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larva of Fannia vesparia is associated with nest of Vespula germanica

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Brief Summary

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The German wasp, Vespula germanica, is a vespid wasp native to Europe, Northern Africa and temperate Asia, that have recently invaded much of the new world (North America and South America), Australia and New Zealand, where they pose a significant pest to indigenous fauna. These wasps are still spreading, for example, along the western coast of the United States where they arrived in about 1980 and into Patagonia in 1990; in these new areas they are far more destructive to the environment than in regions where they are well established. German wasps are aggressive hunters of insects, which they masticate and feed to their larvae, and require large amounts of protein to feed their brood. The adults themselves eat pollen, nectar, other carbohydrates and secretions produced by their young. Although V. germanica can play a positive role in diminishing numbers of pest insects, this wasp also out-competes native species for food resources as well as directly killing native species to extinction, especially in recently invaded habitats. Vespula germanica also has a large negative impact on human activities such as bee-keeping, cattle rearing, and fruit orchards. German wasps look very similar to the closely related common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), but have a different coloration pattern on their face and back. These wasps and others of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula are known in the United States as yellowjackets. Like other yellowjackets, German wasps build their paper nests in crevices near to or on the ground (as opposed to hornets, which hang their nests in places six feet or higher). A colony consists of a queen and up to several thousand sterile workers when the nest is fully mature. In the fall the queen stops laying worker eggs, and lays queen eggs and male (drone) eggs and the nest begins to decline. The new queens mate (with drones from other nests) and then only the queens overwinter, to form a new nest the following spring. In mild winters of New Zealand about 10% of German wasp nests do not die over the winter, and these nests become very large and troublesome. Methods of toxic bait traps, using synthetic pheromones and natural food attractants, are important and effective for local and temporary reduction of populations, however more permanent methods for eliminating colonies are more difficult. (CABI, 2011; Reierson et al. 2009; Sackmann et al. 2001; Wikipedia 2011)

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Duitse perdeby ( Afrikaans )

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Die Duitse perdeby (Vespula germanica) is 'n perdeby wat natuurlik in Europa voorkom, maar 'n indringerspesie in Suid-Afrika is. Die perdeby staan ook bekend as die geelbaadjie-wespe en as die German wasp in Engels.

Die insek se kleur is hoofsaaklik geel-en-swart en die antennas is swart. Dit trek sy pote in tydens vlug. Hulle maak hulle neste ondergronds, wat kartonagtig voorkom. Dit is 'n bedreiging vir plaaslike insekte, onder andere heuningbye.

Die aggressiewe perdeby kom in Suid-Afrika in die Wes-Kaap voor, en het al boere rondom Stellenbosch, Somerset-Wes en Franschhoek verhinder om hul oeste van vrugte en druiwe te pluk.

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Duitse perdeby: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Duitse perdeby (Vespula germanica) is 'n perdeby wat natuurlik in Europa voorkom, maar 'n indringerspesie in Suid-Afrika is. Die perdeby staan ook bekend as die geelbaadjie-wespe en as die German wasp in Engels.

Die insek se kleur is hoofsaaklik geel-en-swart en die antennas is swart. Dit trek sy pote in tydens vlug. Hulle maak hulle neste ondergronds, wat kartonagtig voorkom. Dit is 'n bedreiging vir plaaslike insekte, onder andere heuningbye.

Die aggressiewe perdeby kom in Suid-Afrika in die Wes-Kaap voor, en het al boere rondom Stellenbosch, Somerset-Wes en Franschhoek verhinder om hul oeste van vrugte en druiwe te pluk.

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Vespula germanica ( Asturian )

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Vespula germanica, conocida comúnmente como viéspora alemana, ye un himenópteru social perteneciente a la familia Vespidae. El nome común d'esta especie ye aplicáu tamién a otres viéspores de los xéneros Vespula y Dolichovespula, cuidao que comparten un aspeutu morfolóxicu similar. Esta especie ye d'orixe Mediterráneu, tomando Europa, Norte d'África y zones templaes d'Asia. Anguaño invadió Norteamérica (este d'Estaos Xuníos), Suramérica (especialmente en Chile y Arxentina), sur d'Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Xeneralmente, naquellos sitios onde l'organismu invadió un ambiente, ye considerada una plaga[1] de distintes actividaes como l'agricultura, ganadería, apicultura y turismu.

Carauterístiques morfolóxiques

La Vespula germanica tien pates marielles que pliega al esnalar, antenes color negru que tienen dolce o trelce segmentos según la casta, y casi nun tien pelos nes sos pates y cuerpu. Tien un cuerpu estremáu en cabeza, tórax y abdome, que presenta bandes marielles y negres. L'abdome ye abultáu y comúnmente suel ser confundida con Polistes dominula o viéspora de papel (aviespa de morfoloxía bien similar pero de vezos distintos, pues nun ye carroñera, con pates y antenes marielles, y abdome menos abuitáu).

Na parte final del so abdome tien l'obleru, col que suel picar inoculando un venenu de bien alta tosicidá, que nos seres humanos, puede producir dende una leve hinchadura hasta la muerte por shock anafilácticu. A diferencia de les abeyes, que tienen aguiyón con rebarba, la viéspora alemana tienen un obleru nidiu'l cual nun pierden al momentu de picar, polo qu'una mesma viéspora puede atacar delles vegaes a la so víctima. Tien un apareyu mazcador constituyíu por quexaees de gran poder triturador, polo cual amás de picar ye bien común que muerdan.

Naquellos sitios onde Vespula xermánica invadió tamién ye bien común atopar la viéspora común, o Vespula vulgaris. Básicamente, dambes especies presenten una bioloxía bien similar siendo delles carauterístiques morfolóxiques les que les estremen. La más relevante a güeyu ye la presencia de trés puntos na frente de V. xermánica y una mancha negra en forma d'ancla en V. vulgaris.

Comportamientu

La Vespula germanica ye un predador oportunista y carroñeru, que tien una amplia dieta que varia d'alcuerdu a los requerimientos del nial. Mientres aquellos periodos d'altos requerimientos enerxéticos (p. ex., demientres la construcción del nial o frente a baxes temperatures) la so dieta consiste principalmente en carbohidratos, de los que'l néctar, el miel, les frutes madures y les secreciones azucaradas de pulgones son les sos fontes más habituales; ente que'l consumu de proteínes, que llogren d'artrópodos cazaos vivos (como mosques, mosquitos, guxanos) y carroña, ye mayor cuando les obreres tienen d'alimentar a los bárabos y críes. La Vespula germanica puede tolerar baxes temperatures, lo que la dexa realizar la busca d'alimentu nun ampliu rangu diariu y estacional. La Vespula germanica nun tien un comportamientu agresivu col ser humanu, anque puede atacar si se siente fadiada. Esti comportamientu amóntase na seronda, cuando s'avera'l fin del so ciclu y arralez l'alimentu, o si'l so nial ye alteriáu.

