720公尺間。主要以底棲硬骨魚為食,但也捕食小型狗鮫、頭足類及甲殼類等。卵胎生。可能是尖鰭鮫中體長最大的魚種。
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Gutxo brut ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gutxo brut o ullot (Centrophorus granulosus) és una espècie de tauró que es troba al nord del Golf de Mèxic, l'Atlàntic oriental (des de França fins a la República Democràtica del Congo), el Mediterrani occidental i a les costes de Madagascar, Aldabra i Honshū.

Descripció

  • Cos subcilíndric amb el musell més aviat cònic.
  • Sense aleta anal ni membrana nictitant.
  • Amb dues aletes dorsals dotades d'espines.
  • Les aletes pectorals es perllonguen cap enrere amb un llarg filament.
  • Té cinc parells de fenedures branquials.
  • Color bru fosc uniforme amb el ventre clar.
  • Presenta uns denticles dèrmics quadrangulars visibles al primer cop d'ull.
  • La seua longitud màxima és de 150 cm.

Hàbitat

Típic animal de fondària. Viu a la zona del talús continental en fons durs entre 100 i 1.400 m i habitualment als 200 m de profunditat. Pot formar petits grups.

Alimentació

Menja cefalòpodes, crustacis i peixos com el lluç, el moll reial, el dimoni i la lluerna.

Reproducció

És ovovivípar aplacentari. Els petits quan neixen fan entre 30 i 42 cm de longitud.

Aprofitament

No té cap tipus d'interès econòmic, tot i que la carn és bona i el fetge conté una elevada quantitat de triterpens. Es pesca amb palangre de fondària.

Referències

Enllaços externs

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Gutxo brut: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El gutxo brut o ullot (Centrophorus granulosus) és una espècie de tauró que es troba al nord del Golf de Mèxic, l'Atlàntic oriental (des de França fins a la República Democràtica del Congo), el Mediterrani occidental i a les costes de Madagascar, Aldabra i Honshū.

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Schlinghai ( German )

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Der Schlinghai (Centrophorus granulosus) oder Raue Dornhai gehört zur Ordnung der Dornhaiartigen (Squaliformes) und zur Familie der Centrophoridae.

Körperbau

Schlinghaie werden maximal 1,60 Meter lang. Sie sind von graubrauner Farbe, die Unterseite ist hell, die Augen grün. Vor den beiden Rückenflossen sitzen Dornen. Wie fast allen Arten der Squalomorphii fehlt ihnen die Afterflosse.

Die Zähne der Oberkiefers sind klein mit einer Spitze, die des Unterkiefers größer, die Spitze ist schräg, die Kanten sind gesägt.

Verhalten

Die Haie leben einzeln oder in größeren, nach Größen und vielleicht nach Geschlechtern getrennten Schwärmen.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Schlingerhais

Der Schlinghai lebt weltweit im Atlantik, im Pazifik, im Indischen Ozean und im gesamten Mittelmeer. Schlinghaie halten sich bevorzugt am Meeresboden der Kontinentalhänge in Tiefen von 100 bis 1400 Metern auf.

Nahrungsweise

Knochenfische, kleinere Knorpelfische, Krebstiere, Kopffüßer und Aas werden von den Tieren gefressen.

Fortpflanzung

Schlinghaie sind lebendgebärend. Sie bekommen pro Wurf ein Junges.

Literatur

  • Alessandro de Maddalena, Harald Bänsch: Haie im Mittelmeer. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10458-3.

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Schlinghai: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Schlinghai (Centrophorus granulosus) oder Raue Dornhai gehört zur Ordnung der Dornhaiartigen (Squaliformes) und zur Familie der Centrophoridae.

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Κοκκοκεντροφόρος ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο κοκκοκεντροφόρος (Centrophorus granulosus - Κεντροφόρος ο κοκκώδης), γνωστός και ως κεντρόνι, κοκκαγκανθίτης και αγκαθίτης, είναι ένα κοινό σκυλόψαρο που ζει σε βαθιά νερά, πάνω από την ηπειρωτική υφαλοκρηπίδα, σε βάθος μεγαλύτερο των 200 μέτρων. Απαντάται στον κόλπο του Μεξικού, στον ανατολικό Ατλαντικό, στη Μεσόγειο, στον Ινδικό και τον Ειρηνικό ωκεανό νότια του Χονσού. Ανήκει στην οικογένεια των κεντροφορίδων. Έχει ελαφρύ γκρι-καφέ χρώμα ραχιαία και λίγο χλωμότερο στη κοιλιά. Τα δύο ραχιαία πτερύγια φέρουν άκανθες και δεν έχει πρωκτικό πτερύγιο.

Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 1,6 μέτρα. Ζει κοντά στο πυθμένα, σε βάθη 200 με 600 μέτρων. Τρέφεται με κυρίως με οστεϊχθύες. Είναι ωοζωοτόκο ζώο. Ο κοκκοκεντροφόρος είναι ακίνδυνος για τον άνθρωπο. Η αλιεία του γίνεται κυρίως στον ανατολικό Ατλαντικό, όπου ψαρεύεται με μηχανότρατες, κυρίως βυθού, ενώ μπορεί να πιαστεί και με παραγάδι. Το κρέας του καταναλώνεται καπνιστό ή αλατισμένο, ενώ έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί ως ψαροτροφή, ενώ στην Ιαπωνία αλιεύεται για να εξαχθεί λάδι από το μεγάλο συκώτι του.[2]

Κατανομή και ενδιαίτημα

Θεωρείται είδος που εξαπλώνεται σε εύκρατα και τροπικά νερά. Απαντάται στον ανατολικό Ατλαντικό (Γαλλία μέχρι Νότια Αφρική), στη Μεσόγειο, στο δυτικό και κεντρικό Ατλαντικό (βόρεια του Κόλπου του Μεξικού), στον Ινδικό ωκεανό, στο δυτικό Ειρηνικό και στην Αυστραλία. Στη Μεσόγειο δεν υπάρχουν στοιχεία που να δείχνουν την ύπαρξη διαφορετικών πληθυσμών. Επίσης, δεν υπάρχουν στοιχεία που να καταδεικνύουν σχέση μεταξύ των πληθυσμών της Μεσογείου και του Ατλαντικού. Η μεγαλύτερη πυκνότητα του είδους στη Μεσόγειο είναι στη δυτική και κεντρική περιοχή. O κοκκοκεντροφόρος είναι βαθύβιο είδος, που απαντάται στη νηριτική ζώνη, σε βάθη που κυμαίνονται μεταξύ 100 και 1.490 μ.[3]

Βιολογία

Η δίαιτά του περιλαμβάνει ποικιλία θηραμάτων, τόσο ψαριών όσο και ασπονδύλων της μεσοπελαγικής και βενθικής ζώνης. Η ηλικία ωρίμανσής του είναι 12-16 έτη στα θηλυκά και 7-8 έτη στα αρσενικά. Είναι ωοζωοτόκο είδος και έχει πολύ χαμηλό αναπαραγωγικό ρυθμό. Η περίοδος εγκυμοσύνης του είναι περίπου δύο χρόνια, ενώ μεταξύ αυτών μεσολαβεί περίοδος ανάπαυσης. Γεννά ένα νεογνό σε κάθε γέννα. Το είδος έχει το χαμηλότερο αναπαραγωγικό δυναμικό μεταξύ των χονδριχθύων. Πιστεύεται πως σχηματίζει αγέλες.[3]