Ciclu de vida

Vespula germanica ye un inseutu eusocial y desaxeradamente organizáu. Les sos colonies presenten distintes castes: reina, obreres y zánganos (machos). Xeneralmente hai una reina encargada de poner los güevos y regular les actividaes de la colonia; delles obreres, responsables de la recueya del alimentu y el caltenimientu del nial; y dellos zánganos que la so función ye puramente reproductiva y apaecen a la fin de la temporada.

Depués del iviernu, les reines post-hibernantes entamen la construcción del nial en sitios secos y protexíos y solamente demientres esti periodu ye posible veles fora del so nial. Na mayoría de los casos los niales tán construyíos so tierra, pero n'árees urbanes suelen atopase en cuévanos de parés, espacios ente techos, tanques, etc. Les colonies son fundaes en primavera y la reina encárgase de too hasta la nacencia de les primeres obreres. Les obreres siguen cola construcción del nial, el so caltenimientu y el so defensa, según tamién cola provisión d'alimentu a bárabos y reina. Escontra'l final del branu la reina empieza a producir los individuos reproductivos (zánganos y futures reines), qu'abandonen el nial pa reproducise. Darréu, les nueves reines busquen dalgún llugar protexíu pa hibernar hasta la primavera siguiente, mientres que les obreres y los zánganos muerren gradualmente y el nial queda abandonáu.

Al comenzar la seronda'l nial presenta'l so mayor desenvolvimientu, pudiendo algamar hasta 90 cm de diámetru con 15 panales (pisos). El mesmu ta siempres recubiertu por una paré de celulosa que les obreres fabriquen entemeciendo lo que llogren de la corteza de los árboles cola so cuspia. En cada nial puede haber más de 250 nueves reines y 10.000 obreres. Escepcionalmente, n'árees invadíes, les colonies pueden sobrevivir l'iviernu, algamando poblaciones hasta 20 vegaes mayores.

Métodos pa combatiles

El primer métodu eficiente pa combatir a estes viéspores ye evitar que la reina añere, revisando por casu, les corteyes de los árboles, los caxones d'embalaxe, les cañes y la xamasca acumulaos. Darréu débese realizar una inspección del terrén en busca de niales yá activos. Si atopa un nial (reparando la entrada y salida constante d'obreres del mesmu) puede enfiñise un trapu con dalgún combustible líquidu y taponar con él la entrada del nial. Esto tien de faese de nueche, yá que l'actividá de les viéspores mengua, pero nun tien de prendese'l combustible, pues la simple emanación de los sos gases mata a les viéspores. Posiblemente haya que repitir esti procedimientu varios díes.

Pa esaniciar a les obreres que fadien nel branu pueden utilizase trampes con cebu. Cuidao qu'el cebu utilizáu xeneralmente ye carne, les trampes namái van ser eficientes si s'alluguen na dómina del ciclu en que busquen proteínes (xeneralmente demientres xineru, febreru y marzu, cuando ye branu nel Hemisferiu sur). Hai dellos tipos de trampes que son efectivos:

  • Una botella de plásticu, a la cual se-y taraza la parte cimera (el pescuezu en forma de conu), y na que s'asitia un pocu de carne y un fondu d'agua con unes gotes de deterxente (que mengua la tensión superficial de l'agua); depués pégase'l conu a la botella en posición invertida. Les viéspores entren buscando l'alimentu, nun pueden salir y cayen a l'agua.
  • Colingar d'una caña un pocu de carne con un filu, debaxo asitiar un recipiente (como un balde) con agua y deterxente. Les viéspores, a midida que ganen pesu pola comida, van cayendo a l'agua y afogándose.

Pa xardinos o árees d'acampada encamiéntase distribuyir ente 10 y 20 estaciones por cada 1000 metros cuadraos.

Referencies

  • Ref. 1 y 2: El problema de la véspula xermánica na Patagonia, información del INTA[1]
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Vespula germanica: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Vespula germanica, conocida comúnmente como viéspora alemana, ye un himenópteru social perteneciente a la familia Vespidae. El nome común d'esta especie ye aplicáu tamién a otres viéspores de los xéneros Vespula y Dolichovespula, cuidao que comparten un aspeutu morfolóxicu similar. Esta especie ye d'orixe Mediterráneu, tomando Europa, Norte d'África y zones templaes d'Asia. Anguaño invadió Norteamérica (este d'Estaos Xuníos), Suramérica (especialmente en Chile y Arxentina), sur d'Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Xeneralmente, naquellos sitios onde l'organismu invadió un ambiente, ye considerada una plaga de distintes actividaes como l'agricultura, ganadería, apicultura y turismu.

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Deutsche Wespe ( German )

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Die Deutsche Wespe (Vespula germanica) ist eine Art der Kurzkopfwespen (Vespula) und zählt damit zu den Echten Wespen (Vespinae).

Merkmale

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Charakteristische Zeichnung auf dem Kopfschild
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Königin der Deutschen Wespe

Die Königin ist bis zu 20 mm groß, Arbeiterinnen bleiben mit 12 bis 16 mm und Drohnen mit 13 bis 17 mm deutlich kleiner. Sie haben die für Wespen typische schwarz-gelbe Warnfärbung.

Als Unterscheidungsmerkmal zu anderen sozialen Faltenwespen trägt die Deutsche Wespe auf dem Kopfschild, auch Stirnplatte oder Clypeus genannt, eine Zeichnung mit ein bis drei schwarzen Punkten oder einen kleinen geraden, oft etwas unterbrochenen schwarzen Strich.

Wie bei allen Kurzkopfwespen ist auch bei der Deutschen Wespe der schmale, nur 0,2 bis 0,3 mm breite Raum zwischen dem unteren Augenrand und der Oberkiefer-(Mandibel-)Basis, welcher bei der Königin und der Arbeiterin nicht größer, beim Männchen nur wenig größer ist als der Durchmesser eines Ocellus (Punktauge) auf dem Scheitel.

Vorkommen

Die Deutsche Wespe kommt in fast allen Landschaftsformen vor, häufig auch im menschlichen Siedlungsbereich. Sie bevorzugt zur Anlage ihres Nestes meistens dunkle Hohlräume.

Die Art ist natürlich verbreitet in fast der gesamten Paläarktis: in ganz Europa (nördlich bis Skandinavien), in Nordafrika, in ganz Nordasien, östlich bis Korea, Sachalin und Japan, südlich bis Syrien, Iran, Nordindien, Mittel-China und Taiwan.[1] Darüber hinaus wurde sie eingeschleppt und eingebürgert in den meisten Regionen der Welt mit ähnlichem Klima, so in Island, Nordamerika, im südlichen Südamerika, Südafrika, Australien mit Tasmanien, Neuseeland.

Lebensweise

Nestbau und Staatsgründung

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Eine Arbeiterin raspelt Holz für den Nestbau

Die Deutsche Wespe baut ihr Nest oft unterirdisch. Ihre Staaten sind nur einjährig. Die junge Königin, die in einem Schlupfwinkel mit geeignetem Mikroklima überwintert, gründet den Staat also allein. Sie beginnt den Nestbau im Frühjahr meist unterirdisch in vorgefundenen Mäuse- und Maulwurfsgängen, die später zu größeren Höhlen ausgebaut werden; oft aber auch in Gebäuden, beispielsweise in Dachstühlen. An die Decke der Höhle oder des entsprechenden Substrats heftet die Jungkönigin zuerst ein kleines Lampenschirmchen aus zerkauten und eingespeichelten, möglichst mürben Holzfasern. Darunter arbeitet sie eine zierliche Wabe aus etlichen waagerecht nebeneinanderliegenden sechseckigen Zellen ein, die denen der Bienen sehr ähneln. Sie sind jedoch nicht vertikal, sondern horizontal angeordnet, mit der Öffnung nach unten, die Kammerwände sind zudem deutlich dünner und leichter als die der Bienen. Aufgrund der Verwendung von oberflächlich verwittertem Holz, das z. B. von Weidepfählen und Holzzäunen abgenagt wird (wobei man die Wespen gut beobachten kann), ist das Nest von grauer Farbe und unterscheidet sich dadurch von dem der eng verwandten, ähnlichen Gemeinen Wespe, die morsches Holz (verrottende Baumstämme, Äste etc.) verwendet, wodurch deren Nest ein helles, beigefarbenes Aussehen erhält.

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Königin und Drohn bei der Paarung

Im Laufe des Jahres wächst der von einem blättrigen Mantel umgebene Bau bis zu Kürbisgröße an, besteht dann meist aus fünf bis sieben untereinanderhängenden Waben. Der Staat umfasst dann etwa 3000 bis 4000 Individuen, in manchen Fällen allerdings durchaus auch bis zu 7000 Tiere. In Ausnahmefällen wird von riesigen Nestern mit bis zu 2 m Umfang berichtet. In Ländern mit wärmeren Wintern, wo die Deutsche Wespe eingebürgert wurde, kommen sogar mehrjährige Nester vor, die dann mit mehr als 10000 Tieren[2] noch größer werden können.

Wespenstaat

Der gesamte Staat ist arbeitsteilig organisiert, das bedeutet, dass die Individuen entweder mit dem Nestbau, der Zellensäuberung, der Larvenfütterung, der Versorgung der Königin oder der Nahrungsbeschaffung beschäftigt sind. Die Brutpflege ist so intensiv wie bei den Bienen. Bei den Faltenwespen bekommen die Larven jedoch vorwiegend Insekten zu fressen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. James M. Carpenter1 & Jun-ichi Kojima (1997): Checklist of the species in the subfamily Vespinae (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Natural History Bulletin Ibaraki University 1: 51–92.
  2. C.R. Thomas: The European wasp (Vespula germánica Fab.) in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Information Series no.27, 1960, 74 S.
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Deutsche Wespe: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Deutsche Wespe (Vespula germanica) ist eine Art der Kurzkopfwespen (Vespula) und zählt damit zu den Echten Wespen (Vespinae).

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Dakòwô łasëca ( Kashubian )

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Dakòwô łasëca

Dakòwô łasëca (Vespula germanica) - to je ôrt żôłto-czôrnëch òwadów z rodzëznë łasëcowatëch. Òna żëje m. jin. na Kaszëbach.


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Wesse d' Urope ( Walloon )

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mere di wesse d' Urope

Li wesse d' Urope, c' est l' pus cnoxhowe des wesses e l' Urope.

Ele rishonne a ene moxhe al låme, mins bén d' on bea djaene vif sol vinte.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Vespula germanica.

Vicaedje

Les wesses d' Urope fwaiynut leu wespireyes dins les gregnes, dins les håyes, les hourleas, evnd.

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Wesse d' Urope: Brief Summary ( Walloon )

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 src= mere di wesse d' Urope

Li wesse d' Urope, c' est l' pus cnoxhowe des wesses e l' Urope.

Ele rishonne a ene moxhe al låme, mins bén d' on bea djaene vif sol vinte.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Vespula germanica.

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Vespula germanica

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Vespula germanica, the European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket, is a species of wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, Northern Africa, and temperate Asia. It has spread and become well-established in many other places, including North America, South America (Argentina and Chile), Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. German wasps are part of the family Vespidae and are sometimes mistakenly referred to as paper wasps because they build grey paper nests, although strictly speaking, paper wasps are part of the subfamily Polistinae. In North America, they are also known as yellowjackets.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Vespula germanica belongs to the genus Vespula, which includes various species of social wasps that are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, these wasps are most commonly known as yellowjackets, but this name also applies to species within the sister genus Dolichovespula. Members of Vespula are often confused with other genera, especially the paper wasp Polistes dominula. Colonies of V. germanica share many characteristics with those of V. vulgaris (common wasp) and V. pensylvanica (western yellowjacket), so they are very often studied together.[1]

Description and identification

Difference between Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica
The three dots on the face of the German wasp.
The face of the Common wasp worker does not have distinct dots.

The German wasp is about 13 mm (0.5 in) long, has a mass of 74.1 ± 9.6 mg,[2] and has typical wasp colours of black and yellow. It is very similar to the common wasp (V. vulgaris), but unlike the common wasp, has three tiny black dots on the clypeus. To further complicate the issue this only applies to workers. To help with identification, a good practice to observe is to first categorize the wasp as worker, queen, or drone before identifying it as V. vulgaris or V. germanica. Gastral pattern (the black dots or marks on the abdomen) are highly variable and not good characteristics to use in identifying. However, the identification of a wasp as V. vulgaris may be difficult because the normally unbroken black mark on its clypeus can sometimes appear broken (particularly in males) making it look extremely similar to V. germanica.

Distribution and habitat

V. germanica originated in Europe, Asia, and North Africa and can now be found in sections of every continent but Antarctica. It has established populations in North America, South America, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. German yellowjackets are known to be especially successful and destructive invaders of new territories. These wasps are polyphagous predators which feed on native arthropods, and because they are able to outdo many other animals for food, they have caused considerable harm to the indigenous wildlife of areas which they have invaded. For a given year, V. germanica disperses at distances of no more than 1000 m, so that their rapid dispersal is likely to be aided by accidental human transport of hibernating queens. This normally leads to a bottleneck effect during the establishment of new populations, which explains the significant genetic differentiation often found among geographically distant populations.[3]

The nest is made from chewed plant fibres, mixed with saliva. The majority of nests are found in the soil below ground. A significant portion of nests are found in artificial structures such as attics, and a small portion are found above ground.[4]

Colony cycle

German wasp rasping wood with which to build its nest
Macrophotography of queen of V. germanica in hibernation, awaiting spring to establish a new insect colony

A single queen initiates a nest in the spring by constructing an embryonic nest, which contains a series of hexagonal cells. These cells are used to house one wasp through the immature stages of life: egg, larval instar, and pupa. The colony grows rapidly during the summer with a huge increase in worker numbers and nest size. By the end of summer, the rate of growth slows considerably and more males are produced than workers, and the focus is shifted from building small cells to building cells that are 30-40 percent larger. These new cells house the new queens and males. In the fall, the new queens begin hibernation, while the old queens die off and the colony collapses. In some cases, the nests may survive through the winter and reach the next season. If this occurs, the nest will become polygynous and reach a much larger size than in the previous year.[4]