Παραπομπές

  1. Guallart, J., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Casper, B.M., Burgess, G.H., Ebert, D.A., Clarke, M. & Stenberg, C. (2006). Centrophorus granulosus στην Κόκκινη Λίστα Απειλούμενων Ειδών της IUCN. Έκδοση 2013.2. Διεθνής Ένωση Προστασίας της Φύσης (IUCN). Ανακτήθηκε 10 Ιαν. 2014.
  2. Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (PDF). Ρώμη: Food and Agricultural Organization. σελίδες 36 – 37. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Περσεφόνη Μεγαλοφώνου Κόκκινο Βιβλίο Απειλούμενων Ζώων της Ελλάδας Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2015-07-01 στο Wayback Machine. σελ. 55-56
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Κοκκοκεντροφόρος: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

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Ο κοκκοκεντροφόρος (Centrophorus granulosus - Κεντροφόρος ο κοκκώδης), γνωστός και ως κεντρόνι, κοκκαγκανθίτης και αγκαθίτης, είναι ένα κοινό σκυλόψαρο που ζει σε βαθιά νερά, πάνω από την ηπειρωτική υφαλοκρηπίδα, σε βάθος μεγαλύτερο των 200 μέτρων. Απαντάται στον κόλπο του Μεξικού, στον ανατολικό Ατλαντικό, στη Μεσόγειο, στον Ινδικό και τον Ειρηνικό ωκεανό νότια του Χονσού. Ανήκει στην οικογένεια των κεντροφορίδων. Έχει ελαφρύ γκρι-καφέ χρώμα ραχιαία και λίγο χλωμότερο στη κοιλιά. Τα δύο ραχιαία πτερύγια φέρουν άκανθες και δεν έχει πρωκτικό πτερύγιο.

Φτάνει σε μήκος τα 1,6 μέτρα. Ζει κοντά στο πυθμένα, σε βάθη 200 με 600 μέτρων. Τρέφεται με κυρίως με οστεϊχθύες. Είναι ωοζωοτόκο ζώο. Ο κοκκοκεντροφόρος είναι ακίνδυνος για τον άνθρωπο. Η αλιεία του γίνεται κυρίως στον ανατολικό Ατλαντικό, όπου ψαρεύεται με μηχανότρατες, κυρίως βυθού, ενώ μπορεί να πιαστεί και με παραγάδι. Το κρέας του καταναλώνεται καπνιστό ή αλατισμένο, ενώ έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί ως ψαροτροφή, ενώ στην Ιαπωνία αλιεύεται για να εξαχθεί λάδι από το μεγάλο συκώτι του.

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Gulper shark

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The gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus) is a long and slender dogfish usually about three feet in length generally found in deep, murky waters all around the world. It is a light grayish brown, paler ventrally, with a long snout and large greenish eyes.[2] This deep water shark has two dorsal fins with long, grooved spines and the second dorsal fin smaller than the first. Its upper teeth are blade-like and lower have finely serrated edges.[2] This tertiary consumer feeds on mainly fish such as bony fish, but also cephalopods such as squid and other invertebrates like crustaceans.[2] The gulper shark is currently an endangered species mainly because of exploitation by humans and their abnormally long gestation period and low fecundity, preventing their population from recovering.

Development and reproduction

Gulper sharks reach maturity at around age 12 to 16 years for females, and age 7 to 8 years for males.[3] The maturity of a gulper shark can be determined by the seven-stage maturity scale for aplacental and placental viviparous sharks.[4] This scale is good for practical field use, but may not be as accurate as other maturity scales that have more than seven stages. Maturity for gulper sharks is considered when they are at stage 3 or above, which for males is when gonads are enlarged and filled with sperm, and sperm ducts are tightly coiled. For females, stage three is when ovaries are large and well rounded.[4]

On average, male gulper sharks are smaller than females.[5] The size of an average adult male is 80 to 95 cm. The size of an average adult female is from 90 to 100 cm long.[5] Differences in size between the sexes may be due to the need for space to support offspring.[5] It has been hypothesized that gulper sharks display a “depth distribution pattern associated with size” based on random human observation.[5]

Male gulper sharks tend to outnumber females 2:1, which is common for many fish species. The life expectancy, longevity, of female gulper sharks ranges between 54 and 70 years.[5] Having a long life expectancy but a low net reproduction rate suggests that the population of gulper sharks would be at a very high risk if too many of them were killed from excessive fishing.

Female gulper sharks typically have between 2 and 10 pups in their lifetime, with generally one pup per pregnancy, this is considered to be a low fecundity.[5] Once fertilized, females can hold up to 6 mature egg cells, or oocytes, in their body at a time. The length of time these egg cells are kept inside the female's body is called the gestation period. Gulper sharks have a long gestation period, around two years. Gulper sharks can have long resting periods between pregnancies.[2]

They are ovoviviparous, meaning the only parental care they give their young is during the incubation period.[4] Since not all oocytes form into pups, when a pup or two is formed inside the female, they eat the remaining fertilized eggs, known as oophagy.[2] After they are born, they are on their own. Having a low fecundity, a long gestation period, breaks between pregnancies, and a late age of maturity all contribute to the gulper shark having a very low net reproduction rate.[2] It is believed that the gulper shark has the lowest reproduction rate of any elasmobranch species.[2]

Geographic range

The gulper shark is a deepwater oceanic species, living in waters ranging between 100 and 1490 meters in depth, with the juveniles being the main occupant of the lower half of the depths.[6] Acceptable habitats for gulper populations are found globally, wherever temperate and tropical waters are found. The gulper shark is most commonly found in the 300 to 800 meter depth range, inhabiting the upper continental slopes and outer continental shelves, the gulper is highly migratory species and has schooling habits based on multiple sharks being present around baited cameras.[7]

Due to the frequency and patterns of migration the gulper shark population estimates may be inaccurate with some sharks being counted twice, which are exacerbated by inappropriate tagging techniques. There are multiple species of gulper sharks, which has contributed to misidentification in the past. For example, populations of the gulper shark in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean may represent a separate species. Therefore, taxonomic confusion may influence current geographical range. The gulper sharks like deep, murky waters.