V. germanica nests are strongly affected by climate. Average colonies in Australia contain over 9500 small workers and 3600 large queen and male cells. By the end of May, colonies in Australia have 15,000 wasps emerging from small cells and 2500 wasps emerging from the large cells.[4] By comparison, nests in the British Isles only have 6100–6500 small cells and 1500 large cells on average, in roughly eight combs.[5] Additionally, a significant number of nests in Australia are able to survive the winter, whereas in England none of the nests survive. This demonstrates how V. germanica nests can reach a substantial size in appropriate climate conditions.[4]

Behavior

Worker specialization

High variation in the sequence and diversity of tasks performed by V. germanica workers suggests limited temporal polyethism exists within the species. Temporal polyethism is a mechanism in which workers specialize on tasks in a sequential order throughout their lives, instead of performing numerous tasks concurrently. The typical order of tasks in V. germanica is nest work, pulp foraging, carbohydrate foraging and protein foraging. Approximately 61 percent of the wasps observed perform more than two of these tasks during their lifetimes. Additionally, about 40 percent of the wasps specialize on only one task per day, but these individuals varied with respect to age and sequence of task performance. The schedule of temporal polyethism found in V. germanica is highly accelerated when compared to other Hymenoptera, which is likely related to worker lifespan. Vespula workers may not live long enough to benefit from a strict system of worker specialization, in which workers repeatedly perform one task.[6]

Mating behavior

Queen V. germanica and drone mating

Vespula germanica queens are typically polyandrous. The queens mate with a moderate number of males, usually between one and seven, with no optimal number of mates. In addition, mating events are independent of each other, which discredits the hypothesis that queens terminate mating behavior after mating with a male that possesses an optimal set of attributes.[7]

V. germanica workers are unable to mate and so incapable of producing diploid offspring. In some nests, however, the workers produce haploid male offspring from unfertilized eggs. Worker reproduction has been documented in other Vespula wasp colonies, but usually only after the death of the queen. However, workers of V. germanica have been found reproducing in the presence of a queen.[7]

Foraging behavior

Vespula germanica workers are known to be opportunistic predators and scavengers. They are efficient at hunting for small, live food sources and at collecting from large stationary sources.[8] It is believed that the flexibility in V. germanica's foraging behavior is a key factor in their ability to rapidly colonize new areas in a variety of ecological environments. As scavengers, V. germanica are forced to make numerous trips between the location of the food source and the nest, where the larvae are kept and fed.[9] This calls for V. germanica foragers to be adept at relocating earlier food sources.

Cognitive plasticity

The ability to relocate previously discovered food sources is only one example of the diverse cognitive mechanisms at play within V. germanica's behaviors. V. germanica foragers continue to visit a feeder after food removal, but are able to rapidly remove associations that no longer provide a reward. The amount of time that the foragers continue to search these sites depends on the number of times they had visited it in the past. The choices made by V. germanica take into account both current and past experiences. These abilities imply that these wasps have important learning and memory capacities which enable them to memorize various resource characteristics, including the route to resources, as well as specific spatial location with respect to local landmarks. In addition, V. germanica wasps have been shown to have sensorimotor learning capacities which allow them to associate visual stimuli with certain motor responses.[9] This reported high cognitive plasticity enables V. germanica wasps to inhabit a variety of regions. Its flexibility in nesting and diet habits in conjunction with its foraging capabilities may help explain the success with which V. germanica has invaded so many different ecological areas.[8]

Kin selection

Vespula germanica nest (illustration by Des Helmore)

Genetic relatedness within colonies

V. germanica queens are typically polyandrous.[10] Because the queen mates with multiple males, the workers are more closely related to the queen's sons than to sons of other workers.[7] These asymmetries in relatedness are believed to be a factor leading to worker policing within colonies.[10]

Male skew

Male reproductive skew within V. germanica indicates that males do not contribute equally to the production of offspring when compared to females. The level of skew observed was higher among males in nests with queens that mated with multiple males. Reproductive skew may be linked to patterns of sex allocation, but sex ratio data for Vespula colonies suggest that a split-sex ratio is not produced. This contradicts the theory that the reproductive skew seen in V. germanica is part of an evolutionary strategy of males due to asymmetries in relatedness.[7]

Worker policing

Workers at the nest entrance

Worker policing is selected for when it benefits the colony. The benefits are gained through various measures, such as increasing colony efficiency and establishing a female-based sex-allocation ratio. Worker policing is especially common in colonies where queens mate with multiple males. Thus on average, the workers are more closely related to sons of the queen than to those of other workers. In the past, V. germanica was thought to be an exception to the general pattern that high mating frequency led to low levels of worker reproduction. However, recent studies indicate that while worker reproduction occurs at a considerable rate, worker policing keeps these worker-laid eggs from reaching adulthood. This is demonstrated by a study carried out in Belgium, showing that while an estimated 58.4 percent of male eggs were laid by workers, only 0.44 percent of adult males were workers' sons. The numbers indicate the efficiency with which worker policing is carried out. Policing by aggression, which prevents workers from laying eggs in the first place, leads to increases in colony productivity, while policing by eating the eggs of workers is more likely to result in sex-ratio benefits.[10]

Adult foraging on flowers

Diet

On Dornfelder grapes
Two eating jam from a spoon

V. germanica wasps have a diverse diet. They are known to eat carrion, live arthropods (including spiders[11]), fruit,[9] honeydew, and processed human food and garbage.[12] They are opportunistic scavengers and hunters able to obtain food from a variety of different sources.[8] For example, many Vespula species have been observed feeding on dead honey bees (Apis mellifera) found outside the beehive entrance in the late summer.[13] This flexibility in diet is beneficial, because V. germanica must often compete for resources with native biota in areas it invades.[14]

Parasites

Female bee moths (Aphomia sociella) have been known to lay eggs in the nests of V. germanica. Hatched larvae will then feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasp, sometimes destroying large parts of the nest as they tunnel throughout looking for food.[15]

Pest status

The species is considered a pest in most areas outside its native range, although its long residency in North America means it is not treated with any level of urgency there, unlike in areas such as South America, where the introduction is more recent and the impacts more dramatic.[16]

Along with the closely related common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) and three species of Polistes paper wasps, the German wasp is considered a pest in New Zealand. It was probably introduced in the late 19th century, but did not appear in large numbers until around 1940.[17] Wasp numbers reach their greatest densities in beech forest of the South Island, due to the abundant honeydew produced by the beech-scale insect there. This has a serious effect on forest ecology, as less honeydew remains available for native birds. However, German wasps were quickly succeeded in much of the South Island and its beech forests by Vespula vulgaris accidentally introduced in the 1970s.[18][19]