Human interaction

Fishing and bycatch

Human interaction with the gulper shark exists mainly in the form of fishing. Longline fishing is a typical method for fishing at the depth required to catch gulper sharks, and the broad distribution of gulper habitat leads to this method being used to catch gulpers around the world. However, gulper sharks are not always caught intentionally. The deep waters in which the gulper and similar shark species live is difficult to harvest, and longlines are an unspecific form of fishing. Longlines intended for other species can easily catch gulper sharks.[8]

A photo of a gulper shark that has been caught.
Gulper shark that has been caught by a fishing boat

When a fish species other than the intended catch is caught, it is called bycatch. Although bycatch is not always a significant cause of loss to population size, it highlights the unpredictable nature of deepwater fish exploitation.[9] Rules and regulations regarding bycatch treatment are difficult to enforce by the nature of the bycatch being unintentional. Bycatch is often not treated as a serious issue until a species has declined to a point where small bycatch has a large effect, so data on the effect of bycatch on gulper populations is not abundant. Gulper shark populations have dropped as much as 80% in some areas, so bycatch is only recently becoming a big issue for them.

Consumables

Fins and meat are generally taken from gulper sharks, but it is of particular interest because of the quantity of liver oil it contains: compared to similar species such as the dogfish shark, the gulper has a larger liver with more oil. Traditionally, shark oil is a folk remedy for a variety of ailments, but also has been shown to contain compounds of contemporary medicinal value, most notable squalene, although the compound can also be extracted from plants.[10] This compound makes the liver of the gulper shark very valuable and is a large part of gulper-specific fishing.

Ecology

Life history

The life history of an organism describes the timing of important events for the typical individual of a species. The life history of the gulper shark shows that vulnerability to harvesting is inherent in its biology. The slow rate of gulper growth and development leads to a life strategy that is more centered on competition with one another than escaping predation, especially from humans. This is demonstrated from even the earliest part of an individual gulper's life history where it consumes other fertilized eggs inside its parent's body.[2]

A long gestation period, later maturity, and long lifespan all contribute to a K-selected tendency that favors intraspecific competition, or competition with similar species, over survival defenses having to do with predation. Harvesting is a form of predation that slow, invested reproduction does not easily alleviate. The long gestation, low fecundity, and breaks in individual reproduction lead to slow repopulation ability.[2] Slow reproduction is a part of the species biology, and cannot be changed in one generation based on sudden predation pressure. A group of gulper sharks that undergoes predation by humans may take fifteen years or longer to recover, if at all, based on their maturation time of twelve to sixteen years.[3] Large populations of gulper sharks must be built over long periods of time.

Gulper life strategy is also consistent with their trophic level and place in the deepwater community. They are tertiary consumers with no apparent predators, so their biological gear toward competition is an ecologically sound strategy.[11] The introduction of human interaction with gulper sharks is the introduction of a higher trophic level, and presents a relationship that current gulper biology is not equipped to handle while maintaining steady or growing population size.

While the fishing of gulper sharks and utilization of squalene from their livers is not inherently an activity that drives them toward extinction, overexploitation of the species can be a problem. The status of gulper sharks on the ICUN red list is currently only vulnerable rather than endangered. The squalene taken from the gulper liver is in high demand as a possible cancer therapy component among other uses, leading to unchecked harvesting of the species. When the populations are declining due to overexploitation, each viable individual is important. As much as 80% of the gulper population has been depleted in some areas, so any harvesting can have a large effect on the decline of the species or possible recovery.

The key to overexploitation in gulper sharks is that they require nearly as much time as humans to mature and reproduce. Their life strategy indicates that the frame of view for gulper fishing plans needs to be based on longer amounts of time, to allow for the consideration of the next generation of individuals. Gulper shark do not mature much faster than humans, so they need to be exploited based on a schedule that reflects this. However, being harvested by a species with similar growth patterns means that the gulper shark is unlikely to be considered in this way. It is highly susceptible to overexploitation leading to widespread population decline and its status and a species vulnerable to endangerment.

Conservation efforts and legislation

The gulper shark has been classified as vulnerable status by the IUCN since 2000 due to heavy overfishing and exacerbated through bycatch and low reproductive rates. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), which is in charge of almost all intergovernmental fishery management decisions, mandated in 2005 to stop expanding deep water fishing beyond 1,000 meters.[12] This mandate however, does not support the main population of gulper sharks, which generally live 300–800 meters below the surface. This decision also does not stop any current deepwater fishing; it simply stops any further expansion. This is an insufficient conservation attempt, as it does not help gulper populations under stress, it simply stops more stress from accumulating. The current level of fishing may already be enough to render that population critically endangered in that region, especially considering the low reproductive rate of gulpers.

Small tied bales of flat gray objects, messily stacked underneath a translucent tentlike roof between white walls.
Shark fins confiscated from the King Diamond II

Other areas of gulper shark populations have no current regulations. The Northwest Atlantic Ocean currently has no rules in regard to the harvesting of gulper sharks, and has already seen a decrease in gulper population of 80–95% since 1990.[13]

While not many laws apply to gulper sharks specifically, some blanket laws covering many different species have been created. The United States Government passed the Shark Conservation Act in 2010, which prohibited removing fins from sharks that were usually caught as bycatch and then sold to Chinese markets for shark fin soup. This law seals many of loopholes by requiring that any fins or tails brought to land must be “naturally attached to the corresponding carcass” and that no U.S. ship in foreign waters is allowed to possess shark fins.[11] This act protects all species of sharks within 50 nautical miles of the U.S. coast.[11] This is a much more effective law than that by the GFCM, because it addresses shark finning directly and cuts down on the amount of gulpers killed for their fins. Since this law point-blank cuts down on bycatching, it should be an effective effort at the conservation of shark species off U.S. coasts.

Conservation

A comprehensive list of similarities in Centrophorus.
Morphological similarities in Centrophorus

While conservation attempts are being made, certain issues like fishery guidelines and catch verification pose problems for furthering conservation attempts.

The fisheries concept is a closely regulated way to harvest gulpers, while monitoring the species population to ensure it does not crash. They generally use body mass as an indicator of when to harvest the sharks to allow growth of the population. When these ratios are incorrect, the fishery can easily crash because sharks are harvested before they can reproduce. This is especially true with the gulper shark, which has a two-year-long gestational period and a twelve to sixteen year maturity for females. Biery and Daniel Pauly from UBC Fisheries Centre in Canada executed a review on species-specific fin to body-mass ratios in 2012. Their paper concludes that current regulated ratios are not appropriate for all species and that regulations based on a general ratio for all species is inadequate and may be harming fisheries. The ratios used by many fisheries were originally compiled by a politically affiliated group called The Regional Fishery Management Organizations, RFMO. Biery and Pauly collected fin to body-mass ratios for 50 different species and eight different countries and observed that actual fin to body-mass ratios varied by species and location. Species specific mean ratios ranged from 1.1% to 10.9% and estimated mean ratios by country ranged from 1.5% to 6.1% indicating that current regulations will crash fisheries and not promote population growth.[14]

Away from the commercial side of conservation, there are tagging efforts to monitor gulper populations. Tagging is a common ecological tool to study the species characteristics. A large problem with monitoring the populations of Australian and Indonesian dogfish is that discriminating between the seven local species by morphological attributesalone is unreliable. In 2012 a study conducted by Ross Daley, Sharon Appleyard, and Matthew Koopman from the CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Center in Hobart, Australia aims to help monitored recovery plans by implementing a new catch data verification plan. Their study focuses on using the 16s mitochondrial gene region to differentiate these species and when sequenced, all but C. harrissoni and C. isodon were distinguishable.[15] They concluded that 16s gene is a strong marker suitable for fishery catch verification and that using this technique is a reliable and efficient system for routine testing. However, specialized primers needed for trials are sensitive to decay. Therefore, preservation problems need to be researched to further the prospective use of a 16s mitochondrial classification. This system for routine testing is only available to scientists and would require substantial training for fishermen to be able to use this technique.[15]

Uncertainties and inconsistency in data

While information concerning gulper sharks exists, there is no place to centrally compile the information so that other researchers may easily obtain it. This leads to repetition in basic data and less depth into the subject matter. Information presented may also be inaccurate as many genus of Centrophorus are morphologically similar. While attempts are being made to make it easier to identify different genus, such as Daley's use of 16s mitochondrial DNA listed above,[15] older data listed for gulper sharks could be for ones other than the granulosus, such as the dumb gulper shark. This also means that current populations numbers could account for other dogfish than just the gulper sharks. Lastly, due to the frequency and patterns of migration, the recorded gulper shark populations may be inaccurate.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centrophorus granulosus.
  1. ^ "Centrophorus granulosus https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162293947/2897883#assessment-information". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. {{cite journal}}: External link in |title= (help)no identifier
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i ARKive, Gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus) Archived 2016-11-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ a b Clarke, M. W.; Connolly, P. L.; Bracken, J. J. (2002). "Age estimation of the exploited deepwater shark Centrophorus squamosus from the continental slopes of the Rockall Trough and Porcupine Bank". Journal of Fish Biology. 60 (3): 501. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01679.x.
  4. ^ a b c Ungaro, N. (2008) Field manual on macroscopic identification of maturity stages for the Mediterranean fishery resources. FAO
  5. ^ a b c d e f Severino, Ricardo B.; Afonso-Dias, Manuel; Afonso-Dias, Isabel; Delgado, João (2009). "Aspects of the biology of the leaf-scale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) off Madeira archipelago" (PDF). Life and Marine Sciences. 26: 57–61.
  6. ^ Guallart, Furio Javier (1997) Contribucion al conocimiento de la biologia y la taxonomia del tiburon batial c entrophorus granulosus (bloch y schneider, 1801) en el mar balear (mediterraneo occidental). PhD Thesis, Universitat de Valencia
  7. ^ Gilat, E.; Gelman, A. (1984). "On the sharks and fishes observed using underwater photography during a deep-water cruise in the eastern Mediterranean". Fisheries Research. 2 (4): 257. doi:10.1016/0165-7836(84)90029-8.
  8. ^ Seafood Watch. Fishing Methods Fact Card.
  9. ^ Hogan, Michael (2010) “Overfishing” in Encyclopedia of Earth, Sidney Draggan and C. Cleveland (eds.). Washington DC.
  10. ^ Owen, James (December 29, 2009) Sharks Killed for Oil Used in Swine Flu Vaccine. National Geographic
  11. ^ a b c H.R.81 - Shark Conservation Act of 2009. opencongress.org
  12. ^ Report of the Working Group on Fish Ecology (WGFE), 13–17 March 2006, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen. ICES WGFE Report 2006.
  13. ^ GFCM (2005) GFCM Recommendations on Mediterranean fisheries management
  14. ^ Biery, L.; Pauly, D. (2012). "A global review of species-specific shark-fin-to-body-mass ratios and relevant legislation". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (5): 1643–1677. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03215.x. PMID 22497402.
  15. ^ a b c Daley, Ross K.; Appleyard, Sharon A.; Koopman, Mathew (2012). "Genetic catch verification to support recovery plans for deepsea gulper sharks (genus Centrophorus, family Centrophoridae) – an Australian example using the 16S gene". Marine and Freshwater Research. 63 (8): 708. doi:10.1071/MF11264.
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Gulper shark: Brief Summary

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The gulper shark (Centrophorus granulosus) is a long and slender dogfish usually about three feet in length generally found in deep, murky waters all around the world. It is a light grayish brown, paler ventrally, with a long snout and large greenish eyes. This deep water shark has two dorsal fins with long, grooved spines and the second dorsal fin smaller than the first. Its upper teeth are blade-like and lower have finely serrated edges. This tertiary consumer feeds on mainly fish such as bony fish, but also cephalopods such as squid and other invertebrates like crustaceans. The gulper shark is currently an endangered species mainly because of exploitation by humans and their abnormally long gestation period and low fecundity, preventing their population from recovering.

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Centrophorus acus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El quelvacho aguja (Centrophorus acus) es una especie de elasmobranquio escualiforme de la familia Centrophoridae. Es un tiburón pequeño y poco conocido. Habita en la parte norte del Golfo de México y en el oeste del Océano Pacífico, alrededor de Honshu, Japón, a unos 200 m de profundidad. No tiene aleta anal y posee dos aletas dorsales con espinas, la primera de ellas baja y larga. Tiene un hocico moderadamente largo y una aleta caudal, la cual mide 81 cm como mínimo. Casi nada más se sabe acerca de este tiburón.[1]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. "Centrophorus acus". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en de Enero de 2010. N.p.: FishBase, 2010.

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Centrophorus acus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El quelvacho aguja (Centrophorus acus) es una especie de elasmobranquio escualiforme de la familia Centrophoridae. Es un tiburón pequeño y poco conocido. Habita en la parte norte del Golfo de México y en el oeste del Océano Pacífico, alrededor de Honshu, Japón, a unos 200 m de profundidad. No tiene aleta anal y posee dos aletas dorsales con espinas, la primera de ellas baja y larga. Tiene un hocico moderadamente largo y una aleta caudal, la cual mide 81 cm como mínimo. Casi nada más se sabe acerca de este tiburón.​

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Centrophorus granulosus ( Basque )

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Centrophorus granulosus Centrophorus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrophoridae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Centrophorus granulosus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Centrophorus granulosus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Centrophorus granulosus Centrophorus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrophoridae familian sailkatzen da.

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Centrophorus granulosus ( French )

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Requin chagrin

Centrophorus granulosus, communément appelé le Requin chagrin, est une espèce de requins de la famille des Centrophoridae (ordre des Squaliformes).

Systématique

L'espèce Centrophorus granulosus a été initialement décrite en 1801 par les naturalistes allemands Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723-1799) et Johann Gottlob Schneider (1750-1822) sous le protonyme de Squalus granulosus[2].

Répartition

Centrophorus granulosus se rencontre dans l'Atlantique, en Méditerranée, dans l'océan Indien ouest et le Pacifique ouest à des profondeurs pouvant aller de 50 à 1 440 m[3] mais est plus fréquemment présent entre 200 à 600 m[3].

Description

C'est un requin squaliforme de couleur sombre, pourvu de longues épines devant les deux nageoires dorsales et aux yeux très volumineux. Sa taille peut atteindre 1,70 m pour les mâles et 1,45 m pour les femelles[3].

C'est une espèce ovovivipare et le petits mesurent entre 32 et 40 cm voire plus à leur naissance[3].