References

  1. ^ Archer, M.E. (1985). "Population Dynamics of the Social Wasps Vespula vulgaris and Vespula germanica in England". Journal of Animal Ecology. 54 (2): 473–485. doi:10.2307/4492. JSTOR 4492.
  2. ^ Kovac, H.; Stabentheiner, A. (2012). "Does size matter? — Thermoregulation of 'heavyweight' and 'lightweight' wasps (Vespa crabro and Vespula sp.)". Biology Open. 1 (9): 848–856. doi:10.1242/bio.20121156. PMC 3498068. PMID 23162695.
  3. ^ Goodisman, Michael (2001). "Hierarchical genetic structure of the introduced wasp Vespula germanica in Australia". Molecular Ecology. 10 (6): 1423–32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01291.x. PMID 11412365. S2CID 19832307.
  4. ^ a b c d Kasper, Marta (2008). "Colony characteristics of Vespula germanica in a Mediterranean climate". Australian Journal of Entomology. 47 (4): 265–274. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2008.00658.x.
  5. ^ Archer, M.E. (2014). The Vespoid Wasps (Tiphiidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae and Vespidae) of the British Isles. London: Royal Entomological Society. p. 61. ISBN 9780901546982.
  6. ^ Hurd, Christine (2007). "Temporal polyethism and worker specialization in the wasp, Vespula germanica". Journal of Insect Science. 7 (43): 1–13. doi:10.1673/031.007.4301. PMC 2999442. PMID 20345316.
  7. ^ a b c d Goodisman, Michael (2002). "Mating and reproduction in the wasp Vespula germanica". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 51 (6): 497–502. doi:10.1007/s00265-002-0470-6. S2CID 19190396.
  8. ^ a b c D'Adamo, Paola (2007). "Foraging behavior related to habitat characteristics in the invasive wasp Vespula germanica". Insect Science. 14 (5): 383–8. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00165.x. S2CID 84218554.
  9. ^ a b c Lozada, Mariana (2011). "Past Experience: a Help or a Hindrance to Vespula germanica Foragers?". Insect Behavior. 24.
  10. ^ a b c Bonckaert, Wim; Vuerinckx, K; Billen, J; Hammond, R. L.; Keller, L.; Wenseleers, T. (2007). "Worker policing in the German wasp Vespula germanica". Behavioral Ecology. 19 (2): 272–8. doi:10.1093/beheco/arm128.
  11. ^ Pasquet, Alain; Cardot, Julien; Leborgne, Raymond (2007-11-01). "Wasp Attacks and Spider Defence in the Orb Weaving Species Zygiella x-notata". Journal of Insect Behavior. 20 (6): 553–564. doi:10.1007/s10905-007-9098-8. ISSN 1572-8889. S2CID 24532070.
  12. ^ D'Adamo, Paola (2009). "Flexible Foraging Behavior in the Invasive Social Wasp Vespula germanica". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 102. doi:10.1603/008.102.0620. S2CID 86780357.
  13. ^ Coelho, J.R. (1995). "Load-lifting capacities of three species of yellowjackets (Vespula) foraging on honey-bee corpses". Functional Ecology. 9 (2): 171–4. doi:10.2307/2390561. JSTOR 2390561.
  14. ^ Masciocchi, Maite (2010). "Competition for food between the exotic wasp Vespula germanica and the native ant assemblage of NW Patagonia: evidence of biotic resistance?". Biological Invasions. 12 (3): 625–631. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9469-5. S2CID 26091804.
  15. ^ Gambino, Parker (1995). "Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 103 (2): 165–9. JSTOR 25010152.
  16. ^ Sackmann, Paula; Rabinovich, Mauricio; Corley, Juan Carlos (2001). "Successful Removal of German Yellow Jackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by Toxic Baiting" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 94 (4): 811–16. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.4.811. PMID 11561837. S2CID 44836981. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via anterior.inta.gov.ar.
  17. ^ "Environment Report" (PDF). Bay of Plenty, New Zealand: Bay of Plenty Pest Animal Control. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  18. ^ Harris, R. J.; Thomas, C. D.; Moller, H. (1991). "The influence of habitat use and foraging on the replacement of one introduced wasp species by another in New Zealand". Ecological Entomology. 16 (4): 441–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00237.x. S2CID 86092969.
  19. ^ "Vespula Wasp Factsheet" (PDF). Department of Conservation, New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2012-05-19.

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Vespula germanica: Brief Summary

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Vespula germanica, the European wasp, German wasp, or German yellowjacket, is a species of wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, native to Europe, Northern Africa, and temperate Asia. It has spread and become well-established in many other places, including North America, South America (Argentina and Chile), Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand. German wasps are part of the family Vespidae and are sometimes mistakenly referred to as paper wasps because they build grey paper nests, although strictly speaking, paper wasps are part of the subfamily Polistinae. In North America, they are also known as yellowjackets.

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Vespula germanica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Vespula germanica, también conocida comúnmente como avispa europea, avispa alemana, avispa amarilla o de chaqueta amarilla es un himenóptero social perteneciente a la familia Vespidae. El nombre común de esta especie es aplicado también a otras avispas de los géneros Vespula y Dolichovespula, puesto que comparten un aspecto morfológico similar. Esta especie es de origen mediterráneo, abarcando Europa, norte de África, y zonas templadas de Asia. Actualmente ha invadido Norteamérica (este de Estados Unidos), Sudamérica (especialmente en Chile y Argentina), sur de Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Generalmente, en aquellos sitios donde el organismo invadió un ambiente, es considerada una plaga[1]​ de diferentes actividades como la agricultura, ganadería, apicultura y turismo. El éxito invasivo que esta especie tiene, quizás esté determinado por su gran adaptación a distintas situaciones del medio ambiente y por no poseer enemigos naturales.

Características morfológicas

Vespula germanica posee patas amarillas que pliega al volar, antenas color negro que tienen doce o trece segmentos según el sexo, y casi no tiene pelos en sus patas y cuerpo. Posee un cuerpo dividido en cabeza, tórax y abdomen, el cual presenta bandas amarillas y negras; el abdomen es abultado. Comúnmente suele ser confundida con Polistes dominula (avispa de morfología muy similar pero de hábitos diferentes, pues no es carroñera, con patas y antenas amarillas, y abdomen menos abultado).

Diferencia entre Vespula común y Vespula germánica
 src=
Tres puntos de la cara en la vespula germánica.
 src=
La vespula común no tiene los tres puntos.

En la parte final de su abdomen posee el aguijón, con el que suele picar inoculando un veneno de muy alta toxicidad, el cual en los seres humanos, puede producir desde una leve hinchazón hasta un shock anafiláctico. A diferencia de la abeja doméstica, que tienen aguijón con rebarba, las chaquetas amarillas poseen un aguijón liso que no pierden al momento de picar, por lo que una misma avispa puede atacar varias veces a su víctima. Tiene un aparato masticador constituido por mandíbulas de gran poder triturador, por lo cual además de picar es muy común que muerdan.

En las áreas habitadas por Vespula germánica es muy común encontrar a la avispa común o Vespula vulgaris. Básicamente, ambas especies presentan una biología muy similar siendo algunas características morfológicas las que las diferencian. La más relevante a simple vista es la presencia de tres puntos en la frente de V. germánica y una mancha negra en forma de ancla en V. vulgaris.