Noms vernaculaires

En français, Centrophorus granulosus porte les noms communs suivants[3] :

  • Aiguillat gros yeux ;
  • Chien gris ;
  • Requin (au Togo) ;
  • Requin chagrin ;
  • Squalechagrin commun ;
  • Squale-chagrin aiguille (FAO) ;
  • Squale-chagrin commun (FAO) ;
  • Squale-chagrin quelvacho (FAO).

Utilisation

Son foie, qui peut représenter jusqu'à 25 % de sa masse totale, est utilisé par l'industrie pharmaceutique qui en extrait le squalène, un puissant adjuvant vaccinal.

État de conservation

Sa population a considérablement chuté au cours des dix dernières années en raison de la pêche en eau profonde, et l'espèce est classée dans la Liste rouge de l'UICN comme en danger d'extinction au niveau mondial[4], et en danger critique au niveau européen[5].

En France, l'espèce est protégée, et figure en Annexe V de la Convention pour la protection du milieu marin de l'Atlantique du nord-est (Convention OSPAR) et en Annexe III de l'Amendement au protocole Barcelone[5]. Elle reste cependant pêchée, soit par bycatch soit pour commercialisation frauduleuse sous d'autres noms[6].

Étymologie

Son épithète spécifique, du latin granulosus, « granuleux », fait référence à l'aspect de sa peau[7].

Notes et références

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Centrophorus granulosus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Requin chagrin

Centrophorus granulosus, communément appelé le Requin chagrin, est une espèce de requins de la famille des Centrophoridae (ordre des Squaliformes).

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Lixa de lei ( Galician )

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A lixa de lei, ou simplemente lixa,[1] Centrophorus granulosus, é unha especie de tiburón da familia dos centrofóridos que habita no golfo de México, no Atlántico oriental, desde Francia até Suráfrica (incluíndo o Mediterráneo occidental) e nas costas de Madagascar, Australia, Nova Guinea e Honshu (Xapón).

Descrición

A súa cabeza é cónica, co fociño curto e a boca un pouco arqueada. Os dentes posúen unha soa cúspide, imbricada e aguda no maxilar superior e baixa e abatida no inferior. Ten grandes ollos verdes luminiscentes e unha forte espiña precede ás dúas aletas dorsais. O extremo posterior das aletas pectorais acaba en punta, e carece de aleta anal. Os individuos xuvenís presenta coloración agrisada con toos viñosos, especialmente nas aletas, reberetadas de branco, e abrancazada no ventre; os adultos son de cor gris apardazada escura uniforme. Adoitan medir uns 150 cm, aínda que o tamaño máximo rexistrado corresponde a 160 cm no macho e 145 cm na femia.[2]

Hábitat e bioloxía

Típico animal das profundidades, vive na zona do noiro continental, habitualmente a 200 m de profundidade, aínda que se pode encontrar entre os 100 e os 1.400 m. Pode formar pequenos grupos. Ovovivíparo, as crías nacen miden uns 30 ou 40 cm de lonxitude ao nacer. Captúrase con artes de fondo, palangre e redes de arrastre.

Estado de conservación

 src=
Mandíbulas de Centrophorus granulosus.

Segundo a IUCN, a súa situación é vulerábel.[3]

En Galicia

Esta especie está citada na bibliografía ictiolóxica galega,[4] e para ela Ríos Panisse recolleu na Guarda o nome de lixa,[5]

Notas

  1. Lahuerta e Moriño (2000), p. 189.
  2. Pescalicante (en castelán) Consultada o 14/12/2012.
  3. Centrophorus granulosus na Lista Vermella da IUCN. (en inglés) Consultada o 14/12/2012.
  4. Rodríguez Villanueva et al. (1992), p. 92.
  5. Ríos Panisse, M. C. (1977): Nomenclatura de la flora y fauna marítimnas de Galicia. I. Invertebrados y peces.. Santiago de Compostela: Universidad de Santiago de Composrtela, Verba, Anejo 7. ISBN 84-7191-008-X, p. 169.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Compagno, Leonard; Marc Dando & Sarah Fowler (2005): Sharks of the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12072-2.
  • Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando e Francisco X. Vázquez Álvarez (2000): Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia. ISBN 84-453-2913-8, p. 189.
  • Moreno, Juan A. (2004): Guía de los tiburones de aguas ibéricas, Atlántico nororiental y Mediterráneo. Barcelona: Ediciones Omega. ISBN 978-84-282-1367-7.
  • Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  • Rodríguez Villanueva, X. L. e Xavier Vázquez (1992): Peixes do mar de Galicia. (I) Lampreas raias e tiburóns. Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia. ISBN 84-7507-654-8.

Outros artigos

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Lixa de lei: Brief Summary ( Galician )

provided by wikipedia gl Galician

A lixa de lei, ou simplemente lixa, Centrophorus granulosus, é unha especie de tiburón da familia dos centrofóridos que habita no golfo de México, no Atlántico oriental, desde Francia até Suráfrica (incluíndo o Mediterráneo occidental) e nas costas de Madagascar, Australia, Nova Guinea e Honshu (Xapón).

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Centrophorus acus ( Italian )

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Il centroforo comune (Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)), conosciuto anche come sagrì[1] è un piccolo squalo appartenente alla famiglia dei Centroforidi.

Tassonomia

Descritto da Bloch e Schneider nel 1801 con il nome di Squalus granulosus, fu assegnato da Müller e Henle al genere Centrophorus nel 1837. Il nome scientifico deriva dal greco kéntron, «aculeo», e phéro, «portare», per le spine dorsali, e dal latino tardo granulum, per la pelle molto ruvida.

Descrizione

Può raggiungere una lunghezza totale massima di 170 cm, ma generalmente le sue dimensioni sono inferiori. I maschi diventano sessualmente maturi quando raggiungono una lunghezza di 105-118 cm. Presenta una colorazione grigia sul dorso, con ventre più chiaro. Gli adulti spesso hanno riflessi bruno-violacei; i giovani sono più chiari, con i bordi delle pinne bianchi[2].

Come tutti i Centroforidi, presenta due pinne dorsali, ciascuna dotata di una robusta spina sul margine anteriore: la prima pinna dorsale presenta un apice posteriore allungato ed è situata in posizione poco arretrata rispetto alle pettorali e molto avanti rispetto alle pelviche; la seconda dorsale è poco più piccola e più bassa rispetto alla prima, lunga come le pelviche e posteriore a queste ultime. L'apice libero posteriore delle pettorali è molto allungato e forma un lobo appuntito; la spina della prima dorsale è poco anteriore rispetto a esso. La pinna anale è assente. La pinna caudale, situata all'estremità di un peduncolo caudale senza carene né fossette, presenta una forte incisura subterminale.

Possiede cinque fessure branchiali, tutte davanti alle pettorali. Il muso è lungo e schiacciato superiormente. Gli occhi sono piuttosto grandi, laterali, chiari, senza membrana nittitante. Gli spiracoli sono abbastanza grandi, allungati e obliqui dietro l'occhio. La pelle è particolarmente ruvida. I denti della mascella superiore (circa 40) sono grandi, appuntiti, con una cuspide centrale ben sviluppata e verticale; quelli della mascella inferiore (circa 30) sono molto più grandi, con una cuspide centrale inclinata indietro, un'incisura sul bordo esterno, un orlo finemente seghettato o liscio e basi sovrapposte[3].

Biologia

Il centroforo comune si nutre di piccoli pesci, come naselli o altri pesci di profondità con organi luminosi, come i pesci lanterna (Myctophidae).

Può vivere per più di 30 anni; le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale tra i 12 ed i 16 anni, i maschi tra i 7 e gli 8.

Il centroforo comune ha un periodo di gestazione straordinariamente lungo: ben due anni. La cellula uovo non fecondata di questa specie presenta dimensioni eccezionali: con un peso compreso tra i 143 e i 370 grammi, è una delle cellule più grandi mai descritte nel regno animale. La specie è ovovivipara e produce uova che si schiudono all'interno del corpo della femmina. I componenti dell'uovo e le uova non fecondate servono da nutrimento per il piccolo in sviluppo, che viene poi partorito vivo. Alla nascita il piccolo misura 30-42 cm di lunghezza.

Il lungo periodo di gestazione, l'uniparità, il tardo raggiungimento della maturità sessuale e gli occasionali periodi di riposo tra una gravidanza e l'altra fanno del centroforo comune una specie dal tasso di riproduzione estremamente basso, che possiede probabilmente il minore potenziale riproduttivo tra tutti gli elasmobranchi[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il centroforo comune è presente sia nelle acque temperate che tropicali di tutto il mondo, fatta eccezione per il Pacifico orientale. Nell'Atlantico orientale si incontra dalla Francia al Sudafrica, Mediterraneo compreso, mentre in quello centro-occidentale è presente nella parte settentrionale del golfo del Messico. Nell'oceano Indiano la sua presenza è stata segnalata nelle acque attorno al Mozambico, al Sudafrica e ad Aldabra, e, sul versante opposto, all'Australia occidentale. Nel Pacifico occidentale è stato trovato nelle acque di Giappone, Papua Nuova Guinea e Australia[2].

Specie demersale, si aggira lungo il margine esterno della piattaforma continentale e nelle zone superiori della scarpata continentale, generalmente al di sotto dei 200 m; sebbene la sua presenza sia stata segnalata tra i 50 e i 1440 m di profondità, il maggior numero di catture è stato registrato tra i 200 e i 600 m. Si ritiene che gli esemplari più giovani vivano in acque più profonde degli adulti[2].

Conservazione

 src=
Un esemplare catturato da un peschereccio.

Il centroforo comune viene pescato attivamente, soprattutto nell'Atlantico, con reti da fondo e con palangari, sia per la carne, che è utilizzata salata e affumicata, sia per l'elevato contenuto di squalene contenuto nel voluminoso fegato, che lo rende preda appetibile soprattutto in Giappone. Di conseguenza, la principale minaccia per la sua sopravvivenza è costituita dalla sovrapesca. Se non gestiti accuratamente, anche livelli di pesca moderati possono incidere pesantemente sulle popolazioni, dato il basso tasso riproduttivo di questo animale.

In tutto il mondo, le industrie della pesca stanno iniziando a sfruttare zone di pesca più profonde utilizzando metodi come la pesca a strascico e i palangari di fondo. Nell'Atlantico nord-orientale, le popolazioni di centroforo comune sono diminuite dell'80-95% già dagli anni '90. Nel Mediterraneo questo squalo è oggetto di pesca con palangari e reti da posta. Un gran numero di esemplari viene anche catturato accidentalmente in reti a strascico e palamiti destinati ad altre specie.

Attualmente, nell'Atlantico nord-occidentale e sud-orientale non sono in atto misure di conservazione specifiche per il centroforo comune. Nel 2005, nel Mediterraneo, è stata proibita la pesca al di sotto dei 1000 m di profondità, ma la specie si spinge spesso al di sopra di tale profondità[3].

Note

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Centrophorus acus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il centroforo comune (Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)), conosciuto anche come sagrì è un piccolo squalo appartenente alla famiglia dei Centroforidi.

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Ruwe zwelghaai ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De ruwe zwelghaai (Centrophorus granulosus) is een vis uit de familie van de zwelghaaien en snavelhaaien (Centrophoridae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 160 centimeter.

Leefomgeving

De ruwe zwelghaai is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert diep water en komt voor in de Grote, Atlantische en Indische Oceaan. Bovendien komt de ruwe zwelghaai voor in de Middellandse Zee. De soort leeft op dieptes tussen 100 en 1200 meter. De vis staat op de Rode Lijst als kwetsbaar aangegeven.

Relatie tot de mens

De ruwe zwelghaai is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
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Ruwe zwelghaai: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De ruwe zwelghaai (Centrophorus granulosus) is een vis uit de familie van de zwelghaaien en snavelhaaien (Centrophoridae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 160 centimeter.

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Centrophorus granulosus ( Portuguese )

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 src=
Mandíbula de Centrophorus granulosus

Centrophorus granulosus é um tubarão esqualiforme de profundidade pertencente à família Centrophoridae, conhecido pelos nomes comuns de quelme, quelma, barroso[2] ou xara-branca. A distribuição natural da espécie conhecida é fortemente disjunta, incluindo o Golfo do México, o Atlântico oriental (do Golfo da Biscaia às costas do Zaire), o Mediterrâneo ocidental e as costas de Madagáscar, Aldabra e Honshu.

Morfologia

Apresenta a cabeça cónica, o focinho corto e a boca um pouco arqueada. Tem os olhos verdes e luminescentes. Um forte espinho precede as duas barbatanas dorsais. A barbatana anal está ausente. O extremo posterior das barbatanas peitorais acaba em ponta. Os dentes possuem uma única cúspide, imbricada e aguda na mandíbula superior e baixa e abatida na inferior.

Os exemplares jovens apresentam coloração grisácea com tons rosados no dorso e, especialmente, nas barbatanas, as quais apresentam orlas esbranquiçadas. A região ventral é branca. Os exemplares adultos são de cor cinzento-acastanhado escuro e uniforme.[3]

Atinge cerca de 150 cm de comprimento, tendo sido registados comprimento da ordem dos 160 cm em machos e de 145 cm em fêmas.[4]

A espécie é ovovivípara aplacentária. As crias nascem com 30–40 cm de comprimento.

Habitat e ecologia

A espécie é típica das grandes profundidades, ocorrendo na zona do talude continental, habitualmente a 200 m de profundidade, mas já foi encontrada entre 100 e 1400 m de profundidade.

Pode formar pequenos grupos.

A espécie é objecto de pescaria no Atlântico Nordeste, capturada com artes de fundo, palangre e redes de arrasto. Para além da pesca que lhe é dirigida, a espécie constitui uma significativa percentagem das capturas acidentais na pesca dirigida a outras espécies de profundidade.