Comportamiento

Vespula germanica es un predador oportunista y carroñero, que posee una amplia dieta que varía de acuerdo a los requerimientos del nido. Durante aquellos períodos de altos requerimientos energéticos (p. ej., durante la construcción del nido o frente a bajas temperaturas) su dieta consiste principalmente en carbohidratos, de los que el néctar, la miel, las frutas maduras y las secreciones azucaradas de pulgones son sus fuentes más habituales; mientras que el consumo de proteínas, que obtienen de artrópodos cazados vivos (como moscas, mosquitos, orugas) y carroña, es mayor cuando las obreras deben alimentar a las larvas y crías. Vespula germanica puede tolerar bajas temperaturas, lo que le permite realizar la búsqueda de alimento en un amplio rango diario y estacional.

Vespula germanica puede causar molestias y problemas a las personas y los animales, también producir daños en cosechas. Aunque no posee un comportamiento agresivo hacia el ser humano puede atacar si se siente molestada. Pero sí es agresiva con los animales e insectos sobre los que preda, como las abejas, situación que afecta a la apicultura. También puede convertirse en un problema para la fruticultura por su afición a los azúcares, siendo este comportamiento más común en otoño.

Ciclo de vida

 src=
reina Vespula germanica en invernación.

Vespula germanica es un insecto eusocial con sociedades extremadamente organizadas. Sus colonias presentan diferentes castas: reina, obreras y zánganos (machos). Generalmente hay una reina encargada de poner los huevos y regular las actividades de la colonia; varias obreras, responsables de la recolección del alimento y el mantenimiento del nido; y algunos zánganos cuya función es meramente reproductiva y aparecen al final de la temporada.

Tras el invierno, las reinas post-hibernantes comienzan la construcción del nido en sitios secos y protegidos y solamente durante este período es posible verlas fuera de su nido. En la mayoría de los casos los nidos están construidos bajo tierra, pero en áreas urbanas suelen encontrarse en cavidades de paredes, espacios entre techos, tanques, etc. Las colonias son fundadas en primavera y la reina se encarga de todo hasta el nacimiento de las primeras obreras. Las obreras continúan con la construcción del nido, su mantenimiento y su defensa, así como también con la provisión de alimento a larvas y reina. Hacia el final del verano la reina comienza a producir los individuos reproductivos (zánganos y futuras reinas), los cuales abandonan el nido para reproducirse. Posteriormente, las nuevas reinas buscan algún lugar protegido para hibernar hasta la primavera siguiente, mientras que las obreras y los zánganos mueren gradualmente y el nido queda abandonado.

Al comenzar el otoño el nido presenta su mayor desarrollo, pudiendo alcanzar hasta 90 cm de diámetro con 15 panales (pisos). El mismo está siempre recubierto por una pared de celulosa que las obreras fabrican mezclando lo que obtienen de la corteza de los árboles con su saliva. En cada nido puede haber más de 250 nuevas reinas y 10 000 obreras. Excepcionalmente, en áreas invadidas, las colonias pueden sobrevivir el invierno, alcanzando poblaciones hasta 20 veces mayores.

Referencias

  • Ref. 1 y 2: [1] El problema de la véspula germánica en la Patagonia, información del INTA

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Vespula germanica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Vespula germanica, también conocida comúnmente como avispa europea, avispa alemana, avispa amarilla o de chaqueta amarilla es un himenóptero social perteneciente a la familia Vespidae. El nombre común de esta especie es aplicado también a otras avispas de los géneros Vespula y Dolichovespula, puesto que comparten un aspecto morfológico similar. Esta especie es de origen mediterráneo, abarcando Europa, norte de África, y zonas templadas de Asia. Actualmente ha invadido Norteamérica (este de Estados Unidos), Sudamérica (especialmente en Chile y Argentina), sur de Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Generalmente, en aquellos sitios donde el organismo invadió un ambiente, es considerada una plaga​ de diferentes actividades como la agricultura, ganadería, apicultura y turismo. El éxito invasivo que esta especie tiene, quizás esté determinado por su gran adaptación a distintas situaciones del medio ambiente y por no poseer enemigos naturales.

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Täpik-maaherilane ( Estonian )

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Täpik-maaherilane (Vespula germanica) on kiletiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.[1]

Viited

  1. Michael Chinery, 2005. Euroopa putukad. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Lk 242

Välislingid

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Täpik-maaherilane (Vespula germanica) on kiletiivaliste seltsi kuuluv putukaliik.

Putukat on ka Eestis.

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Guêpe germanique ( French )

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Vespula germanica

La guêpe germanique ou guêpe européenne, Vespula germanica, est une espèce de guêpes sociales, présente dans la plupart des pays de l’hémisphère nord.

Originaire d'Europe, d’Afrique du Nord et d'Asie de l'Ouest, elle a également été introduite en Amérique du Nord, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cette guêpe fait partie de la famille des Vespidae (ordre des hyménoptères) et est parfois classée, par erreur, comme guêpe à papier, de la sous-famille des Polistinae, car elle construit un nid en papier, de couleur grisâtre.

Identification

 src=
Face avec les trois points caractéristiques.

La guêpe germanique mesure environ treize millimètres de long, et dix-huit pour la reine[1], et dispose d’une coloration typique, faite d’alternances de bandes noires et jaunes. Elle est assez semblable à la guêpe commune, Vespula vulgaris, mais sur sa face se remarquent trois petits points noirs caractéristiques, et plus rarement un seul, servant de détecteurs[2]. Elle possède également des points noirs sur l'abdomen, indépendants des lignes noires, contrairement à la guêpe commune. Les autres différences sont une taille en moyenne un peu plus grande, les tempes entièrement jaunes, et les bandes latérales jaunes du prothorax élargies vers le bas. Tout comme Vespula vulgaris, Vespula germanica possède quatre taches sur le thorax.

Autres caractères la discriminant de la guêpe commune, la guêpe germanique possède des tempes entièrement jaunes, de plus, la partie incisive de la mandibule se prolonge de façon courbe vers la troisième dent mandibulaire, chez V. vulgaris, la partie incisive est rectiligne.

Nids

 src=
Guêpe germanique prélevant des fibres de bois

Le nid est fait de fibres végétales mâchées et mêlées à de la salive. Le nid peut être édifié dans le sol, dans le haut des arbres ou parfois dans des ouvertures de bâtiments[1]. Le nid est attaché à son environnement par des pétioles. La guêpe sécrète autour du nid une odeur chimique qui a pour but de faire fuir les prédateurs, comme les fourmis.

Une reine femelle solitaire débute au printemps la construction du nid en édifiant vingt à trente cellules pour accueillir sa ponte. Une première cellule est séparée du sol par un pétiole et ensuite la guêpe en ajoute six autres autour de la première, conférant ainsi la forme hexagonale caractéristique des cellules.

Dès que les premières larves deviennent des travailleuses adultes, elles s’occupent de l'entretien du nid et de l’apport en nourriture. Un nid peut ainsi mesurer vingt à trente centimètres et héberger plus de trois mille individus.

Chaque colonie de guêpes possède une seule reine et des travailleuses, stériles. Les colonies ne vivent en général qu’une année, et seule la reine passera l’hiver. Néanmoins dans certains pays au climat doux, comme la Nouvelle-Zélande, environ dix pour cent des colonies arrivent à passer l’hiver. Les nouvelles reines naissent à la fin de l’été et quittent le nid d’origine pour passer l’hiver dans un endroit protégé.

Les guêpes chassent différents insectes comme des chenilles pour nourrir leurs larves, ce qui les rend bénéfiques. Par contre, elles sont également attirées par le sucre des fruits et par la nourriture consommée par les humains, et en particulier par les boissons sucrées. Sa piqûre est désagréable et peut causer des réactions graves chez les personnes allergiques à son venin. Elle est par conséquent crainte, et mal aimée de la population.

Prédateurs

Les nids sont parfois attaqués par la bondrée apivore, rapace diurne proche de la buse variable, qui creuse le cartonnage du nid dans le but d’atteindre les larves. Le blaireau, de la Famille des Mustélidés, fait de même pour les nids enfouis dans le sol, à l'aide de ses longues griffes allant jusqu'à creuser une excavation de 50 cm de profondeur, si nécessaire. Le guêpier d'Europe, oiseau multicolore de la famille des Meropidae, se nourrit presque essentiellement d'Hyménoptères dont les guêpes et les abeilles. Le Syrphidae, Volucella pellucens, pond ses œufs dans le nid et ses larves se nourrissent de celles des guêpes.

Statut de nuisible

Tout comme la guêpe commune et deux autres espèces de Polistes, la guêpe germanique est considérée comme un fléau en Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle fut probablement introduite à la fin du XIXe siècle, mais n’apparut en grand nombre que vers 1940…[3] Elle se nourrit en effet des sécrétions sucrées, le Miellat, provenant d'une cochenille locale, Ultracoelostoma assimile, qui vit sur les arbres. Cela a un effet sérieux sur l’écologie de la forêt car il y a moins de nourriture pour les oiseaux natifs de l’île.

Photographies

Notes et références

Annexes

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Guêpe germanique: Brief Summary ( French )

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Vespula germanica

La guêpe germanique ou guêpe européenne, Vespula germanica, est une espèce de guêpes sociales, présente dans la plupart des pays de l’hémisphère nord.

Originaire d'Europe, d’Afrique du Nord et d'Asie de l'Ouest, elle a également été introduite en Amérique du Nord, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cette guêpe fait partie de la famille des Vespidae (ordre des hyménoptères) et est parfois classée, par erreur, comme guêpe à papier, de la sous-famille des Polistinae, car elle construit un nid en papier, de couleur grisâtre.

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Húsageitungur ( Icelandic )

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Húsageitungur (fræðiheiti: Vespula germanica) er geitungategund sem finnst á norðurhveli jarðar og er upprunnin í Evrópu, Norður-Afríku og tempraða belti Asíu en hefur breiðst út á fleiri stöðum svo sem í Norður-Ameríku, Suður-Ameríku, Argentínu, Chile, Ástralíu og Nýja-Sjálandi. Talið er að húsageitungur hafi fyrst sest að á Íslandi á 8. áratug 20. aldar[1]

Tilvísanir

  1. Húsageitungur (Vespula germanica) á vef Náttúrufræðistofnunar Íslands.

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Húsageitungur (fræðiheiti: Vespula germanica) er geitungategund sem finnst á norðurhveli jarðar og er upprunnin í Evrópu, Norður-Afríku og tempraða belti Asíu en hefur breiðst út á fleiri stöðum svo sem í Norður-Ameríku, Suður-Ameríku, Argentínu, Chile, Ástralíu og Nýja-Sjálandi. Talið er að húsageitungur hafi fyrst sest að á Íslandi á 8. áratug 20. aldar

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Vespula germanica ( Italian )

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Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) è una specie di imenottero Apocrita della famiglia delle Vespidae.

È una vespa dalla tipica colorazione a bande nere e gialle, che può essere facilmente confusa, al primo sguardo, con la Polistes dominula.

È una vespa dalle abitudini alimentari prettamente carnivore. Alimenta le proprie larve con insetti che cattura e rinchiude nel favo con le proprie uova, affinché le larve che usciranno possano in seguito nutrirsene.

È considerato, spesso erroneamente, un insetto dall'impatto negativo, soprattutto nell'ambito della frutticoltura, perché non disdegna di nutrirsi di frutta matura e dolce, ma deve anche essere considerato un insetto utile nella lotta biologica contro alcuni parassiti. Ha un ruolo anche nell'impollinazione di specie floreali selvatiche quali Ombrellifere, Euforbiacee, Edera ed altre.

La Vespula germanica è originaria dell'Europa sebbene sia riuscita ormai ad acclimatarsi bene anche nel continente americano. È presente anche in Nuova Zelanda

Come la maggior parte delle Vespula, la V. germanica è una specie poliginica, in cui cioè possono regnare più regine in una stessa colonia denominata "supercolonia" e che può essere anche perenne.

Ciclo vitale

Esemplari che si nutrono di chicchi d'uva

In primavera la regina svernante comincia a costruire un primo mucchietto di cellette; queste sono prodotte con schegge di legno secco o frammenti di cartone impastati con la saliva della vespa che vanno a formare una pasta modellabile. Il materiale appena modellato si indurisce e prende una consistenza cartacea. Le prime cellette sono coperte da un involucro delle dimensioni di una noce, sempre cartaceo ma questa volta impermeabile, che ripara il primo gruppo di celle nelle quali si sviluppano le prime operaie della nuova colonia. La regina, finché non nascono le operaie, si occuperà di ampliare il nido, difenderlo e ripararlo se rovinato, nonché di procurare il nutrimento per le larve: tutti compiti che spetteranno alle vespe operaie una volta nate; a quel punto alla regina non resterà che deporre le uova e assicurarsi che tutte le larve e le operaie siano esclusivamente sue figlie, uccidendo o cacciando eventuali intruse. Il nido quindi viene ampliato dalle operaie nascenti, aggiungendo sempre più strati attorno alla copertura iniziale che viene quindi demolita, per far aumentare il numero di cellette. Presto un solo piano di cellette non basta più e subito ne vengono costruiti altri paralleli al piano iniziale, collegati fra loro con appositi pilastri cartacei. In poco tempo il nido raggiunge le dimensioni di un panettone. In altre specie di vespule, come quelle americane, il nido si ferma a due o tre strati medio-piccoli di cellette con pochi strati attorno. Nelle Dolichovespula il nido raramente è composto da più di uno strato di cellette. Mentre il nido aumenta di dimensione, la regina ha sempre più cellette a disposizione per deporre le uova; per tutta la durata dell'estate il nido continua ad ampliarsi e le operaie continuano ad aumentare di numero. Le ultime covate di operaie, essendo più nutrite, producono operaie grandi quanto regine e difficili nella distinzione da queste ultime. Una volta nate le ultime operaie è ormai autunno inoltrato e ci sono già migliaia di esemplari: allora la regina cessa provvisoriamente di deporre le uova per lasciare sufficiente spazio alla covata successiva. L'ultima covata, prima della morte della regina, genererà nuove regine ed esemplari maschi: è quasi inverno. Le operaie stanno ormai morendo e ne restano sempre meno dopo la morte della regina ormai troppo anziana. Le poche operaie rimaste si dedicano esclusivamente al nutrimento e alla difesa delle nuove femmine fertili e dei maschi per prepararli al volo nuziale che solitamente si svolge quando le temperature sono ormai basse. Le giovani regine ed i maschi, quindi, volano via dal nido di appartenenza e si disperdono assieme ad altri sessuati di altri nidi. Quando una femmina fertile incontra un maschio, non necessariamente proveniente da un diverso nido, ha luogo l'accoppiamento, dopo il quale il maschio muore e la femmina fecondata va a svernare nel legno marcio o sotto terra, in attesa della bella stagione per riavviare il ciclo vitale.