Notas

Referências

  • FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 4 - Parts 1 e 2 Sharks of the World

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Centrophorus granulosus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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 src= Mandíbula de Centrophorus granulosus

Centrophorus granulosus é um tubarão esqualiforme de profundidade pertencente à família Centrophoridae, conhecido pelos nomes comuns de quelme, quelma, barroso ou xara-branca. A distribuição natural da espécie conhecida é fortemente disjunta, incluindo o Golfo do México, o Atlântico oriental (do Golfo da Biscaia às costas do Zaire), o Mediterrâneo ocidental e as costas de Madagáscar, Aldabra e Honshu.

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Ковтаюча акула гранульована ( Ukrainian )

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Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 1,6 м. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самці більші за самиць. Голова помірно довгий та широкий, морда конічної форми. Ніс загострений, короткий. Очі великі. Очі овальні зеленуватого кольору. У неї 5 пар зябрових щілин. Рот помірно довгий, зігнутий дугою. Зуби дрібні, мають маленькі бокові зубчики-верхівки. Тулуб стрункий, веретеноподібний. Шкіряна луска висока, розміщена з проміжками між окремими лусочками, що робить шкіру грубою. Має 2 спинних плавця з невеликими шипиками. Анальний плавець відсутній.

Забарвлення спини сіро-коричнева, черево — світліше. На кінчиках та задніх крайках спинних плавців є розмиті чорні плями.

Спосіб життя

Тримається на глибині від 100 до 1490 м, переважно на глибинах 200—600 м на континентальних схилах. Одинак, активний хижак. Живиться костистою рибою, зокрема хеком, анчоусами, оселедцем, корюшкою, тріскою, а також головоногими молюсками, скатами та дрібними акулами.

Статева зрілість у самців настає при розмірі 60-80 см, самиць — 1 м. Це яйцеживородна акула. Самиця народжує 1-2 акуленят завдовжки 46 см загалом за життя самиця народжує до 10 акуленят.

Промисловий вилов цієї акули не ведеться, у випадку вилову акулу використовують задля виробництва рибного борошна або виготовленню сквалена з її печінки.

Тривалість життя становить 30 років.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає уздовж узбережжя Франції, Іспанії, Португалії, Мадейри, Канарських островів, Марокко, Сенегалу, Анголи, Намібії, ПАР, Мозамбіку, Мадагаскару, Сомалі, Ємену. Зустрічається у західному Середземномор'ї та Карибському басейні. Також водиться в морях біля західної та північної Австралії, північного узбережжя о. Нова Гвінея, південних вод Японії.

Джерела

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Бурая короткошипая акула ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Подкласс: Эвселяхии
Инфракласс: Пластиножаберные
Надотряд: Акулы
Вид: Бурая короткошипая акула
Международное научное название

Centrophorus granulosus
Bloch & Schneider, 1801

Синонимы

Centrophorus bragancae Regan, 1906
Centrophorus machiquensis Maul, 1955
Dalatias nocturnus Rafinesque, 1810

Squalus granulosus Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Ареал

изображение

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ITIS 160633NCBI 212737EOL 214440

Бурая короткошипая акула[1] (лат. Centrophorus granulosus) — вид хрящевых рыб рода короткошипых акул одноимённого семейства отряда катранообразных. Это довольно распространённые акулы, которые встречаются в тропических и умеренных водах Атлантического, Индийского и Тихого океанов на глубине свыше 200 м. Размножаются яйцеживорождением. Основу рациона составляют костистые рыбы. Максимальная длина 160 см[2].

Таксономия

Впервые вид описан в 1801 году[3]. Голотип, вероятно, утрачен[4]. Родовое название происходит от слов греч. κεντρωτός — «утыканный шипами» и греч. φορούν — «носить»[5], а видовое от слова лат. granulosa — «зерно»[6].

Видовая идентификация бурых короткошипых акул, встречающихся вне Средиземного моря, требует дополнительной проверки, поскольку этот вид очень похож на Centrophorus niaukang, португальских короткошипых акул, австралийских короткошипых акул, Centrophorus tessellatus, Centrophorus atromarginatus и, вероятно, ещё неописанные виды короткошипых акул. Номинально в Средиземном море обитают два вида короткошипых акул — бурая и ржавая. Некоторые авторы считают их отдельными видами, но большинство рассматривают их как синонимы[4][7][8][9][10][11]. Традиционно принято идентифицировать в Северной Атлантике две формы, которые обозначают как бурая и ржавая короткошипая акулы. Там эти виды имеют существенные отличия в репродуктивной биологии, достигая половой зрелости при разной длине, кроме того, отличаются размеры яиц. Бурая короткошипая акула или очень схожий с ней вид встречается в водах Тайваня, однако, таксономического сравнения с атлантическим материалом не проводилось[12].

Ареал

Бурые короткошипые акулы встречаются повсеместно в тропических и умеренных водах. Однако до сих пор существует значительная таксономическая путаница, затрудняющая точное определение ареала. В северо-восточной Атлантике они обитают у берегов Франции, Испании, Португалии и Мадейры; в Средиземном море — Албании, Алжира, Франции, Греции, Италии, Марокко, Испании, Туниса и Турции; у западного побережья АфрикиКанарских островов, Марокко, республики Сахара, Сенегала, Либерии, Кот-д’Ивуар, Нигерии, Камеруна и Конго; у побережья субэкваториальной Африки — Анголы, Намибии, ЮАР, Мозамбика, Мадагаскара, островов Альдабра; в Индийском океане — у берегов Йемена, Сомали (Аденский залив), номинально Индии (частично данные относятся к Centrophorus atromarginatu); вероятно, в умеренных водах Австралии (возможна путаница с ржавой короткошипой акулой); в Тихом океане — Японии и Тайваня, возможно Гавайских островов; в западной Атлантике — в Мексиканском заливе, Карибском бассейне и у берегов Бразилии[12].

Они держатся на континентальном шельфе и в верхней части материкового склона на глубине от 100 до 1490 м, в основном между 300 и 800 м[4][13][11][14]. Иногда эти акулы образуют скопления на границах подводных каньонов[11].

Описание

У бурых короткошипых акул удлинённое тело и рыло. Расстояние от кончика параболического рыла до рта равно или больше ширины рта, но короче расстояния от рта до основания грудных плавников. Анальный плавник отсутствует. Глаза очень крупные. Позади глаз имеются брызгальца. У фронтального основания спинных плавников имеются крупные шипы. Заострённые зубы имеют форму лезвий. Нижние зубы намного крупнее верхних. Тело покрывают плакоидные ромбовидные высокие чешуи. По бокам чешуи не перекрывают друг друга, придавая коже акулы характерный «зернистый» вид (отсюда и видовое название). Каудальный свободный конец грудных плавников узкий и удлинённый, он длиннее основания[4].

Первый спинной плавник короткий и низкий. Второй спинной плавник примерно равен с ним по высоте. Длина его основания составляет 3/4 от длины основания первого спинного плавника. Расстояние между основаниями спинных плавников у взрослых приблизительно равно дистанции между кончиком рыла и началом основания грудных плавников. Хвостовой плавник асимметричен, нижняя лопасть развита слабо. Латеральные кили и прекаудальная выемка на хвостовом стебле отсутствуют. У края верхней лопасти хвостового плавника имеется вентральная выемка[4].

Максимальная зарегистрированная длина составляет 160 см.

Биология

Бурые короткошипые акулы размножаются яйцеживорождением. Эмбрионы питаются исключительно желтком. Самки достигают половой зрелости в возрасте от 12 до 16 лет при длине 89—102 см, а самцы 7—8 лет при длине 79—85 см[11]. По другим данным половая зрелость у самцов и самок наступает в возрасте 4—5 лет, при длине 70—80 см и 70—95 см, соответственно[15][16]. Длина новорожденных составляет от 36 до 40 см. Продолжительность жизни свыше 30 лет[11]. В помёте 1 детёныш[9][17]. Вероятно, это один из самых медленно размножающихся видов акул. Продолжительность беременности около двух лет, между беременностями существует период отдыха[11].

Рацион бурых короткошипых акул состоит из костистых рыб и головоногих, а также донных и мезопелагических беспозвоночных. Вероятно, эти акулы поедают падаль[9][11].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Бурые короткошипые акулы не представляют опасности для человека. Подобно прочим глубоководным акулам со схожим жизненным циклом они чувствительны к перелову. В качестве прилова они попадают в коммерческие донные ярусы, тралы и жаберные сети. Мясо используют в пищу в вяленом и копчёном виде, отходы перерабатывают в рыбную муку. Ценится печень, богатая скваленом. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус «Уязвимый»[12].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 34. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. Sharks and Rays of Australia. — (second ed.). — Harvard University Press, 2009. — P. 513. — ISBN 0-674-03411-2.
  3. Bloch, M.E. & Schneider, J.G. (1801) M.E. Blochii Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit. J.G. Schneider, Saxo: 584 p., 110 pl.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Compagno, Leonard J.V. 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes // FAO species catalogue. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1984. — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — P. 37—38. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  5. Большой древнегреческий словарь (неопр.). Проверено 9 февраля 2013. Архивировано 12 февраля 2013 года.
  6. www.myetymology.com (неопр.). A universal etymology dictionary. Проверено 12 марта 2013. Архивировано 7 апреля 2013 года.
  7. Tortonese, E. 1969. The squaliforms on the Ligurian Sea: a revised list with notes. Israeli Journal of Zoology 18: 233—236
  8. Rancurel, P. 1983. Programme de recherche et d'études des populations des requins de profondeur sur les côtes de Corse. Ministère de la Mer (Francia). D.A.T.A.R
  9. 1 2 3 Capapé, C. 1985. Nouvelle description de Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider, 1801) (Pisces, Squalidae). Données sur la biologie de la réproduction et le régime alimentaire des specimens des côtes tunisiennes. Bulletin de l’Institut National Scientifique et Technique d’Océanographie et de Pêche de Salammbô 12: 97-141
  10. Muñoz-Chapuli, R. and Ramos, F. 1989. Review of the Centrophorus sharks (Elamobranchii, Squalidae) of the eastern Atlantic. Cybium 13(1): 65-81.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Guallart, J. 1998. Contribución al conocimiento de la biología y la taxonomía del tiburón batial Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Elasmobranchii, Squalidae) en el Mar Balear (Mediterráneo occidental). Tesis doctoral, Universitat de Valencia.
  12. 1 2 3 Guallart, J., Serena, F., Mancusi, C., Casper, B.M., Burgess, G.H., Ebert, D.A., Clarke, M. & Stenberg, C. 2006. Centrophorus granulosus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. .
  13. Baino, R., Serena, F., Ragonese, S., Rey, J. and Rinelli, P. 2001. Catch composition and abundance of Elasmobranchs based on the MEDITS program. Rapports de la Commission Internationale pour L’Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee 36:234.
  14. Gilat, E. and Gelman, A. 1984. On the sharks and fishes observed using underwater photography during a deep-water cruise in the eastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam) 2(4): 257—271.
  15. Ошибка в сносках?: Неверный тег ; для сносок не указан текст
  16. Fischer, W., Bauchot, M.-L. and Schneider, M. 1987. Fiches FAO d’identification des espèces pour les besoins de la pêche. Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de Pêche 37. FAO, Rome, Italy.
  17. Tortonese, E. 1956. Leptocardia, Ciclostomata, Selachii, Fauna d’Italia. Vol. II. Ed. Calderini, Bologna
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Бурая короткошипая акула: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Бурая короткошипая акула (лат. Centrophorus granulosus) — вид хрящевых рыб рода короткошипых акул одноимённого семейства отряда катранообразных. Это довольно распространённые акулы, которые встречаются в тропических и умеренных водах Атлантического, Индийского и Тихого океанов на глубине свыше 200 м. Размножаются яйцеживорождением. Основу рациона составляют костистые рыбы. Максимальная длина 160 см.

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大西洋刺鯊 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Centrophorus granulosus
Bloch & Schneider,1801 大西洋刺鯊的分布圖
大西洋刺鯊的分布圖
台灣刺鯊的分布圖
台灣刺鯊的分布圖

大西洋刺鯊學名Centrophorus granulosus)又名顆粒刺鯊台灣刺鯊,是一種普遍的大型深海鯊魚。大西洋刺鯊沒有臀鰭,兩條背鰭都有鰭棘,吻長而闊,小齒較疏,尾鰭尖而且長。最大的大西洋刺鯊長1.5米。台灣刺鯊已併入此種中,牠俐分佈於墨西哥灣北、從薩伊北部至法國的東大西洋、近馬達加斯加亞達伯拉印度洋、及日本本州太平洋台灣東北部[1]

習性及棲息地

大西洋刺鯊生活在水深200米以下,最深達1,200米。牠們是卵胎生的,出生時已經是幼鯊。牠們主要吃其他魚類

參考

  • ^ 台灣魚類資料庫-顆粒刺鯊
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    维基百科作者和编辑

    大西洋刺鯊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    大西洋刺鯊(學名Centrophorus granulosus)又名顆粒刺鯊、台灣刺鯊,是一種普遍的大型深海鯊魚。大西洋刺鯊沒有臀鰭,兩條背鰭都有鰭棘,吻長而闊,小齒較疏,尾鰭尖而且長。最大的大西洋刺鯊長1.5米。台灣刺鯊已併入此種中,牠俐分佈於墨西哥灣北、從薩伊北部至法國的東大西洋、近馬達加斯加亞達伯拉印度洋、及日本本州太平洋台灣東北部

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    维基百科作者和编辑

    Description

    provided by World Register of Marine Species
    A common deepwater dogfish of the outer continental shelves and upper slopes, commonest below 200 m. Ovoviviparous. Feeds on hake, epigonids and lanternfish. Smoked and dried salted for huma consumption; also processed for fishmeal and liver oil.

    Reference

    Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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    WoRMS Editorial Board
    contributor
    Edward Vanden Berghe [email]