Specie simili

V. germanica si distingue dalle altre vespe per via del clipeo che solitamente è giallo con uno o più puntini neri verso il centro o un disegno a forma di bastoncino, sempre sul clipeo, che va dalla parte superiore del clipeo al centro dello stesso. Le macchie addominali negli esemplari più vecchi sono unite alle bande nere, mentre gli esemplari nati da metà estate in poi presentano maggiori dimensioni, colore giallo più marcato e macchie nere distaccate dalle bande nere. Al centro delle bande nere vi è una macchia a forma di freccia con la base attaccata alla banda nera. La Vespula vulgaris, specie simile alla V. germanica, ha macchie a forma di piramide e non di freccia mentre il clipeo presenta una macchia nera a forma di ancora.

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Vespula germanica: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) è una specie di imenottero Apocrita della famiglia delle Vespidae.

È una vespa dalla tipica colorazione a bande nere e gialle, che può essere facilmente confusa, al primo sguardo, con la Polistes dominula.

È una vespa dalle abitudini alimentari prettamente carnivore. Alimenta le proprie larve con insetti che cattura e rinchiude nel favo con le proprie uova, affinché le larve che usciranno possano in seguito nutrirsene.

È considerato, spesso erroneamente, un insetto dall'impatto negativo, soprattutto nell'ambito della frutticoltura, perché non disdegna di nutrirsi di frutta matura e dolce, ma deve anche essere considerato un insetto utile nella lotta biologica contro alcuni parassiti. Ha un ruolo anche nell'impollinazione di specie floreali selvatiche quali Ombrellifere, Euforbiacee, Edera ed altre.

La Vespula germanica è originaria dell'Europa sebbene sia riuscita ormai ad acclimatarsi bene anche nel continente americano. È presente anche in Nuova Zelanda

Come la maggior parte delle Vespula, la V. germanica è una specie poliginica, in cui cioè possono regnare più regine in una stessa colonia denominata "supercolonia" e che può essere anche perenne.

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Vespula germanica ( Portuguese )

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Vespula germanica, com o nome comum de vespa germânica[1], é uma espécie de vespa da família Vespidae. A espécie é nativa do Hemisfério Norte, estando distribuída na Europa, norte da África e sudoeste da Ásia. Foi introduzida no sul da América do Sul (Argentina e Chile), América do Norte, África do Sul, Austrália e Nova Zelândia.[2]

Mede cerca de 13 milímetros de comprimento e tem cores típicas de vespas, preto e amarelo[3].

A rainha começa a fazer o ninho na Primavera, a partir de fibras vegetais misturadas com saliva. Normalmente estes são instalados perto ou mesmo no chão'[4] e são ligeiramente grandes e acinzentados[5].

Os seus ninhos, com cerca de 30x35cm, geralmente estão no chão ou confinado a pequenos espaços nos edifícios e têm forma cónica e com pequena abertura escondida na parte de baixo.

Referências

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Vespula germanica: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Vespula germanica, com o nome comum de vespa germânica, é uma espécie de vespa da família Vespidae. A espécie é nativa do Hemisfério Norte, estando distribuída na Europa, norte da África e sudoeste da Ásia. Foi introduzida no sul da América do Sul (Argentina e Chile), América do Norte, África do Sul, Austrália e Nova Zelândia.

Mede cerca de 13 milímetros de comprimento e tem cores típicas de vespas, preto e amarelo.

A rainha começa a fazer o ninho na Primavera, a partir de fibras vegetais misturadas com saliva. Normalmente estes são instalados perto ou mesmo no chão' e são ligeiramente grandes e acinzentados.

Os seus ninhos, com cerca de 30x35cm, geralmente estão no chão ou confinado a pequenos espaços nos edifícios e têm forma cónica e com pequena abertura escondida na parte de baixo.

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Nemška osa ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Nemška osa (znanstveno ime Vespula germanica) je žuželka iz rodu os in ena od najpogostejših predstavnic tega rodu v srednji Evropi.

Opis

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Značilne tri pike na obrazu ločijo nemško oso od navadne ose.
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Na obrazu navadne ose ni treh pih.

Nemška osa doseže v dolžino okoli 13 mm in tehta okoli 74,1 ± 9,6 mg.[1] Telo je značilno rumeno črno obarvano. Na pogled je zelo podobna navadni osi (V. vulgaris), od katere pa se zlahka loči po treh značilnih črnih pikah na obrazni maski. Poleg tega imajo nemške ose črne pike tudi po zadku, medtem ko so pri navadni osi te pike zlite s črnimi pasovi.

Nemške ose rade gradijo gnezda v zemlji. Zimo preživi oplojena matica, ki spomladi poišče primeren prostor za gradnjo gnezda in prične z izgradnjo prvih celic. Gnezdo s celicami v katerih vzgajajo ličinke zgraditi iz papirju podobnega materiala, ki ga izdelajo z žvečenjem lesa. Lesno pulpo pomešano s svojo slino oblikujejo v šestkotne celice, ki se držijo skupaj. Matica po zaleganju celice napolni s hrano za ličinke, ki jo predstavljajo ulovljene žuželke. Iz ličink se razvijejo prve delavke, ki prevzamejo skrb za gradnjo gnezda in vzgojo novih delavk, matica pa takrat samo še zalega. Preko leta se kolonija širi in lahko proti koncu poletja doseže preko 20.000 osebkov. V jeseni stara matica pogine, oplojene mlade matice pa zimo preživijo v varnih zavetjih.

Odrasle ose lovijo druge insekte, ki jih uporabljajo za hrano ličinkam, pogosto pa za hrano ličinkam uporabijo tudi kose mrhovine.[2] Same se prehranjujejo z medičino in sadjem, pa tudi s sladkim izločkom svojih ličink.

Reference

  1. "Does size matter? — Thermoregulation of ‘heavyweight’ and ‘lightweight’ wasps". Pridobljeno dne 16. maja 2013.
  2. D’Adamo, Paola (2007). "Foraging behavior related to habitat characteristics in the invasive wasp Vespula germanica". Insect Science 14. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7917.2007.00165.x.

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Nemška osa: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Nemška osa (znanstveno ime Vespula germanica) je žuželka iz rodu os in ena od najpogostejših predstavnic tega rodu v srednji Evropi.

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